National culture in the process of globalization. Globalization and national-cultural identity
Since the 90s of the last century, the phenomenon of globalization became known to the most wide ranges of society, despite the fact that his first signs began to appear in the 50s. It is well known that after the end of World War II, a new global structure was formed. Two ideological camps appeared: the so-called communist, together with its military unit (the country of the Warsaw Treaty), and the so-called capitalist, which formed the North Atlantic Alliance. The rest of the countries, the so-called "Third World", were arena, at which a competition of two warrant camps was held, but they themselves did not play a significant role in global political processes. In other words, they were an object, and not the subject of world politics.
The capitalist unit, with liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200band an economy based on private property, was an open society and turned out to be more viable than the closed society, built on socio-communist principles of equality. Paradoxically, but the fact: the communist regime has changed the basic principles of Marxism and subordinate to the policies of the economy, while Open Society initially built its policy on the basis of economic processes. Based on the principles of economic utility, it became necessary to unite many countries in one force. First of all, economic integration was required that with necessity led to the creation of a single legal space, homogeneous political board and universalization of democratic values. A new European liberal-democratic project was created, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is the construction of the world with an independent, free person who does not recognize anything that is not comprehensible. The universe should be converted to rational way to become adapted for the life of anyone and every autonomous individual. The liberal project is the denial of everything already existing, including utopian ideas of communism, ethical ideas, ideas, naturally generated, etc., which are identified with a superstition. The implementation of this project made it possible to turn national corporations into transnational, which, in turn, demanded the creation of a global information field. This entailed the unprecedented flourishing in the field of mass communications, and, in particular, led to the emergence of a computer network. The Communist Soviet Empire has opposed to these processes, which has become the first victim of the globalization process.
After the destruction of the bipolar world, the world gradually became more homogeneous, and the difference between cultures began to mention as the main contradiction of modernity. Current processes are subject to reasoning many intellectuals, and two points of view can be distinguished, which represent the basic principles of different approaches. From the point of view of the modern American thinker F. Fukuyama, with the onset of the post-communist era there is an end of history. Fukuyam believes that world history has moved to a qualitatively new stage, on which a contradiction is shot as a driving force of history, and the modern world appears as a unified society. The leveling of national societies and the formation of the Unified World Community will foresee the end of history: there will be no significant changes after that. The story is no longer a field of collision of individual nations or states, cultures and ideologies. It will replace the universal and homogeneous state of humanity.
A different point of view develops the American thinker S. Huntington. In his opinion, at the present stage, the place of ideological contradictions occupy the contradictions of cultures (civilizations). The process of political homogenization of the world will cause civilizational conflicts. These different views unites what both author emphasize the existence (current) of globalization processes, but suggest various consequences and results resulting from them.
What qualities is characterized by globalization
The main characteristic of the process of globalization flowing in the modern world is the extrapolation of liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200bfor all regions without exception. This means that political, economic, legal, etc. Systems of all countries of the world become identical, and the interdependence of countries reaches unprecedented scale. So far, peoples and cultures have never been so dependent on each other. Problems arising from anywhere in the world are instantly reflected in the rest of the world. The process of globalization and homogenization is carried out to the creation of a single world community, which forms uniform rules, institutions and cultural values. There is a feeling of peace as a single place. The globalization process is characterized by the following main aspects: 1. Internationalization, which, first of all, is expressed in interdependence; 2. Liberalization, that is, the elimination of trade barriers, the mobility of investment and the development of integration processes; 3. Westernization - extrapolation of Western values \u200b\u200band technologies in all points of the world, and, finally, 4. Deterritation, which is expressed in activity that has a transnational scale, and reducing the importance of state borders.
The main novelty of globalization
Globalization can be called the Total integration process. Nevertheless, it is fundamentally different from all forms of integration that existed in world history earlier. Humanity has so far been familiar with two forms of integration: 1. A strong power of forcibly trying to "attach" other countries, and we can call such an integration form with coercion (strength). Thus, the empire was created. 2. Voluntary association of countries to achieve a common goal. We can call this form of integration by voluntary integration. In both cases, those territories on which integration was carried out were relatively small and did not reach the scale characteristic of the modern globalization process. Globalization is neither unification with military force (although military force can be used as auxiliary means) nor voluntary association. Its essence is fundamentally different: it is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bbenefits and material well-being. The transformation of national-state corporations into transnational, first of all, requires a uniform political and legal space in order to ensure the safety of capital. Globalization can be considered as the logical result of the new European liberal project, which is based on a censitive paradigm of the European culture of the new time, the most relief manifested itself at the end of the 20th century. The desire for the development of science and education, as well as the international nature of science and technology, helped the emergence of new technologies, which, in turn, made it possible to "reduce" the world. It is not by chance that the Earth has already been small for armed with modern technology of society, and efforts are aimed at mastering the cosmos.
At first glance, globalization is similar to Europeanization. But it is essentially different from her. Europeanization as a kind of cultural and paradigmatic process itself and in the value orientation of residents of the regions closest to Europe were considered as a sample of rules for organizing life. The rules of European life and their advantages had an impact on border crops, and not only with the help of economic influence or military force. Examples of Europeanization is the modernization of traditional societies, the desire for education, the saturation of everyday life of science and technology, European costume, etc. Although Europeanization raised to varying degrees only the country closest to Western Europe, namely, the countries of Eastern Europe and the forefish, including Turkey. As for the rest of the world, it will not be significantly affected by Europe. No country and culture, no region of the world shy away from globalization, i.e. Homogenization. But, although this process is irreversible, it has obvious and hidden opponents. Nevertheless, the country interested in globalization will not be afraid to apply force, examples of what the events occurred in Yugoslavia and Afghanistan.
