The word "patriot" sounds everywhere today. Russian flags develop, calls about the integrity and unity of the nation, and the people of the choir performs "Katyusha", "Kalinka" in the subway and shopping centers. All this would be wonderful if not one "but". The very concept of "patriotism", whether everyone understands it correctly? All those who proudly call themselves "patriots" are actually them.

- The term is new, and everything that costs him is bad and even dangerous.

Before you a bright example of false patriotism if:

• You hear an offensive speech to other countries, peoples, crops, against which the words "Russia" and "Russian" stand out as a sample of superiority;
• You hear insults to those who are chosen on vacation abroad, or (worse) leave to live in another country;
• You hear promotion to use only russian products, products, proposals for the termination of market relations with other countries;
• You hear insults to those who have entered into marriage (relationships) with a representative of another people.

Know patriotism - there is love for your people, culture and homeland. All of the above has nothing to do with it.

"Shame to trait the Motherland"

After the fall of the "iron curtain", the Russians discovered a whole world rich in crops, tastes, paints and sounds. Tract for the knowledge of the new, to the study of other countries - the normal desire for competent, spiritually developed man. To learn something new from foreign culture, leaving in replacing a part of its own, beloved is a development. This is how human civilization has developed and developed, borrowing and exporting.

The trouble is that not everyone can afford to visit other countries. The reasons for each of their own - who has any economic, someone's social. This problem gave rise to envy, which, as you know, will not lead to any kind. From here there were angry and full malleants to traveling Russians, accusations of them in the absence of patriotic feelings. "Aunt Zina", every summer resting in the village or in the country, is considered the truth of the country's patriot, and those who dared to warm up from the Turkish shores, hardly by the departure of the Motherland.

A separate target for "psychological execution" are those who, for one reason or another, temporarily or constantly live abroad. Here the verdict is final, and the appeal is not subject to betrayal. No one is not interested in the reasons for moving. The argument from the series "The whole world - our house" is not taken into account. The statements to such "traitors" are usually tough and painful. "Felt from problems," "soldered the West", "merged", "sold homeland." At the same time, the patriotic holiness of some Peter Petrovich is always emphasized, who lives all his life in his city, in his house on his street.

Such Petri Petrovichi are often those who, in fact, tolerate can not be the city itself, not his country. They do not have the slightest desire to do something useful for their homeland, for the people. And sometimes you just get up, go to work your hands and head. What for? They are waiting for their homeland. Of course, should. He is a patriot!

And in fact, it is still worth thinking who brings more benefits to their people: a Russian woman who teaching Russian in London, with love carrying his culture into the world; Composer, writing good baby songs for Russian kindergartens, from Italy, or Petya Tunyades, a nonpiringly scolding country, power and the whole world? Which of them is more patriot?

Give Russian production

A separate class of falsepatrots - those who encourage Russians to abandon all products of foreign production "For they are evil." Call for the abandonment of all foreign - clothing, appliances, food. The same applies to all intangible - movies, tongue, songs, dancing. Even the use of borrowed words in Lexicon. True patriotism for such people means the use of only domestic consumer goods. On the one hand, the support of its own production is praised, and its very development is necessary. It is a fact. But everything is a reasonable limit. A complete rejection of imported goods is impossible simply physically. Because then, for complete justice, it is necessary to recognize that many necessary things are inventions of foreign companies. Refusing everything? Computers, phone numbers, household appliances, perfumes, cosmetics, household chemicals, toilet paper - All this was not invented by us. Are "patriots" are ready to abandon all these benefits?

Patriotism - "Yes" - Nazism - "No"

Unlike others, this example is just false, but also dangerous. Here we are talking about what is so trying to teach us from TV screens, and more often from our monitors - hostility on national soil.

"All countries that are not referred to as" Russia "are enemies, the goal of which to destroy our homeland, and all other peoples are some kind of shortcoming, in the mind, talents and abilities clearly inferior to the Great Russian" - here is an approximate meaning of sofa lzpatrots.

Did you think about your mothers, do you think how many other moms give their children (money, love, freedom)? Do you stop loving mom if it has temporary difficulties?

Now about other moms. A lot of them. They can be more beautiful and worse. But all of them are someone's moms, and they need to be respected. After all, their children are unpleasant to hear negative statements from you.

Other mothers can also like. We willingly communicate with the moms of our friends, neighbors, sometimes recognizing their beauty, kindness and ability to keep the economy. And they have a wonderful kitchen, and the house is well maintained. At the same time, the love of our mothers does not suffer. Communicating with others, admiring them, we still love the most native mothers most of all. Because it is natural.

And we are leaving. It happens. Love mother - does not mean constantly sitting at her skirt. It happens that we find out far from home. But do our sons feel from this? Do we love them less? Rather, the opposite. Those who are in thousands of kilometers from their mothers suffer doubly. And they love doubly. That's what is - love for the mother. "

And now, replace the word "mother" on the word "homeland". Read again. After all, it is almost the same. This is an excellent example to understand what "love for the Motherland" is, what is "true patriotism".

If patriotism was a certain physical value and there would be a unit of its dimension, then the emissions of the average Russian patriot would undoubtedly had the highest rates. Well, a range of different directions in which the "real" patriot-Russian must show this very patriotism - huge! An ordinary American, to witness the love of the Motherland, is enough to dare on the tablecloths of the American flag colors and in the short case to be buried in the coffin wrapped all the same flag. Every day and on the household level this is quite enough but not for Russian. Russian should love all Russian! Imagine - all! Or he is not a patriot. On the "slanderous", the Zaborny criticism of the Russian government, the Russian should answer the wave of high-temperature perturbation, otherwise he is again not a patriot. In ten-day trips to the countries of the Ulthorosa of Asia, he must sing in the "Swedashka" group and feel the lump in the throat as a necessary attribute of longing for native fields, forests and the funds ..

Well, the fact that it is Russian patriots that owns many "innovations" and "promotion" in post-pre-stroke Russia and not to speak. Standing on the verge of rational and irrational worlds, to maintain a sense of pride in the fatherland, they came up with many motor, exciting phrases. One of them - "has no analogues in the world"! This definition of any nonsense fills it with meaning and instills hope in the heart of simple workers, which is not all lost and there is light at the end of the tunnel.

And he dreams, this same worker, rolling out of the garage with his hands to the old cripping "VAZ", in order to put freshly ridiculous cucumbers in the cellar, that someday he will plan his tired elderly body into something "not having analog in the world" and go On a trip by unexpected Berezovo-raspberry ...

By the way, autotoprom ... This is a separate and favorite theme of patriots.

UAZ Buanka

On the channel NTV. there is a transfer, I don't remember her names for sure, because the NTV and the TV itself look rarely, in general, something about a big way.

The presenter talked about the advantages of the UAZ-452 car, which the people called "Buanka" and which the plant since 1957 and to this time produces without any serious changes. He told about him as if it really had no analogues in the world. Although the last thing is possible and really .. such a shit in the world, no longer do. All action on the screen was somewhat strange. First of all, because the host himself moved to the "loaf" from his toyota land Cruiser . It is from the Land Cruiser and not from UAZ or Volga.

During the ride, the riser is quite a riser, absolutely not symbolizing the Russian off-road, sounded a stunning story that the Japanese, shocked by quality, permeability and price (not at all cheap $ $ 3,7000), decided to buy "loaf" for their people's economic Needs. Being as real Patriot, half of his brain in the Waiter holder, the lead said that the transmission nodes and the aggregates of this fossil still have no analogues in the world and that this car is repaired with the help of "sledgehammer and such mother", unlike the "parquet" jeep, By a pure misunderstanding, the owner of which he is.

The highest manifestation of patriotism, I managed to observe in the nearby past at the acceptance of the "domestic" supercomputer. This time, the emission of patriotic protoplasm descended from the body of Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev to his incidents of Rassenger President of Russia.

Medvedev takes supercomp "Lomonosov"

A little about the super computer. Computing nodes are combined into blocks and further are connected to separately standing modules using a network interface with a capacity of 160 GB / s per chip. Roughly speaking this cluster consisting of the same details and is going to in accordance with the requirements and financial capabilities of the Customer and does not depend on intellectual opportunities Countries in which he collected.

For fifteen minutes, Dmitry Anatolich carefully listened to the explanations of the specialists, for which a country in which in the abandoned villages of the old woman and by chance

the surviving old people are waiting for autolaws with bread and matches, you need a supercomputer, suddenly Drycato smiled and offered to call him - Lomonosov. What kind of convinced patriot should be to be called completely embarrassed by intelligers and other overall wonders of electronics, computing machine, the name of the Russian scientist?

