Are we thinking about how to manage the author of a satirical story, a humorous story or a feuilleton cause a laughter from the reader or at least an ironic smile? "Well," we say, "he and the writer, this is the secret of his talent." But after all, the secret of a smart joke, laughter is obliged to own every person. Recall what an awkward feeling causes the company who does not understand the jokes or joking rudely, went. And how well it is sometimes boosted by a friendly sharpness, as it is necessary to sometimes ridiculous as a loosening word of a loaf, a liar, podhalima!

Joking, make fun of something that interferes in our lives, you can learn. Of course, for this, first of all, you must have a sense of humor, observation, the ability to see the shortcomings.

Here is how the value of a funny explanatory dictionary of Ozhegova:

Humor - 1. Understanding comic, the ability to see and show funny, condescendingly - mocking attitude to something. Sense of humor. Talk about something with humor. 2. In art: an image of something in a funny, comic form. Humor and satire. The department of humor in the newspaper. 3. Mocking and joking speech. Subtle humor.

Satira - 1. Artwork, acute and mercilessly dense negative phenomena. 2. Imming, scorching ridicule.

Laughter - 1. Short characteristic voice sounds, expressing fun, joy, pleasure, as well as mockery, gloating and other feelings. Laughter through tears (sad laughter). Rolling with laughter (get shattered). 2. Something funny, worthy ridicule.

Joke - 1. What is said or is done seriously, for the sake of entertainment, fun; Words that do not deserve confidence. 2. Small comic play. 3. Expression of disapproval, doubt, surprise.

Irony - Thin, hidden mockery.

So, the laughter is cheerful, kind, and then we call it a humorous. We can attribute well to us well-known verses of S. V. Mikhalkov about the uncle. We laugh at the way the uncle Step "wanted the greatest shoes in the market," "I wanted the pants of the greatest width." We are ridiculous, for example, when Taras Bulba N. V. Gogol begins to "fight on fists" with sons, just returned home after a long separation, that is, in a minute, which, according to our ideas, should be solemn and touching.

And there is a laughter of evil, angry - satirical. He calls people to protest, awakens contempt for a character or phenomenon. A satirical work for a thoughtful reader always causes not only laughter, but also a sad feeling, because the Satir writer exposes the phenomena that prevents the happiness of people. Such are the Basni Krylov, the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin, Zoshchenko stories.

Share joke - share of truth

Every joke, like a truth, hard fate. The truth, though respected, but many are disliked. And everyone loves the joke, although they do not eat much respect for it. It is here that love and respect are connected, which humorous and satirical literature has been published. The joke is a favorite of society and keeps it easy and relaxed, and the truth is that the elephant in the dishwasher: wherever it turns, everywhere something flies. That is why she often appears accompanied by a joke.

It would seem that the fairy tale, joke, and what truth is worth it! For example, in fairy tales, the salty is the truth and the joke exist as it were separately from each other: the truth retreats to the background, in the subtext, and the joke remains a full mistress in the text.

This is a mathematician: we write a joke, though - in the mind.

And in the stories of mature Chekhov, the joke soluble in truth and becomes almost imperceptible. Let's try to laugh at the stories of the "Vanka" or "Tosca". If we succeed - it's bad!

"The brevity is the sister of the talent" (A. P. Chekhov.)

A feature of a humorous story is that this is a small product, which tells about one event with a small number of actors.

So, a humorous story must be, first of all, short, concise. These are the works-scenes A. P. Chekhov. Let's try to find out what the features of the style of Early Chekhov - Antoshi Chekhonte, a man without a spleen?.

At the time of the creative debut of Chekhov, under the terms of humorous magazines, the story should not exceed a hundred lines. Performing these requirements, Chekhov learned to write briefly. "The brevity - sister of talent" is one of the favorite phrases of the writer. Short stories were very tank in content. This was achieved by a bright title; meaningful names and surnames; the plot that was built on an unusual situation or event; dynamic development of action; expressive detail; the scer dialogue; Simple, clear speech of the author.

Recall the story "Horsepitimony". Why are we ridiculous every time we listen to him, read? What makes the work ridiculous?

