Ancient Greek Comediographer, "Comedy Father. Meaning of FEOPOMP, ancient Greek Comediograph in Brockhaus Encyclopedia and Efron Theater and Music Art of Antiquity
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Aristophane was born about 445 BC. e.
His parents were free people, but not very prosperous.
The young man showed his creative abilities very early.
Already in 12-13 years old, he began writing plays. The first work was put in 427 BC. e. And immediately received the second award.
Posted by aristophane only about 40 works.
Only 11 comedies came to this day, in which the author put a variety of living questions.
In the plays "Ajornyan" and "Peace" he told for the cessation of the Peloponnesian war and the conclusion of peace with Sparta.
In the plays "wasps" and "riders" criticized the activities of government agencies, turning the dishonest demaggogues that the people deceived.
Aristophan in his works criticized the philosophy of sophists and the methods of education of young people ("clouds").
The creativity of Aristophan enjoyed well-deserved success at his contemporaries. The audience shaft Valila on his ideas.
Such a state of affairs can be explained by the fact that in Greek society there is a crisis of slave-owned democracy. In the echelons, the authorities flourished bribery and sales of officials, treasury and earliest. A satirical mapping of these vices in the plays found the most lively response in the hearts of Athenian.
But in the comedies of Aristophan there is a positive hero. They are a small landowner processing land with a two-t
Rech slaves. The playwright admired his hardworking and common sense, which manifested itself in both home and state affairs.
Aristophane was a tary opponent of war and played for peace.
For example, in the comedy "Licistrate" he expressed the idea that the Peloponnesian war in which Hellenes kill each other, weakens Greece before the threat from Persia.
In the plays of Aristophan sharply noticeable element of the buffonta. In this regard, the acting should also include a parody, cartoon and buffoon.
All these techniques caused violent fun and laughter of viewers.
In addition, Aristophane put characters in funny positions.
An example is the "clouds" comedy, in which Socrates ordered to hang himself high in the basket, so that it was easier to reflect on the sublime.
This scene similar to it was very expressive and with a purely theatrical side.
Just like the tragedy, the comedy began with a prologue with a string action.
Behind him was the entrance song of the choir when he went to the orchestra.
Choir, as a rule, consisted of 24 people and was divided into two half-half by 12 people in each.
For the introductory song, the choir followed the episeodia, which were separated from each other by the songs.
In the epise, the dialogue was combined with choral singing.
They always had an agon - a verbal duel.
In the agon, opponents defended the opposite opinions most often, sometimes he ended with the fighting characters with each other.
In the choral parties, there was a parabaz, during which the choir shot the masks, did a few steps forward and turned directly to the audience. Usually, the parabaz has not been associated with the main topic of the plays.
The last part of the comedy, as well as the tragedy, was called the exode, at this time the choir left the orchestra.
The exode has always been accompanied by fun, perky dancing.
An example of the brightest political satire can serve as a comedy "Riders".
Aristophane gave her such a name because the chief of the riders was the main acting person who made up the aristocratic part of the Athenian troops.
The main hero of Comedy Aristofan made the leader of the left wing of the democracy of Clean.
He called him Kozhevnik and presented the brazen, a false man who only thinks about his own enrichment.
Under the guise of the old man Demos in comedy is the Athenian people.
Demos is very old, helpless, often flows into childhood and therefore listens to the horsemen.
But, as they say, the thief of the thief hurt.
Demos transmits power to another fraudster - a sausage who wins the tanger.
At the end of the comedy, the sausage boils the demos in the boiler, after which the youth, mind and political wisdom are returned to that.
Now the Demos has not been danced under the dressing of unscrupulous demagogues.
Yes, and the sausage himself later becomes a good citizen who works for the benefit of his homeland and the people.
According to the plot of the play, it turns out that the sausage is simply pretended to wander over the horsemen.
21 years BC E., In the period of peace negotiations, Athens with Sparta, Aristofan wrote and put the "world" comedy.
Contemporaries of playwright allowed the possibility that this idea could have had a positive impact on the course of negotiations that ended successfully in the same year.
The chief hero of the play became the agriculture named triya, that is, the "collector" of fruits.
The continuous war prevents him from peacefully and happily live, handle land and feed his family.
On the huge dung beetle, the trieie decided to rise to the sky to ask Zeus, as he intends to deal with Hellenes.
If only Zeus accepts any decision, then the triege will tell him that he is a traitor Ellala.
Rising to the sky, the farmer learned that the gods on the Olympus are no more.
Zeus reset them all at the highest point of the heavenly arch, because he was angry with people for the fact that they could not complete the war.
In the Grand Palace, which stood on Olympus, Zeus left a demon of the War of the Polemos, giving him the right to do everything that would want.
Polemos grabbed the goddess of the world and sharpened it in a deep cave, and the entrance fell as stones.