However, with all the perplexity of those present, the idea was adopted as evidenced by long-term, sincere applause. Well Atatolich did not attend the Volvo screwdriver somewhere near Kaluga. And then you will look and slide in Russia, all sorts of "Dobrynichi" "Rusichi" and of course "Svyatogora".

Obviously, in one article it is impossible to describe all the examples of the love passion, which the Russian shower is shown to his homeland. But still a sweet heart is squeezed when you look a televisionality about the ninety-member veteran of the Second World War, who sitting in a dilapidated cone, hungry, wounded with some rags, continues to believe in a bright future and whispering - "Lyshba was not war .."

Patriots of Russia

PETER THE GREAT

Biography

The Grand Russian reformer was born on May 30 (June 9) of 1672. Like all Russian kings, a descendant Alexei Mikhailovich and N. K. Naryshkin received a home education. The boy showed the ability to study quite early, since childhood he taught languages \u200b\u200b- first German, and then French, English and Dutch. The palace masters have mastered the mass of the crafts - blacksmith, soldering, weapon, typographical. Many historians mention the importance of "fun" in the formation of the personality of the future of the first Russian emperor. In 1688, Peter goes to Pereyaslavl Lake, where it learns to build ships at the Dutchman F. Timmerman and R. Kartseva - the Russian Master. On the achieved Peter does not stop and takes a trip to Amsterdam, where a carpenter works for half a year, continuing to study shipbuilding. During his first overseas trip, which lasted just a year, future emperor I managed not only to "move." In Koenigsberg, he mastered the full course of artillery sciences, and in England he graduated from the theoretical course of shipbuilding. In 1689, having received the news that Sophia is preparing a coup, Peter is ahead of the princess, removes that from power and occupies a Russian throne. During his reign, the outstanding state Worker. Petrovsky transformations were not limited to the "wind hole to Europe". They touched upon all the spheres of life of citizens: new manufactories and factories were opened, new deposits were mastered, new bodies of official management were created. One of the most important cases of his life was the strengthening of the military power of Russia, because the recent recent to the throne of the king had to complete the war with Turkey, which began in 1686. But the victory did not bring Russia the desired entry to the seas. Get it succeeded only after a long war with Sweden (1700-1721). The significant contribution of Peter introduced into culture. In particular, eliminated the monopoly of the clergy for education. He supported the creation of schools and the publication of textbooks (then - by lettering), he became the first editor and journalist of the newspaper Vedomosti. For the disposal of Peter, expeditions were held for the Far East, to Siberia and Central Asia. Peter I encouraged the structure of buildings and architectural ensembles. He contributed to the development of scientists and researchers. Approved the planning and construction of cities and fortresses. All of his thoughts were aimed at strengthening the state. He died on January 28, 1725 in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the Petropavlovsk fortress.

Pavel Tretyakov

Biography

All dictionaries and encyclopedias are written next to the name P. M. Tretyakov: "Russian entrepreneur, a mestrenate, a collector of the works of Russian visual art, the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery." But everyone forget that it was Tretyakov to be the first thought to collect a collection of Russian painting, which would prevent Russian school as fully as possible. The future founder of the Tretyakovsky Gallery 15 (27) of December 1832 was born in Moscow, in a merchant family. Parents gave the boy a wonderful home education. Pavel Tretyakov shone the continuation of the activity of the Father than he did together with Brother Sergey. Developing a family business, they took up the construction of paper products. What provided work with several thousand people. From his youth, P. Tretyakov, according to him, "artlessly loved art." Anyway, in 1853 he buys the first paintings. A year later, nine works of Dutch masters, who have in their room. There they hung before the death of the patron. But the Tretyakov was and remained a deep patriot. Therefore, he decides to collect a collection of modern Russian painting. And in 1856 buys the "temptation" of N. G. Schilder and "Finnish smugglers" V. G. Khudyakov. Next - a new acquisition, or rather acquiring. Works K. Bryullova, I. P. Trutneva, F. A. Bruni, A. K. Savrasova, K. A. Torotovsky, L. F. Lagorio ... At his request, painters create portraits of outstanding figures of Russian culture - PI, Tchaikovsky, L.N, Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev and many others. In 1874, Tretyakov Street extensive premises for their collection. And in 1792 it conveys a thoroughly raised meeting of work (by that time it included 1276 paintings, 470 drawings and a large number of icons) in the city. True, when best friend - V. V. Stasov - he writes about him an enthusiastic article, Tretyakov prefers simply escape from Moscow. In the nature of the patron, the endless kindness and a magnificent business interview. He could mostly support artists - Vasilyeva, Kramsky, Perov, a patronage of the shelter for deaf-and-dumb, organize a shelter for orphans and widow artists. And patiently traded with the authors of paintings, often disagreering into too high, in his opinion, the price. Sometimes it came to the abandon from buying. His favorite direction in painting was the movement of the Mobile. Until now, in any collection of the world there is no more detailed meeting of the works of these artists. An outstanding patronage in 1898 in Moscow died. Buried on Novodevichy Cemetery.

Nikolay Vavilov

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Great Soviet Genetic, Roddodewwod, geographer. He created the doctrine of global centers of origin of cultivated plants, their geographical distribution, and also laid the foundations of modern selection. The future great scientist was born in 1887 in Moscow in the family of a merchant. In 1911 he graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he subsequently worked at the Department of Private Agriculture. In 1917 he was elected professor Saratov University. In 1921, he was appointed head of the applied botany and breeding department (Petrograd), which, after 9 years, was reorganized into the All-Union Institute of Crops. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov led them until August 1940. In addition, in 1930 he was appointed director of the genetic laboratory, later transformed into the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After research conducted in 1919-20 in the European part of the USSR, the scientist issued labor called "field cultures of the South-East". Starting from 1920, for 20 years he managed numerous botanic agronomic expeditions. He studied the vegetable resources of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan ... In particular, during the expeditions, he found that the birthplace of wheat solid varieties is Ethiopia. He opened new types of wild and cultural potatoes, which are consequeled the basis for selection. Thanks to its scientific research in different regions of the USSR, experienced geographical crops of cultivated plants are made, they are given an evolutionary and selection assessment. Under the leadership of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov created a global collection of cultivated plants. It has more than 300 thousand samples, many of them have become the basis for breeding works. One of his main tasks, a great scientist considered the advancement of agriculture into the undeveloped areas of the North, in the semi-desert and for lifeless highlands. In 1919, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov substantiated the doctrine of the immunity of plants for infections and immune varieties. In 1920, genetics and rabbing opened the law of homologous series, which stacked that near the close types of plants, there are similar hereditary changes. The great scientist owns a number of other discoveries; On his initiative, new research institutions were organized, they created a school of crop, genetics and breeders. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was awarded high Soviet awards, he consisted of an honorary member of many foreign academies. The great scientist died in 1943.

YURI GAGARIN

Biography

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino, not far from the city of Gzhatsk (later renamed Gagarin). On May 24, 1945, the Gagary family moved to Gzhatsk. After 4 years, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin entered the Lyubertsy craft school number 10 and in parallel - in the evening school of working young people. In May 1951, the future cosmonaut graduated from the School with honors, having received a specialty formaster, and in August, he entered the Saratov industrial technician. On October 25 of the same year, he first came to Saratov Aeroclub. After 4 years, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin graduated with honors with honors and made the first flight as a pilot on the aircraft Yak-18. In 1957, the future cosmonaut graduated from the 1st Military Aviation School in Orenburg for the pilots named after K. E. Voroshilov. On March 3, 1960, the Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force is enrolled in the group of candidates for astronauts and a few days later began training. The start of the ship "Vostok" with the world's first cosmonaut on board was produced from the Baikonur cosmodrome at 09:07 Moscow time on April 12, 1961. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin performed one turn around the planet and completed the flight for a second earlier than was scheduled (at 10:55:34). On the ground, the hero of the space arranged a grand meeting. On Red Square, he was given the Golden Star "Hero Soviet Union"And we assigned the title" Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR ". In subsequent years, the hero has committed several foreign visits. Long break in flight practice (Yuri Mikhailovich Gagarin, in addition to social activities, studied at the Academy). The first after a long interval departure to MiG-17 was performed at the end of 1967, soon after that he made the direction for the restoration of qualifications. The circumstances of the death of the world in the world of the astronaut are still not clarified to the end. Airplane UTI MiG-15 with Yuri Gagarin on board broke on March 27, 1968 in the area of \u200b\u200bNovoselovo village Vladimir region. Neither the body of the cosmonaut nor the traces of his blood still have been discovered.

