The territory of residence of the peoples of the Volga region at 17. Customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region: distinctive features of local residents

The traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, like absolutely all national clothes, reflect the regional and social belonging of a person. The Volga is a long river, and as you move along its banks, you can observe the emerging difference in national dress.

Connecting link

The national costumes were primarily determined by the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region, which developed under the influence of the environment and weather conditions. Each is characterized by the finish. The ornament, rooted in prehistoric times, is not without reason called letters from the past. The faith of the ancestors in the inscribed amulets created patterns belonging only to this tribe or nationality, and was passed on from century to century. This is how the ornaments that have come down to us appeared, serving, like embroidery and furs, as a kind of determinant of the belonging of a costume to a certain people. But as the longest river in Europe connects all the peoples of the Volga region, so the main part of the national costume - a shirt (especially women's) - is a common and characteristic feature for all national costumes of the peoples of these territories.

Common to all

So, the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region have one common feature. The Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Boris Alekseevich Kuftin called it a "tunic-like cut": the shirts of all ethnic groups in the Volga region do not have shoulder seams. Of course, other peoples, for example, the ancient Romans or the Japanese, lacked shoulder seams. This was explained primarily by the primitiveness of the conditions in which it was necessary to dye or paint clothes, or something else, but it is impossible not to note the fact that with the difference in national dresses such a detail common for all costumes existed. The materials from which the clothes were sewn were obviously the same - hemp and flax. It can be assumed that crushed mother-of-pearl was also used in all Volga costumes. Basically, the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region: Mordovian, Chuvash, Tatar, the peoples of the Middle and Samara Volga regions - differ from each other.

Erzya and Moksha

For comparison, consider first Each nation, its origin, history is very diverse. Mordva, divided into two subethnos (Moksha and Erzya, which have their own languages), is a Finno-Ugric people. Only a third live in Mordovia, the rest - in adjacent regions and throughout Russia. They profess mainly Orthodoxy, but there are Molokans and Lutherans. And all this from century to century formed national clothes and was reflected in them. I must say that waterways for a long time were the only trade routes connecting neighbors. Communicating with each other, the peoples of the Volga region borrowed customs, customs, recipes from each other. national cuisines, got acquainted with traditions, adopted elements of outfits and adornments.

Differences in costumes even within the same ethnic group

This is how the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region were formed. The Mordovian women's outfit is intricate, and the men's one is simple and comfortable. It can be noted that the Mokshan women wear the national costume all the time, and the Erzyan women only on holidays. And this is not the only difference even in the national costume of one people. Common and absolute for them is White color canvas, cut shirts, the presence of beads and shells in the decorations of coins, as well as the decoration of outfits with embroidery. The clothes of the men are simple and very much like a Russian suit - a shirt outside, pants tucked into onuchi. Panar and ponxt (shirt and trousers) were made of hemp for every day, and festive ones were made of linen.

Mandatory details

An integral part of the costume was a sash, or frame, with which a shirt was always belted. Great importance was attached to it. It was made, as a rule, of leather, had a buckle, simple in the form of a ring or decorated in every way.

On the belt, either weapons or tools of labor were hung, soldiers were distinguished by the belt. Over the shirt in the summer, Mordovian men wore light white a vest (muskas - at Moksha, rutsya - at Erzi), in winter - a chapan resembling a Russian army jacket, straight cut, with long sleeves, a large wrap and a wide collar, or a sheepskin coat cut off at the waist. The most common headdress was felted hats (white or black) with small brims, later, like the Russians, factory caps, in winter - caps with earflaps or malakhai. They wore sandals with footcloths or onuchs on their feet, and boots on holidays. Simple and convenient. But in order to dress up a Mordovian woman, it took several hours and two or three assistants.

Unique features

The traditional white shirt, decorated with embroidery, was shorter for the Mokshans, and therefore pants were necessarily added to it. The richly embroidered belt of the Erzians was replaced by a pulai - a loincloth made of beads, sequins, beads, chains. For the first time, an Erzyan girl wore it on the day of adulthood and did not take it off until old age. On the days of big holidays, on top of all this, he was worn with red tassels, under which richly decorated towels were pushed on the sides. It was called Selge Pulogay. And among Moksha women, a keska rutsyat served as a belt adornment, worn in several pieces at once and also very richly decorated. Thus, it can be seen that the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, even within the framework of one people, had significant differences. And by their appearance and manner of wearing it was possible to accurately determine the approximate age of a woman, social status and nationality.

Outerwear

On top of all of the above, Mordovian women wore a kind of sundress - kafton-krda. Sometimes they wore open-handed rutsu clothes, reminiscent of a sleeveless jacket with a length above the knees. And the cut and color of the subethnos, they differed, as well as onuchi. Headdresses were intricate structures reflecting age, marital and social status. No decorations were spared for them. The demi-season clothes were suman, like men. In winter, women wore sheepskin coats with lots of ruffles under the cut-off waist. Shoes were not very different from men's. And, of course, women wore jewelry, bibs were added to traditional rings, beads, bracelets. It can be added that an apron was added to the Mordovian women's costume in the 19th century. On the example of the national costume of this ethnic group, it can be seen that the women's clothing of the peoples of the Volga region, in terms of the number of things, intricacy and variety of decorations and additions, significantly surpasses the men's costume, and the women's clothing of other ethnic groups is much simpler than the Mordovian ones.

Bright details

The Turkic-speaking people (the second largest in the Russian Federation), the Tatars are divided into three ethno-territorial groups, one of which is the Volga-Ural. They all differ from each other, including their national dress. Comparing the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, Tatar can be distinguished immediately. He is characterized by round-shaped headdresses pointed upwards, wide-step trousers, beshmet and very beautiful shoes made of embossed leather or embroidered velvet. Wide shirts, Cossacks and camisoles at the waist are also characteristic. Straight blue caftans with sleeves cut from the shoulder, or chekmeni, resemble ancient Turkic clothing. This suggests that a bright indicator of a person's nationality, which is a traditional costume, having traveled a long path of historical development, has preserved the memory of distant ancestors.

Characteristic of the costume

A common feature of the clothes of all Tatars is its trapezoidal shape (the back was always tight) and the presence of a shirt (kulmek) and trousers (yyshtan) in both men's and women's suits. The women's shirt differed only in length - sometimes it reached the ankle. The Tatar shirt differed from other tunic-like shirts included in all the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, in width and length (in men it reached the knees) and a stand-up collar.

Women always had a bib under a shirt, which, as a rule, had a deep cut. Wealthy Tatar women had shirts made from expensive imported fabrics. Pants were distinguished by the fact that for men they were sewn from striped fabrics (motley), for women - from plain ones.

Graceful simplicity

Outerwear: kazakin, beshmet and chekmen - were zapashny, with a one-piece fitted back. The men also had a chapan for visiting the mosque. The obligatory attribute was a belt. And women's outerwear differed from men's only in decorations, for which they used fur, trim, embroidery and decorative stitching. Considering the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region (Tatar, for example), we can draw the following conclusion: both male and female costumes not very sophisticated, which does not make them less beautiful. They differ from each other in decorative details and a shirt, which, in some versions, rather resembles Main feature national dress of any ethnos is that it is closely connected with the life of this people, formed over the centuries and was created by the entire ethnic community.

Suit of the Samara Volga region

The national dress of the peoples of the Samara Volga region is the same for the poor and the rich. It differs in quality of workmanship, beauty of materials, high cost of decor. In Samara, in addition to Russians, Ukrainians, Chuvash and a lot of Tatars live. Therefore, the traditional costumes of the inhabitants of the Samara Volga region are not very different. Thus, the wide women's shirt kulmek, which forms the basis of the national costume of the Samara Tatar women, is divided into three types. The first of them is no different from the shirt described above - wide, straight, similar to a man's. It has a main straight panel and two lateral, widening downward, straight cut with ribbons on the chest. The sleeves were complemented by gussets, and a shuttlecock ran along the bottom of the hem. All kulmeks were long. In a shirt of the second type, the flounces rose to the hips, waist, sometimes to the chest. Coolmack of the third type was more like

The subtleties of the costumes of this territory of the Volga region

An obligatory accessory of women's dress was a camisole, which was worn over the kulmek and was sewn from heavy fabrics. A distinctive feature was the close connection of breast-neck jewelry with a headdress. Elderly women wore a kind of headscarf, richly decorated with tambour embroidery - orpek. By the manner of wearing the headscarf, it was possible to determine which Tatar group a woman belongs to: the Samara or Kazan Tatars. The costumes of the men of the Samara Territory differed little from the clothes of other peoples of the Volga region. Is that the side wedges of the kulmek were wider, as a result of which they resembled a short jacket with short sleeves, the last was a Kazakin. In this area, Muslim men wore skull-caps, richly embroidered with beads, with floral designs.

Distinctive features of the costumes of the Middle Volga region

The national costumes of the peoples of the Middle Volga region have something in common with the above outfits, because Russians, Chuvashs, Mordovians and Tatars live here. For women's clothing the same shirt is characteristic. They wore it with a sundress of different cuts or with a ponytail - a woolen skirt with a richly decorated hem. The final detail was a shugai - a short warm jacket. The role of a blouse, worn over a shirt, was performed by a pommel, whitewash, shulpan or oversleeves. The men's suit was simple and therefore comfortable: a shirt with a sash, striped ports tucked into shoes. In winter - a warm loose caftan.

Lack of striking differences

The traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region did not have any striking differences. Chuvashsky also did not differ much, except for the names of the parts. All the same tunic-like shirt among the Chuvashes was called seke, and trousers with a wide step were called yem. For women, a seke, decorated with beautiful embroidery, was worn with a slouch at the waist, and a zapon (apron) was worn over the shirt. Decorations made of metal plates and coins were characteristic. Tukhya, the girls' headdress, was distinguished by its originality: its shape was cone-shaped, complemented by teak (decoration descending to the forehead) and headphones with ribbons. The scarves of the Tatars of the Middle Volga region were called tuttar. It should be noted that it was the hats, especially for women, that distinguished the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region. The Chuvash men's suit differed from others in the main color of the trousers: they were always white, the embroidery on the shirt along the neckline could be triangular. Outerwear was decorated with applique and embroidery. The ornament adorned the chest, followed the smell and hem. The white straight-backed shupar robe had very narrow sleeves.