Actors and opponents of globalization
Why do globalization have such tough resistance and protest against it? Are those who resist globalization, do not want about, peace and material well-being? Although all economically, financially and politically advanced countries are involved in the globalization process, the United States of America is still perceived as the patron of this process.
The United States after World War II is actively involved in global political processes. Conducting integrated policies integrated with Western European countries, America becomes one of the main restraining distribution of communism of factors. Starting from the 60s of the last century, the United States gradually becomes the global political leader. The implementation of the New Eurchateing Liberal Democratic Project was carried out in this country, which led to its military and economic achievement.
Even European countries were dependent on the United States. It became particularly explicit after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the modern world, the military political, economic and financial hegemony of America became apparent. The Americans believe that they are defenders of liberal values, and in this matter help and support to all interested countries, although it is in itself and is in contradiction with the spirit of the liberal project. Today there has been such a situation in the world that there is no strength that can compete with America. She has no worthy opponent who would threaten her security. The only thing that can seriously prevent America's interest is universal chaos, anarchy, in response to which a lightning reaction should be a lightning reaction, an example of which counterterrorist measures can serve. This undertaking of America as "steering globalization" is clearly and openly opposed Muslim countries. Hidden (in any case, not aggressive) Resistance is provided by Indian, Chinese and Japanese cultures. Various options, though compliant, but opposition demonstrate countries of Western Europe and Russia, as well as so-called. developing countries. These various forms of resistance are in accordance with the originality of cultures.
What are the opponents of globalization
Globalization processes meet various forms of resistance. Some of them have a political, some are economic, and some are general cultural content. Briefly describe every type.
The political aspect of resistance, first of all, is manifested against the background of the decomposition of national states and reducing the role of international institutions. The transformation of the essence of international policies is caused by the emergence of such global problems, which are the problems of human rights, ecology and weapons of mass destruction. For these reasons, the function and importance of traditional formed national states decreases. They are no longer able to conduct an independent policy. They are threatened with such a danger as ultral-state integration. As an example, one can cite a single Europe and domestic separatism as the form of resistance to this danger. With the illustrations of this last phenomenon of Abkhazia in Georgia, Basque Country in Spain, Olster in England, Quebec in Canada, Chechnya in Russia, etc.
The role and importance of the state during globalization decreases and in the aspect that a decrease in military security is carried out for the reason that the production of expensive weapons created by modern technology is impossible not only for underdeveloped countries, but also for those countries that are the standard of economic well-being. In addition, economic and environmental safety requires simultaneous and agreed actions of many countries. Global markets put the states on their knees. Transnational corporations have great financial opportunities than national states. Awareness of all this helps to reduce the devotion to national states and, consequently, to increase devotion to humanity. It is impossible not to take into account that technological and, especially, cultural uniformity undermines the foundations of the national state. The English researcher of the Soviet Union Strajnge allocates three state-related paradox during globalization times:
- increase the role of the government in Scandinavian countries,
- the desire for sovereignty and nationalism in these countries,
- the appearance of the so-called. "Asian Tigers", i.e. countries, in the conditions of non-liberal boring of the "economic miracle".
Economic arguments of opponents of globalization look like this. They believe that in this process, national governments lose control of the economy, and rich countries do not create warranties of social protection. Consequently, inequality is deepened, both in a particular country and between different countries. Anti-globalists believe that they comparador The bourgeoisie was sold to foreign capital and its desire for its own enrichment will lead to even greater impoverishment of the population. In other words, anti-globalists believe that economic globalization will lead to even greater enrichment of the rich and, accordingly, to the impoverishment of the poor.
As for the cultural opposition to globalization processes, it is more serious, and therefore requires special attention.
The role and importance of culture for man
What are countries opposed to globalization? After all, globalization, in its ideal version, is the eradication of poverty, world order, the eternal world and material well-being. What power makes man, peoples and countries to give up the above benefits?
The fact is that representatives of original crops, consciously or not, feel that the economic, political, legal and technological homogenizations will follow and side effects, which will, first of all, will cause changes in their traditions, culture and lifefriend. One of the essential needs of a person is its own belonging to anything, whether it is a social group, confession, political or sexual orientation, geographical range, etc.; Among these forms of identity, cultural identity is the main and comprehensive; It largely determines human mentality, psychology and life lifestyle in general. It is necessary to be an apologist of the "Conspiracy theory" to blame the United States that they developed such an ideology that intends to destroy the variety of cultures and languages, to make the world culturally homogeneous. Although it should be noted that those phenomena that accompany the components of globalization, indirectly cause changes in national cultures. First of all, this refers to the national language, to diminishing its meaning. Successful economic activity requires the implementation of timely information exchange in the same language; And in such a language in the case of globalization processes is English. A specific individual, society, ethnos, first of all self-identifies with the language, as with a pile of national culture; Therefore, disregard for them, even a decrease in the range of its propagation is perceived painfully. From the value position, the language is not only a means of transmitting the message, that is, a means of communication, but also the worldview and the worldview of the native of this language, the biography of the nation was recorded, there were ancestors on it and it is a model of the world. Language essence is an integral sign of the nation: There is no nationality without language. National consciousness is perceived as a living organism that requires a careful relationship and care. For loss of language follows the destruction of historical heredity, communication times, memory ... The language is the object of love, it is the axis of national culture, the object of respect, because native and is my property. Therefore, the National language is the most important phenomenon of culture. No culture without language; Language is permeated by all phenomena culture, for culture it is comprehensive. This means that the language is decisive not only for any particular, separately existing cultural environment, but if anything exists in culture, it has its design in the language. In other words, culture exists in the language, and the language is a way to exist culture.