Georgy Zhukov

Biography

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov - Marshal of the Soviet Union, who made an invaluable contribution to the victory of the USSR over the fascist Germany. He was born on December 2, 1896 in the village of Riflek in the Moscow region, in the peasant family. The future warlord graduated from three classes of the parish school, after which he was sent by the Father in Moscow. There, the boy entered the disciples to the rapid master. During World War II, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was awarded by two Georgievsky crosses. In 1918, he joined the Red Army, and in a year she became a member of the Bolsheviks party, participated in battles against Wrangel and Kolchak. At the end of the civil war, the future commander stayed on military service. In 1939, he commanded the Soviet troops in the battle on the Khalkhin-goal River, was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. This high awards later he was honored three times (in 1944, 1945, 1956). In January 1941, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov headed the General Headquarters of the Red Army. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, he commanded the troops of the reserve, Leningrad and Western fronts. In August 1942, he adopted the powers of the first deputy defense addict and the Deputy Supreme Commander. In recent years, the Great Patriotic War of Zhukov commanded the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belarusian fronts in Volo-Oder and Berlin operations. On May 8, 1945, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov took the capitulation of fascist Germany. From 1945 to 1946, Zhukov held the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet troops in Germany and the Commander-in-Chief of Ground Forces. But after the Potsdam conference was sent to Stalin in Odessa, and then the Ural Military District, which was actually a reference. In 1955, after Stalin's death, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov becomes Minister of Defense of the USSR, but in 1957 he was resigned to the Hrushchev who came to power. Obviously, the new ruler feared popularity and a huge authority of the commander. In recent years of life, the former military leader creates his memoirs ("Memories and Reflections"). Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov died in Moscow on June 18, 1974.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

Biography

She died, barely reaching the majority. At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War and Life. The young schoolgirl of one of the Moscow schools, Parisanka Zoya was executed by German occupiers in December 1941: Having heated with a chamber on the chest with the inscription "Mojer". On February 16, 1942, Zoe Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. This fragile girl to this day remains a symbol of female heroism. After school, a student of grade 10 and Komsomol Group, Zoya dreamed of entering a literary institute, inspired by the acquaintance with the children's writer Arkady Gaidar. However, her plans prevented the gifted war to come true. In the fall, when the enemy approached Moscow, all Komsomol volunteers who remained to defend the capital, gathered in the "Colosseum" cinema (now the building of the Contemporary Theater). From there, they were sent to the Central Committee of the WLKSM, where Kosmodemyanskaya was distributed to the reconnaissance and sabotage troops No. 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front under the command of P. S. Provorova. Three days of study and, after the order I.V. Stalin "Spit all the Germans from warm shelters and premises", the group got a task during the week burn 10 settlements near Moscow occupied by the fascists. Zoya was issued 3 bottles with an incendiary mixture, "Nagan", dry ducks and a bottle of vodka. On November 27, in the village of Petrishchevo, after arson of three houses, Zoya was captured by the Germans when attempting to arson a barge of a bargee of Sviridov. At the interrogation, she called Tanya and even under incredibly brutal torture did not give place to find their comrades. The next morning, exactly at 10.30, it was led by the execution. Zoya to the gallows herself "went smoothly, with his head raised, proudly and silently ...". When she was thrown on his head a loop, she shouted with a shortcoming voice: "Comrades, the victory will be behind us! German soldiers, while it's too late, give up ... How many do not hang us, do not exit us all, we are 170 million. " She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under his feet ... Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Mikhail Kutuzov

Biography

The famous Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov is probably known to everyone. And for some reason, no one knows exact date His birth. According to some sources, it is 1745, it is also carved on the grave of the commander. According to another - 1947. So, in 1745 or in 1747, a lieutenant-General and Senator Illarion Matveyevich, Kutschev-Kutuzov and his wife, a son was born, who was named after Mikhail. Parents first preferred to train the boy at home, and in 1759 sent to the noble artillery and engineering school. Six months later, he gets the rank of grade 1 grade and is attracted to the oath. He is even prescribed salary and trust the training of officers. Then follow the ranks of the engineer-ensign, the outgun-adjutant, captain. In 1762, he was appointed commander of the company of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, who were not interested in anyone like Suvorov. The finally the character of the commander formed during the Russian-Turkish wars, where he distinguished himself in the battles, for which he was produced in the premier majors. And for progress in battle at the instant, he deserved the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1774, during the battle near the noise, Kutuzov was seriously injured. The bullet broke through the temple and came out at the right eye, which stopped seeing forever. The Empress awarded Kombat to the Order of George 4th grade and sent to be treated abroad. Instead, the stubborn Kutuzov preferred to improve his military education. In 1776 he returns to Russia and soon receives the rank rank. In 1784, Kutuzov suppresses an uprising in the Crimea and becomes Major General. After three years, the second war begins with Turkey (1787). The general distinguished himself when taking Izmail, for which he deserved the praise of Savorov himself: "Kutuzov was my right hand." Kutuzov Izmail and got. He was appointed the commandant of this fortress, produced in general-lieutenants and awarded George 3rd degrees. He managed to take part in the Russian-Polish war, to become an emergency ambassador of Russia in Turkey, received a appointment to the post of commander-in-chief by all troops in Finland and the place of the land director cadet corps. Cuteuzov's career was generally quite successful, while in 1802 he did not fall into opal to Alexander I. He was removed from the office of the St. Petersburg Governor and went to live in his estate. Perhaps it would be there he lived his century, not a war with Napoleon. Marsh maneuver from Brownau to Olmyutu remained in military history as a brilliant example of a strategic stroke. Nevertheless, Russia was defeated under Austerlitz, despite the fact that Kutuzov persuaded the king not to get involved in the battle. In 1811, the commander managed to conclude a world with Turkish Sultan, which Napoleon hoped so. It makes no sense to describe the Borodino battle, the passage of Moscow, the famous Tarutinsky maneuver and the subsequent defeat of Napoleon in Russia. 16 (28) April 1813 M. I. Kutuzov did not. From Bunzlau, his body was sent to Petersburg and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV

Biography

Lomonosov was for Russia to all - a naturalist, historian, chemist, physicist, a writer, an artist, Yarym, a champion of enlightenment. We still use its technology to obtain colored glass or a "northern lightning tube" (a model of a modern night vision instrument). And the future pride of Power 8 (19) of November 1711 in the village of Denisovka Kosurtrovskaya Vosti (now - Lomonosovo village). His father was a peasant Pomor Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov. In 1730, the Son leaves his father and goes to Moscow, where he successfully issues himself for the son of the nobleman and enters the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Then, among the best students travels to the Academic University of St. Petersburg, from there - in the University of Magazburg, where physics and chemistry under the leadership of H. Wolf studies. The following teacher becomes chemist and metallurgist I. Genkel. Returning to Russia, the young scientist becomes first an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and then - professor. The sphere of achievements of Lomonosov, due to the multi-facetedness of his personality and the originality of the talent, extremely wide. Among his merit is the foundation of the open University of European Type (modern Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov). The creator of "ancient history from the beginning russian people Before the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the first, or up to 1054, "the author of numerous OD, poems, tragedies, Lomonosov was also a socio-political figure. This indicates the treatise "On the preservation and reproduction of the Russian people" (1761). He also owns the proposal of new methods to determine the longitude and latitude of the place in the "reasoning about the great accuracy of the sea route" (1759). Lomonosov developed the idea that far from all on Earth wears divine origin. And successfully proved it in the "Word of the birth of metals from the shaking of the Earth" (1757). The scientist conducted large-scale physico-chemical works, going to write a large "corpuscular philosophy", where he wanted to unite physics and chemistry on the basis of molecular nuclear representations. Unfortunately, he failed to implement this idea. Lomonosov made an extensive study program of chemical solutions, a long time was given to the morocco of the nature of atmospheric electricity, constructed a reflective (or mirror) telescope. He became the author of the leadership "The first bases of metallurgy or ore affairs", completed the reform of the Syllabo-tonic poems, started by V. K, Tredyakovsky. M. V. Lomonosov died of a trifling spring cold 4 (15) of April 1765 in St. Petersburg. He was buried on the Lazarevian cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