Firstly, ridiculous plot: the whole family is employed by the search for a "horsepower" official who knows how to talk to the dental pain. Secondly, it is funny because the educated person is so sueworthy, which is ready to believe in conspiracies, that you can cure tooth in a telegraph. Thirdly, funny ways that are trying to calm the pain retired General: Vodka, brandy, tobacco soot, turpentine, iodine in fourth, ambiguous phrases: "Now only teeth and feeds," "lives not with his wife, but a German" and others - Call a smile. Fifth, funny "horsepins" surnames themselves: stallions, stallions, housing, Kobylin, Kobylitsyn, maobyls, Kobylkin, and finally, the story of the story: "horse" turned out to be a simple surname of oats. It is funny that efforts to find the surname turned out to be in vain: "The doctor came and snatched the patient." Laja Chekhov is good-natured, cheerful, he achieved good laugh with brevity, conciseness of presentation.

Artistic detail carrying a huge semantic load

Czechs are rightfully considered a master of a short humorous work. In a small story, extensive, detailed descriptions, long monologues are impossible. That is why in the works of Chekhov to the fore the artistic detail acts. The artistic part is one of the means of creating an artistic image that helps to present the picture of the picture, the subject or character in the unique personality. The item can reproduce the features of the appearance, features of clothes, settings, nuances of experiences or arrivals of the hero.

Consider the role of the artistic part in the story of Chekhov "Chameleon". We are talking about how a police officer, considering the case with a puppy who bite the master of jewelry affairs, changes his opinion several times about the outcome of the case. Moreover, his opinion directly depends on the one who owns the dog - a rich general or a poor man. Only hearing the names of the characters, we can imagine the heroes of the story. Police officer, Master Hryukin, city Eddyrin - surnames comply with the characters, appearance of heroes. The name "chameleon" also transmits the basic idea of \u200b\u200bthe story. Opuzyel's opinion is changing so quickly and often depending on the circumstances, as a chameleon lizard changes the color of the skin, corresponding to natural conditions. It is thanks to the workshop of using Czech in their works of art details, the work of the writer is understandable and accessible to every person.

Chekhov's skill is that he was able to select the material, saturate a small product of the capacious content, highlight a significant part, important to characterize the character or subject. The exact and capacious artistic part created by the creative imagination of the author directs the reader's imagination. Chekhov attached the details of great importance, believed that she "excites the independent critical thought of the reader", so today we are consistent with the short and witty stories of this ingenious writer.

A. P. Chekhov really appreciated the sense of humor and those who quickly trampled the joke. "Yes, s, this is the most reluctant sign: does not understand the man's jokes - writing gone! - the humorist said. From the memories of K. I. Chukovsky about Chekhov, we know that a humorist loved to work with people, but most of all he loved to have fun, fool, laugh with them. "The laughter was not at all unreasonable, because his reason was Czechs."

Pig under the oak

I. A. Krylov in their bass also talks about comic situations and comic characters, but the character of laughter is different. Basinie Krylov Allegation: People and their actions are hidden under the masks of animals. Bass is written by free verse, it contains morality - a brief and clear conclusion from the lesson in it. In the fables of Krylov, experienced experience, consciousness and moral ideals of our people, features of a national character were reflected. This was expressed not only in the original interpretation of traditional plots, but first of all in the language that Basni was written. In the language of the Krylovskaya Bassen, a lively popular speech was clear. Each class in his works has its own language: a rude in a wolf, boring in a wolf ("wolf and lamb"), boasting speech at the hare ("Hare on fishing"), deep-minded reasoning of the stupid rooster ("Rooster and pearl grain"), Chvlyvaya Speech geese about their ancestors ("Geese"), stupidly self-satisfied with a pig ("Pig under the oak").

Wings wide and loosely in his folk vocabulary: Drain, man, manure, fool, cattle, Olukh, what a feeling causes us, readers, the hero of the familiar Basni "Pig under the oak"? What means does the Basinople get a rejection of pigs, for example, in this passage?

Pig under the oak century

Governed by the urban to the dump,

Favoring, slept under him

Then, the eyes of the rap, got up

And the roots began to fall into the mouth of the oak.

Of course, you say that no good feelings of a pig causes - it is voracious, nasty, stupid. The author reached this effect, drawing a pig image with coarse, integral words and expressions: I was located before the dump, the eyes of the rap, sly. The pig is shown in the actions, the last of which is not only ridiculous, deprived of meaning, but also harmful - "and to undermine the roots of the roots began."

Recall the other favor of Krylov "Donkey and Nightingale". What means does the Basinist create an image of a stupid, self-breather judge? We will answer this question for example.

Donkey saw Solovya

And he says to him: "Listen, buddy!

You, tell, sing a great master:

I would like very much

To sue yourself, I heard the singing,

Veliko far is genuinely reduced?