The middle Volga region is a special ethnographic area of Eastern Europe located at the junction of Europe and Asia. The peoples inhabiting the Volga region have much in common both in economic and historical development, and in origin, culture, and everyday life.
The peoples of the Volga region include: MORDVA, MARIANS, UDMURTS, CHUVASH, KAZAN or POVOLGA TATARS and BASHKIRS. True, the Bashkirs are conditionally included among the peoples of the Volga region; in fact, they occupy a middle position between the peoples of Central Asia and the Volga region and culturally gravitate towards both.
The purpose of this work is to give as much as possible a complete comparative description of the traditional economy and everyday life of the peoples of the Volga region in the 17th - first half of the 20th centuries.

Household.

The basis of the economy of the peoples of the Middle Volga region at all times was agriculture, which served as the main source of their existence. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, it was the predominant occupation of the Mordovians. Among the Mari, Tatars and Udmurts, agriculture was largely supplemented by other, non-agricultural pursuits. Among the Bashkirs until the 17th century traditional type the economy was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Until the 16th century, the predominant occupations among the Mari were hunting and fishing.
But among all the peoples of the Middle Volga region, the most important branch of agriculture was field cultivation. It had a semi-natural character and was distinguished by very low productivity, for example, the grain yield in the territory of Chuvashia did not exceed 40-45 poods per tithe1. Communal land tenure prevailed everywhere. The community regulated all land relations of communal peasants. She made redistribution of land, meadows and other lands. Equal per capita distribution of land led to the fact that the peasant economy received allotments in the form of small, located in different places plots. In the 19th century, the Finno-Ugric peoples, under the influence of the Russian population, dominated a three-field system, in which all arable land was divided into three parts (three fields). The first field was intended for winter crops, the second was sown with spring crops, and the third was fallow, that is, it was not sown at all and was most often used for pasture. The next year, the fallow field was dug up for winter crops, the winter crops were sown with spring crops, and the spring crops remained. Within three years, all fields were changed. Wheat, peas, hemp were also grown in the southern regions; the latter was grown on personal plots and was the main technical culture of the peoples of the Volga region. Potatoes appeared in the Volga region, in the middle of the last century, but did not become widespread and were cultivated as a vegetable garden.

irina sorokina
Presentation "Peoples of the Volga Region"

Chuvash and Marits, Buryats and Udmurt,

Russian, Tatar, Bashkir and Yakut.

Different peoples big family,

And we should be proud of this, friends.

Our common home is called Russia,

May everyone in it be comfortable.

We will overcome any difficulties together

And only in unity is the strength of Russia.

The average Volga region is a special ethnographic region of Eastern Europe, located at the junction of Europe and Asia. Peoples inhabiting Volga region, have much in common both in economic and historical, and in origin, culture, life. TO the peoples of the Volga region include: Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari, Tatars, Udmurts and Bashkirs. True, the Bashkirs are included in the number the peoples of the Volga region conditionally, since they actually occupy an intermediate position between the peoples of Central Asia and the Volga region, culturally gravitate towards both.

This presentation introduces the older children preschool age culture and life the peoples of the Volga region, gives an idea of ​​the national costumes and holidays of these peoples.

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From the second half of the XVI century. a completely new page has opened in the history of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by the troops of Ivan the Terrible, this territory became part of the Russian centralized state. The historical fate of the peoples of the Middle Volga region turned out to be closely connected with Russia. Such a sharp turn was far from easy, and yet by the beginning of the 18th century. our region has become a full-fledged component of the economic, political and cultural life a huge power.

§19.Liberationwrestlingpeoplesthe edgesin the secondhalfXviv.

The events of October 1552 were a milestone in the history of the Kazan Khanate. However, the Moscow government did not immediately succeed in actually incorporating its territory into the Russian state. The population of the former Kazan Khanate Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts fought for their independence for a long time, for the restoration of an independent state.

"Kazan War" 1552-1557 At the end of 1552, Russian detachments were sent in different directions from Kazan to collect the tribute of yasak. By order of Ivan the Terrible, the norms of taxes from the local population were preserved "as it was under the king of Magmedalim", i.e. as under the Kazan khans. The collection of yasak was accompanied by extortions and outright robbery. The chronicler reported that the collectors "made many cities and townships empty." But this was only a pretext for mass demonstrations of Kazantsev. Their main reason was the desire of the peoples of the region to regain their lost independence.

In the liberation struggle of the population of the former Kazan Khanate in the 50s. there are several stages.

The first major riots swept through Arskoyside(By order) already in December 1552, but they were rather quickly suppressed by the Russian troops.

From the very beginning, representatives of different strata of the population took an active part in this struggle. It was headed by people from the upper strata, large landowners. Among them, for example, at the first stage, the sources are called “ Tugaevs children» , apparently, the children of a major dignitary of the former Kazan Khanate. Local Tatar feudal lords, of course, oppressed the population, oppressed them in every possible way, collected yasak, etc. But in the conditions of the conquest of the region, a community of interests arose, the feudal lords became closer to ordinary people. Common faith and language were the rallying points. The unity of different strata of the population during the liberation struggle constituted it important feature at the stage of the 50s. XVI century

At the same time, the unity was not universal. The Tatar population of the right-bank regions of the Volga (Mountain Side) generally did not take part in the liberation struggle. Moreover, it often supported the Russian troops, suppressing the actions of their fellow tribesmen. This was also the result of actions new government, which sought to sow the seeds of discord among the population.

A new upsurge of the "Kazan war" was outlined in the spring of 1553. The Moscow government sent considerable forces of Cossacks and Streltsy to suppress the uprising. However, at the Battle of High Mountain, the rebels won a major victory. The losses of the tsarist troops amounted to about a thousand people. Here is what the Lviv Chronicle reports about this: “In the same winter (1553) in March, on the 10th day, Prince Alexander Borisovich Gorbaty was sent from Kazan that the people of Kazan had changed the meadows, they did not give the yasaks, which they collected on Lugovaya yasaks, Misyura Likhareva Yes, Ivan Skuratov was beaten, and went to Arskoe and everyone united and stood on High Mountain at the notch. And the governors sent Vaska Elizarov against them, and with him the Cossacks, and Ivan Ershov with the archers ... And the Arsk and meadow people came to them, and they were beaten completely and killed by 400 archers and 500 Cossacks. " The leaders of the rebels in the battle at High Mountain were Usein-Seit(Khusain-Seyit), Sary-bogur other.

Soon, the rebels on the Mesha River at its confluence with the Kama was built "Meshskytown"("Mishe-tamak"). In this rebel fortress, located 60 kilometers from Kazan, an independent government was formed. "Mesh town" for three years was the center of the uprising. People flocked here from different sides, detachments of Nogai, Astrakhan and Crimean Tatars.

Seeing the inability of the local Russian authorities to cope with the rebels, the government of Ivan the Terrible urgently sends reinforcements to the region. By the spring of 1554, the tsarist troops, led by experienced military leaders P. Shuisky, S. Mikulinsky, managed to achieve some military successes.

But in the fall of that year, the uprising expanded even more. And again, a huge tsarist army was sent to suppress it. Tatar detachments from different regions of Russia who were in the Russian service, including the Kasimov and Temnikov Tatars, were also involved in pacifying the rebels. Some local feudal lords also took the side of the Russian troops. The superiority of forces was not in favor of the rebels.

In the course of numerous battles, the Russian army gradually gained the upper hand. Many rebel leaders were captured. Among them, in the fall of 1554, sources mention princes Kurman-Alia(Kurbanga-li), Kebenke, murzu Chebaka and some others. All of these captives were executed. The total death toll of eminent Kazan people exceeded 1.5 thousand.

The rebels did not lack leaders. New leaders took the place of those executed. Of these, the most famous Mamich-Berdy,GaliAkram,Akhmet-bakhadir. Gali Akram, according to one version, was the brother of Queen Syuyumbike. It is alleged that he intended to avenge his sister and subsequently become the Kazan khan. Under the leadership of Mamich-Berda, in 1555, on the high right bank of the Volga, 160 kilometers from Kazan, they erected a fortress Chalym. An independent government was also formed here. Chalymsky prison became one of the important centers rebel movement.

A number of circumstances did not favor the rebels. The tsarist authorities managed to split the leadership of the rebels by deception and bribery. In 1554-1555. Russia waged an active struggle against the external allies of Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimea, which since that time could no longer provide effective assistance to the Kazan people.

Nevertheless, the people's liberation movement continued. The main seat of the uprising remained the Trans-Kazan Arskayaside. In September 1555, new detachments were sent against the rebels, and in the spring of the following year, especially in April and May, the tsarist troops won a number of major victories.

The decisive battle took place on the Mesha River, during which the rebels suffered a crushing defeat. After that, a bloody massacre began. Punitive detachments were sent in all directions, which were supposed to suppress the last centers of resistance. Those who resisted, as a rule, were not taken prisoner. Many sources of that time report that "the men were all beaten." The struggle of the population of the former Kazan Khanate for independence continued until May 1557. But the lack of unity among the leaders of the movement, as well as among the population of different territories, the numerical superiority of the tsarist troops did not allow the rebels to succeed. The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed. Some of the leaders bowed their heads to the Russian tsar, while the majority fell in this struggle (some of the Tatar feudal lords probably emigrated to the Crimea). The Tatar people have lost many of their "best people". Summing up the events of 1552-1557, the Russian chronicler wrote that "the Kazan people are the best, their princes and murzas, and the Cossacks, who famously did, are all worn out."

The uprisings of the 70-80s. And yet the local population had not yet been conquered completely. In the 70-80s of the XVI century. popular uprisings broke out again in some areas. This time, the Mari (Cheremis) took an active part in them, so often the movements of the 70-80s. are called "Cheremiswar» .