DMITRY MENDELEEV

Biography

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a brilliant Russian chemist, he owns the opening of a system of chemical elements, which has become the cornerstone of the development of this science. The future great scientist was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, in the family director of the gymnasium. In 1855, he graduated from the Gold Medal with the Course of the Natural Sciences of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. A year later, in St. Petersburg University, the great chemist defended his master's thesis, and since 1857, after becoming an associate professor, he read the course of organic chemistry. In 1859, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev went to a scientific business trip to Heidelberg, where he spent almost 2 years. In 1861, he published a textbook " Organic chemistry", Widged by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences of the Demidov Prize. After 4 years, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation "On the connection of alcohol with water", in 1876 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg An. From 1890 to 1895, consultant of the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Marine Ministry, in this period invented the new kind Smokeless powder, has established its production. In 1892, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was appointed scientist keeper of the depot of exemplary weights and scales. Thanks to the Great Chemistry, it was transformed into the main chamber of measures and weights, the director of which the scientist remained until the end of life. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is the author of fundamental work on chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture ... The opening of the famous periodic law is dated February 17 (March 1) of 1869, when the scientist has drawn up a table entitled "Element experience, based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity. " This system has recognized as one of the main laws of chemistry. In 1887, a scientist without a pilot committed a rise on hot-air balloonTo observe a solar eclipse and study the upper layers of the atmosphere. It was the initiator of the device of oil pipelines and the versatile use of oil as chemical raw materials. His scientific I. social activity incredibly wide and multifaceted. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev awarded over 130 diplomas and honorary titles Russian and foreign academies, scientists and educational institutions. In honor of him, the chemical element 101 - Mendeli was opened in 1955. The great scientist died in 1907 in St. Petersburg.

Ivan Pavlov

Biography

The famous physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in 1849 in the family of the priest of Ryazan province. He graduated from the course of Sciences in the Medical and Surgery Academy. Appointed Privat-Association of Physiology, and later (in 1890) - an extraordinary professor at Tomsk University, at the Department of Pharmacology. In the same year, translated into the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and after seven years he became its ordinary professor. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov proved with the help of experiments that the work of the heart is managed, in particular, a special reinforcing nerve. The scientist also experimentally established the liver value as a body cleaner from harmful products. The physiologist also managed to shed light on the regulation of the selection of juice with glands of the gastrointestinal canal. So, he found out that the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal canal has a specific excitability: it seems to recognize which food product it gives it (bread, water, vegetables, meat ...) and produces the juice of the required composition. The amount of juice may vary, as well as the content of the acid or enzyme. Some foods cause reinforced pancreas activities, others - liver and so on. At the same time, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov opened the value of the wandering and sympathetic nerve to release the stomach and pancreas juice. The most famous writings of a physiologist: "reinforcing nerve of the heart" (published in the "Weekly Clinical Gazette" in 1888); "Ekkki fistula for the lower hollow and a duty and its consequences for the body" ("Archive of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine", 1892); "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" (1897); "Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (St. Petersburg, 1883).

Nikolai Pirogov

Biography

Great Surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a small nobleman. One of the friends of his family, the famous doctor and professor of Moscow University of Mukhin, noticed in the boy an outstanding medical talent and began to engage in the formation of a child. At 14, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. Student scholarships lacked for life: the teenager had to work in an anatomical theater. The latter predetermined the choice of profession: the student decided to become a surgeon. After graduating from the university, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was prepared for professorship in Tartu, in Yuryev University. There he worked in the clinic, defended his doctoral dissertation, became a professor of surgery. As the dissertation topic, the scientist chose the abdominal aorta dressing: it was fully fulfilled only once - the English surgeon of Cooper. In 1833, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov went to Germany and worked in Berlin and Göttingen clinics to increase his professionalism. Returning to Russia, he publishes the famous work "Surgical anatomy of arterial stems and fascia." In 1841, the Medic moved to Petersburg and began working at the Medical and Surgery Academy. Here he spent more than ten years, created the first Russian surgery clinic. Soon, another famous work of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - "Full course of the anatomy of the human body" soon saw. Taking part in hostilities in the Caucasus, the Great Surgeon operated on the wounded anesthesia - this happened for the first time in the history of medicine. During Crimean war He was the first in the world to use a plaster bandage for the treatment of fractures. Also thanks to his initiative, sisters of mercy appeared in the army: the beginning of military field medicine was found. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kiev educational districts, but in 1861 he retired. In his estate "Cherry", next to Vinnitsa, the scientist organized a free hospital. During this period, he made another discovery - a new way to embalming bodies. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died in 1881, after severe illness. The harnessed body of the Great Surgeon is stored in the church crypt of the village of Cherry.

Mstislav Rostropovich

Biography

Great conductor And Cellist Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was born on March 27, 1927 in Baku. From 1932 to 1937 he studied in Moscow in music school named after Gnesins. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, his family was evacuated to the city of Chkalov (Orenburg). At 16, the future great musician He entered the Moscow Conservatory, and in 1945 he won the gold medal at the third All-Union Competition of the performers, conquering all the skill of the cellist. Soon, Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich became known and abroad. In his repertoire, there were practically all the works of cello music in his life. About 60 composers were dedicated to him, including Aram Khachaturian, Alfred Schnitke, Henri Duty. Since 1969, the Great Musician has supported the "Opt" writer and human rights activist Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. This entailed the abolition of concerts and tours, stopping records. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich and his family were even deprived soviet citizenshipwhich was returned to them only in 1990. He spent a great musician for many years abroad, having received great recognition there. For 17 seasons in Washington, he was an artistic director and conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra, making it one of the best in the United States. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich regularly performed in the Berlin and London Philharmonic. About his trip to Moscow with the National Symphony Orchestra in 1990, the documentary film "Return to Russia" was removed. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich awarded state awards 29 countries, he is the five-time owner of the Grammy Prize. The musician was known for his charitable activities. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich died on April 27, 2007 after a severe and long-lasting disease.

Andrei Sakharov

Biography

The Great Scientist and Prosecutor Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. In 1942 he graduated from the physical faculty of Moscow State University. Immediately after that, distribution is sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. There, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov made an invention to control armor-piercing cores. In the next two years he wrote several scientific work And sent them to the physical institute. Lebedeva. In 1945 he entered the graduate school of the institute, and after 2 years he defended his dissertation. In 1948, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov was enlisted in a special group and twenty years worked in the development of thermonuclear weapons. At the same time, he conducted a pioneer work on a controlled thermonuclear reaction. From the end of the 50s actively advocated the termination of the tests of nuclear weapons. In 1953, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov received a degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. In the late 1960s, he becomes one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR, and in the 1970s one of the three founding members of the human rights committee. In 1974, the scientist and human rights activist gathered a press conference, which was reported on the bottom of the political prisoners in the USSR. A year later, wrote the book "About the Country and Peace", in the same year, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize of the World. Having made a number of applications against the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan, he was deprived of all government awards and was sent to the city of Gorky, where he spent almost 17 years. There were written articles "What the United States and the USSR should be made to preserve the world" and "on the danger of thermonuclear war". At the end of 1988, the first trip of the scientist and human rights activist abroad and meetings with the heads of the United States and a number of European states took place. In 1989, he becomes a People's Deputy of the USSR. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died on December 14, 1989 from a heart attack.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Biography

Great human rights activist and writer Alexander Isaevich (Isaakovich) Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. In 1924, his family moved to Rostov-on-Don, where from 1926 to 1936 the future Great Writer is studying at school. Then he entered the Rostov State University for the Physics and Mathematics Faculty, graduated from 1941 with honors. In 1939, he entered the correspondence department of the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History in Moscow, interrupting training in 1941 in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. October 18, 1941 was called to the front. He was awarded the orders of the Patriotic War and the Red Star, in June 1944 he received the rank of captain. In February 1945, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was arrested for criticizing the Stalinist regime, sentenced to 8 years of corrective labor camps. After release, sent to the link to South Kazakhstan. There is written a novel "In the first circle". In June 1956, the writer was released, on February 6, 1957 rehabilitated. In 1959, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote a story "Sh-854", later called "one day Ivan Denisovich" the work was published in the magazine "New World", and soon the author was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1968, when novels published in the United States and Western Europe, the novels "in the circle of the first" and "cancer corps", the Soviet press began a propaganda campaign against the author, soon he was excluded from the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1970, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the end of December 1973, the first volume of the "Gulag Archipelago" was published abroad. On February 13, 1974, the author is deprived of Soviet citizenship and sent from the USSR. In 1990, he was restored in Soviet citizenship, for the book "Archipelago Gulag" he was awarded to the State Prize. Returned to his homeland in 1994. In 1998 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First Called, but refused to reward. One of the last large-scale works of the writer was the epic "Red Wheel". Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn died on August 3, 2008 from acute heart failure.