The choice of donkey's judge, and not another animal itself is absurd: dyed is a symbol of stupidity, stubbornness, ignorance. In addition, the cry of this animal is the most antimusical in nature, so you can immediately guess that the donkey is not allowed to appreciate the dignity of the nightingale. Armenia, the prubonement of this character is shown in the manner of talking: the Panibrate appeal "Buddy", the compound of the uncommoning words "Great Masters" - give all the combination dismissive painting. The conversational language of the Basni contributes to the fact that it can be represented as a small comedy. The comic of the situation is often complemented by the human community.

Let's just say about some features of Basen Krylov. The indispensable condition of the Basni - the action is emphasized by frequent verb rhymes. The rhyme in the wing carries the semantic load. Consider in this connection the Basinny "Two Barrels". Figure is already stained: "Two barrels have been driving, one with wine, the other is empty." Here the rhyme connects exactly those words that determine the subject of consideration in the Basna. The story represents us a fantastic picture: two barrels go around the city by themselves, one - smoothly, the other is stronger and rattles. If you take a conventionality of the situation, then everything looks quite natural: dust post, passersby picks up to the side. But in the second part of the Basni speaks directly about people who are screaming about their affairs. Then the moral is clearly formulated: "Who is truly business, -thi often in words." And then: "The Great Man. He thinks his strong Duma / without noise. " Returning to the beginning of the story, we are thinking of it already on another level. Barrels are conditional subjects denoting human qualities. But this allegorical statement contains an additional metaphorical element, which we realize after reading the entire Basni. The metaphoric value of the empty barrel in this context is reflected in relation to the empty person, the chatter. All bass is built on similar comparisons.

So, images of animals that sometimes are depicted in Russian suits, carry satirical typisation of the features of the Russian national character. The wings accurately expressed the folk faith in good and evil. And the people willingly accepted as their dozens of wingful humorous and satirical poems and "morals", including them in the proverbs even during the life of the Basinista: "Ai, Moskka! To know, she is strong, which barks on an elephant, "" Above braks, even laugh, and often in the share of the share of them, "" I caress and stop "," And Vaska is listening and eating "," Elephant I didn't notify "," The helpful fool is more dangerous than the enemy, "the proverbs were even the names of the Basen, for example:" Trishkin Kaftan ",

Demyanova Ear, "Elephant and Pug".

Comic speech products

In addition to an interesting humorous plot, a bright character's speech, the writer needs to be remembered about comic speech. There are special words and expressions that give speech brightness, emotionality, serve as an expression of the author's relationship to the depicted. They are called speech facilities for comic or speech means of humor. First, it is a monologue and a dialogue. Monologue - Deployed statement of one hero. Dialogue - a conversation of two or more heroes. It should be added to this that there is a so-called "inner monologue" when the author is talking to himself. For example: "It was necessary to happen such! Never Dunkey did not get into a similar situation. It was for the first time. " "Blimey! Did I really right? " Conversational speech is, first of all oral, unprepared, free speech. So we are talking to friends, parents. This is how the heroes of humorous stories say. They do not "speak", and "chat", do not shout, but "yell" and often make some speech errors. But the author is necessary to create a comic effect to accurately reproduce this free, conversational speech so that we "believes it".

Secondly, it is necessary to be called as a means of creating a humorous work - both Basni, and the story - expressively painted words. They make speech bright, interesting, and most importantly - immediate. This, of course, is called expressive. It can be particles: Wow, you! Yah! Oh, what is it?; Words and expressions: Cat Jump - and on the closet; Try to get from the cabinet! What could we do!

Thirdly, the brightness, the image forming is given not only expressively painted words, but also comparisons. Comparison is a reception based on a comparison of one phenomenon or subject with another. When we play, we also compare friends with someone or something. For example: "Petka puffs like a locomotive"; "The bow on the head of the button looked like a butterfly. It seemed about it would fly away, "" They, like donks, did not want to give way to each other. " And finally, it is hyperbolization as one of the comic speech. Hyperbolization - "exaggeration", that is, "beyond the usual, usual." She often causes a smile: "I'll die now from laughter," it is an exaggeration. We often say: "Fear has great eyes." Also great eyes and laughter.

Let us turn to the story of V. Dragunsky "Enchanted Letter" Let's try to determine what features of a humorous story The author implements in its work. This story can be called funny, as the misunderstanding by the guys of each other and the confidence of everyone in their own rightness cause a smile. The comic effect is created due to the fact that the guys incorrectly utter the word cones. The guys are still small, and they do not know how to quickly disappear all the letters. This is because each of them "does not hear themselves from the side" and considers his "pronunciation" right.