The triege called to the aid of Hermes, and until the battery was, they freed the goddess of the world.
Immediately after that, all wars stopped, people returned to peaceful creative work and began a new, happy life.
Aristophane held a red thread through the entire plot of the comedy the idea that all the Greeks should forget the enmity, unite and live happily.
Thus, the scene first sounded a statement addressed to all Greek tribes, which is common between them much more than differences.
In addition, the idea was made to unite all the tribes and the community of their interests. The comediographer wrote two more works that were a protest against the Peloponnesian War. This is the comedies "Ajornyan" and "Lisuctor".
In 405 BC e. Aristophane created the "Frog" play.
In this work he criticized the tragedy of Euripid.
As an example of decent tragedies, he called Eschila's plays, which always sympathized.
In the comedy "Frog" at the very beginning of the action to the orchestra, Dionysus comes out with his servant xanphium.
Dionysis announces to everyone that is going to go down to the underground kingdom to bring Euripid to Earth, because after his death there is not a single good poet.
The public after these words was poured by laughter: everyone knew the critical attitude of Aristophan to the works of Euripid.
The play of the play is a dispute between Eshil and Euripid, which is occurring in the underground kingdom.
Actors depicting playwrights appear on the orchestra, as if continuing the dispute, started outside the site. Euripid criticizes the art of Eshil, believes that he had too little action on the stage, which, to bring to the hero or heroin, Eschil covered them with a cloak and left to sit silently.
Thus, Euripid picked up a highly narrow and inconvenient language, which Eschil wrote his works.
The same Euripid says that he showed everyday life in his plays and taught people with simple everyday affairs.
Such a realistic image of the daily life of ordinary people and caused the criticism of Aristofhan.
He is the mouth of Eschila, he denounces Euripid and tells him that he spoiled people: "Now there are markets for markets, pluts, cunning villains."
Their competition ends with the fact that weighing the poems of both poets.
Large scales appear on the scene, Dionysis offers playwrights in turn throwing poems from their tragedies to different bowls of scales.
As a result, the poems of Eschila turned, he became the winner, and his Dionysus should take to the ground. Conducting Eschila, Pluto punishes him to guard Athens, as he says, "good thoughts" and "to re-educate madness, which in Athens a lot."
As Eschil returns to Earth, he asks for the time of his absence in the underground kingdom to transfer the throne tragedy Sofoklu.
Aristophane died in 385 BC. e.
From the point of view of ideological content, as well as the entertainment of the aristrophan comedy is a phenomenal phenomenon.
According to historians, Aristophane is simultaneously the top of the ancient attic comedy and its completion. In the 4th century BC e. When a socio-political situation changed in Greece, the comedy no longer had such power to affect the public as before.
In this regard, V. G. Belinsky called Aristofan the last great poet of Greece.
Aristophane is an ancient Greek playwright, comedyographer, followed by the status of the "Father Comedy", was born in the attic. The exact date of its appearance of its appearance, as well as the date of death, is unknown and indicated by approximately 444 BC. e. (In a number of sources, 448 BC) is indicated. The biography of Aristophan is pretty scarce, but it is the only representative of the attic comedy, whose works, although not all, reached our time entirely, and not only in the form of passages. Their family was pretty secured; Her chapter, the father of Aristophan Philip, belonged to the rights of the colonist land on about. Aegina. It was this circumstance that explained the refusal of many contemporaries of the playwright to consider it a citizen of Athens, despite the fact that his genus began his origin in the Athenian Deme Kidafina. In the same city, the future Father Comedy received an education.
The abilities for creativity manifested themselves early: the 17-year-old young men, he already composed poems and music. At the young age, his path of comedy began: the first comedy, "pouring," was written in 427 BC. er, then followed "Babylonian" (426) and "Ajornyan" (425). These plays were signed by the name of His friend of the Kallistrat: Aristophaan himself was too young and defeated, and in addition, he had no money for the choir. Due to the satirical content of the "Babylonian" presented on the Great Dionisions, the ridicule of the hero, in which the influential Demaagoga Clean was clearly guessed, was brought to the court. The details of the court session were lost in the thickening of centuries, but it is known that there were no serious consequences for the accused. Moreover, in the next comedy, "riders" (424), the image of the hero, for whom Cleon served as a prototype, was discharged so critically that Aristofhan had to play himself: the actors refused, fearing the revenge of an influential policy.
In the same bold, merciless, uncompromising, ulcerative playwright remained almost all of its works, and especially in the early creation period. It is believed that all his peru belongs to 44 comedies, of which only 11 has been preserved until our time, among which "Ajornyan", "Riders", "Clouds", "Wasps", "Women at FesmoForii", "Lisser" , "Frogs" and others. Preserved about 900 passages from other works that give an idea of \u200b\u200bhis work.