Peter Stolypin

Biography

Famous Russian reformer was born on April 141862 in Dresden, in the old nobility family. Childhood and adolescence The future Minister of the Interior spent in Lithuania, sometimes leaving for the summer in Switzerland. When it was time to learn, was sent to Vilen Gymnasium, then in Orlovskaya and in 1881 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. During his studies, Peter Stolypin managed to marry. The test of the future reformer was B. A, Naidgardt, which is attributed to significant influence on the further fate of the son-in-law. In 1884, even before the end of the university, Stolypin was credited to the service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. True, after some time he took a semi-annual leave, apparently to write a diploma. After the holiday followed the translation of the transfer to the Ministry of Public Protection. In 1888, he again moves to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where the appointment of the Kovensky county leader of the nobility. A year later, becomes the Koven provincial leader of the nobility. Three years later - a new appointment: Governor Grodno. And after another 10 months - the governor of the Saratov province. Saratov province, which was previously managed, to put it mildly, the sleeves, with the arrival of Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin began to raise his head. The Mariinskaya women's gymnasium, an overnight house, began upgrading the telephone network, the asphalting of the streets was launched. In addition, the new governor reorganized the management system and actively took up agriculture. And in May 1904, riots began in the Saratov province. True, thanks to the determination of the new governor, they quickly choked. Then - the prison riot in Tsaritsyno. After the "bloody Sunday", rallies and strike began in Saratov. Stolypin was not particularly ceremony with the rioters, but alone did not cope anyway, and the Adjutant General V. V. Sakharov come to the rescue, and later Adjutant General K. K. Maksimovich arrived at the help. Shortly thereafter, the uprising is played in the neighboring Samara province and Stolypin without thinking sends troops there. After the rest of the government, Witte, the Saratov Governor appoints the Minister of Internal Affairs. A little later, he becomes a prime minister. But all the attempts of the reformer can somehow "refresh" the Cabinet of Ministers do not lead to anything. In 1906, the revolutionaries were performed on the cottage of Stolypin. Not to say that it strongly handed over the minister. But by order of Nicholas II, Peter Arkadyevich will set in the winter palace, which is carefully guarded. That moment of Stolypin becomes far less liberal. To control the observance of the order, it leaves to the place, compares reports of governors with personal observations. But by this, he made himself a lot of enemies among the bureaucratic top, which he often subjected to checks and revisions. And soon there is a fracture in relations with Nikolai II, after which Stolypin submits a resignation. The king does not accept the king. In 1911, the great reformer was mortally wounded by the Security Department agent by Dmitry Martaham Bogrov. Stolypin 5 (18) of September died in the private clinic of Makovsky. Buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

VALENTINA TERESHKOVA

Biography

The future first woman-cosmonaut of the Earth appeared on the world in anticipation of the International women's Day In the village of Large Maslennikovo Yaroslavl region. Young lady loved the height of what he entered the parachute school. In 1961, seeing the story on TV and the first flight of a person in space and the radiant smile of Yuri Gagarin from the screen, the Parachute Sport Instructor has already written an application to the cosmonaut detachment. The detachment was secret, so I had to say that she was leaving for the annual competitions of parachutists. On her flight, parents will only recognize on the radio. In the meantime, the endless workouts, which must be called "complicated". One name of the centrifuge inspired the fear of five girls squads from the entire Soviet Union, at the head of which Tereshkova stood. Seven days in a closed space, she sustained, having fun songs. In June 1963, without five minutes, the folk heroine climbed on board "East-6" and with the words "Hey! Sky, take off the hat! " Touched to the stars. So, half a walk in it in three days, not the Essay and alternately losing consciousness, the first cosmonaut woman with the call sign "Chaika" periodically scribbled: "Oh, mommies," but I found the strength to smile into the camera. Surrounding Valentina Tereshkova became an example for the imitation of all Soviet women, not only their hairstyle, but also by purposefulness and strong character. Three months after the flight, she married astronaut. At its wedding was attended by N.S. Khrushchev. In 1997, Major General and Honored Master of the Spread of the USSR Valentina Tereshkova resigned and now is a deputy of the regional Duma of the Yaroslavl Region from the party of United Russia. He was awarded the Order "For merit to the patrols of II and III degree". An interesting fact: the landing "East-6" turned out to be so hard that Valentina was immediately taken to the "ambulance" to the local hospital. After rehabilitation with the "tops", I was requested a material about the removal of a report for television, where Tereshkova, allegedly just returned, steps on the ground in the Squa and waves into the chamber.

Vladimir Gilyarovsky

Biography

TECHNOOR, BURLAK, COOK, WORKER, FIRE, Tabuncher, Circus Rider, Military or Actor? First Russian reporter!
Nobody in Vologda could even imagine that Lazy first grader Vladimir, in his first academic year Left on the second, in the future will be the most honorable resident of Moscow and the most famous journalist in Russia. For the first time, the poetic and writing talent manifested itself from Gilyarovsky in the gymnasium, where he wrote a "dirtiness to mentors". After the nonsense of the next exam, the young gymnasium without documents and money runs away from the house in Yaroslavl, where it is arranged to work by the burlac and a koo. Then in Tsaritsyn, he was drawn up in herd, in Rostov hired a rider in a circus, after he entered the actors and toured with the theater in Russia. In 1877 he left serve in the Caucasus. Rich in the impressions of life did not pass without a trace: Gilyarovsky wrote, made sketches, composed poems and sent it to his father's letters. In 1881, the Satyrian magazine "Alarm clock" published a number of poems, after which the new poet threw everything and began to write. Moscow life flowed a stormy river from under ink Gilyarovsky: essays, reports, opening of exhibitions, theatrical premieres, a description of a terrible tragedy on the Khodynsky field ... He printed in the "Russian newspaper", "Russian statements", "modern news" and other publications: " ... Fourteen days I sent information about every step of work with a narrative and telegraph for the telegraph ... And all this was printed in a "leaflet", which first placed my big telegram about the catastrophe and who walked at this time. All other newspapers are late. " (From the essay about the railway catastrophe near the village of Kukuyevka). All Moscow knew or heard of "Uncle Gilya", and he was friends with Chekhov, Andreev, Cooking and many others. His first book "Moscow and Muscovites" is published in 1926. The "my wandering" and "slum people" are followed by "My Wandering", which was banned by censorship. All copies were burned, but essays, stories and articles before the release of the book were printed in different publications. After the revolution of 1917, Vladimir Gilyarovsky works in Izvestia, Evening Moscow, "Spark". He began to grow his eyesight to the old age, but, almost completely blinding, Gilyarovsky continues to write and write ... The best Moscow reporter of the turn of 19-20 centuries. He died, without surviving 2 months to the 80th anniversary.

Victor Talalikhin

Biography

The young meat processing plant was once knocked up to the door of the school of the factory-factory student of the Moscow meat processing plant by name Victor, dreaming about heaven. The fate of two senior brothers who served in the army in aviation did not leave him indifferent and after 2 years he is recorded in the planer circle opened at the factory. The first flight of the future hero of war was so successful that the next time Victor, by all means, decided to take over even higher: "I want to fly as Chkalov, Baiduk and Belyakov fly." Having received the Flight Aza, Victor goes to the Aeroclub of the Proletarian district of Moscow. He did not want to take from vertically challenged - 155 cm - although health was excellent. But the desire and stubbornness of the future pilot crossed all the installed canons. In 1937, Talaliahin enters the Borisoglebsk red-known military aviation school. Chkalov. Here in one of the master classes higher pilot, the young pilot on a dangerously low height performed several loops. After the flight, he was waiting for a garrison guardhouse for two days. In early 1941, the junior lieutenant Talalikhin at the end of course was appointed commander of the link 1st squadron of the 177th Fighter Aviamaker. In July, Viktor Talalichin after special training at the Dubrovitsy airfield near Podolsk, made his first combat flight over Moscow. On the night of August 6 to August 7, the Jr. Lieutenant Talalikhin made his immortal ram. Over Podolsky at an altitude of 4.5 km, they were discovered enemy non-111 (Hayekel). Once under the bombardment, the enemy has changed the flight course and began to go away from persecution. However, Talalikhin did not lag behind and continued to attack the enemy, having watered his machine-gun queue. But the cartridges are quickly ended, and not-111 was still in flight. Then the time of Taran came. Approaching the enemy closely, Talalikhin decided to cut off the enemy tail and at the same second hit the shelling: "I burned right hand. Immediately gave gas and no longer with a screw, but the enemy rammed with his entire car. " Then our hero, who eats off the belt, left the plane and successfully landed with a parachute. The news in one day had shielded the whole country and, on August 8, 1941 for the first in the history of aviation Night Taran of the enemy bomber, the pilot was awarded the Order of Lenin. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a brave pilot was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. For a short term of participation in the Second World Junior Lieutenant Viktor Talalichin, more than 60 combat departures were performed, 7 enemy aircraft were shot down. On October 27, 1941, our troops under the leadership of Talalichina flew over the battle of the Kamenka district, which is 85 km from Moscow. Having shot down one enemy me (Messerschmitt), Talalikhin rushed after the next. "It was not gone, a scoundrel, departed over our land," the words of Victor were sounded in the radio transmitter. It was HIS last words. From the cloud "emerged" three more fascist planes and opened fire. One of the bullets hit our pilot ... Victor Talalikhin was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. In Podolsk, the Hero of the Soviet Union hosts a monument. On September 18, 2008, the well-known hero of the Soviet Union and the author of Taran Talaliahina would be 90 years old.