Tongue and humor so closely related

So, we were convinced that satirists and humorists have their own completely accurate and certain speech tools and techniques. Let us dwell on some of them. Comparison for reception of the word warrior and warriors, soul and droin. It is absolutely obvious that the suffixes - and -cons - give these words dismissive, mocking tint, causing an ironic smile towards what they designate: Oh, you, warriors! Or petty, cowardic dying! Here are some of the suffixes of this kind: - Ishk - (Lyubsheska, Paradies), - Nya (gnawing, Strana), - Schigan-A (Stormschina), - Il-A (throat, refuel), - Yag - A (Delag, Styling ) and etc.

There are consoles that attach at certain conditions an ironic or funny shade of speech: once - (Ras -): Purchase (in the story of A. Gaidar "Chuk and Gek" Mother calls the boys who have prisonered boys with their sons), cheerful (too, overly fun and because Jointed), for example: Running company, etc.; By - + suffix - Iva - (- "-): Press, read (jokingly - ironically about a non-serious attitude to writing work or reading), etc.; Premature (for example, ironically: grateful to you), etc.

A large group of words with an ironic or humorous tinge is formed by the philantal. They are created in a lively people's speech: Rotosa (Zewaka or Razinka), Cord (mockery), Crochobor (stingy, petty man), Empty, Pleaspel (Boltune), etc. Many such words and in colloquial book speech: Highlighted (pompous ), low-voltage (low quality), a borzowets (prolific, but bad writer), dready (sentimental, excessively sensitive), newly known, newly created (recently, which has just created, appeared), etc.

There are lexical means. Recall the characterization of Igor from the story of A. Rybakov "Adventures of Croša": "Igor works in the office, silent near the bosses, loves to spoil among the elders." Let's try to replace the dedicated words (conversational and spurant) neutral, overhangly: "Igor often happens next to the bosses, loves to be among the elders." As you can see, dismissive, mocked coloring characteristics disappeared. It means that the irony is achieved in these phrases by the selection of colloquial and spaticrous words, weekly characterizing Igor as a podhalima seeking easy life.

So, one of the funds for giving the speech of irony and humor are the label and figurative spoken and spaticral words-synonyms of the words neutral: instead of saying, ragged (volatile or express highly, pompous); Instead, draw - to smoke (about inept, indispensable drawing); instead of a picture - a mastery (about a bad picture); Instead of writing - scatching, frozen (pounded a blister, Vizhns lurked, i.e. bad poems); Place a like-minded person - sang, (about who persuadously repeats other people's words); Instead of an assistant, an accomplice (usually - in unseemless business, in a crime). Some words of this kind (for example, the accompaniment) were originally taken from the spaciousness (where to make it means to "help"), and then entered into an extended language, firmly approved by a negative tint.

To give a speech of an ironic or joking shade, archaisms are used, most often from the Old Slavonic language. For example: instead of sitting - to ride; Instead, wanted - deign; Instead, said - Ozrёnk; Instead, you are your mercy; Instead of come, appear - please; instead of inventing - to fiction; Instead of the fault of someone - by grace.

With the same purpose, some of the words of foreign origin of the opus are also used (jokingly - ironically about the unsuccessful, poor-quality work), chimer (uncomplying, strange dream, impracticable fantasy), subtypes (inappropriate, excessive sensitivity), maxima (ironically about thoughts with wisdom claims ), Batalia (jokingly about the fight, quarrel), Fanfaron (Bushroom, Bowl).

To give the statement of the tint of irony, ridicule, the portable meaning of words and the reception of metaphorization is widely used. So, the location of the enemy is called the log (in the literal sense - housing of the beast); group of criminal elements - sophisticated (cf.: dog svop); decomposed, antisocial elements - scams (in the literal sense - the remnants of the fluid on the bottom together with the draft); About who became dissolved, lost all restraint, they say - disappeared (literally - removed the belt); About the earliest that came to the extreme limits, the arbitrariness is different (it is initially elevated - freeing the horse from the ultrasound, then give a complete will of anything).

One of the most common objects of irony and humor is a comparison of incomparable words in which the discrepancy between the form and content is found. This is achieved by a comic effect. On such comparison, such ironic expressions are built as pearls of illiteracy, certified philosopher and others.