Also consider or feel that globalization processes determine the gap of memory. Culture essence form of historical memory; She is a collective memory in which fixation takes place, the preservation and memorization of the lifestyle, social and spiritual experience of this society. Culture as a memory preserves not all that was created by the people, the carrier of this culture, and then. What objectively turned out to be valuable for her. If we take advantage of the analogy and understanding the importance and role of memory in the real life of a particular person, then we will become clearer and the importance of cultural memory in the life of the nation. Man, losing memory, loses his own biography, its own "I" and individual integrity; It exists physically, but does not have the past, present and future. He does not know who he is, for which there is, what he wants, etc. The role that the memory of the Individual is played in the historical life of society and the nation is performed by culture. The culture of the essence of the form of memory, which is transmitted through generation, and through which the cultural life of the nation retains continuity, sequence and unity. In biological organisms, this function performs gene structures: species populations are determined by genetic heredity, which is transmitted by blood. The social experience of people is transmitted to the subsequent generations not by blood, but by culture, and it is in this sense that the culture of the negative memory can be called.
The nation is aware of its unity, it has historical memory, through which its past is perceived as the basis of this and future. In the national self-consciousness, the connection of times is understandable as a single continuity, therefore contact is maintained even with distant ancestors: they and their acts are permanently present in the lives of contemporaries. A lifestyle that is determined by culture is considered not simply as an ordinary household factor, but as a significant conquest, to achieve a contribution to the diligence and labor of many generations.
For the national consciousness, its own life lifestyle is perceived not only as a kind, only inherent in the way of issuing life, but also as superiority in relation to other cultures. For national consciousness, the hardness of the culture and lifestyle is comprehended as overcoming the limb. Each representative of the nation sees overcoming its own empirical limb in the immortality of a national culture, where future generations will retain the way of life inherent in this culture, as contemporaries make it and how the ancestors did. A peculiar feeling that is constantly accompanied by the national identity, the consciousness of the identity of its own nation and its differences from other nations is called a national feeling. Representatives of one nation differ from representatives with another physical type, different and their customs, behavior type and household skills. In the process of historical development, the nation produces certain submissions and value orientation. Communication with another culture only enhances sympathy for its own nation. Consciousness of belonging to the nation means that a person is associated with it with the common nature that the fate and culture of the nation affects him that the nation itself lives and is implemented in it. He perceives the nation part of his "I"; Therefore, an insult to his own nation perceives as a personal insult, and the success of representatives of their nation and recognition by their others causes feelings of national pride. The person is so defined by the culture that the change is even in such a slight area of \u200b\u200bwhich cooking, the kitchen, the table is perceived very painfully (remember the history of the arrival of McDonalds corporations and Coca-Cola in Georgia). It must be said that "McDonalization" is used as a synonym for "globalization", not to mention the changes in traditions, religions, morality, art, everyday life, to which it leads. Obviously, traditional, non-generated societies are stronger than the processes of globalization, culture is historical memory for them, which, as obviously, is perceived by the native model of life decoration. Refusal of culture means gap memory and, therefore, cancellation of own identity. The continuity of culture for the national consciousness is aware or not, means denial of personal death and the rationale for immortality. Culture offers its carrier acceptable requirements for the procedure for behavior, values \u200b\u200band norms that are the basis of the mental equilibrium of the individual. But, it is worth a person to get into such a situation when various cultural systems are involved in his everyday life and when the social environment requires actions opposite to its culture standards, and often even excluding it, a person is still trying to preserve its cultural identity, although the environment and requires cultural adaptation. A situation in which a person or group of people is forced to fulfill the requirements of various cultural systems, which often oppose each other and exclude each other. All this causes the destruction of the integrity of consciousness and leads to the internal discomfort of the person or social group, which, in turn, is reflected in the behavior, which can be aggressive and express in nationalist, criminal, anticonduction actions of the personality as well as in depressive and melancholic moods.
Culture nature and types of resistance
We will try to analyze what factors determine the anti-globalist movements, or, otherwise, as various cultures refer to the process of creating a world society. Let's start with a culture that is the most tary opponent of globalization processes, namely from Muslim culture. In addition to those signs of which we talked above and, which are valuable and for them - traditions, language, values, mentality, lifestyle - in the minds of the individual or nation-carriers of this culture specific is the fact that globalization processes are perceived by them as the triumph of their traditional opponents - Christians. Each political, economic, cultural and, moreover, a military action is directed in their direction, perceived as a crusade. The historical memory of this culture for centuries was formed, mainly in confrontation with Christians, which determined the introduction of such a radical point in their sacred book, the Koran, which is expressed in the existence of a religious war - Jihad; Each of Muslims who gave life for faith is guaranteed to receive a place in paradise. Muslim culture did not subjected to the modernization of religion, and it is now the main part of it, the axis of culture, and, consequently, the evaluation of events is determined by the religious consciousness.