Maya Plisetskaya

Biography

Her debut took place on the scene of the Moscow Operetta Theater on June 21, 1941. The next day she had to forget about ballet for a year. The war began. She was distinguished by his own, unique style of choreography, in which each pa, every spread of the hand, each direction of view was formed in a single rush special dance Figure. At the age of 20, she received a party of the autumn fairy in Ballet S. Prokofiev "Cinderella" and a small role of a young dancer eclipsed the main, thanks to an outstanding jump and unusual graceful plastic. Ballet of the 1950s and 60s. It was inseparable connected with the name of Plisetskaya and its parties in the ballet "Don Quixote" and "Raymond". But the favorite play of Maya Mikhailovna remains "Bolero" Bezhar. Maurice Bezhar himself once admitted: "If I learned Plisetsk for twenty years earlier, the ballet would be different." She danced almost all classic ballets, one by one. All major parties directors and director trusted only Plisetskaya. However, her dream was to do something new. Bring your own. She became "Carmen". At first, the critics and viewers of the Bolshoi Theater did not accept it. Or did not understand. The bosses and that was in panic. But Maya did not give up. Soothing director and polishing again and again every movement, she achieved his own, creating new image With the "intensity of emotions and the brightness of the form." "Swan Lake", "Isadora", "Sleeping Beauty" and other eminent work brought Maya Plisetsk to the world pedestal of ballet rejo. In the 70s, she took up the balletmaster and put on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater "Anna Karenina", "Seagull" and "Dam with a dog." Not finding a suitable journalist who would write a book in her intonation, she sat for memoirs herself. 1994 - autobiography comes out outstanding ballerina "I, Maya Plisetskaya." The book becomes a bestseller and translated into 11 languages \u200b\u200bof the world. To this day, Maya Mikhailovna does not change the scene and periodically performs concert programs abroad, and also teaches master classes on ballet dances. "The main thing is to be an artist," Plisetskaya says, "hear music and know, why are you on stage. Know your role and what you want to say. "

Report at the All-Russian Scientific and Public Conference "", held on March 28, 2014 in Moscow.

"The new Soviet patriotism is a fact that it is pointless to deny. This is the only chance to being Russia. If he is a bit if the people refuse to defend Russia Stalin, as he refused to defend Russia Nikolai II and Russia of the Democratic Republic, then for this people, there is probably no possibility of historical existence "(G.P. Fedotov)

Russian historian and religious philosopher Georgy Petrovich Fedotov (1886-1951), a quarter of a century who lived in emigration, it is difficult to suspect in love for the Stalinist regime. In the article "Protection of Russia", published in the 4th issue of the Paris "New Russia" in 1936, the thinker does not take appreciation "the strength and vitality of the new Russian patriotism", the carrier of which is "new to know", which controls Russia. Moreover, he doubts the power of the patriotic feeling of workers and peasants, "on the backs of which Stalin's throne is built." That is, Fedotov was obvious to the difference between patriotism, as an ideological construct, and a patriotic feeling, whose carrier is the people.

But this duality of patriotism is external, because By its nature, it represents the relationship of two principles - socio-political and moral (Fig. 1), two dimensions - a small and large homeland and two manifestations - feelings of love for homeland and readiness for the protection of the Fatherland.

Fig. 1. The essence of patriotism

According to its deep essence, patriotism is the basis for meeting the need to ensure the safety of personality and society. It is based on two archetypical images: a mother who personifies the native land, and the Father, symbolizing the state.

So what is patriotism: "Last Refuge Round" (by defining the author of the famous "Dictionary of English" Samuel Johnson), "The gun to achieve the power-loving and mercenary goals" (in understanding L.N. Tolstoy) or "Virtue" and "Love To the good and the glory of the Fatherland "(by the conviction of N.M. Kakarasin and V.S.Soloviev)? Where the line between nationalism, present and false patriotism? Are patriotism compatible with universal values?

The problem of patriotism represented and represents one of the most relevant in the sphere of spiritual life of Russian society. It is not surprising that only during the existence of a new Russian statehood the attitude towards patriotism in different social groups hesitated and continues to vary from full rejection to unconditional support. Today in Russia about patriotism spoke all - from monarchists to the communists, from the holders to internationalists.

Few people will argue with the fact that almost two thirds of the history of our people are a struggle for independence. It is not surprising that in such these conditions, patriotism has become the cornerstone of state ideology. It is necessary to take into account that the formation of a patriotic idea that coincided in time with the emergence of the Russian state, from the very beginning it turned out to be associated with the fulfillment of the military (military) debt. As the idea of \u200b\u200buniting the Russian lands in the fight against the enemies, he clearly sounds in the "Tale of Bygone Years" and sermons Sergius Radonezh, in the "Word about the regiment of Igor" and "Word about the Law and Grace" of Illarion.

But at the same time, the lack of attention in Russian eponsions of a single type of warrior hero is drawn. But all of them (Mikul Selininovich and Ilya Muromets, Sadko and Nikita Kozhemyaki) unites the love of the "Out of Holy Sepuls" and the desire to "stand up for the land of Russian."

It is significant that the term "patriot" received walking in Russia only in the XVIII century. In connection with the Northern War. In his work dedicated to this war, Vice-Chancellor Baron P.P. Shafirov first applied him with the meaning of the "Son of the Fatherland". It is for Petrovsky time that the growth of the national self-consciousness in general and the state began in it, in particular. We can assume that when first russian Emperor Patriotism acquired the nature of the state ideology, the main motto of which became the formula "God, King and Fatherland". Finding the warriors before the Poltava battle, Peter the Great emphasized that they were fighting for the state, their own family and the Orthodox faith. "Establishment to battle", "Article Military", "Charter of Rattry and Cannon Affairs" and "Maritime Charter" - all these and other laws of the Petrovsky era focused patriotism as a norm of behavior, first of all, warrior. Later, the great Russian commander A.V. Svorov used the term "domestic" in the same meaning. And it is not by chance. After all, by its origin, the word "patriotism" is obliged to the Greek "compatriot", originating from ancient Greek "Patra", which meant genus. Recall that the ancient thinkers considered the attitude towards the Fatherland with the most noble thoughts. For antiquity, patriotism performed the main moral duty of a member of the policy, putting in this concept not only the military protection of the city city, but also an active part in the management of the Policy. Unfortunately, in Russian history (including for a number of objective reasons), patriotism as a sense of a citizen of his fatherland received a much smaller development than his military component rather than.

As the ideology of patriotism is an ideological basis for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, one of the mechanisms of legitimacy of power and the tool for the formation of the socio-political and psychological identification of the people. For the entire Russian history of the central component of patriotism, there was a statement, understood as a characteristic of the country's political, economic, military and spiritual power of the country in the world, as well as the ability to influence international relations. But the state has always been and some unattainable ideal state Device, sometimes quite unexpected traits, such as the autocratic republic, K.D. Kowelina.

Obviously, the nature of patriotism is due historical epoch and the specifics of statehood. IN tsarist RussiaFor example, debt to the fatherland, devotion to the king, the responsibility of society developed from generation to generation. For the imperial Russia, with its attempts to cultivate national patriotism, the main content of the "official nationality theory" was the ideas of holding and nationality as supports on their own traditions. It is not by chance that it was the story that was considered as the main subject in the education of the citizenship and patriotism of the considered Russian Empire.