The movement now nourished not only the desire for freedom. General protest by representatives different nations the edge caused an increase in feudal exploitation, an increase in the collection of taxes, enslavement of certain categories of the peasantry. A number of other circumstances also played a role. So, the uprising of 1572-1573. erupted as a response to the forcible dispatch of local servicemen and yasak people to the Livonian War. The uprising of 1581-1584 was largely a consequence of the forced Christianization of the non-Russian peoples of the region.

All this gave the struggle an extremely high intensity. Speaking about the uprising of the early 1980s, the Russian historian N.M. Karamzin noted: "The rebels ... cut themselves with the Moscow soldiers on the ashes of their homes, in the forests and in nativity scenes, in summer and winter, they wanted independence or death."

However, by this time the new government had already seriously strengthened its positions in the Middle Volga region. It is no coincidence that, despite the fierce resistance of the rebels, the general protest of the oppressed population, the uprisings of the 70-80s. were suppressed relatively quickly.

Questionsandtasks

1. V what were the main reasons for the Kazan War of 1552-1557? Why were joint performances of the peoples of the region noted in its course? 2. Why did a part of the region's population not take the side of the rebels? 3. Name the largest hotbeds, centers of the insurrectionary movement and its leaders. 4. Tell us about the course of the Kazan War, its main events and results. 5. What are, in your opinion, the main differences between the uprisings of the 70-80s. and the "Kazan War"? Argument your answer.

§twenty.Historicaleffectsconquest of KazanandAstrakhankhanates

The fall of Tatar Kazan on October 2 (13) 1552 largely predetermined the fate of the Astrakhan Khanate. In 1556 this Tatar state was also conquered. Russia's conquest of the vast territory of the Middle and Lower Volga regions had far-reaching consequences.

With the conquest of the Tatar khanates of the Volga region, the long-term military-political confrontation between Moscow Russia and the heirs of the powerful Golden Horde ceased. It has significantly strengthened its international standing.

The Volga became a Russian river along its entire length. Thus, plans came true, the beginning of which was laid back in the 10th century. ambitious Kiev princes Svyatoslav and Vladimir. Now wide opportunities have opened up for the Russian state not only for conducting trade along the entire Volga trade route, for using the natural resources of the Middle and Lower Volga regions. A base was created for a further large-scale offensive to the East, advancing into the vast expanses of the Urals and Siberia. Begins to form truly multinational the nature of the Russian state, the multicultural foundations of Russian civilization are being laid.

The acquisition of new and fertile lands allowed to increase treasury revenues, to start a wide Russian colonization(development) of new territories and the exploitation of new subjects of the state. At the same time, large-scale colonization processes contributed to the consolidation extensive ways of development of the country. The possibility of development in breadth, and not due to the owner's use of existing territories, internal resources, for the time being brought certain benefits. But by the end of the 17th century. the general economic lag of Russia from the advanced European countries became obvious.

A very good moment was chosen for Kazan Capture: Russia's main external rivals were either weakened or did not dare to raise their voices in defense of Kazan or Astrakhan. Only Turkey tried to organize a campaign against Moscow in order to force it to return independence to the Tatar khanates. It is for this reason that in 1569-1570. aggravated Russian-Turkish relations. Turkey threatened Russia's security so much that Ivan the Terrible was even ready to "give up" Astrakhan. But this promise remained unfulfilled - already in the late 70s - early 80s. XVI century Turkey weakened so much that it did not even remember about the Volga problems.

Ultimately, the Tatar khanates of the Volga region remained part of Russia. From the point of view of the tsarist government, this was a major military and political success.

But what were the consequences of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate for its multinational population, primarily for the Tatars? In this khanate, the Tatars, as you know, occupied a dominant economic and political position. That is why for them the changes that have taken place were the most significant and tangible.

First, the Tatars lost their statehood. They were incorporated into a completely different state, became a dependent, subordinate people. It is known from history that such serious changes in the position of the people entail a sharp slowdown in the natural political, economic and cultural development. For the Tatars, this factor undoubtedly played a negative role over the next centuries.

Secondly, as a result of a specific and purposeful government policy, the Tatars began to be subjected to strong and tough pressure in the field of religion and national culture... Serious restrictions existed in the right of movement and residence. In other words, the Tatar people in the Russian state began to experience nationalreligious oppression.

Thirdly, as a result of the conquest, the Tatar people almost completely lost their urban stratum, were pushed into the countryside. It also did not contribute to its full economic and cultural development.

Fourth, the new government consistently created conditions for the gradual decomposition and disappearance of the Tatar feudal class (this happened by the beginning of the 18th century). The most active opponents of the Russian government were immediately physically destroyed or expelled, having lost all their wealth. At the same time, tsarism relied on those Tatar feudal lords who by deeds proved their loyalty to the new government. But even these Tatars were under vigilant control. There was no complete trust in them.

The disintegration of the Tatar feudal class also had negative consequences. The fact is that in the conditions of medieval (feudal) society, it was the feudal landowners who represented its most organized, literate and enlightened part. First of all, the cultural and political progress of the people was connected with them.

The historical consequences of the conquest of Kazan also had a different side. Over time, certain positive features inclusion of the region into the Russian state. Thus, the economy of this state as a whole developed more rapidly than the economy of the former Kazan Khanate. The annexation of the Middle Volga region contributed to the gradual inclusion of the Tatar population in the all-Russian economic development. The interethnic contacts of the Tatars with other peoples, primarily with the Russians, for example, in the economic and cultural spheres, became much more active in the region, which had a beneficial effect on all peoples.

Thus, the seizure of the vast territory of the Middle Lower and Volga regions had far-reaching and rather contradictory consequences for the Russian state. Over time, a number of positive consequences of the annexation for the population of the region began to be revealed. The consequences of the loss of statehood for the Tatar people became truly catastrophic, and some of the positive aspects of the events that took place could not change the overall picture.

Questionsandtasks

1. Describe the consequences of the mastery of the vast territory of the Middle and Lower Volga region for the Russian state. Highlight among them the foreign policy and economic consequences. 2. What, in your opinion, were the positive and negative aspects of these consequences for the development of the Russian state? 3. What foreign policy circumstances favored the "Kazan capture"? 4. Can it be argued that the inclusion of the territory of the region in the Russian state had a certain positive significance for the population of this region? Argument your answer. 5. What were the consequences of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate for the Tatar people?

§21.Organizationadministrativeandmilitary commandKazanskyedgeinsecondhalfXviv.

After the events of October 1552, the Russian state sought to create conditions as soon as possible for the inclusion of new territories in the all-Russian socio-economic and political life... Efforts were also made to securely gain a foothold in the province and militarily.

The beginning of the creation of a management system for the Kazan Territory. At first, these tasks predetermined the policy of the government of Ivan the Terrible in the Middle Volga region. The tsar himself was in Kazan after its capture until October 11, and for a week and a half he was especially concerned with the organization of the new government. The remoteness of the region from the center of the state, the general hostility of the local population demanded a special management system. And it began to be created relying on military force... Leaving Kazan, Ivan IV left here "a lot of princes and children, 2040 boyars and three streltsy governors, and with them 1,500 archers, and seven Cossack atamans, and with them five hundred Cossack men."

Voivods, voivodships, "roads". The management of the conquered land was based on voivodship principle. The governors were previously known in the Russian state as military commanders. But the Kazan governors were also endowed with civil power. The concentration of such powers in the hands of the governor was first carried out precisely in Kazan.

The former territory of the Kazan Khanate was originally divided between two voivodeships - KazanskyandSviyazhsky, the territories of the left bank and the right bank of the Volga were subordinated to them, respectively. At first, both voivodeships were considered independent from each other and equal in relations with the central government. But gradually, more and more noticeably, the leading role began to play, especially in the 17th century, the Kazan governors.

There was in our region and its traditional division into "roads". Then this word meant not only "way", but also a certain administrative-territorial unit. There were five such roads at that time: Alat-skaya - in the north direction from Kazan, Galitskaya - in the north-west, Nogayskaya - in the south-west, Zureiskaya - in the south, Arskaya - in the east.

The governors were appointed by the king from among the representatives of the highest feudal nobility. Before leaving for the place of service, they received a kind of instruction from the tsar - a mandate. The orders determined the functions, the main tasks of the governor to strengthen the new government in the troubled region.

The main responsibility of the voivode was the military administration, ensuring the security of the city and settlement. They were in charge of armed detachments. The governors compiled lists of people in the public service, gave them land ("local salaries"), collected taxes, administered judgment and punishment, had to attract baptized Tatars and merchants to the service.

The governors were considered only “governors of the sovereign” in the region. Formally, they could not do anything without royal decrees and letters. However, practically all power belonged to them. They were subordinate to clerks, clerks, interpreters and other officials who united in governing bodies - "Huts» . The streltsy garrisons, which were led by the streltsy head, also obeyed the governors.

Order of the Kazan Palace. The unrestricted power of the governor often gave rise to abuse. Therefore, the government often replaced the "governors of the sovereign", sought to strengthen its control over them. Such control since the 70s tg. XVI century began to exercise over the governors, and over all the lands of the former Kazan and Astrakhan, Siberian khanates specially created in Moscow OrderKazanskypalace(from the 17th century Kazan with the regions of the Middle and Lower Volga regions and the Urals remained under his jurisdiction). The order of the Kazan Palace carried out the administrative, financial and judicial management of the region. He was in charge of fees in kind from the non-Russian population, appointments to one or another position, recruiting of rifle detachments, and the affairs of the service Tatars. This central body existed until the beginning of the 18th century, before the provincial reform carried out by Peter I.

Management of the Volga region, the administrative-territorial division of the region in the second half of the XVI-XVII centuries. was very complicated and confusing. During this time, it changed, improved and gradually acquired a rather slender and finished look. And yet, by the end of the 17th century, the inefficiency of the created management system was revealed. Numerous popular performances of this century have shown that it is too cumbersome and imperfect. The absolute monarchy that was taking shape in Russia needed a new, more flexible system of government.