The peculiarity of the resistance is also showing representatives of the Orthodox - Slavic culture and their leader country, Russia. The attitude of Russia, as an already formerly superpower, to globalization processes, is very peculiar and comes from the heart of this culture. Russia has justified the pancalavist idea for centuries, dreaming to become the third Rome, but, unfortunately, Washington became such, and not Moscow. Russia's policy is clearly anti-globalist. She envies America, but today it does not have the power to resist her.
As for the countries of Western Europe, where the global idea was born, their situation is very dramatic. At first glance, they look in US partners in globalization processes, but it is obvious that their national dignity is poprably. It is trying to rehabilitate him in defense of the language and artistic culture. This is clearly noticeable with the close review of French, German and Italian cultures; Creating a new single currency can be interpreted in the same way. As for England, she satisfies their ambitions already that the language of the world becomes English as a result of globalization.
A more restrained opposition of globalization is manifested by representatives of Chinese culture; They, if it can be shattered, try to build a great Chinese wall on a modern manner. Changes Chinese culture is experiencing tragically. They believe that every change is even more from the cultural ideal of the Golden Age. Therefore, the Chinese are trying not to give in to the language, the conversation on which will move national values \u200b\u200bto the background. The Chinese, for example, avoid talking about human rights, thanks to which it seems to preserve identity. The explicit confrontation would be extra hassle, and the United States does not cause them to explicit confrontation, since international capital has not developed in this country; In addition, this country has nuclear weapons and, since the military space program has not yet been implemented, open confrontation with China will cause tangible damage to the national interests of America.
Indian culture and today does not betray the principles of the Buddhist worldview and, as if, is located aside from global processes. She is nor against; Yes, and no country-hegemon is trying to disturb her, as if sleeping baby.
Japan, on the basis of his unique experience, which is expressed in the peculiar synthesis of tradition and European values, believes that globalization will not be able to appeal the foundations of its culture, and tries to use globalization processes to strengthen their own traditions.
Globalization and culture
Essay picked up Ivanov Svetlana Anatolyevna, student 407 groups of evening branch
St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts
Faculty of "History of World Culture"
St. Petersburg, 2005
Introduction
Today, not a single country and any society social groups and individuals are not perceived as closed and self-sufficient phenomena. They are included in universal relationships and interactiveness.
Universal relationship, interdependence and relationships are the pattern of extremely complex and contradictory processes of globalization.
Globalization is a universal and multilateral process of cultural, ideological and economic integration of states, state associations, national and ethnic unities, which is a concomitant phenomenon of modern civilization.
Countries and peoples of the whole world exist in conditions of growing mutual influence. The accelerated pace of the development of civilization and the course of historical processes raised the question of the inevitability of global relationships, their deepening, strengthening and eliminating the isolation of countries and peoples.
Isolation from the world, the closure in its own framework was the ideal of the agricultural type society, for modern society, the type of man is characterized, everlasting the established boundaries and the new appearance, always movable primarily by renewal and change.
Subsequent historical processes predetermined an increasing rapprochement of peoples and countries. Such processes covered increasing space and caused general historical progress and a new phase of internationalization.
Today, globalization has become the process of building a new unity of the whole world, the leading direction of which is the intensive distribution of the economy, policies and cultures of developed countries in the diverse space of developing and backward countries. These large-scale processes occur, most advantage, voluntarily.
Universal globalization processes cause the necessary and deep changes in the rapprochement and interdeprise of peoples and states. This is followed by the process of rapprochement and unification of living standards and its quality.
The world is united to solve interstate or local regional problems. Refrigerates and integration are accompanied by processes that may be dangerous to the identity of small peoples and nationalities. It refers to the establishment of the standards and standards that still remain problematic for the highly developed countries. Rough transplantation of norms and values \u200b\u200bin a public organism may be destructive.
Concept - culture
Culture - a historically defined level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the lives and activities of people. The concept of culture is used to characterize the material and spiritual level of development of certain historical eras, socio-economic formations, specific societies, nationals and nations (for example, antique culture, Culture of Maya), as well as specific areas of activity or life (labor culture, artistic culture, culture life). In a narrower sense, the term "culture" belongs only to the sphere of the spiritual life of people. In the ordinary consciousness "Culture" acts as a collective image, uniting art, religion, science, etc.
The cultural science also uses the concept of culture, which reveals the essence of human existence as the implementation of creativity and freedom. It is culture that distinguishes a person from all other beings.
The concept of culture is denoted by a universal attitude of a person to the world, through which a person creates the world and himself. Each culture is a unique universe created by a certain human attitude to peace and to itself. In other words, studying various cultures, we are studying not just books, cathedrals or archaeological finds, - we open our other human worlds in which people and lived, and felt differently than we.
Each culture is a way of creative human self-realization. Therefore, the comprehension of other crops enriches us not only by new knowledge, but also new creative experience. It includes not only the subject results of the activities of people (cars, technical facilities, the results of knowledge, works of art, norms of law and morality, etc.), but also subjective human forces and abilities implemented in activities (knowledge and skills, production and professional skills, the level of intellectual, aesthetic and moral development, worldview, methods and forms of mutual communication of people within the team and society).
Due to the fact that a person, by its nature, the creature is spiritual and material, it consumes both material and spiritual means. To meet the material needs, it creates and consumes food, clothing, dwellings, creates equipment, materials, buildings, roads, etc. To meet spiritual needs, it creates spiritual values, moral and aesthetic ideals, political, ideological, religious ideals, science and art. Therefore, human activity applies to all channels of both material and spiritual culture. Therefore, a person can be considered as the original system-forming factor in the development of culture. A person creates and uses the world of things and the world of ideas that revolves around him; And his role Creator Culture. Man creates culture, reproduces and uses it as a means for its own development.