In turn, the origins of the Soviet state lie in the idea of \u200b\u200b"the construction of socialism in one, separately taken country." Strengthening state-patriotic began to be associated with the concept of a "new socialist homeland". Note that the formation of Soviet patriotism went under the slogan "Disagree the best traditions Russian history "and when contacting the idea of \u200b\u200bSlavic unity. In the foundation of the new patriotism, the combination of love for the Motherland (patriotism in a traditional understanding) and the ideas of the construction of communism and internationalism were found. The need to protect the Socialist Fatherland was supported by conviction in the superiority of socialism over capitalism and justified the teachings on fair and unfair wars. That is, it was about protecting more progressive public buildingserved as a model for the rest of the peoples of the world ("We all know that the Earth begins with the Kremlin").

However, an active appeal to traditional national values \u200b\u200boccurred only during the Great Patriotic War, when the question arose about the survival of not only Soviet power, but also the nation, as such. This was what caused the conversion of the communist power to the Russian Orthodox Church and reproduction in the mass propaganda of the images of such national heroes, like Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy, Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Fyodor Ushakov, and others.

But the content and focus of patriotism are determined, including the spiritual and moral climate of society. The patriotic qualities of the Russian people wrote Volnodomets A.N. Kradishchev and Decembrists N.P. Muravyev and S. Testor, revolutionaries-Democrats V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrobrubov and N.G. Chernyshevsky, Russian philosophers V.S. .Soloviev, I.A.Ilin, V.V. Rosanov, N.A. Bardyaev, and others. It is significant that under patriotism they were understood not only the readiness for the defense of the Fatherland, but also civil dignity. On the wave of Transformations Alexander II, the reforms S.Yu.Vitte and P.A.Stolypina, patriotism was increasingly perceived in Russian society as a kind of school of education of citizenship and responsibility for the fate of his fatherland.

So, according to I. Ilein, the very idea of \u200b\u200bthe Motherland assumes in man the beginning of spirituality reflecting the peculiarities of people of different nationalities. Speaking of patriotism, A.I. Solzhenitsyn saw in it "a one-piece and persistent sense of love for his nation with serving her not pleased, not supporting the unfair claims, but frank in assessing the defects, sins and repentance for them." ABOUT the greatest patriotism, raising people to the feat on the days of the battle for Moscow, wrote in his memoirs of G. Khukov. In other words, patriotism is not only an ideological design, but also value positioned in the general system of individual and social values. First of all, it refers to the highest values, because It is divided into more than a half social groups of the country. Patriotism is both generally accepted value, due to the fact that more than 3/4 of the population is supported (or, at least, the dominant value, shared more than half of the citizens). Patriotism, undoubtedly value, integrating society, and active, because It assumes an informed and emotionally loaded action. And, finally, by virtue of their dual nature, it refers to terminal (targeted) values \u200b\u200band, at the same time, to the values \u200b\u200bof the instrumental, employee in relation to the goals.

As a moral phenomenon, patriotism implies practical actions to overcome national limitations, respect for personality and transforming human community. The role of patriotism increases on steep stones of history, requiring a sharp increase in the voltage of the forces of citizens, and, above all, during wars and invasions, social conflicts and political crises, natural disasters, etc. It is in crisis conditions that patriotism acts as an attribute of vitality and even often, just the survival of society. The current situation associated with the attempts of Isolation of Russia can well be viewed as force majeure, always in the history of our country, which brought to consolidate the population, its rapprochement with the authorities and strengthening of state-patriotic began.

However, this does not mean that during the remaining periods of history, patriotism is not functional. It represents one of the main conditions for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, as well as the source of spiritual and moral and society forces and health. If the French enlighteners are XVIII century. The dependence of patriotic feelings from the state and its laws was noted, Hegel tied patriotism, first of all, with a sense of confidence of citizens to the state.

Unfortunately, in the second half of the 1980s. I have a look at Patriotism as a susceptible value that interferes with building a new democratic society has developed. Moreover, absoluting the inner relationship of ideology and politics, the post-Soviet elite, herself is not suspected, following K. Marx, saw in ideology in general and in patriotism, in particular, the false form of consciousness. It is not surprising that in the 1990s. The researchers often emphasized the "unstable, amorphous, indefinite character" of Russian patriotism.

Only "rehabilitation" of patriotism on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the victory over fascism was given to their positive fruits. In the early 2000s, if judged according to the poll of RosBusinessConsulting, 42% of Russians considered patriots, and only 8% did not attract themselves. The leadership of the country matured to recognize that the new statehood should rely not only to respect for the law, but also on a sense of civil debt, the highest manifestation of which is patriotism. No less an important point There was awareness that without a clearly formulated idea of \u200b\u200bprotecting Russia's interests, it is impossible to develop a sovereign foreign policy.

Deficiency (or even systemic crisis) patriotism in modern Russia associated with the audit of the very concept of "patriotism" due to the destruction of the ideological shell of socialism. This led to the discredit of any ideological mechanisms of legitimation of power, it is precisely that the preservation of the constitutional ban on the state ideology in modern Russia is explained. In part "Discrimination" of the state ideology is caused by the misunderstanding that ideas are not only the benefit of the interests of certain social layers, but also the values \u200b\u200brooted in the folk consciousness.

It seems that the dispute on this occasion of Neokantians and Marxists has long lost its relevance. In practice, the destruction of patriotism in Russia led not only to the weakening of the post-Soviet statehood, but also to the erosion of the social and spiritual foundations of the Russian society. It is not surprising that even the concept of the Motherland devalued and lost its essential content.

But ideology is a non-resistant element of public life and the form of incorporating people in public relations. It is difficult to agree with I.Vilestayin and his followers that only the presence of the enemy gives ideology (including patriotism) vitality and integrating nature. Of course, outside the morality and the right, any ideology is potentially dangerous for society. But there is also a peculiarity of patriotism, as it has already been indicated that it is love for the Motherland, regardless of the presence of an enemy, takes a patriotic feeling beyond the framework of political egoism and creates protection against ideological manipulations.

In today's Russia, the revival of patriotism by the authorities directly communicates only with the idea of \u200b\u200brestoring the status of the Great Power. This is understandable, because Only the pride of his country, the people and his history can become a constructive basis of a patriotic feeling. But at the same time it is not taken into account that in the domestic history, the statement has always been combined with other value components: the Orthodox faith in pre-revolutionary Russia or internationalism in the USSR (Fig. 2). It can be argued that in the formation of the ideas of the state and the magnitude of Russia, patriotism and devotion to the Fatherland, the special path of Russia, etc., which constitute the most important components of the political consciousness of Russians, the Orthodox Vera played an important role. But it is obvious that the patriotic formula of pre-revolutionary Russia "for faith, king and fatherland!" It is not embedded in modern Russian society.

Fig. 2. Components of the patriotic idea

It seems today, patriotism as a mechanism for the identity of the people, which is the basic need of a person, and the legitimization of the authorities is also impossible without the second value component - the principle of social justice. Recall that in the archetypes of the Russian consciousness the law and the right only then are the value when the adjective "fair" is added to them. Justice has always been not just saving in russian life Traditionally communal forms of social regulation, but also a peculiar moral self-defense personality in a non-regional state.

With this approach, patriotic sentiment acts as a significant factor in mobilization and socio-political activity. In other words, patriotism implies collective national identity. Without the formed positive image of the country, in which there is a statement idea, citizens of modern Russia will not be able to consolidate their national identity.

It should be borne in mind that patriotism is an important part of The national idea, the search for which the Russian authorities are concerned from the late 1990s, and which should contribute to Russia's self-identification in the world community. In turn, the ideology of patriotism, as the basis of the strategy successful development countries, due to their understandability, can be perceived for the most part Russian society as a toolkit of the exit from the spiritual crisis and the path of gaining real sovereignty. And here you will need an effort on yourself, not violence over others. In addition, no external liberation will be effective without exemption internal. Let's listen to the words of A.I. Herzen about conservatism not only the throne and the ammon, but also the people themselves. Or to the reasoning S.L. Franc on conscious patriotism as a realization of the value of national being and its organization in the face of statehood. Today, more than ever, important and "translation" ideas of patriotism from the language of ethnic into the language is nationwide.

Notes

Fedotov G.P. Protection of Russia // The fate and sins of Russia. In 2 tt. T. 2. M.: Publishing House "Sofia", 1992. P. 125.

See, for example: brief political Dictionary. M.: Policy, 1989. P. 411; Russian pedagogical encyclopedia. In 2 T.: T. 2. M.: Great Ros. Encycle., 1999. P. 409; Philosophical Dictionary / Ed. I.T.Frolova. 5th ed. M.: Polizdat, 1986. P. 538.

See, for example: State ideology and nationwide idea. M.: Club "Realists", 1997; Lutovinov V.I. Patriotism and problems of its formation among Russian youth in modern conditions. Author. Dis ... Dr. Form. science M., 1998; Patriotism of the peoples of Russia: traditions and modernity. Materials of an interregional scientific-practical conference. M.: Triad Farm, 2003.