Gradually, Aristophane allocated politics, expanding the vices of the strengths of this world less and less place, but his comedy did not cease to be accepted with a public who called him comic (as Homer - a poet). They served as a reflection of the views of wealthy peasants, suffering from protracted hostilities (at that time, the long peleoponess war) and the politicians of the ruling circles, with respect to the old traditions, with alertness - to all new, fashionable trends, who did not tolerate empty chatters instead of concrete cases . It is with the filing of Aristofan that the word "demagogue", which meant the neutral "leader of the people", acquired the meaning in which we use it now.
It is known that Aristophan had at least two sons - Arar and Philip, also chosen the composition of the compositions of comic works. It was Arar under his own name that presented the public two of the last comedies of the Father - "Elaosicon" and "Kokal", which is approximately in 386 BC. e. died in Athens. In the second work, plot lines were used, which began the beginning of the comedy of the new sample.
Today it is difficult to appreciate the work of the father of the comedy, the brillium of his satire, since many parallels, hints, descriptions were clear only to contemporaries. The readers of the readers were confused by diligence, frivolism, rudeness of the language of the comedies of Aristophan, but it is only a reflection of the era morals. However, the journalistic smelled of his works, the flight of fantasy, the living humor, the structuralness of the artistic form was enough for still not to go from European theatrical frames. Such recognized masters of the word, like Rabl, Rasin, Heine, Fielding, Shelly, Goethe, Feichtvanger, Mayakovsky, experienced the effect of creativity of ancient Greek playwright.
You can include such famous antique authors such as Eschil, Sofokl, Euripide, Aristophane, Aristotle. They all wrote plays for ideas at the festivals. Of course, there were still many authors of dramaturgical works, but either their creations did not live to the present day, or their names were forgotten.
In the work of ancient Greek playwrights, despite all the differences, there was a lot of general, for example, the desire to show all the most significant social, political and ethical problems that were worried about the minds at the time. In the genre of tragedy in ancient Greece, there were no significant works. Over time, the tragedy has become a purely literary product designed to read. But the big prospects opened before the household drama, which received the greatest flourishing in the middle of the IV century BC. e. It was subsequently called the "Novoattic Comedy".
Eschyl
Eschil ( fig. 3.) Born in 525 BC. e. In Eleusin, near Athens. He took place from the notable family, so he received a good education. The beginning of his work applies to the time of war Athens against Persia. From historical documents, it is known that Eschil himself took part in battles in the marathon and Salamine.
Fig. 3. Eschil
He described the last of the wars as an eyewitness in his play "Persians". This tragedy was delivered in 472 BC. e. Total Eschil wrote about 80 works. Among them were not only tragedy, but also satirical dramas. Up to our days, only 7 tragedies came in full, only small pieces were preserved from the rest.
Not only people, but also gods, and titans that personify moral, political and social ideas are shown in the works of Eschil. The playwright itself had a religious and mythological credo. He sacredly believed that the gods manage life and peace. However, people in his plays are not brightless creatures that blindly subordinate to the gods. Eschil endowed them with a mind and will, they act, guided by their reflections.
In the tragedies of Eschil, the choir plays a significant role in the development of the topic. All parties of the choir are written by a pathetic language. At the same time, the author gradually began to introduce the painting of human being in the canvas, which were pretty realistic. An example is the description of the battle between the Greeks and Persians in the Pieces of Persians or the words of sympathy expressed by Oceanids Prometheus.
To strengthen the tragic conflict and for more complete actions of the theater formulation of Eschil introduced the role of the second actor. At the time, it was just a revolutionary move. Now instead of the old tragedy that had little action, the only actor and choir, new dramas appeared. They faced the worldview of heroes, self-motivated their actions and actions. But the tragedy of Eschil still retained in their construction traces of what they originate from the Diffiram.
Building all tragedies was equally. They began with a prologue, which was the tie of the plot. After prologue, the choir took the orchestra to stay there until the end of the play. Then followed the episeodia, which were the dialogues of actors. The episcodia was separated from each other by Stamimami - the songs of the choir, executed after the choir ascended to the orchestra. The final part of the tragedy, when the choir left the orchestra, was called "Exodue". As a rule, the tragedy consisted of 3-4 epises and 3 - 4 stamimov.
Stamimima, in turn, were divided into separate parts consisting of a stanza and antistroof, which strictly corresponded to each other. The word "stanza" translated into Russian means "turn". When the choir sang in stranges, he moved it into one, then in the other side. Most often, the songs of the choir were performed under the accompaniment of the flute and were necessarily accompanied by dances called "Emememe".
In the play "Persians", Eschil glorified the victory of Athens over Persia in the sea battle in Salamine. Through all the work, the red thread passes a strong patriotic sense, that is, the author shows that the victory of the Greeks over the Persians is the result of the fact that in the country of the Greeks there was a democratic order.