An important means of humor and irony is to use in the speech of phraseological expressions of a joking and ironic character. Many of them are nothing more than those who have frozen expressions, built using the means listed above, as well as taking comparisons, hyperball. Here are some humorial phraseological units: flies die, murut (about the unbearable boredom called something), without a year a week (Most recently), on his two (that is, on foot), we cried your money (about the missing debt, in vain money spent) , not all at home (not in my mind), the nose is not Doros (to do something too early), the story is silent about it (something remains unknown, something is preferred) and others can not be given to the phraseological attributed: own person (self personally), from the height of its greatness (with excessive importance, with disregard to others), hide in the bushes (embodiment, donate from anything), Filkina grades (illiterate or not having a document), calf Delight (too stormy delight), calf tenderness (excessive or inappropriate expression of tenderness).

Weapon of laughter M. M. Zoshchenko

M. M. Zoshchenko - Writer not only a comic syllable, but also comic positions. Comic not only his tongue, but also the place where the history of the next story was unfolded: a commemoration, a communal apartment, the hospital - all such a friend, their own, is familiar. And the story itself: a fight in a communal apartment because of the scandalous hedgehog, the scandal on the commemoration due to a broken glass.

Some Zoskoshchenkov turnover remained in Russian literature by aphorisms: "As if suddenly the atmosphere smelled of me," "observed as a sticky and throw for his kind, nothing that his relatives", "breaks unrest". Zoshchenko, while writing his stories, he also had a hot. Yes, so that then, when I read the stories to my friends, never laughed. Singing the gloomy, sullen, as if not understanding, on what can be laughed. Overhabited while working on the story, he then perceived him already with longing and sadness. Perceived as the other side of the medal. If you carefully listen to his laughter, it is not difficult to catch that the careless-humorous notes are just the background for notes of pain and bitterness.

Hero Zoshchenko is a man in the street, a man with a wretched morality and a primitive look at life. This atmosphere personified a whole human layer of today. The writer straightened not the person himself, and the philistine traits in it.

Consider some works of the writer. The story "The History of Disease" begins: "Frankly, I prefer to sneak at home. Of course, no words, in the hospital, maybe light and cultural. And calorie food, maybe they are more provided. But, as they say, the house and straw of the eroch. " The patient with the diagnosis of "typhoid typhus" is brought to the hospital, and the first thing he sees in the room for registering the arriving, is a huge poster on the wall: "Issue corpses from 3 to 4". I barely recover from Shock, the hero says Feldeshra that "the patient does not give interest to read." In response, he hears: "If you please, it is unlikely, then criticize, and not we really give you out of three to four in the form of what is written here, then you will know" Next, the nurse leads him to the bath where already There is some old woman.

It would seem that the nurse must apologize and postpone the procedure for the "Bashna" procedure. But she used to see not people in front of him, but patients. And with patients what to ceremony? She calmly offers him to climb into the bath and not to pay attention to the old woman: "She has a high temperature, and she does not react to anything. So you undress without embarrassment. " On this test, the patient does not end. First, he is issued a bathrobe not by growth. Then, in a few days, already starting to recover, it falls on a cough. All the same nurse reports: "You probably carelessly eaten from the device on which a cough child." When the hero is finally corrected, he cannot escape from hospital walls, since it is forgotten to write out, "someone did not come, and it was impossible to note," then all the staff are engaged in the organization of the movement of the wives of patients. His house is waiting for his last test: the wife tells how a week ago she received a notice from the hospital with a requirement: "Uprove this is urgently for your husband's body."

"The History of Diseases" is one of those Zoshchenko stories, in which the image of rudeness, the extreme disrespect of a person, spiritual worn to the limit. Together with the author, we laugh fun, and then it becomes sad and called "laughter through tears."

Memo beginner writing a humorous story.

In order to determine what a humorous story is distinguished from a regular story, we turn to the "memo beginner writing a humorous story."

First of all, think about the plot of your story;

Do not forget that at the heart of a humorous story lies a comic situation or a funny misunderstanding (they are created due to the appearance of unexpectedly for the hero of the participants of the events, due to the unexpected turning of the events, due to the unexpected junction, the nature of the events occurring).

Remember that the title is important in the story: The title is the key to the scene rays; The title can express the copyright;

Use in the story Language tools for creating humor: interesting dialogues, funny names (clicks), surnames of heroes, author's humorous assessments;

The situation of the game is the following feature of a humorous story on the plot level. The game is always laughter, cheerful mood. The game is always putting on some mask, attributing someone's role. Perfect about this, Daniel Harms in the poem "Game".

It is the presence of ridiculous heroes that is another feature of a humorous story on the plot level. Always those heroes that are presented in the story cause a good smile or a grin.