Tatar ship hut. Only Russian boyars and nobles were appointed to key positions in the local administration system. Tatars were not allowed into the governing bodies. An exception was made only for interpreters and interpreters. No self-government body for the Tatars was created in the region. Some sources of that time mention the so-called Tatarskayashiphut, which was in charge of the affairs of the non-Russian peoples of the region. The head of the hut was the "Tatar head". He was appointed as voivods or clerks from among the Russian nobles.

Strongholds of the new government. Immediately after the conquest of the region, the tsarist government began to pay great attention strengthening the old military-political in, primarily the city of Kazan, as well as the builder of new cities and fortresses. The construction of a stone Kremlin in Kazan began quite quickly, the fortresses of Laishev (1557), Tetyushi (1558), Tsarevokokshaisk (modern Yoshkar-Ola), Urzhum, Malmyzh (all in 1584) and others were built. As a contemporary wrote, "the sovereign started them (these fortresses) with Russian people, and so he, the sovereign, strengthened the entire Kingdom of Kazan."

Since the 70s. XVI century on the Kazan lands began to create seriffeatures. They were fortified lines in the form of ramparts, ditches, forest notches with a guard service. Initially, these fortifications - they also included cities, forts and fortresses - served to protect against the raids of nomads from the south. Later they became strongholds for colonization in the Volga region. The first notch line began to be built from Temnikov to Alatyr and Tetyushi in 1578.

Thus, already in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. In the Middle Volga region, the previous administrative apparatus of the Kazan Khanate was completely destroyed and a completely new and unknown even in Russia system of administrative and military management was created. Relying on it, the tsarist government included the annexed territories in the all-Russian socio-economic and political life, and ensured its interests in the region.

Questionsandtasks

1. What goals was pursued by the tsarist government, creating a new system of administrative and state administration in the conquered territories of the Middle Volga region? What were her distinctive features? 2. Describe the functions of the governor. What power, and for what purposes, was concentrated in their hands? 3. Why in the 70s. XVI century was the order of the Kazan Palace created? 4. Were Tatars allowed into the governing bodies of the region? 5. What is the Tatar ship hut? From among whom was its leader appointed? After preparing your answer, draw a conclusion. 6. Why from the second half of the 50s. the new government starts building in the region of fortresses? 7. Explain the purpose of the notch lines, which began to be erected on the Kazan lands in the 70s. XVI century territory of the region.

§22.Socialeconomicandreligious politicstsarismvMiddleVolga regioninsecond halfXvi- the beginningXviicenturies

Almost immediately after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the process began colonization the edges. It ended by mid XVIII centuries.

Colonization was the development by the Russian population of vast territories of the Middle Volga region, which were included in Russia in the 50s. XVI century The decisive role in its organization was played by the tsarist government, which could not but reckon with the fact that the Middle Volga region was settled and developed much earlier than the arrival of the Russians here. That is why it was forced to pursue a rather purposeful socio-economic policy here. the main task was just to ensure the colonization of the region.

In the socio-economic policy of the government of that time, three main directions can be distinguished. The first was associated with actions in relation to the feudal leaders of the former Kazan Khanate. The second - with actions in relation to the bulk of the population. And third, with efforts to create a stratum of the Russian population in the region.

Formation of the class of service Tatars. The policy towards the feudal elite of the former khanate was determined by the desire of the new government to create a reliable support for itself in the region. At the same time, the previous experience was taken into account, when part of the Tatar feudal elite was used in the struggle for mastering the Middle Volga region. As we remember, many Tatar feudal lords back in the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries. fled to Moscow and actively helped the Russian government in organizing military campaigns against Kazan, including in 1552.

Some of these Tatars immediately after the conquest received land as a reward. The estates were also allocated to those Tatar feudal lords who participated in the fight against the rebels. The formation of a layer began in the region servicemenof people(service Tatars).

Service Tatars performed various functions. They were used as interpreters (translators), plaintiffs, envoys, participated in military campaigns,; Livonian War, protection of the borders of the Russian state, etc. For service, the service Tatars, along with estates, received a cash and grain salary. In addition, a number of privileges were granted in trade and craft pursuits. Thus, one part of the local population was opposed to another, which reduced the possibility of anti-government protests in the future.

Not most of serving Kazan Tatars, which showed her loyalty to the new government, received the personal permission of Ivan the Terrible to establish a settlement near Kazan (it is known as the Star Tatar settlement). This low-lying and swampy place was located just beyond Lake Kaban, outside the city walls. According to the Scribal Book of the 60s of the 16th century, there were only 150 households in the Tatar settlement at that time. This is all that remains of the once large Tatar population of Kazan. But in this suburban part, the Tatars were not allowed to create their own administration. Power here was exercised by specially appointed Russian officials - "clerks".

According to the materials of the Scripture Book of 1602-1603, several groups of feudal lords were already distinguished among the service Tatars, depending on the size of their land holdings. Among them were large landowners who had more than 100 quarters of arable land (about 50 hectares). The Scripture Book counted 12 such people. The predominant part was made up of small landowners. Service people as a whole became a loyal support for the tsarist government in the Middle Volga region.

The position of the yasak people. The bulk of the dependent population in the Kazan Territory was yasak people(from the word "yasak", which meant the name of the main tax of the feudal-dependent population in favor of the state). Most of them were representatives of non-Russian peoples who, even during the period of the Kazan Khanate, paid yasak in favor of the khan.

After the conquest, the position of the yasak people did not change very much. They remained on their lands and now paid yasak to the Russian tsar, the size of which was initially preserved. Yasak was collected either in kind (grain, honey, furs), or in money. Yasak people worked on land that was considered state (state). They paid a tax in kind for using it.

The provision of land for the yasak people, according to the Scribe books, was generally good. However, servicemen, landowners, churches and monasteries often encroached on yasak lands. Feudal exploitation of the yasak people gradually intensified, and the amount of taxes increased. In addition, they were increasingly involved in the construction of cities, fortifications, defensive lines, logging, pit service, and other compulsory state work. All this, along with the forcible Christianization of non-Russian nationalities, gave rise to a protest of the yasak people.

Changes in the social and national composition of the population. Immediately after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the government led an active policy to create and strengthen the stratum Russianpopulation in the region, the formation of noble land tenure here. Actually, first of all, for the lands and rushed here Russian landowners. The author of "Kazan history" wrote with admiration that this place is "pre-public and red-noble, and livestock, and bee-like, and all earthly seeds are dear, and there are abundant vegetables, and bestial, and fish, and there is a lot of all kinds of land."

The first step was the displacement of the indigenous population from the inhabited lands. So, the surviving Tatar residents were expelled from Kazan. They were generally forbidden to live closer than 30 versts from the city. Tatar settlements in this radius were also destroyed. The Tatars were not allowed to settle along large roads and closer than 5-10 versts from the banks of large rivers. And above all, near Kazan, around other cities, along the Kama and Volga, the lands were transferred to Russian service people.

In the second half of the XVI century. a rather large stratum is being created in the region Russianslandlords. True, due to the increased resistance of the local population, the distribution of land was carried out in limited areas. But already in the 70-80s. Russian nobles also penetrate into many inner regions of the Middle Volga region. First of all, they received the former lands of the Khan I of those Tatar feudal lords who died or left their homeland. After 10-15 years, the total number of Russian landowners far exceeded the number of Tatar landowners. Only in the left-bank regions of the Volga, sources then mention about 200 Tatar and 700 Russian landowners.

Received solid land awards in the region church and monasteries. They soon became the largest landowners. These were Zilantov and the Transfiguration Monasteries in Kazan, the Mother of God Monastery in Sviyazhsk and some other monasteries.

Not only landowners - landowners and monasteries - appeared on the territory of the former Kazan Khanate. A layer has also formed here Russian laborpopulation. Russian landowners and monasteries transferred their peasants here. Peasants from the central regions of Russia fled to the Volga from unbearable hardships. This made the ethnic composition of the region's population even more variegated, strengthened economic and cultural ties between peasants of different nationalities. The peasants experienced the general oppression of the feudal state, which paved the way for subsequent joint actions against the oppressors.

Christianization policy. Even before the conquest of Kazan, one of the main tasks of the campaigns in the Middle Volga region was proclaimed a merciless struggle against "infidel Muslims." Many ideologues of the Orthodox Church of that time called for punishing the "barbarians" and "godless traitors", "baptizing firmly" the population of the khanate. And tsarism constantly adhered to this line. Already in the first days after the capture of Kazan, a bloody massacre was committed against the Muslim population of Kazan, by order of Ivan the Terrible, all mosques in the city were destroyed. Immediately, the first churches began to be laid. Many prisoners of Kazan were faced with a mocking choice: to be baptized or die. The last Kazan khan Yadygar-Mukhammad (Yadeger-Mehammed), who also ended up in Russian captivity, and the young son of Queen Syuyumbike, Utyamysh-Girey, were also baptized.

What are the goals pursued by the policy of Christianization in the region? First, tsarism sought to create additional opportunities for keeping the population of the former Kazan Khanate submissive. Second, the Orthodox Church, which viewed the Muslim religion as one of its worst enemies, tried to defeat it by doing so. The widespread baptism of "apostates of Christ's faith" would mean confirmation of the truth of Orthodoxy.

The policy of Christianization was commissioned Kazandiocese. This body of church administration was created in 1555. When it was established, the Kazan diocese included the Kazan and Sviyazhsky voivodeships, and then the territories of the former Astrakhan Khanate. The diocese was ruled by archbishops, and later by metropolitans and bishops.