In the work of Eschil, the tragedy "Prometheus Chained" tragedy. In this work, the author showed Zeus not by the carrier of truth and justice, but a cruel tyrant who wants to erase from the face of all people. Therefore, Prometheus, who dreamed of rebeling against him and stand up for the human race, he condemned for eternal flour, ordered to peck him to a rock.
Prometheus is shown by the author's fighter for freedom and mind of people, against the tyranny and violence of Zeus. In all subsequent ages, the image of Prometheus remained an example of a hero fighting against the higher forces, against all oppressors of a free human person. The hero of the ancient tragedy V. G. Belinsky said very well about this: "Prometheus gave to know people that in truth and knowledge and they are the gods that thunder and lightning are not yet proof of the rightness, but only evidence of the wrong power."
Eschil wrote a few trilogy. But the only one who reached our days is in full, is "Orestia". The tragedy was based on the terrible killings of the kind, from which the Greek commander Agamemenon took place. The first play of the trilogy is called Agamemnon. It tells it that Agamemnon returned to the victory from the battlefield, but at home he was killed by his wife Climennest. The wife of the commander is not only not afraid of punishment for his crime, but also boasts what he did.
The second part of the trilogy is called "Hoefors". Here is a story about how Orest, the son of Agamemenon, becoming an adult, decided to take revenge on the death of his father. Ores Srestra helps him in this terrible business. At first, the Orest killed his mother's lover, and then her.
The plot of the third tragedy is "Eurmenda" - such: Oresses are pursued by Erinia, the goddess of cven, for making two murders. But he justifies the court of Athenian elders.
In this trilogy, the poetic language Eschil spoke about the struggle between the father's and maternal law, which was in those days in Greece. As a result, Father, that is, the state, the right turned out to be the winner.
In Orestee, the dramatic skills of Eschila reached his peak. He so well handed over the oppressive, sinister atmosphere, in which the conflict matches that almost physically the audience feels this glow of passions. The choral buses are written clearly, their religious-philosophical content is traced, there are bold metaphors and comparisons. In this tragedy, much more speakers than in the early works of Eschil. The characters are discharged more specifically, much less common places and reasoning.
The works of Eschila showed the entire heroic of Greco-Persian wars, who played an important role in raising patriotism from the people. In the eyes not only of their contemporaries, but all the subsequent generations of Eschil forever remained the very first tragic poet.
He died in 456 BC. e. In the city of Gel, that in Sicily. On his grave there is a tombstone inscription, which, according to legend, was composed of themselves.
Sophokl
Sophokl (Fig. 4) Born in 496 BC. e. in a wealthy family. His father had a weapon workshop, which gave large incomes. Already at a young age, Sofokl showed his creative giftedness. At the age of 16, he was led by a young man choir, who glorified the victory of the Greeks in the battle in Salamin.
Fig. 4. Sofokl
At first, Sophokl himself took part in the production of his tragedies as an actor, but then due to the weakness of the voice, he had to abandon the speeches, although he enjoyed great success. In 468 BC e. Sofokl won his first correspondence victory over Eschil, which was that Sophocla play was recognized as the best. In further dramaturgical activities, Sofokla was always lucky: he never received a third award for his whole life, and almost always occupied the first places (and only occasionally second).
The playwright actively participated in state activities. In 443 BC e. Greeks elected the famous poet to the position of the Treasurer of the Delo Union. Later he was elected to an even higher position - strategist. In this capacity, he together with Pericles took part in a military campaign against Samos Island, who separated from Athens.
We know only 7 tragedies of Sofokla, although he wrote more than 120 plays. Compared to Eschil, Sophokl somewhat changed the content of their tragedies. If the first in the plays act titans, then the second introduced into his works of people, although a little raised over everyday life. Therefore, the researchers of creativity of Sofokla say that he made the tragedy descend from the sky to the Earth.
A man with his spiritual world, reason, experiences and free will became the main acting person in tragedies. Of course, in the plays of Sofokla, the heroes feel the impact on their fate of the Divine Providence. His gods have the same powerful as Eschil, they can also overthrow the person down. But the heroes of Sophokla usually do not rely badly to the will of fate, but are struggling for the exercise of their goals. This struggle sometimes ends with the suffering and death of the hero, but he cannot refuse her, since in this he sees his moral and civil debt to society.
At this time, at the head of the Athenian democracy was the pericles. With his reign, slave-owned Greece reached a huge inner heyday. Athens has become a major cultural center in which writers, artists, sculptors and philosophers of all Greece strived. The pericles began building an acropolis, but she was finished only after his death. An outstanding architects of that period were attracted to this work. All sculptures were performed by FIDIA and his students.
In addition, violent development has come in the field of natural sciences and philosophical teachings. There was a need for general and special education. Teachers appeared in Athens, called Sofists, i.e. the wise men. For a fee, they trained wishing to different sciences - philosophy, rhetoric, history, literature, politics - taught art to speak to the people.