For example, in the story of "Chicken Broth" V. Dragunsky, by the will of the case, the boy and his dad are forced to cook food, that is, to do the work that they never did. In the story of N. Nosova "Tuk-Tuk-Tuk" the unexpected appearance of the crows, which was accepted for the robber, led to "creating a protective structure" in order to avoid collisions with a robber. In the story of V. Dragunsky "Slava Ivan Kozlovsky", the main character believes that good singing is loud. "I sang well, probably even audible on another street."

Conclusion

M Twene wrote that humorous stories require "the same ability to see, analyze, to understand what is necessary for the authors of serious books."

So, we think that we have proven: make fun of what prevents our lives, you can learn. Of course, for this, first of all, you must have a sense of humor, observation, the ability to see the shortcomings.

"The brevity - sister of talent" is one of the favorite phrases of the writer. Short stories were very tank in content. This was achieved by a bright title; meaningful names and surnames; the plot that was built on an unusual situation or event; dynamic development of action; expressive detail; the scer dialogue; Simple, clear speech of the author.

Thus, summarizing the analysis of the Basen Krylov, it can be concluded: a prerequisite for funny in them is a comic situation, which is based on an unexpected turn in the plot, a comic hero, the discrepancy of something, caricature showing some character character character or the situation in The basis of which allegory, hyperbole, metaphor, personification, comparison.

In the "memo beginner writing a humorous story" we tried to highlight the main artistic techniques for creating a humorous story. Using this "memo" and the "Sun Scheme", the guys wrote the stories. Of course, in one work it is impossible to include all the details of the funny, the rays of the funny sun. In order for the story to be funny, humorous, need training, as in any case, you need to hone the skill. How this is done, we sought to show on the example of the works of Satirik writers, humor writers.

We wish our peers do not stop there - to write - write funny, with humor, with a fraction of irony, and even satires. And then, it may appear in our life and literature their Saltykov-Shchedrines, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, Zhvanetsky

Tutorial for grade 5

Literature

About funny in the literary work. Humor

Let's talk about ridiculous in the work, about the role that laughter plays ...

But can Laughter "play a role"? After all, laughter is just when funny!

Right. However, Laugh is a laugh, and the writer is not indifferent to the writer, what laughter the reader will laugh. By creating a story, he thought in advance to whom and why he would send funny arrows laughter.

And these arrows squeeze the label and can, at the request of the author, it is easier to hurt, either to prick more, and then it is nourished to a shameful post who deserved it. Merry arrows laughter can shoot down the lush clothes in the summer, in which an insignificant, chowloty creature is crushed, and show what it really is.

Here you read and completely forgot about the author, passionate about the events. And he is here, with you. It is he forces you to laugh on this, not on the other page, and together with a laugh he gives you a thought and feeling, through the joke helps something zurcha to see, understand and independently critically evaluate ...

Laughter is cheerful, kind - scenes, episodes of the work, causing it, we call humorous. And there is a laughter of the evil, angry - it is caused by the works of satirical; They call people to protest, awaken contempt for drawn character, phenomenon, make people act.

A.P. Czechs have long been a recognized master of domestic literature, uniting soft lyricism in his work, love for man, pedagogy and kind humor. Funny and sad in the stories of Chekhov twisted among themselves. On the one hand, the reader often laughs at the behavior of the heroes of the writer, and on the other hand, sees the reflection of own defects and disadvantages in their actions.

"Laugh through tears" in the early stories of the writer

Soft and sad humor is a characteristic feature of almost all works of Chekhov. She manifested itself in his early stories.

For example, the famous story "Horsepit surname", which makes the reader sincerely laugh, watching how the negligent father of the family, together with all the households, is trying to solve the "horse-surname" of the dentist. However, even behind this cheerful scene there is some copyright sadness: people are wasting their time, wondering not by a person, but only his ridiculous last name.

We encounter the same in the story "Death of the official." It transmits the fate of a small official Chervyakov who committed an overall (glowing in the theater to Lysina General) and the deceased of experiences on this occasion. The atmosphere of the story is humorous, but at the end of the work the reader is experiencing a feeling of bitterness: the main character dies from his own fear, the reasons for which are actually insignificant.

Funny and sad as a reflection of the imperfection of the human world

Funny in the stories of Chekhov always stands in the foreground, and sad hiding behind this facade. This happens in an equally well-known story "Chameleon". His chief hero gives diametrically opposite orders about the little doggy, delivering passers-by inconvenience, depending on the assumptions of people from the crowd, who owns this dog: a person is poor or rich and notable. The submission of "chameleon" causes genuine laughter from readers, but it is also laughter through tears. After all, many people also behave biocrelectively, odd and falsely.