Thus, culture is all material and intangible products of human activity, values \u200b\u200band recognized ways of behavior, objectified and adopted in any communities transmitted by other communities and subsequent generations.
Globalization and national cultures
Culture, since it is a product of human activity, can not exist outside the community of people. These communities are a subject of culture, it is its creator and carrier.
The nation creates and retains its culture as a symbol of implementing its right. The nation, as a cultural reality, manifests itself in different areas, which are custom, the focus of will, value orientation, language, writing, art, poetry, proceedings, religion, etc. The nation must see its highest function in the existence of a nation as such. She must always take care of the strengthening of the sovereignty of the state.
The preservation of originality and its strengthening is mainly depends on the activity of the internal forces and from identifying the national internal energy. The culture of community is not a simple amount of cultures of individual individuals, it is superfluid and represents a combination of values, creative products and standards for the behavior of human community. Culture is the only force forming a person as a member of generality.
The culture of preservation of national features becomes richer if it interacts with many people in the world.
Personal freedom, high level of social cohesion, social solidarity, etc. - these are the main values \u200b\u200bthat ensure the viability of any small peoples and implement national aspirations and ideals.
Globalization puts forward the ideal of "global legal statehood", which inevitably raises the issue of expanding funds for the restriction of state sovereignty. This is a fundamental negative trend of globalization. In these cases, underdeveloped countries with historically traditional culture can only find a place among the suppliers of raw materials or become the market. They can stay without their own national economy and without modern technology.
A person is the only creature in the universe, which not only contemplates it, but also its active activity is interested in the appropriate transformation of her and himself. He is the only reasonable creature capable of reflection, to thinking over his birth. A person is not indifferent and is not indifferent to existence, he always chooses between different capabilities, guided by the desire to improve its existence and his life. The main feature of a person is that it is a personality that is a member of a certain commonality, with his volitional purposeful behavior and which acts seeks to meet their needs and interests. The ability to create a culture and there is a guarantee of human being and its fundamental characterizing a sign.
In the famous formulation of Franklin: "A person is an animal that creates tools" - emphasizes the fact that a person is characteristic of activity, work, creativity. At the same time, he represents a set of all public relations (K. Marx), in which people enter the process of social activities. The result of such activities is society and culture.
Public life is, first of all, intellectual, moral, economic and religious life. It covers all the features of the collaboration of people. "The Society implies a relationship system that connects individuals belonging to the general culture," said E. Hyddens. No culture can exist without society, but also no society can exist without culture. We would not be "people" in the full sense, which is usually invested in this term. We would not have a language to express ourselves, would not have a self-awareness, and our ability to think and reason would be strongly limited ... "
In value, generalized goals and means of their achievement are always pronounced. They play the role of fundamental norms that ensure the integration of society, help individuals to carry out a socially appreciated choice of their behavior in vital situations, including the choice between the specific goals of rational actions. Values \u200b\u200bare social indicators of the quality of life, and the value system forms the inner rod of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. The system of values, in turn, has an opposite effect on social interests and needs, speaking one of the most important incentives of social action, behavior of individuals.
In the culture of each community, certain valuables systems and the corresponding hierarchy are adopted. The world of human values \u200b\u200baffected by stormy variables has become very volatile and contradictory. The crisis of the value system means not their total destruction, but the change in their internal structures. Cultural values \u200b\u200bdid not died, but they became others in their rank. In any perspective, the appearance of a new element entails a shuffling of all other elements of the hierarchy.
Moral values \u200b\u200band norms are very important phenomena in the life of an individual and society. It is through these categories that the life of individuals and society is regulated. And values, and norms "woven" to society. At the same time, compliance with the norms is not only their external function. In accordance with the group norms, the individual considers himself.
The awakening of the national self-consciousness, which is observed in today's reality, testifies to the unnaturalness of the merger of nations, on the inconsistency of its nature of man.
In the meantime, some thinkers are concerned about the future of humanity in conditions of enhanced civilization and globalization. "Our XX century was, maybe the most dramatic in the history of mankind from the point of view of fate of people, peoples, ideas, social systems and civilizations, - A.A. notes Zinoviev, - ... It was, maybe the last human age. "
The beginning of the globalization process
Since the 90s of the last century, the phenomenon of globalization became known to the widest ranges of society, despite the fact that his first signs began to appear in the 50s. After the end of World War II, a new global structure was formed. Two ideological camps appeared: the so-called communist, together with its military unit (the country of the Warsaw Treaty), and the so-called capitalist, which formed the North Atlantic Alliance. The rest of the countries, the so-called "Third World", were arena, at which a competition of two warrant camps was held, but they themselves did not play a significant role in global political processes.
The capitalist unit, with liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200band an economy based on private property, was an open society and turned out to be more viable than the closed society, built on socio-communist principles of equality. Paradoxically, but the fact: the communist regime has changed the basic principles of Marxism and subordinate to the policies of the economy, while Open Society initially built its policy on the basis of economic processes.
Based on the principles of economic utility, it became necessary to unite many countries in one force. First of all, economic integration was required that with necessity led to the creation of a single legal space, homogeneous political board and universalization of democratic values. A new European liberal-democratic project was created, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is the construction of the world with an independent, free person who does not recognize anything that is not comprehensible. The universe should be converted to rational way to become adapted for the life of anyone and every autonomous individual. The liberal project is the denial of everything already existing, including the utopian ideas of communism, ethical ideas, ideas that are identified with a superstition. The implementation of this project made it possible to turn national corporations into transnational, which, in turn, demanded the creation of a global information field. This entailed the unprecedented flourishing in the field of mass communications, and, in particular, led to the emergence of a computer network. The Communist Soviet Empire has opposed to these processes, which has become the first victim of the globalization process.