Breakless L.G. Russian army and fleet in the XVIII century (essays). M.: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1958. P. 147; Patriotic education servicemen on the traditions of the Russian army. M.: Wu, 1997. P. 48-52; Pushkarev L.N. Mentality and political history of Russia: Turnstanding stages. // Mentality and political development of Russia. Abstracts of the scientific conference reports. Moscow, 29-31 Oct. 1996 M.: IRI RAS, 1996. P. 6.

See, for example: Cicero. Dialogues "On the State", "On Laws". M.: Science, 1966. P. 87.

Forsov N.K. Spiritual turn in the Soviet mentality in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, its consequences // Great feat. To the 55th anniversary of the victory. Omsk: Publishing House of OMGTU, 2000. P. 35-36.

Belinsky V.G. Works. T. 4. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. P. 489; Decembrist uprising: at 8 t. T. 7. M.: Mimitizdat, 1927. P. 86; Ilyin I. We were right // About the coming Russia / Ed. N.P. Poltorsksky. M.: Milivdat, 1993. P. 333-334. and etc.

Solzhenitsyn A. Publicistics. In 3 tons. T. 1. Removal and self-limitation as a category of national life. Yaroslavl; Verineal KN. Publishing House, 1995. P. 65.

Zhukov GK The greatness of the victory of the USSR and the powerlessness of falsifiers of history // Roman-Gazeta. 1994. NO 18. P. 101.

Classification of Values \u200b\u200bSee: Gorytinov V.P. Empirical classifications life values Russians in the post-Soviet period // Polis. 1996. NO 4; Crisis society. Our society in three dimensions. M.: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1994.

Hegel of the work of different years. T. 2. M.: Thought, 1971. P. 70.

Krupher A.A. Patriotism in the system of civil values \u200b\u200bof society and its formation in the military environment: author. dis. ... Cand. Form science M., 1995. P. 16.

Novikova N. Patriotism - willingness to donate to everyone, if it does not harm your business // Profile. 2002. NO 42. P. 4.

Identity is one of the most effective mechanisms for the mobilization of the population, and the identification criteria, in turn, are built up with the help of ideology as a set of ideas and ideals.

For details on the mechanism of formation and activation of identities, see: Brubber R., Cooper F. Outside "Identity" // AD Imperio. 2002. NO 3. P. 61-116.

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Patriotism in our time

Patriotism in our time.

Patriotism? ... if you ask our youth about what it is, then the answers are different from the standard phrase: "love for a homeland", there will be almost no. People often say they are patriots. They continue to say: "I love my homeland!", But not at all think about the meaning of these words. The fact is that a patriot, it became fashionable. It is the strongest propaganda of raising the rebnish spirit, the unity of the people and on a row with this - patriotism. But this concept is distorted, becomes spoiled, and gradually develops into nationalism. Some shout: "I am Russian!", And go to humiliate other nationalities, in his hearing that you need to save Russia from other nations than Slavs. Reliable from those whose people stood for the integrity of the Russian state in wars, shoulder to shoulder with our grandfathers! This is not a manifestation of love for Russia, as a homeland.

Some patriotism is manifested only in words. Many, saying: "I am Patriot" continue to drink, smoking - thereby breaking the healthy future of the country, swearing by Mat - ugly native Russian, and learn to learn and work, which leads to the degradation of the nation. So isn't the love of homeland manifest?

Also, on a row with these "patriots" there are people who dream of leaving their country, and dreaming about foreign life say that we are all bad that everything is not like it is necessary that we are a flexible country and do not change anything. And they themselves do they have taken this to change this? So if we all run, then do not improve anything. Who can change everything? Who to improve? People spit on the destiny of the country, without taking active participation in its history, not going to the elections and violating the law.

I believe that if you love Russia, then love with all my heart. She is our mother, homeland and house. And in no case cannot be turned away from it. Yes, we have many minuses and problems, but only loving it, we can fix them.

How can we talk about patriotism when the current youth does not even know its history when there is no respect for the elder. That even the fact that teachers do not listen to school, but also their parents spit.

Love for his homeland begins with birth at birth, and accompanies us all his life. When birth, love for Mother of Russia, is expressed in love for mom. In her eyes, we first see something native, our homeland. After being added already at school, love and respect for the teacher who teaching, puts the soul in us. Then she manifests itself in the eyes of our grandparents, who sacrificed with themselves for our bright and quiet life. Further the motherland we see in the eyes of a person's beloved. And then in our children. When you look little baby Straight eyes in the eyes, in these not yet desecrated eyes, then you immediately understand for whom and what you need to live.

Love for the Motherland is closely intertwined with love for the nature of Russia. To our Russian birks, grinds, to the ground, on which we work, and the native surroundings.

The Russian people from the top of the centuries proud of their history. In many wars, Russia won due to the strength of the Russian people, thanks to the cohesion of Russian people and their love to their homeland.

This feeling allowed not to run away from the battlefield, to go to death, survive in hungry years, overcoming the most difficult life difficulties, and with weapons in the hands of going to the enemy.

Unfortunately, recently these feelings have become weaker. Ideals and goals are lost. The existence of many people becomes meaningless. The generation of our parents still has any conscious and productive guidelines, and our youth in most of these values \u200b\u200bcould not be adopted, and did not want to more.

New generation has its own views on life. And the youth put priorities with accuracy on the contrary. Now the first place is fashionable things, cars, money, in general, material benefits. For many, it became more important to go and relax by drinking alcohol-containing drinks, rather than spend the evening with his family. Study moves to the background, and all possible entertainment for the first one. People began to forget the story, no longer remember the national heroes, and at the same time they completely forget values.

The problem is that the consciousness of the youth is missing, to realize the current critical situation, and take any actions, in their correction.

"I am a patriot", "I love Russia!", "Great Russia!" - Says our youth, continuing to drink, take drugs, smoke and swear. Thus, spits on all the exploits of the ancestors, on all their achievements and live life.

The question of patriotism is now very in a difficult position. The picture of a beautiful, believer and sincerely loving his country of the people is, but in reality? ... .. In reality, now in the youth environment there is a certain part of young men and girls who included patriotism into the system of their value orientations. Unfortunately, this part is not so significant as I would like. But the ice was drunk. And this is the most important thing.

This year, Russia will celebrate 200 years since the Patriotic War. Two hundred years ago Russian people won great victory Over foreign invaders, the "Great" Army of Napoleon crashed on the persistence of the Russian people, courage and courage of Russian troops.

The victory of Russia is not easy, this is an expression of adamant will and the limitless determination of all the peoples of Russia, which rose in 1812 to the Patriotic War in defense of the national independence of their homeland.

For Russia itself, the consequences of the Patriotic War were huge. No frost and not the space of Russia won Napoleon: he won the resistance of the Russian people. Patriotism of the Russian people, the courage of the soldiers of the army and the art of the commander, solid determination of Emperor Alexander 1 - these are the main reasons for the victory of Russia in Patriotic War 1812. To deny the role of spontaneous factors cannot, but they played a minor role.

The Russian people defended their right to an independent national existence and did it with such an indomitable will to victory, with such a true despising heroism, with such a lift of the spirit, like no other people in the then world.

I am grateful for the feat in the Patriotic War of 1812, for the victory over the enemy to all people and every person separately. They were a particle of huge strength. In the victory there is a share of everyone! They visited us life! Let me not "commander" in this life, but I will try to be worthy of my ancestors. They were one of the millions of people for whom the concept of patriotism was out of love for home, family, its corps, yard, street, city, country, homeland.

Without respect K. own historyTo the affairs and traditions of older generations it is impossible to grow morally healthy youth. Without the revival of national pride, national dignity is impossible to inspire people to high things.

Patriotism needs to be raised from the small years, to educate the spirit of ministry, unity, loyalty, honesty, disciplines. Only such people are honored and breed strong, legitimate, national authorities. Our business is the matter of the Russian state. To do this, it is necessary to live in the interests of the Motherland, a self-sacrificent service, the interests of the whole, to fight for the common blessing, and not for personal, all feelings and thoughts to subjugate the patriotic and state ministry of the homeland.

At the end of his article I want to quote the words of the great Russian writer Valentina Pikul, he said: "Let us respect our past, because we are all without it - like trees without roots. We will honor the sacred memory of people from the past time - with their difficult and challenging destiny. "

Grishaev Roman, Vice-Sergeant 7 Rotes 2 platoon

Leader - Goryachkin Lyudmila Nikolaevna, head-bibli