We observe a similar scene and in the story "Fat and thin." A random meeting of the two comrades who studied once in the gymnasium, at first, looks very soulful, while it comes to the official position of the "thin" and "thick" gentleman. It turns out that the "fat" comrade takes the post much higher than the "thin". After this circumstance it turns out, no mental conversation is already impossible. Former buddies disagree with each other, because in the world of false and false glory they cannot communicate on equal. The readers of this story cannot hold back smiles, when studying such a scene, however, this is a sad smile.

The same plot conflicts meet in the story "Malefactor". Readers perfectly understand that a peasant that shot nuts from the railway canvas to catch fish with their help is not a dangerous criminal at all. The scene of his interrogation looks ridiculous. However, the reader laughs and regrets this illiterate hero, who can suffer greatly for his forced ignorance. In this story, another characteristic feature of Chekhov works was manifested: they are very often said that people from the intelligentsia who have power and having education are not ready to listen and understand what the easiest people live. The estate shares the abyss that interferes with human relationships.

Reception of sad irony as the basis of the composition of Czech works

Sad in the stories of Chekhov finds its confirmation in the fact that the life itself is imperfect. However, the writer teaches us to overcome this imperfection by contacting the kind and soft humor. Chekhov himself, on the memoirs of contemporaries, joked a lot, however, the jokes also got sad.

It is the writer who belongs to such a aphoristic, but filled with longing phrase: "A wonderful day today. Whether the tea go drink, or hang. " True, he was not always so uncompromising. There are other more brighter statements. "It smells in autumn," wrote Chekhov in one of the letters to a friend. - And I love the Russian autumn. Something is unusually sad, friendly and beautiful. I would take and flew away somewhere with the cranes. "

Chekhov often uses the reception of sad irony in their works, but this iron is heel in itself: it helps the reader to look at the world of human relationships as it were from the side, teaches to think, feel and love.

Often literary critches compare the funny and sad stories Chekhov with fragments of a broken mirror, the name of which life itself is. Reading these works, we see in them the reflection of ourselves, so we ourselves become wiser and patient.

Analysis of some works of Chekhov, showed that "sad" and "funny" are often located next to the author's work. These findings will be useful to students of grades 6-7 in the preparation of the composition on the topic "Funny and sad in the stories of Chekhov".

The most popular materials of February for your class.

Back to folklore

Social networks are individually popular and humor, and poetry. By combining, the two of these phenomena detect a craving for anonymity and postopolklor. Author's funny poems are significantly inferior to the popularity of "pies", "powders", "depressants" and other manifestations of collective creativity.

Of course, for each

hang on the scene in the first act

chainsaw Bucket and Yozh

stanislavsky is intrigued

afraid to go to the toilet

the very specific creator is hidden, but its name is absolutely uninteresting. Network forms of humorous poetry are rooted in more ancient types of rhymed folklore - for example, chastushki and widespread poems of Sadyushki in the 70s. Hard genre frames (partly in the spirit of "solid" literary forms) do not cut the wings of fantasies, but give the text frankly gaming character and deprive him of any depth.

Battle of humor and irony

And poems-cakes with their numerous variations, and the journals from the public "I see rhymes" - this is undoubtedly fun and interesting, but still, it is possible to call them poetry only with stretch. In essence, they are just a joke, where the comic effect is intensified with rhythm and rhyme. "High" literature to attempts to laugh with a fair share of selectivity and skepticism. In a number of poets-classics there are not so many names connected mainly with humor: Ivan Krylov, Sasha Black, Nikolai Oleinikov, Nikolai Pokhkov ... The rest were also not alien to satire, parodies or epigram, but their fun legacy is inferior to more serious works. Osip Mandelshtam, according to Irina Odoin, was generally asked: why write funny poems?

However, many modern poems are not experiencing such doubts. Igor Guberman, two years ago, the eightieth annoying, long before the appearance of "pies" and even "sadyushk" created his own humorous genre - "Gariki". In these witty quatrasions, you can meet a political protest, and deep philosophy, and ambiguous frivolism - everything is presented through the prism of the Jewish humor - at the same time causing a smile and anxiety:

I sinned so in the color of years,

i walked so then

that even if hell is not,

i get there.

Igor Guberman. Photo: Ekburg.tv.