Some sophists were supporters of slave democracy, others - aristocracy. The most famous among the sophists of that time was Protagor. It belongs to him that is not God, and man is a measure of all things.
Such contradictions in the collision of humanistic and democratic ideals with selfish and mercenary motives were reflected in the works of Sophocla, who could not accept the approval of the protagora, because it was very religious. In his works, he has repeatedly spoke about the fact that human knowledge is very limited that by ignorance a person can make one or another mistake and be punished, that is, to undergo flour. But after all, it is in suffering that the best human qualities that Sophokl described in his plays is revealed. Even in cases where the hero dies under the blows of fate, the tragedies feel an optimistic mood. As Sophokl said, "fate could deprive the hero of happiness and life, but not to humiliate his spirit, could fight him, but not to win."
Sophocles introduced the third actor in the tragedy, which really revived action. On stage now there were three characters that could conduct dialogues and monologues, as well as perform at the same time. Since the playwright preferred the experiences of a individual personality, he did not write trilogies, in which, as a rule, the fate of a whole kind was traced. Three tragedies were exhibited on the competition, but now each of them was an independent work. With sofocle, painted decorations were also introduced.
The most famous tragedies of the playwright from the FVAN cycle are considered "EDIP-Tsar", "Oedip in Colon" and "Antigone". At the heart of the plot of all these works lies the myth about the FVAN Tsar Edipe and about numerous misfortunes, which fell into his genus.
Sophokl tried to bring heroes with a strong character and inflexible will in all his tragedies. But at the same time, such people were inherent in kindness and compassion. Such was, in particular, Antigone.
Sofokla tragedies brightly show that Rock can subordinate to himself a man's life. In this case, the hero becomes a toy in the hands of the highest strength, which in the ancient Greeks personified with Moyra, even over the gods. These works have become an artistic mapping of civilian and moral ideals of slave-owned democracy. Among these ideals were political equality and freedom of all full citizens, patriotism, homeland, the nobility of feelings and motivations, as well as a kindness and simplicity.
Sofokl died in 406 BC. e.
FEOPOMP, ancient Greek comedy
(?????????, theopompus)? One of the representatives of ancient Greek comedy during the decline of it and the transition to the so-called middle comedy, author 24 (not reached us) plays. Judging by the title, some plays of F. were written in the spirit of Aristofanovsky (for example, the "warrior").
Brockauz and Efron. Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, the meanings of the word and what is a faud, an ancient Greek comediographer in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- FEOPOMP.
- FEOPOMP. in the biographies of monarchs:
The legendary Spartan King from the kind of Eurgristidov, ruled in the VIII century. to R.Kh. Son of Nicandra. FEOPOMP made an important and last addition ... - FEOPOMP.
(OK. 377-320 BC. E.) Ancient Greek historian. The author of the description of Eldlas and Savory Alexander ... - FEOPOMP. in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
Theopompos (about 377V300 BC), ancient Greek historian. Student isorate. Enemy of democracy. Strong Sofist. Author "Greek History" (in ... - Comediograph in the encyclopedic dictionaries:
a, m., Odush., Standard. Writer ... - Comediograph
comedy "Count, Comedy" Graphs, Comedy "Count, Comedy" Counts, Comedy "Count, Comedy" Graphs, Comedy "Count, Comedy" Counts, Comedy "Graph, Comedy" Graphs, Comedy "Graph, ... - Ancient Greek in the full accentuated paradigm on the link:
ancient Greek "Caucasian, Ancient Greet, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient Great, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient Greek" Cheskoy, Ancient, "Cesky, Ancient," Ceskoy, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient Caucasian, Ancient Great "Conscious, Ancient Greek" Caucasian, Ancient Greek "Celest, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, Ancient, ... - Comediograph in the dictionary of the synonyms of the Russian language.
- Ancient Greek in the dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language:
mixolidian, ... - Comediograph in the new intelligent-word-formative dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. Comedy writer ... - Comediograph in the dictionary of the Russian language of Lopatina:
comedy` Product, ... - Ancient Greek in the dictionary of the Russian language of Lopatina.
- Comediograph in the full spelling dictionary of the Russian language:
comediograph, ... - Ancient Greek in the full spelling dictionary of the Russian language.
- Comediograph in the spelling dictionary:
comedy` Product, ... - Ancient Greek in the spelling dictionary.