The first archbishop of the Kazan diocese was Gury, who could rule even over the governors. He became one of the organizers and leaders of the widespread Christianization of the non-Russian population of the region. His missionary work was guided by “ Punishment memory» Ivan the Terrible. This was the first instruction in Russian history for the conversion of non-Russian peoples to Orthodoxy. Judging by its content, it gave preference to measures of nonviolent baptism, focused on the use of privileges and privileges by missionaries, ministers of the church for those who converted to Orthodoxy. Here is what, for example, Ivan IV punished Archbishop Guriy: “And those who are Tartars want to be baptized by their own will, and not from captivity, and they tell him to baptize, and keep the best in their bishopric and teach the whole Christian law, and rest as much as possible ... And how they are newly baptized from under the teaching they will give, and the archbishop to call them, to feed them often , and give them kvass at the table, and after the table send them to drink honey to the suburban courtyard. And who the Tatars will begin to come to him with their brows hitting him, he will be told to feed and drink kvass in his yard, and to water them with honey in a country yard. By their meekness to speak and lead. Towards the Christian law, and speaking to them quietly with affection, but take off the cruelty not to speak. "

It was not only the turbulent situation in the region that forced the voluntary conversion of the Gentiles to the glory of Ivan the Terrible (recall that the Kazan War was going on at that time). The tsar also took into account foreign policy circumstances. In the event of cruel treatment of Muslims, he did not want to spoil relations with neighboring Muslim countries - Turkey and Crimea. In 1570 and 1584. Ivan the Terrible even sent special embassies to Turkey with assurances that he is very respectful of Islam and has never oppressed his Muslim subjects.

But the supreme power of Russia until that time did not face the problem of mass baptism of the Muslim population. Islam in the Middle Volga region had a long tradition and deep roots, and most of its adherents did not want to be baptized. That is why the successes of the policy of Christianization in the second half of the 16th century. were very humble.

In addition, the "struggle for faith" proclaimed before the campaign against Kazan was in fact often replaced by the struggle for land and wealth. The Orthodox Church was an active participant in this struggle. In such conditions, she was more engaged in land acquisitions than converting the non-Russian population of the region to Orthodoxy.

At the same time, in different districts of the Kazan Territory, judging by the sources of that time, the so-called “ newly baptized". The majority of those who converted to Orthodoxy were seduced by the land grants and certain privileges they were entitled to. The benefits were more attractive and tangible for the feudal elite, and they were baptized faster. Such persons were immediately equated in rights with the Russian service class. And, having lost their former faith, many of them also lost their language, russified, merged with the Russian nobility.

In the early 90s. church leaders sounded the alarm. In 1593 the Kazan Metropolitan Hermogen sent Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich a detailed report on the state of affairs. He reported that newly baptized people live in the same villages with unbaptized ones and very easily depart from Christianity, do not observe Christian rituals. In the Tatar settlement of Kazan, they again began to build mosques to replace the destroyed ones. In response, a very tough decree of the king followed. He commanded to take the most decisive measures to carry out Christianization: resettle newly baptized and unbaptized, severely punish for abandoning Christianity, chain, beat and imprison, immediately destroy the built mosques. The newly baptized landowners were supposed to convert their servants of the Gentiles to Christianity, "but those who are Tartars, the Chuvash, and the Cheremis are not baptized, and they would let them go or sell them." From now on, the Russians did not have the right to “serve voluntarily and in money” among the Gentiles, to marry them.

But this formidable decree of Tsar Fyodor, nevertheless, remained only on paper. Late 16th - early 17th centuries turned out to be so turbulent for Russia that there was simply not enough money or time to comply with strict regulations. The struggle for the throne, the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov, the emergence of impostors, the Polish-Swedish intervention - all this distracted the attention of the central Russian government. She was able to return to the Christianization of the non-Russian population of the Middle Volga region again only in the middle of the 17th century.

Thus, from the second half of the 16th century. the colonization of the region began, which was accompanied by the Christianization of the indigenous peoples of the Middle Volga region. A significant stratum of Russian landowners, Orthodox clergy, and Russian ore population is being created on the Kazan lands. Serving Tatars became the mainstay of the tsarist government. The policy of Christianization has not produced the results for which it was designed. The change in the social and national composition of the region's population prepared the conditions for its involvement in the Russian historical process. At the same time, the foundations were eroded on which the idea of ​​restoring the former independence could be strengthened.

Questionsandtasks

1. Describe the main goals of the socio-economic policy of tsarism in the Middle Volga region in the second half - early XVII centuries. 2. Introduce the position and occupation of the servant Tatars. What was the calculation of the government in the formation of this stratum? 3. Has the position of yasak people changed significantly? Justify your answer. 4. What was the difference between servicemen and yasak Tatars? 5. Tell us about the changes in the social and ethnic composition of the region's population in the second half of the 16th - beginning of the 20th century. What are the consequences of these changes? 6. State the goals to which the government and the Orthodox Church aspired to carry out the policy of Christianization in the province. 7. Compare the "Punished memory" of Ivan the Terrible and the decree of 1593 of Tsar Fyodor. What conclusions have you reached? 8. Who are “newly baptized”? What rights and privileges did they enjoy? 9. Can it be argued that the conversion to Orthodoxy of the non-Russian population of the region in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. was massive? Justify your answer.

§23."Peasantwar"startXviiv.averageVolga region

At the beginning of the XVH century. most of the territory of Russia was gripped by popular unrest, which is often called the peasant war. At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, a system of serfdom began to take shape. The peasants were deprived of the right to go over to new owners (the abolition of St. George's Day), and the landowners received the right to search for their fugitive peasants for five years. In 1601-1603 due to poor harvests, a terrible famine broke out in the country. Trouble grew.

The reasons and features of the peasant movement in the region. The middle Volga region recently became part of the Russian state, and on its territory the all-Russian order was not fully established. In addition, representatives of different nationalities also lived in the region.

Of course, the feudal exploitation of the peasants intensified in the Middle Volga region. But here it was closely intertwined with the policy of Christianization. The idea of ​​restoring an independent state was not soon forgotten in the Tatar people.

By the beginning of the "peasant war" in the region, the number of Russian peasants had increased significantly. Many of them fled here from the central regions of Russia, fleeing the cruel exploitation of their landowners. Their social interests coincided with the interests of the non-Russian population of the region. In such conditions, Russian and non-Russian peasants could unite in the struggle against the feudal lords.

At the same time, the struggle of the Tatar people was also of a national liberation nature. V this respect it was directed primarily against ethnic and religious oppression. It is characteristic that not only the laboring masses of the Tatars and other peoples of the region took part in the movement, but also some feudal lords. At the same time, they also defended their interests, connected, for example, with the desire to return the lands taken from them.

However, in the movement of the early 17th century. there was no national unity. The government still managed to divide the peoples along social lines. Therefore, many servicemen, as well as yasak people, were involved in military operations, were forced to participate in the suppression of peasant uprisings. The reward for this was generous grants, including land grants.

The beginning of the unrest. Mass peasant unrest in the Middle Volga region began in the middle of 1606. The peasants of the right-bank regions of the Volga were most active. Detachments of Chuvash, Russian, Tatar and Mari peasants stormed Sviyazhsk, Alatyr, Arzamas, Cheboksary, Kurmysh and other cities, whose inhabitants often joined the trash. Soon the peasants of other regions rose as well. So, at the end of 1606, the population of the Vyatka Territory revolted.

Only by 1608 did the tsarist authorities manage to organize the suppression of mass demonstrations of the peasants of the Middle Volga region. For this, an entire army was sent here, led by the boyar F.I. Sheremetev. But also. for a long time she could not cope with the rebels: as soon as the troops won a victory in one place, the uprising broke out with renewed vigor in another. F.I. Sheremetev ordered the local governors to “bring in all villages to sherti (obedience, to the recognition of the Tsar's authority. - AND.G.) Tatars and cheremis, that they should be relentless under the sovereign's hand forever, and in which volosts they will fall asleep, those volosts should fight, beat cheremis and Tatars, and have their wives and children in full, and rob their bellies, and burn villages. "

At the very beginning of January 1609, the multinational rebel detachments suffered a crushing defeat at Sviyazhsk. Then the center of the uprising for some time became the city of Yaransk in the Vyatka Territory. The rebels again began to prepare an offensive on Sviyazhsk. One of their leaders was a Tatar prince Jan-Ali(Enaley Shugurov). In March 1609, the troops of F.I. Sheremetev won another victory over the rebels near the village of Burundukovo, not far from Sviyazhsk, after which the movement subsided for a while. A new rise in the uprising and Shulgin's adventure. In the fall of 1609, a new upsurge in the peasant uprising began, which lasted until about the fall of the following year. And again, the movement developed most actively in the Vyatka Territory and in the right-bank regions of the Volga. The rebels captured the city of Kotelnich, and Sviyazhsk was again besieged. The central authorities could in no way organize the suppression of the uprising. The fact is that at the same time the political situation in the center of the country has sharply deteriorated. In the fall of 1609, the Polish king declared war on Russia, the fight against Tsar Vasily Shuisky was continued by False Dmitry II, Polish troops soon besieged and captured Moscow. And yet, the mass demonstrations of the peasantry of the Middle Volga region were gradually suppressed by the fall of 1610.

It was at this moment that the political adventurer clerk Nikanor Shulgin managed to seize power in Kazan, who ousted the governor B.Ya. Velsky (the latter was soon killed during the uprising). Expressing the interests of a certain part of the Kazan feudal lords of Russian origin, he proclaimed the idea of ​​creating a Christian state independent from Moscow on the Middle Volga. As a result of the activities of N.M. Shulgin's envoys from Kazan did not take an active part in the people's militias heading for Moscow to liberate it from the Polish invaders.

Shulgin's calls to create Kazanskoestate» did not find support from the population of the region, including the Tatars. On the contrary, one of the leaders of the Tatar detachments, Lukyan Myasnoy, and with him twenty princes and murzas, refused to obey Shulgin and went to the militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.

At the beginning of 1613, when Moscow was already liberated, the election of a new tsar took place at the Zemsky Sobor. It was Mikhail Romanov. The affirmative letter, which confirmed the election, was also signed by eight Tatar servicemen, including Ishey bek,Ayukaimurza. Nikanor Shulgin refused to recognize the new tsar, and was soon arrested on charges of treason and exiled to Siberia. New governors were sent to Kazan.