Poet Sergey Satin, heading the section of satire and humor in the "literary newspaper", in the dungeons of one genre does not close. He writes shirts, hockey, alone, "harmful tips" and much more, demonstrating a wide range of comic - from a soft irony to rigid satire. Even the usual chastushka he reveals from an unexpected side, turning it out in poetic horror ("She walked through the cemetery of passerby, / on the dead man like, / and there, who are unlike, / at night here and do not find"), then to the chapter from the "Story of the Russian State" (" From Varyag to drive to the Greeks / allow our rivers. / The edge of the water is abundant, / and the roads are solar").

Vladimir Vishnevsky was once considered a star of humorous poetry, but it is already clear that a significant part of his texts test cannot withstand. Although the author's bibliography appears not one dozen of sweaty volumes, most of its expression and calamber sweeps on the literature chaise barely with noticeable meteors. Relative vitality demonstrated only the famous alone sort of "was rejecting, but - but what!" Or "Thank you, what I have you." The main problem (if not a curse) of humorous poetry lies in the momentum: what a smile is called today, tomorrow has every chance to come across misunderstanding.

But Andrey Shcherbaku-Zhukov, the mumbling is not ridiculous. It does not relieve specific temporary realities, giving preference to nature images and internal states. Here is a clear roll call with folklore - chastushki and additives, but it is carefully disassembled by modern vocabulary, disgusting wit and light frivolism. The originality adds a specific lyrical hero, whose globility is clearly younger than passport age, and the comic effect is caused by a surprise, paradoxicity, an unusual word game:

What is the problem with us with you?

Someone, as children, spread:

We were taught that life is a fight,

And she was ... Göl!

Andrei Shcherbak-Zhukov. Photo : np-nic.ru.

Modern philologists spend a clear border between humorous and ironic poetry. The difference lies in the nuances: the first is based on sharpness, hyperbolicity, burlesque, and the second is more inclined to the bitter smile and laughing through tears. Humorian poems (and they include almost all of the above authors) are focused on a mass audience and stage. The ironists of the same actions for the development of genre's genre features. The poet, the most successful in this field, is considered to be Igor Hirtienev. With the outer simplicity and entertainment of his poem, filled with bitter irony and suitable quotation, create a special poetry space, where a thoughtful reader is waiting for a lot of discoveries: " Have come such times, / which is suggested by the mind: / "Comrade, Belief will come to Khan / and all will cover the copper pelvis".

Between Basney and Parody

According to Philologists, the genre of the literary parody is now experiencing not the best times. It would seem that when the country covers the poetic boom, and the number of poetmen has tens of thousands of people, the parodist is where to roast. Everything turns out to be much more difficult. Modern poetry is devoid of ambitious values \u200b\u200b- authors whose poems would know the widest audience aside. Without such names, the parodist has to be disadvantaged: if you contact the narrow circle of readers or only cling to the pearls of candid graphomans, not to decrease special success.

The enthusiasts of their case the unpopularity of the genre and other difficulties do not stop. The pages of "thick" magazines often appear parodies of Evgeny minina - the author with excellent literary erudition, an extraordinary sense of humor and the amazing mastery of the imitator. That's just many of his work are given excessively straightforwardness and the same type. Another modern parodist Alexei Berezin does not always seek to adapt to the original source - some of his imitation are becoming quite independent works independent of the original. Just one dubious line "the shipped sky" pours out in his grandiose "Albertkamyusik", the main "chip" of which neologisms formed from the names of famous writers are becoming:

Larancy fucked ball. In a standalny road

For Dorizonte I will leave the Tropskoy Owl ...

Let I be a non-cliffon-like little,

I think about the past to think of me Guggorko and reminding.

Finally, it is worth saying a little and modern fables. In Russian literature, this genre tightly agrees with the name of Ivan Krylov. The plank, asked by the "Trorone and Fox", the "Quartet" and other masterpieces, is high, but this does not mean that it is worth abandoning attempts to overcome it. It is not known whether in the history of the bascie of the modern poet and actor Vladislav Malenko will remain, but to bring a new look and fresh ideas in the genre and it was unequivocal. Outline intrigues in the animal theater, love in the world of electrical appliances or a surge of nationalism in a separate forest - each idea is implemented with an extraordinary plot, alive characters and strata morality. By giving a tribute to tradition (as well as wings), Malenko makes the genre of Bassni to move forward to topical topics, modern vocabulary and infectious laughter. Light, which gives pleasure and, at the same time, imperceptibly changes us for the better.

Vladislav Malenko. Photo: Fadm.gov.ru.