- FEOPOMP. in the modern explanatory dictionary, BSE:
(OK 377-320 BC. er), ancient Greek historian. The author of the description of Eldlas and Savory Alexander ... - Comediograph in the explanatory dictionary of Ephremova:
comediograph M. Comedy Winker ... - Comediograph in the new Russian English language dictionary:
m. Comedy Writer [Comedy I ... - Comediograph in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language:
m. Comedy Writer [Comedy I ... - FEOPOMP, comedyographer
(?????????, theopompus) is one of the representatives of an ancient Greek comedy during the decline of it and the transition to the so-called. Middle Comedy, author ... - ARISTOPHANES in the big encyclopedic dictionary:
(OK 445 - OK. 385 BC. E.) Ancient Greek Comediographer, "Father Comedy". The views of Aristophan on the topical problems of the era, sharply pronounced ... - Feopomp, king in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(?????????, theopompus) - son of Nicandra, Spartan king, ninth in order from the House of Probleds. With it began (about 743) the first ... - FEOPOMP, historian in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(?????????, theopompus) - famous historian, contemporary Efora. It was born about 380 to R. XP. on oh chia. Father his damasistrate, ... - in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(?????????) - ancient Greek poet. Right from Nikei, on which the Romans (73 G. to R. Khr.) Hit as a prisoner ... - Ancient Greek in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
or the language of the ancient Ellinians, during the heyday, the Ella was not limited to the limits of Greece itself and the islands belonging to it, but was ... - in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
ancient Greek writer about music. It is known for his treatise, called "Introduction to Music". This essay has the character of the leadership, probably for ... - Hariton, ancient Greek novelist
(???????)? An ancient Greek novelist, originally from the Kariy city of Aphrodisiad, where he served as a bastard in a lawyer. X. Lifetime. Can be coincided ... - Hares, ancient Greek scaly in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? The ancient Greek breaker of the Lindos came to the light at the beginning of the III century to R. H., was a student and follower ... - Filon, ancient Greek architect in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(?????)? Ancient Greek architect, famous in the times of Alexander Macedonsky. The main buildings? Portico Teastherion in Elevais and Majestic Arsenal ... - FEOPOMP, Spartan king in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(?????????, theopompus)? The son of Nikandra, Spartan King, ninth, in order from the House of Probleds. With it began (about 743) the first ... - FEOPOMP, ancient Greek historian in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(?????????, theopompus)? Famous historian, contemporary Efora. It was born about 380 to R. H. on the island of Chios. Father his damasistrate, ... - Feodor, ancient Greek architect and sculptor in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? Son of the calf, ancient Greek architect and sculptor from Samos Island, who lived approximately 600 years before R. X. He was ... - Sororan (ancient Greek doctor and writer) in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(???????)? Ancient Greek doctor and writer, originally from Ephesus; He taught medicine in Rome and Alexandria under Traian and Gadriana (1st ... - Perfumes, ancient Greek poet in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(?????????)? Ancient Greek poet. Right from Nikei, on which the Romans (73 G. to R. Khr.) Hit as a prisoner ... - Zevxis, ancient Greek painter in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? The famous ancient Greek painter who flourished in 420-380. to R. Kh. He is genus. In Herculee (in Yu. Italy?), there was a student ... - Ancient Greek in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
or the language of ancient Ellinov? At the time of the heyday, the Ella was not limited to the limits of Greece itself and the islands belonging to it, but ... - Hermogen, ancient Greek architect in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? Ancient Greek architect, the structure of the temple of Artemis Levkofrin in Magnesia, in Meandra, the most beautiful of Asian temples (pseudo-gallery) and the Temple of Dionysus in ... - Vacuine, ancient Greek writer in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? Ancient Greek writer about music. It is known for his treatise, called "Introduction to Music". This essay has the character of the leadership, which is probably ... - Falez. in the modern philosophical dictionary:
(OK. 640/625 - approx. 547/545 BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher and politician (from the Mileta), one of the "seven wise men." IN … - Heidegger in the postmodernism dictionary:
(Heidegger) Martin (1889-1976) - German philosopher, one of the largest thinkers of the 20th century. Born and brought up in a poorly labor Catholic family. ... - MOVIE in the lexicon Nonclassic, the artistic and aesthetic culture of the 20th century, Bychkov.
- Polidor. in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
The legendary tsar of Laconiki from the kind of agides, ruled in the VIII century. to R.Kh. Son of alkamena. At polydar, Lactedamevas founded two colonies: ... - Herostrat in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Herostrati - Greek from the city of Ephesus (Small Asia), which in 366 BC Celling the temple of Artemis Ephesus, who was considered one ... - Herostrat in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Herostra'tgrek from the city of Ephesus (Small Asia), which in 366 BC He burned to the temple of Artemis Efesse, who was considered one of the seven ... - ARISTOPHANES in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Aristopha'n (about 445 - about 385 BC) Ancient Greek Comediographer, Chief Representative of the Ancient Athmic Comedy. Born and lived in Athens. Aristophane ... - ARISTOPHANES in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Aristophane (approx. 450 - approx. 385 BC. E.) Ancient Greek poet comediographer. The only creator of the "Ancient Comedy", whose works reached ... - ALEXANDRIA in the directory of characters and cult facilities of Greek mythology.