After the destruction of the bipolar world, the world gradually became more homogeneous, and the difference between cultures began to mention as the main contradiction of modernity. Current processes are subject to reasoning many intellectuals, and two points of view can be distinguished, which represent the basic principles of different approaches. From the point of view of the modern American thinker F. Fukuyama, with the onset of the post-communist era there is an end of history. Fukuyam believes that world history has moved to a qualitatively new stage, on which a contradiction is shot as a driving force of history, and the modern world appears as a unified society. The leveling of national societies and the formation of the Unified World Community will foresee the end of history: there will be no significant changes after that. The story is no longer a field of collision of individual nations or states, cultures and ideologies. It will replace the universal and homogeneous state of humanity.
A different point of view develops the American thinker S. Huntington. In his opinion, at the present stage, the place of ideological contradictions occupy the contradictions of cultures (civilizations). The process of political homogenization of the world will cause civilizational conflicts. These different views unites what both author emphasize the existence (current) of globalization processes, but suggest various consequences and results resulting from them.
What qualities is characterized by globalization
The main characteristic of the process of globalization flowing in the modern world is the extrapolation of liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200bfor all regions without exception. This means that political, economic, legal, etc. Systems of all countries of the world become identical, and the interdependence of countries reaches unprecedented scale. So far, peoples and cultures have never been so dependent on each other. Problems arising from anywhere in the world are instantly reflected in the rest of the world. The process of globalization and homogenization is carried out to the creation of a single world community, which forms uniform rules, institutions and cultural values. There is a feeling of peace as a single place.
The globalization process is characterized by the following main aspects:
1. internationalization, which, first of all, is expressed in interdependence;
2. Liberalization, that is, the elimination of trade barriers, the mobility of investment and the development of integration processes;
3. Westernization - extrapolation of Western values \u200b\u200band technologies in all points of the world;
4. Deterritation, which is expressed in activity that has a transnational scale, and reducing the significance of state borders.
Globalization can be called the Total integration process. Nevertheless, it is fundamentally different from all forms of integration that existed in world history earlier.
Humanity has so far been familiar with two integration forms:
1. A strong power is forcibly trying to "attach" other countries, and we can call such an integration form by integration by coercion (strength). Thus, the empire was created.
2. Voluntary association of countries to achieve a common goal. This is a voluntary form of integration.
In both cases, those territories on which integration was carried out were relatively small and did not reach the scale characteristic of the modern globalization process.
Globalization is neither unification with military force (although military force can be used as auxiliary means) nor voluntary association. Its essence is fundamentally different: it is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bbenefits and material well-being. The transformation of national-state corporations into transnational, first of all, requires a uniform political and legal space in order to ensure the safety of capital. Globalization can be considered as the logical result of the new European liberal project, which is based on a censitive paradigm of the European culture of the new time, the most relief manifested itself at the end of the 20th century. The desire for the development of science and education, as well as the international nature of science and technology, helped the emergence of new technologies, which, in turn, made it possible to "reduce" the world. It is not by chance that the Earth has already been small for armed with modern technology of society, and efforts are aimed at mastering the cosmos.
At first glance, globalization is similar to Europeanization. But it is essentially different from her. Europeanization as a kind of cultural and paradigmatic process itself and in the value orientation of residents of the regions closest to Europe were considered as a sample of rules for organizing life. The rules of European life and their advantages had an impact on border crops, and not only with the help of economic influence or military force. Examples of Europeanization is the modernization of traditional societies, the desire for education, the saturation of everyday life of science and technology, European costume, etc. Although Europeanization raised to varying degrees only the country closest to Western Europe, namely, the countries of Eastern Europe and the forefish, including Turkey. As for the rest of the world, it will not be significantly affected by Europe. No country and culture, no region of the world shy away from globalization, i.e. Homogenization. But, although this process is irreversible, it has obvious and hidden opponents. Nevertheless, the country interested in globalization will not be afraid to apply force, examples of what the events occurred in Yugoslavia and Afghanistan.
Why do globalization have such tough resistance and protest against it? Are those who resist globalization, do not want about, peace and material well-being? Although all economically, financially and politically advanced countries are involved in the globalization process, the United States of America is still perceived as the patron of this process.
The United States after World War II is actively involved in global political processes. Conducting integrated policies integrated with Western European countries, America becomes one of the main restraining distribution of communism of factors. Starting from the 60s of the last century, the United States gradually becomes the global political leader. The implementation of the New Eurchateing Liberal Democratic Project was carried out in this country, which led to its military and economic achievement.
Even European countries were dependent on the United States. It became particularly explicit after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In the modern world, the military political, economic and financial hegemony of America became apparent.
The Americans believe that they are defenders of liberal values, and in this matter help and support to all interested countries, although it is in itself and is in contradiction with the spirit of the liberal project.
Today there has been such a situation in the world that there is no strength that can compete with America. She has no worthy opponent who would threaten her security. The only thing that can seriously prevent America's interest is universal chaos, anarchy, in response to which a lightning reaction should be a lightning reaction, an example of which counterterrorist measures can serve. This undertaking of America as "steering globalization" is clearly and openly opposed Muslim countries. Hidden (in any case, not aggressive) Resistance is provided by Indian, Chinese and Japanese cultures. Various options, though compliant, but opposition demonstrate countries of Western Europe and Russia, as well as so-called. developing countries. These various forms of resistance are in accordance with the originality of cultures.