Bnaley Uprising. In the fall of 1615, new unrest began, which soon escalated into a real uprising. It was headed by Jan-Ali, already known to us. The unrest was caused by the authorities' organization of an extraordinary collection of "fifth money". The population of the region had to pay tax in the amount of a fifth of their real estate and income. Despite numerous petitions, the collection of the “fifth money” continued. This overflowed the cup of patience.

By the beginning of 1616, the entire Kazan Territory was engulfed in an uprising. The rebels laid siege to Sarapul, Arzamas, Murom, Sviyazhsk, the suburbs of Kazan. The movement developed with the active participation of servicemen and yasak Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Bashkirs. But in the conditions of the superiority of the government troops, in which the service Tatars were involved, the rebels were doomed to defeat. The winners knew no mercy. According to the information of those years, "the courtyards were desolate from the war," "arable land was overgrown with fallow and forest." Jan-Ali was captured and executed in Kazan.

So, the peasant movement, which became part of the events of the Time of Troubles, was defeated. With the election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, to whom Kazan had sworn allegiance, the Troubles came to an end. Overcoming its consequences, restoring state order has become one of the most important tasks of the authorities. But the reasons that aroused discontent and active protests of the masses did not disappear. There was almost a whole "rebellious" century ahead, in the early 70s. which the Volga region again became the arena of a major popular uprising.

Questionsandtasks

1. State the reasons and features of the peasant movement of the early 17th century. on the territory of the region. 2. Did the interests of the non-Russian and Russian population of the region coincide during the first "peasant war"? Justify your answer. 3. What, first of all, did the mass of the Tatar population of the region oppose, which rose up in revolt? What position did the Tatar feudal lords take in this struggle? 4. Describe the main events that took place in the Middle Volga region during the "peasant war". Could they have a different outcome? 5. Why did N. Shulgin's calls to create a "Kazan State" on the Middle Volga not find support among the population of the region, including the Tatars? 6. What participation did the population of the region take in the liberation struggle against the Polish invaders? 7. Why, in your opinion, were the signatures of Tatar servicemen on the affirmative letter confirming the election of M. Romanov as tsar? 8. State the reasons and course of the Enaleevsky uprising. What did the composition of the participants in this uprising testify to?

§24.The maingrouppopulation:classesand position.Socialandreligiousgovernment policyvMiddleVolga regionvXviiv.

The largest groups of the region's population in the 17th century, as in the second half of the previous one, were yasak people and service Tatars. Another, less significant group were artisans, merchants, industrial people. On the territory of the region, the number of Russian landowners, peasants, representatives of the Orthodox clergy increased.

The yasak peasantry. Ethnically, the yasak people were a rather motley group of the population. Among them were Tatars, and Chuvash, and Mari, and Udmurts. The main economic occupation of the yasak people was agriculture. In the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the region, a significant place in their economy was occupied by crafts, including bee-keeping, fishing, and hunting.

From the middle of the 17th century. the construction of fortified lines ("notch lines") was continued. First, it began to be erected Simbirskhell, and then - Zakamskaya, which began on the left bank of the Volga and went east almost to the mouth of the Belaya River. Eight forts appeared along the Zakamskaya line, including Bilyarsk, Novosheshminsk, Zainek, Menzelinsk, partially inhabited by the Polish and Smolensk gentry. For the construction of this line, a lot of yasachs from the Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts were involved. Russian peasants were also driven here in masses.

In addition to attracting cities to the construction of fortifications, yasak people, as before, were forced to perform other state work. Very burdensome occupations for them were, for example, the Yamskaya service, carriage, road construction.

All yasak people were considered the holders of state land. The lands allocated to them by the state were usually transferred for the use of communities of farmers. Then the peasants at their general meetings distributed this land among the families. For the right to use land, yasak people had to pay in favor of the treasury (state) yasak. Yasak in the 17th century collected from each household in kind or in money. At the end of the 17th century, this word also meant the amount of tax collected.

The land was distributed "interlaced". This means that the family received several plots of land in phase locations, depending on the fertility of the soil. So the peasants tried to equalize the opportunities of the community members in terms of land. However, much depended on the number of working hands in the family, and on the quantity and quality of agricultural implements, and on enterprise, simply on luck. Therefore, the farms of the yasak peasants developed in different ways. Gradually, among the yasak peasantry of all nationalities began to appear propertybundle. They had a part of their households, better provided with land, livestock, agricultural implements. Other peasants, on the contrary, became poorer, could fall into bondage to their more successful and richer fellow villagers.

In the XVII century. an active "offensive" on the lands of the yasak people was launched by Russian landowners, churches and monasteries, service people. This was largely due to the continued colonization the edges. So, in the 17th century, more than 20 monasteries with an extensive monastic economy were founded here.

The ecclesiastical, palace, landlord, patrimonial economy also developed, which also required arable and other land. Only in the Kazan district, by the second half of the century, the number of estates of Russian servicemen doubled. There are almost no vacant lands in the Middle Volga region. Therefore, large feudal lords-landowners sought to expand their possessions at the expense of the yasak, whose interests were not protected by law in any way. Sometimes feudal lords openly confiscated land from communities of yasak peasants, but often they started land disputes and won them.

At the same time, the government tried to prevent a decrease in the number of yasak people, reduction and ruin of their economy. After all, yasak made up a significant part of the state's income. This is why the government, while supporting the growth of local and monastic and ecclesiastical land tenure, at the same time wanted to maintain an important income item. To this end, various measures were used. So, in 1672, all non-Russian peoples of the Middle Volga region were allowed to choose special representatives from among the best people for collecting yasak.

Ten years later, another decree followed, according to which the Russian landowners were forbidden to seize and declare their estates the lands of the yasak people from the Tatars, Chuvash, Mari and Mordovians, even if they were abandoned by the inhabitants. In 1685, the ban was repeated and even strengthened: the captured lands were ordered to be taken away and returned "to the yasak as before." In addition, in the second half of the 17th century. some of the impoverished representatives of the service people were transferred to the yasochnye.

In the XVII century. yasak collection rates were not only clearly defined. They gradually increased with the reduction of the yasak allotment. The government closely monitored the implementation of these norms: on the ground, censuses were often carried out, various kinds of checks on the yasak population. The collection of yasak was often accompanied by the arbitrariness of the local administration. All this provoked a protest from the yasach-niks. They wrote complaints, abandoned their villages and, in search of a better life, fled to the east, to the still underdeveloped regions of the Urals and Siberia. Their flight began to take on an especially wide scale in the 1980s. XVII century It is no coincidence that in 1688 a decree was issued on the search for fugitive peasants in the cities of the Kazan Palace order.

Russian rural dependent population. The bulk of this population was " translators» . This was the name of the people whom the landowners transferred to the region from the central regions of the Russian state to work on their new estates. Among them were not only serfs, but also beans, serfs.

The proportion of fugitive peasants was very significant. Landowners' peasants fled to the Kama and Volga, as we remember, even earlier. In the second half of the XVI century. they strove to settle here, primarily on palace and monastery lands, or to enroll in the yasachniki. After the final registration of serfdom (the Council-Code of 1649 established the eternal hereditary dependence of the peasants, canceled the lease, summer), the influx of fugitives to the region increased significantly. They - settled in the possessions of service people, but preferred church and monastery lands, where the peasants enjoyed some privileges. Some of the fugitives stumbled on the lands adjacent to the Zakamsk guard line. The main social difference between the yasak I Russian peasants was that the former, while remaining personally free, were in feudal dependence on the state, and the latter - in dependence on the secular and spiritual feudal lords.

Changes in the position of the service Tatars. Recall that after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the group of service Tatars was formed mainly from the yasak people. The Tatars, who entered the service of the new government, were protected by the law and received a cash or food salary, as well as an estate (land).

The estates of service people were conditional land holdings. They could not be sold, exchanged, inherited. If a serviceman, for example, died on a campaign, the estate did not automatically pass to his heirs - only the authorities decided the issue of further destiny of this land.

The bulk of the service Tatars were part of the local troops. These service people usually lived at home, but in case of military danger they were obliged to immediately go on a campaign with full combat gear and armed servants (Russian landowners also had to appear at the service "on horseback, crowded and armed"). The number of armed servants depended on the size of the estate granted. So, for every 50 acres of "good land," one armed servant 4 was exhibited on a horse with armor, and on a long march with two horses. " On the campaign for all his time, it was also necessary to take with him supplies of food and fodder.

The Tatar cavalry was stationed on the borders of the state to protect them from the raids of the nomads. In the XVII century. Kazan service Tatars took part in almost all the campaigns of the troops of the Russian state against the Commonwealth, against the Crimean Tatars. In 1651 they accounted for 6.5% of the total composition of the Russian army, or 9113 mounted soldiers. But there was no complete trust in them: with the Tatar armed detachments there were always "heads" of Russian servicemen.

In addition to military service, a significant part of the service Tatars was employed in administrative and diplomatic work. Many of them, as before, served in various institutions as translators, interpreters, scribes. Some went on diplomatic missions to different countries, most often in the east. In the XVII century. the Tatar language was the language of diplomatic relations between Russia and the states of the East. The correspondence of the Russian tsars with the heads of Iran, India, and the countries of Central Asia was almost exclusively conducted in the Tatar language.

In attracting the Tatars to public service and granting them land, the tsarist government was guided not only by diplomatic and military-strategic calculations. Of course, it did not want to spoil relations with its Muslim neighbors, primarily with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. It was taken into account that the serving Tatars in the military respect were an excellently trained and prepared force. In addition, the use of service Tatars in the army was very cheap for the treasury.

But socio-political considerations played an equally important role. By attracting a part of the Tatars to the service, the government thereby subjugated them, made them its supporters, divided and weakened Tatar society. In addition, there was an additional opportunity to suppress popular movements, which were so rich in the "rebellious" century.

In the first half of the 17th century. the service class among the Tatars was quite numerous and economically wealthy. Of course, the level of consistency was different. Judging by the scribes of the beginning of the century,

Ahead of the servicemen, the Tatars stood out several dozen clans, which had estates with an area of ​​500 or more dessiatines. The bulk were those who "owned from 50 to 100 acres of land.