- Agecilai. in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
II - Tsar Lake Demonia (398-361 to R.Kh) from the genus Eurgristids. Rod. OK. 444 BC. Died ok. 360 ...
From book D. Dilite
Ancient literature
Per. from Litovsky N.K. Malinaainsque
ISBN 5-87245-102-4
GLK, 2003. Cover, 487 p. Price 150 p.
Theater Device and the Organization of Representations
The Greek Theater is three parts: theater, Orhestra and Sken. Places for viewers, called the theater8, were usually suitable on the hillside. At first, the audience was sitting on Earth, then stone benches were installed, rows of climbing up and arc, the watching platform in the form of a circle - the orchestra, on which idea took place. I tent a tent behind Orhestra<...>. In it, the participants in the presentation folded masks and other things. In order for each time, it would be necessary to pull the tent, later a constant structure was established, which people continued to be called Scenic. Since the action of Greek drams most often happened not in a closed room, and in the open sky, the building of Spen after the installation of some elements of the scenery could be depicted by the temple, the royal palace, etc. If there was no need for a building, the scape was covered with a huge web tensioned on the frame With the painted sea, mountains or other necessary image. Later, near Sna, a slight elevation was built, which gradually increased and turned into such a scene, which we see in modern theaters.
And tragedy, and comedy actors wore masks that they put on their heads. The masks were made as follows: the master was tightened by the wire frame of the blade and imposed plaster on it. Then the mask was painted, attached hair, beard. The mask characterized the floor, age, social position, moral qualities and spiritual state of the acting person with the help of the color, form of forehead, the position of the eyebrows. If the psychological state of the acting person has changed, the actor changed the mask. Since the mask has increased his head, the figure of the actor seemed less. It was suitable for comedy, and tragedy actors, wanting to avoid a comic impression, wearing special shoes on a thick sole - kitty.
All roles in the Greek Theater performed men. First, one actor played in Drama: putting on new masks all the time, he performed all the roles. The performer talked to choir or performed his party one. Eschil came up with the release of two actors to the orhestra, and a dialogue could have happened between them. Sofokl has increased the number of actors on the orchestra at the same time, up to three. The executor of the leading role was called the protagonist. Of course, there were usually more in dramas than three characters, and the same actors received several roles. A few more actors portrayed servants, satellites, warriors and other wordless characters. An important acting face in the drams was a choir who sang and danced on the orchestra. From the middle of the V c. BC e. In the tragedy choir there were fifteen people, and in comedy - twenty-four. The most important chorist, the head of the choir was called the Crimea.
The theater had a variety of mechanisms that raised the actor sitting on some boutofun animal (Pegasus, Bird, Beetle), or descended the gods to the ground. Therefore, the sudden appearance of God who resolved the conflict was called "God from the car." In the theater, the Latin translation of this term was established: Deus Ex Machina.
In the Greek Theater, the playwright was not only a writer, but also by the composer, and a balletmaster, and director. Sometimes he himself played any role. The costs of performing the performance covered a citizen appointed by the People's Assembly.
In Athens, theatrical performances surrounded Sacred halo: they took place only on holidays in honor of Dionysus and were perceived as an element of honoring God. Before performances, Priest Dionysis sacrificed a piglery on the altar standing in the center of the orchestra. The audience went to the theater in beautiful clothes and wreaths, as with participation in other rituals. At first, theatrical performances were free, later it was necessary to acquire clay or lead repellent rigs, pointing the place that it was very cheap. Related people received money from the state for this, and the presentations usually watched all the Athenians.
Three dramatic works were usually performed. Pieces always estimated the jury, consisting of ten members. Thus, these were theatrical contests. The playwright that took the first place received a wreath of ivy. The third place meant defeat.
Drama structure
Dramas are usually starting with a prologue. This is the name of the part of the product from the beginning to the appearance of the choir. Choir took to the orchestra, by performing a song called a penode. Other songs of Choir are stamim. They consist of a stanza, antistroof and epodes. Talking actors among themselves and their dialogues with chorus are called epise. A plaintive crying, performed in turn by the acting person and the tragedy choir, was called the Commmise. Comedy had two more, only for them the characteristic parts: parabazis and agon. Parabase is not associated with the content of the comedy song of the choir, journalistic retreat. In it, the author speaks of his various events and phenomena of public life, argues on literary themes. Agon is the dispute of the main actors or the main ideas of the comedy. Drama ends with exode - the departure of the choir. The choir talking a bit with one or two actors of the drama and leaves, fulfilling the final song.