Culture nature and types of resistance
I will try to analyze how different cultures refer to the process of creating a world society. I will start with the culture that is the most tary opponent of globalization processes, namely from Muslim culture. In addition to those signs mentioned above and, which are valuable and for them - traditions, language, values, mentality, lifestyle - in the minds of the individual or peoples of this culture specific is the fact that globalization processes are perceived by them as the triumph of their traditional opponents - Christian. Each political, economic, cultural and, moreover, a military action is directed in their direction, perceived as a crusade. The historical memory of this culture for centuries was formed, mainly in confrontation with Christians, which determined the introduction of such a radical point in their sacred book, the Koran, which is expressed in the existence of a religious war - Jihad; Each of Muslims who gave life for faith is guaranteed to receive a place in paradise. Muslim culture did not subjected to the modernization of religion, and she is now the main part of it, the axis of culture, and, consequently, the evaluation of events is determined by the religious consciousness.
The peculiarity of the resistance is also showing representatives of the Orthodox - Slavic culture and their leader country, Russia. The attitude of Russia, as an already formerly superpower, to globalization processes, is very peculiar and comes from the heart of this culture. Russia has justified the pancalavist idea for centuries, dreaming to become the third Rome, but, unfortunately, Washington became such, and not Moscow. Russia's policy is clearly anti-globalist. She envies America, but today it does not have the power to resist her.
As for the countries of Western Europe, where the global idea was born, their situation is very dramatic. At first glance, they look in US partners in globalization processes, but it is obvious that their national dignity is poprably. It is trying to rehabilitate in defense of the language and artistic culture. This is clearly noticeable with the close review of French, German and Italian cultures; Creating a new single currency can be interpreted in the same way. As for England, she satisfies their ambitions already that the language of the world becomes English as a result of globalization.
A more restrained opposition of globalization is manifested by representatives of Chinese culture; They, if it can be shattered, try to build a great Chinese wall on a modern manner. Changes Chinese culture is experiencing tragically. They believe that every change is even more from the cultural ideal of the Golden Age. Therefore, the Chinese are trying not to give in to the language, the conversation on which will move national values \u200b\u200bto the background. The Chinese, for example, avoid talking about human rights, thanks to which it seems to preserve identity. The explicit confrontation would be extra hassle, and the United States does not cause them to explicit confrontation, since international capital has not developed in this country; In addition, this country has nuclear weapons and, since the military space program has not yet been implemented, open confrontation with China will cause tangible damage to the national interests of America.
Indian culture and today does not betray the principles of the Buddhist worldview and, as if, is located aside from global processes. She is nor against; Yes, and no country-hegemon is trying to disturb her, as if sleeping baby.
Japan, on the basis of his unique experience, which is expressed in the peculiar synthesis of tradition and European values, believes that globalization will not be able to appeal the foundations of its culture, and tries to use globalization processes to strengthen their own traditions.
What are the opponents of globalization
Globalization processes meet various forms of resistance. Some of them have a political, some are economic, and some are general cultural content.
The political aspect of resistance, first of all, is manifested against the background of the decomposition of national states and reducing the role of international institutions. The transformation of the essence of international policies is caused by the emergence of such global problems, which are the problems of human rights, ecology and weapons of mass destruction. For these reasons, the function and importance of traditional formed national states decreases. They are no longer able to conduct an independent policy. They are threatened with such a danger as ultral-state integration. As an example, one can cite a single Europe and domestic separatism as the form of resistance to this danger. With the illustrations of this last phenomenon of Abkhazia in Georgia, Basque Country in Spain, Olster in England, Quebec in Canada, Chechnya in Russia, etc.
The role and importance of the state during globalization decreases and in the aspect that a decrease in military security is carried out for the reason that the production of expensive weapons created by modern technology is impossible not only for underdeveloped countries, but also for those countries that are the standard of economic well-being.
In addition, economic and environmental safety requires simultaneous and agreed actions of many countries. Global markets put the states on their knees. Transnational corporations have great financial opportunities than national states. Awareness of all this helps to reduce the devotion to national states and, consequently, to increase devotion to humanity. It is impossible not to take into account that technological and, especially, cultural uniformity undermines the foundations of the national state.
Economic arguments of opponents of globalization look like this. They believe that in this process, national governments lose control of the economy, and rich countries do not create warranties of social protection. Consequently, inequality is deepened, both in a particular country and between different countries. Anti-globalists believe that their comparador bourgeoisie was sold to foreign capital and its desire for his own enrichment will lead to even greater impoverishment of the population. In other words, anti-globalists believe that economic globalization will lead to even greater enrichment of the rich and, accordingly, to the impoverishment of the poor.
As for the cultural opposition to globalization processes, it is more serious, and therefore requires special attention.
The role and importance of culture for man
What are countries opposed to globalization? After all, globalization, in its ideal version, is the eradication of poverty, world order, the eternal world and material well-being. What power makes man, peoples and countries to give up the above benefits?