However, gradually the economic situation of the service Tatars began to deteriorate. Serving Tatars changed their estates, and sold, and left them by inheritance. On the one hand, they strove to become complete masters of their domains. On the other hand, there was often no one to cultivate rather large areas of land. After all, there were few serfs among the Tatars, and the service Tatars did not have the right to buy Russian serfs according to the law. Therefore, most often they hired yasak people to cultivate the land. And by the middle of the 17th century. the number of large Tatar landowners halved.

Servant Tatars gradually lost their land holdings and became poorer. Of course, there were still wealthy landowners among them, but these were already a few. By the beginning of the 18th century. the service class among the Tatars is almost completely disintegrated, those. ceased to represent a single estate with common interests. Why did it happen? As the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia, the strengthening of the state, and the expansion of its borders eastward, the need for constant involvement in military service service Tatars. Under these conditions, the government, which although strictly forbade the service Tatars to dispose of the land, did not interfere with the shrinking of the service land tenure. As a result, some of the serving Tatars were completely torn off the ground, began to engage in trade, became clergymen, or turned into ordinary farmers-yasachniks. Many of them could still be called both Murzas and princes (representatives of the upper class), but in their own way economic situation were simple cultivators. Among the people, such impoverished service people began to be called "Chabataly morzalar» ("Murza Lapotniki"). Craftsmen, commercial and industrial population. By the middle of the 17th century. largest city The Volga region becomes Kazan. About 17 thousand people lived here then (in the mid-1950s, several thousand people died from the plague). A significant part of the population of Kazan was made up of artisans, merchants, traders. Around the city there were handicraftsettlements, including Gorshechnaya, Brick, Yamskaya. Among the artisans, many of whom began to use wage labor, there were tanners, shoemakers, furriers, sheepskin makers, "millers", "candles", blacksmiths, woodworkers, bakers, pastry workers and other craftsmen. ruralcraft, primarily in the Tatar villages. This was largely due to the eviction of the Tatar population from the cities after the capture of Kazan. In the villages, Tatar artisans were engaged in leather processing, sheepskin and goat skins, from which various products were sewn, felt boots, etc. Woodworking, metalwork, jewelry production was created. The government imposed a ban on blacksmithing among the Tatars, as well as among other non-Russian peoples.

Russian peasants who lived with land-poor landowners also began to engage in handicrafts. Among them, such industries as woodworking, pottery, felting, tanning, sallow and others have become widespread.

The development of handicraft production, which acquired a small-scale character, pushed the emergence from the 40s. 17th century enterprisesmanufactorytype. Copper smelters were built in Kazan and Kukmor. Numerous mills, tanneries, soap-making workshops, saltpeter enterprises, and shipbuilding artels appeared. A number of soap and leather workshops turned into large manufactories. A sign of the times was the emergence of manufacturing enterprises among merchants, peasants, and townspeople.

As the commodity production the number of people engaged in trade increased in the region. Gradually developed estatemerchants. The commercial population was concentrated in Kazan, which by the middle of the 17th century. became the largest industrial and commercial center of the Volga region. It was Kazan merchants who held in their hands wholesale trade... In Cheboksary, Kozmo-Demyansk, Elabuga, Menzelinsk, Sarapul, and many other settlements, they created procurement and purchasing centers.

Kazan Tatars until 1686 had no right to engage in urban trade. With the removal of this ban, they begin to actively participate in trading activities. Together with them, Yelabuga and Ufa Tatars appear in the markets of Ustyug and Solvychegod.

Merchants, local and visiting trade people connected Kazan, the entire vast Kazan region with many Russian cities and regions. Now it was not only Moscow, Vyatka Territory, the Urals, Siberia, but also Kiev, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Tver, Veliky Ustyug, Arkhangelsk. Trade outside the region was carried out in meat, fish, leather, sheepskin, goat skins, furs, honey, wax. Expensive furs, salt, fruits, industrial goods were imported from other years and regions. So the region played a very active role in the formation a singleall-Russianmarket.

Social and religious policy of the government in the region. The general direction of government policy in the Middle Volga region is shown by the change in the 17th century. the position of yasak and service people. The yasak peasants were increasingly subjected to feudal exploitation, although tsarism retained this category of the population. Servant Tatars gradually lost their land holdings, became poorer, moved to the position of yasach-niks. Thus, the authorities strengthened their positions.

But the social and religious policy of the state in relation to the non-Russian population of the Middle Volga region pursued other goals. Its essence was the course for Christianization. The main motive for this policy in the 17th century. was the opposition of the baptized and the unbaptized, the artificial creation of a feeling of distrust and enmity between them. By the beginning of the 17th century. first of all, among the service population of the region there was a stratum "Servicemen newly baptized ". This was the name of the representatives of the non-Russian population of the Middle Volga region, who converted to Christianity, and in most cases voluntarily. Their relative number was small, but it was they who became the mainstay of tsarism in pursuing its socio-economic and national-religious policy in the region.

The "newly baptized servicemen" received rights that even the most noble and wealthy servicemen of the Tatars, who preserved the Muslim faith, did not have. The newly baptized were equal in rights with the Russian nobles as landowners, they could use the labor of Russian serfs. A certain part of the newly baptized people also lost their language, gradually merging into the Russian nobility. It is therefore no coincidence that many of the most famous Russian surnames have Tatar origin... Among them, for example, the Apraksins, Arakcheevs, Bibikovs, Karamzins, Molostvovs, Naryshkins, Saburovs, Timiryazevs, Turgenevs. This is how the historical roots of different peoples of Russia were intertwined.

Since the end of the 20s. In the 17th century, the rights of newly baptized people began to expand more and more. The rights of the Gentiles, on the contrary, were curtailed. This line of the government is reflected in the Russian legislation of the 17th century. Now the state itself, the secular government is increasingly taking on the policy of Christianization.

By the decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1628, unbaptized people were forbidden not only to have Russian serfs, but even Christian servants. The goals of Christianization were pursued by a number of articles of the Cathedral Code of 1649. Thus, it was envisaged that if a non-religious worker wanted to be baptized, his non-believer master was obliged to give him free rein and pay, in addition, a certain sum of money. The estates received by them from the Russian people were to be taken from the unbaptized Tatars. The estates were left only to those Tatars who were baptized. And here is what article 24th chapter of XXP of the Cathedral Code read: “There will be someone a busurman (a Muslim. - AND.G.) By some means of violence or deceit a Russian person will be forced to his Busurman faith, and according to his Busurman faith he will cut off, but it turns out to be true, and that Busurman will be executed on the search, set on fire without any mercy. "

In 1653, only Russian landowners and newly baptized people received the right to sell their estates. A year later, it was established that the lands of an unbaptized landowner after his death are inherited only by his baptized relatives, regardless of the degree of kinship. Two decrees infringing on the interests of the Gentiles appeared in 1681. According to one of them, the lands on which the baptized people lived were taken from the unbaptized Tatar landowners. According to another decree, a non-believer who was baptized received as a reward land taken from his relatives, who remained Muslims. Such newly-baptized people did not have to pay taxes for six years. In addition, they were entitled to a monetary reward.

The policy of tsarism was in many ways consistent with the well-known principle of "divide and rule". As a result, the non-Russian population of the region, especially the Tatars, turned out to be split not only by social (yasak and service), but also by religious (baptized and unbaptized) characteristics.

The infringement of the interests of the non-Russian peoples of the region of the population caused a natural reaction. So, in 1682 the Kazan Tatars sent a delegation to Turkish Sultan Mehmet IV with a request to help them, to free them from the power of the Russian Tsar, who oppresses them as Muslims. True, there was no result from this action. The social and national-religious protest of the population also took on more active forms. He showed himself most strongly in the events of the early 70s. XVII century.

Thus, in the XVII century. there was a deterioration in the situation of the feudal-dependent population of the region. The service Tatars ceased to be a single estate with common interests. At the same time, a class of merchants, other townspeople, and peasants gradually emerged, many of which are involved in industrial entrepreneurship. The unbaptized inhabitants of the region begin to experience much greater ethnic and religious oppression.

Questionsandtasks

1. Name the main population groups of the region in the 17th century. century. Describe their activities. 2. How has the situation of the yasak peasants changed during the 17th century? Have you noticed what was the contradictory policy of the state towards these peasants? 3. Who consisted of the Russian dependent population of the region in the 17th century? What was the difference in social status Russian and yasak peasants? 4. Describe the changes in the position of the serving Tatars during the 17th century. Why did the government move away from the policy of supporting this estate? 5. Who are the newly baptized servants? What rights did they enjoy? 6. Can it be argued that part Russian laws XVII century was aimed at strengthening the policy of Christianization? Argument your conclusion. 7. Trace the relationship of social and religious policies of tsarism in the region in relation to the XVII century. 8. Describe the importance of Kazan in the economic life of the population of the region. 9. What was the reason for the appearance of manufacturing enterprises in the region, the development of handicrafts? What social consequences did this lead to? NS. What can you say about the role of the region in the formation of the all-Russian market?

§25.PeoplesMiddleVolga regionvmovement S.Razin

The movement led by Stepan Razin became the largest popular unrest of the 17th century. The peoples of the Middle Volga region, including the Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, took an active part in it. What caused this?

The reasons for the movement and participation in it of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. According to the Cathedral Code of 1649, the peasants were forever attached to the landowner (spiritual or secular feudal lord), and the townspeople - to the posad. Secular feudal lords increased duties and dues, increased state taxes. In Russia, there was a process of formation of an absolute monarchy. It is characteristic that the Cathedral Code provided for punishment for the action "in a crowd and conspiracy", i.e. for collective action against the existing order, against the authorities. Article 21 of Chapter II of this code of feudal law read: “And who is the account of the tsar's majesty, or of his sovereign boyars and devious and Duma and close people, and in the city and in the regiments for the governor, and for the orderly people, or for whom Do not wake up in a crowd and conspiracy, and they will take into account whom to rob, or 1 to beat, and those people who do this, for that, for the same, they will be executed by death without any mercy (through burning, wheeling, quartering, etc. - AND.G.)» .