Material drama
Tragedies were usually written on mythological motives. Perhaps this situation determined the tradition: first the tragedies were created on the themes of the myths about Dionesis, and other plots began to be used later. However, the most important thing apparently was that the myth is a universal material providing many opportunities to express a wide variety of situations, feelings, states. The abundance of myths were like bins, of which playwrights drew the necessary examples with full handfuls. In addition, in other areas of Greek art, in sculpture and especially in painting (wall and vase), we are also very often visible by mythological heroes and mythological plots. Apparently, not only their variety, but also the strength of the generalization attracted artists. Mythological heroes were not specific personalities, but the individuals of a universal character, they were some generalizations. The playwright could not change the miph frame, but had the right to add or remove something. The same mythological heroes could be attractive and repulsive. For example, in PhyloTette, Sofokla Odyssey is depicted as a dishonest deceiver, and in Ajax - as a noble defender of the weak, the keeper of the principles of morality. However, the fact that Odyssey is an eternal mythological character, gives both the tragedy of generalization. There were tragedies not to mythological plots. Only one thing came to us: the drama of Eschil "Persians", depicting the war of Persians with the Greeks.
Scenes of comedies The authors came up with themselves, their situations are often absurd, and the characters are fantastic creatures and ordinary people. However, the names of the main actors and here show a commitment desire for generalization: Lisuatrate - a dissolving army, Dicaiopolis - a fair city, a triegee - a grape collector, etc.
Myths were a suitable material and for fun works of another variety - Satirovsky drama. These comic plays, in which the Satir's Choir usually acts, were played after the tragedies and were the last part of the tetralogy, going after the tragedy. For example, after the trilogy of Eschil about Danaida, the Satirov drama "Amymona" was followed, written also based on this myth. Subsequently, after refusal of trillers, independent, independent of the tragedy of Satirovsky drama. These are the only preserved completely Satirovskaya drama of Euripid "Kiklop" and who reached us not entirely drama Sofokla "Pathfinder".
Ancient Greek drama
Eschyl (525-456 BC. Er), the first of three outstanding playwrights, created about 70 tragedies, of which only 7 were preserved: "Lettering", "Persians", "Seven against FIV", "Prometheus chained" And the trilogy "Orestia". The writer lived in the times of Greek-Persian wars and as an ordinary warrior defended his homeland from the aliens in the three most famous battles: in the marathon, during Salamine and with payments. It seems that he apparently valued this activity than thirteen victories in the competitions of playwrights, because it does not mention them in autobaphia, emphasizing only participation in the marathon battle.
Sophokl (496-405 BC. Er) was a favorite playwright V c. BC e.; His tragedies twenty times ranked first. The writer also had public responsibilities: he was elected strategist, chairman of the Treaschair College, the priest of God Asclepia. In his youth, Sophokl himself played his dramas, but he had a quick voice, and after that he had no longer left for the orchestra. He wrote about 120 tragedies, of which seven were preserved: "Ajax", "Antigona", "Trachins", "Philoktt", "Electra", "King Edip", "EDIP in Colon".
Euripid. (480-406 BC er), the third famous Greek tragic, apparently did not participate in social activities and was not very appreciated by contemporaries. During his lifetime, he was only four times in tragic contests received the first prize (the fifth time first was awarded him immediately after his death), but after a hundred years he became the favorite Greek poet and then - like Eschil and Sofokl - the classic of world literature. From to the tragedies created by him, 17: "Alcestid", "Medea", "Heraklida", "Ippolite", "Hekaba", "Hercules", "Summer", "Troyanka", "Electra", "Ion", "Iphigencies in Tavrid", "Elena", "Andromaha", "Phoenicians", "Orest", "Vakhanki", "Iphigenia in Avlida".In addition, one satyrov drama has reached us "Kickles".
Laugh an ancient comedy
The ancient Greek comedy is the fruit of the flourishing of democracy and culture V c. BC e. She has not yet lost the sacred spirit: laughing at the theater, as well as shuddering from the struggle and actions of tragic heroes, the Athenian spectators imagined that they worship the deities, giving life and harvest [g, 8-72]. However, this comedy has a political, and social comedy, seeking to educate a criticized citizen or society, correct unhealthy phenomena. The comediograph could attack anyone, even on a very high-ranking concrete person, or the phenomenon who does not like him, because of which he usually did not have trouble. This happened for two reasons: thanks to the democratic system and due to the fact that the purpose of the archaic ritual renovation is not to make fun or humiliate, but improve and help. The same goal took place and harsh satire comedy.
The first comedy was played in 486 BC. e. About forty comedes created several hundred works, most of which, unfortunately, was not preserved.
Ancient Greek Comediographers
Aristophanes (446-385 BC. E.) - the only author of the comedy, gifted by the grace of fate: 11 complete writings came to us. This is a comedy "Akharnyan", "Riders", "wasps", "birds", "Women at the festival of Fesmophory", "Peace", "Lico", "Clouds", "Frogs", "Women in the People's Assembly", "Plutos" ( "Wealth").
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