The registration of serfdom in the country, the strengthening of the feudal state could not but cause a massive protest. The flight of serfs from the central regions of Russia to its outskirts, including the Middle Volga region, became widespread. It was here that the largest demonstrations took place, in which fugitive peasants from the center of the country, local serfs, Cossacks, and yasak people of different nationalities took part.

The position of the dependent yasak peasantry was somewhat easier than that of the serfs. However, they were also affected by the general strengthening of the feudal order in the country. In general, the non-Russian population of the region had, and their own reasons to actively support Stepan Razin. The continued colonization of the Middle Volga region caused great discontent, as a result of which many of the best lands ended up in the hands of Russian landowners, churches and monasteries. The lands of the yasak and service people have noticeably decreased. In addition, the growing policy of Christianization also played a role. Therefore, a significant part of the population of the Middle Volga region, primarily the yasak peasants, joined the insurgent army.

Peasant war in the Volga region. Stepan Razin's movement began on the Don as a Cossack uprising. In the spring of 1670 the seven thousandth detachment of the Razin people set out on a campaign. According to its leader, the path lay on the Volga, and then on to Russia, in order to "remove the traitors from the Moscow state and give freedom to black people."

During May-August, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov and Samara were in the hands of the rebels. On September 4, the Razins on two hundred large plow boats approached Simbirsk - the center of the heavily fortified zasechny line. The insurgents' successes gave the movement a huge boost. Now it has taken on the character of a peasant war. Thousands of Tatar, Chuvash, Mordovian and Russian peasants joined the insurgent army.

S. Razin sends charming letters in all directions. In them, he calls on the local population to join his army and "at the same time dump the traitors and bring out the worldly bloodsuckers." Today, historians know only six such documents, and one of them is written in the Tatar language. Its author was an associate of Razin, the most famous organizer and leader of the rebel detachments of the region HasanKarachurin. By origin, he was a service Tatar from the Ka-Domsky district, had an estate and serfs. Razin himself later, during one of their interrogations, called Kara-Churin a "prosperous" (ie, prosperous) man who urged him to go to Kazan. The letter compiled by Karachurin said: “If you know, Kazan posadskiy busurmans and obyz to the primitives who hold the mosque, to the Busurman rulers, and who are merciful to poor orphans and widows to Iksheya-Munle da Mamai-Munle da Khanysh Murza and Moskov all calls and all suburban and uyezd busurmans from Stepan Timofeevich in this light and in the future petition. That is our word - for God and the prophet and for the sovereign and for the army, to be at one with you; but at the same time you will not, and you would not blame after. God is a witness to this you will not be bad at all, and we make you happy. " He wrote several letters in a popular print with an appeal to join Razin in Russian and Tatar IshteryakAbyz from the village of Karatay.

At the beginning of September 1670, the main insurgent army, located near Simbirsk, numbered up to 20 thousand people. The siege of the city lasted more than a month, several times the rebels stormed the Simbirsk Kremlin. Near Simbirsk, the regiments of Yu.N. Baryatinsky, who was forced to retreat to Tetyushi.

Large detachments of insurgents operated in the Volga region. They took Alatyr, Kurmysh, Kozmodemyansk and many other cities. In the occupied areas, the rebels created their own. In the localities, new governors were appointed, other officials, who, according to the proposal, were now supposed to rule fairly. Outweighed it turned out to be on the side of the government forces. Numerous tsarist regiments were concentrated in Arzamas, the headquarters of Prince Yu.A. Dolgoruky Kazan and Shatsk. Kazan voivode Yuri led the punitive detachments, sending them to Simbirsk. The Tatars were also included in them. True, Baryatinsky himself reported that they were unreliable: "The Tatars, who serve in warriors and serve in hundreds, are thin ... and unreliable from the first battles, many have flowed into their homes, and one cannot hope."

The last hotbeds of the uprising. At the beginning of October 1670, it was defeated near Simbirsk and it was valuable to retreat down the Volga. The leader himself was wounded. But the powerful hearths of peasants - slaves were still burning in the Middle Volga region for almost . Sometimes, as, for example, near Kozmodem Edivilsk, the rebels managed to win victories again. Until November 1670, Khasan Karachurin, the leader of a large detachment of Tatars, Russian Chuvash and Mordovians, continued to resist. A major battle with his participation took place near the Ust-Urenskaya settlement of Alatyr on November 6 and 12. It was fierce, in which, according to the governor Baryatinsky, there is as much blood as big streams from rain ”. The rebels were defeated, and Karachu was wounded. But again he gathered his forces and on December 8 (he stormed Alatyr. And again the tsarist troops defeated the rebels. Karachurin managed to hide in one of the villages, but in the second half of December he was captured and, by order of the commander of the punitive detachment, Yu. Dolgoruky, was executed.

The brutal massacre of the rebels. By the beginning of 1671, the main forces of the rebels in the Volga region were defeated. A cruel reprisal followed the peasants who raised their heads. Russian historian N.I. Kostomarov wrote: “The Moscow commanders gave orders to the more guilty rebels: they hanged some, impaled others, beat some with hooks, pinned others to death for fear; the less guilty commanders beat with a whip and swore in everyone, and mugamedan (Muslims - AND.G.) and pagans to the wool. "

Arzamas became the main place of executions. According to an eyewitness, the outskirts of the city “seemed like a perfect hell; there were gallows, and on each hung forty or fifty corpses, scattered heads lay scattered and smoked with fresh blood; stakes stuck out, on which criminals suffered and were often alive for three days, experiencing indescribable suffering. "

Having suppressed the uprising, the government made a number of concessions. The distribution of yasak lands to the landowners was stopped, the lands previously seized by the nobles were returned to the yaschers. Some of the arrears on yasak were written off. The governors, however, were ordered to prevent treason of the non-Russian population of the region and to seek incentives to convert the Gentiles to Orthodoxy with benefits.

So, the peasant war led by Stepan Razin ended in defeat. A bloody massacre was committed again. The tsarist government strengthened its position in the Middle Volga region. The non-Russian population of the region, mainly the peasantry, took an active part in this action. Peasants of different nationalities jointly expressed their protest, united in the struggle for their freedom.

Questionsandtasks

1. What were the general reasons for the peasant war led by Stepan Razin? Why did the peoples of the Middle Volga region take part in it? 2. Describe the course of events in the peasant war in the region. 3. Who is Hasan Karachurin? What role did he play, in your opinion, in the peasant movement? 4. What did S. Razin promise to the Kazan Tatars in the event of the victory of the uprising? Did these promises serve their interests? Suggest your own version of a lovely letter. 5. Describe the actions of government troops in the province. 6. What about the government in the field of socio-economic ‘religious policy in the region after the suppression? Please rate these measures. 7. What was the significance of the performances of the peoples of the region during the peasant -1670-1971?

People: russians

Settlement area: the middle zone of Russia, mainly, also the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Ukraine, Belarus and all regions of Russia

Sedentary farming and livestock raising, high quality handicrafts (eg woodwork, wood construction). A cuisine with a predominance of flour dishes, for example, pancakes, Easter cakes, kulebyak. Gardening

Religion: orthodoxy

People: Tatars

Settlement area: Volga region, Ural, Siberia

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: cattle breeding in a semi-nomadic form (especially horse breeding), weaving, carpet weaving. Dairy and meat dishes (koumiss, for example).

Religion: Islam

People: Bashkirs

Settlement area: Ural

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: semi-nomadic cattle breeding, beekeeping and forest beekeeping, (especially weapons, blacksmithing, felt making, weaving, carpet production). Meat cuisine prevailed

Religion: Islam

People: Chuvash, Mordovians

Settlement area: Volzhe, Priokye

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: farmers, smelted steel, skill in making knives.

Religion: pagans

People: Ukrainians

Settlement area: Left-bank Ukraine (annexed in 1654)

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: agriculture and sedentary cattle breeding, crafts at a high level. Cuisine with a predominance of flour and vegetable dishes (dumplings, kulesh, borsch, uzvar). Gardening

Religion: orthodoxy

People: Mari (cheremis)

Settlement area: Volga region, Priokye

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: beekeepers, forest gatherers (mushrooms and berries), peasants

Religion: pagans

People: Kalmyks

Settlement area: between the rivers Yaik and Volga (became subjects of Russia in 1655)

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: nomadic pastoralists

Religion: Islam, Buddhism

People: Buryats

Settlement area: Transbaikalia (joined in the 17th century)

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: nomadic pastoralists. Meat cuisine. From crafts, dressing of sheepskin, leather, felt, blacksmith's craft.

Religion: paganism, Buddhism

People: Udmurts

Settlement area: Ural

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: nomadic pastoralists, hunters, beekeepers. They were famous for the art of weaving. They lived in communities of relatives.

Religion: Orthodox and pagans

People: Karelians

Settlement area: Karelia

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: hunters, fishermen, lumberjacks, farmers. We hardly used the wheel.

Religion: Orthodox and Lutherans

People: Kabardians, Nogais, Circassians, Abazins, Circassians

Settlement area: North Caucasus

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: cattle breeding (sheep), mining (berries, nuts), handicrafts. Meat and dairy cuisine

Religion: Islam

People: Belarusians

Settlement area: Belarus

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: peasants (sedentary), sedentary agriculture and cattle breeding. Collecting berries and mushrooms, harvesting birch and maple sap. Gardening

Religion: orthodoxy

People: Yakuts, Evenks, Khanty and Mansi, Evens, Chukchi, Koryaks, Tungus, Yukagirs and others

Settlement area: Siberia, Far North, Far East

Culture, main occupations and peculiarities of the way of life: nomadic pastoralists (deer), taiga hunters, fishermen, furs, seals and walrus bones. Mostly they lived in portable prefabricated yurts, yarangas, chums, less often in huts.

Religion: pagans