The fact is that representatives of original crops, consciously or not, feel that the economic, political, legal and technological homogenizations will follow and side effects, which will, first of all, will cause changes in their traditions, culture and lifefriend. One of the essential needs of a person is its own belonging to anything, whether it is a social group, confession, political or sexual orientation, geographical range, etc.; Among these forms of identity, cultural identity is the main and comprehensive; It largely determines human mentality, psychology and life lifestyle in general. It is necessary to be an apologist of the "Conspiracy theory" to blame the United States that they developed such an ideology that intends to destroy the variety of cultures and languages, to make the world culturally homogeneous. Although it should be noted that those phenomena that accompany the components of globalization, indirectly cause changes in national cultures.
First of all, this refers to the national language, to diminishing its meaning. Successful economic activity requires the implementation of timely information exchange in the same language; And in such a language in the case of globalization processes is English. A specific individual, society, ethnos, first of all self-identifies with the language, as with a pile of national culture; Therefore, disregard for them, even a decrease in the range of its propagation is perceived painfully. From the value position, the language is not only a means of transmitting the message, that is, a means of communication, but also the worldview and the worldview of the native of this language, the biography of the nation was recorded, there were ancestors on it and it is a model of the world. Language essence is an integral sign of the nation: There is no nationality without language. National consciousness is perceived as a living organism that requires a careful relationship and care. For loss of language follows the destruction of historical heredity, communication times, memory ... language is an object of love, it is the axis of national culture, the object of respect, because native and property. Therefore, the National language is the most important phenomenon of culture. No culture without language; Language is permeated by all phenomena culture, for culture it is comprehensive. This means that the language is decisive not only for any particular, separately existing cultural environment, but if anything exists in culture, it has its design in the language. In other words, culture exists in the language, and the language is a way to exist culture.
Also believe that globalization processes determine the memory break. Culture essence form of historical memory; She is a collective memory in which fixation takes place, the preservation and memorization of the lifestyle, social and spiritual experience of this society. Culture as a memory preserves not all that was created by the people, the carrier of this culture, and then. What objectively turned out to be valuable for her. If we take advantage of the analogy and understanding the importance and role of memory in the real life of a particular person, then we will become clearer and the importance of cultural memory in the life of the nation. Man, losing memory, loses his own biography, its own "I" and individual integrity; It exists physically, but does not have the past, present and future. He does not know who he is, for which there is, what he wants, etc. The role that the memory of the Individual is played in the historical life of society and the nation is performed by culture. The culture of the essence of the form of memory, which is transmitted through generation, and through which the cultural life of the nation retains continuity, sequence and unity. In biological organisms, this function performs gene structures: species populations are determined by genetic heredity, which is transmitted by blood. The social experience of people is transmitted to the subsequent generations not by blood, but by culture, and it is in this sense that the culture of the negative memory can be called.
The nation is aware of its unity, it has historical memory, through which its past is perceived as the basis of this and future. In the national self-consciousness, the connection of times is understandable as a single continuity, therefore contact is maintained even with distant ancestors: they and their acts are permanently present in the lives of contemporaries. A lifestyle that is determined by culture is considered not simply as an ordinary household factor, but as a significant conquest, to achieve a contribution to the diligence and labor of many generations.
For the national consciousness, its own life lifestyle is perceived not only as a kind, only inherent in the way of issuing life, but also as superiority in relation to other cultures. For national consciousness, the hardness of the culture and lifestyle is comprehended as overcoming the limb. Each representative of the nation sees overcoming its own empirical limb in the immortality of a national culture, where future generations will retain the way of life inherent in this culture, as contemporaries make it and how the ancestors did. A peculiar feeling that is constantly accompanied by the national identity, the consciousness of the identity of its own nation and its differences from other nations is called a national feeling. Representatives of one nation differ from representatives with another physical type, different and their customs, behavior type and household skills. In the process of historical development, the nation produces certain submissions and value orientation.
Communication with another culture only enhances sympathy for its own nation. Consciousness of belonging to the nation means that a person is associated with it with the common nature that the fate and culture of the nation affects him that the nation itself lives and is implemented in it. He perceives the nation part of his "I"; Therefore, an insult to his own nation perceives as a personal insult, and the success of representatives of their nation and recognition by their others causes feelings of national pride. The person is so defined by the culture that the change even in such a small sphere is the cooking, the kitchen, the table is perceived very painfully (remember the history of the arrival of McDonald's corporations and Coca-Cola). It must be said that "McDonalization" is used as a synonym for "globalization", not to mention the changes in traditions, religions, morality, art, everyday life, to which it leads.
Obviously, traditional, non-generated societies are stronger than the processes of globalization, culture is historical memory for them, which, as obviously, is perceived by the native model of life decoration.
Refusal of culture means gap memory and, therefore, cancellation of own identity. The continuity of culture for the national consciousness is aware or not, means denial of personal death and the rationale for immortality. Culture offers its carrier acceptable requirements for the procedure for behavior, values \u200b\u200band norms that are the basis of the mental equilibrium of the individual. But, it is worth a person to get into such a situation when various cultural systems are involved in his everyday life and when the social environment requires actions opposite to its culture standards, and often even excluding it, a person is still trying to preserve its cultural identity, although the environment and requires cultural adaptation. A situation in which a person or group of people is forced to fulfill the requirements of various cultural systems, which often oppose each other and exclude each other. All this causes the destruction of the integrity of consciousness and leads to the internal discomfort of the person or social group, which, in turn, is reflected in the behavior, which can be aggressive and express in nationalist, criminal, anticonduction actions of the personality as well as in depressive and melancholic moods.
Bibliography
1. Mauba Lyubava Mihaylovna, K. Filos., Prof., Software Software for the culture of UNESCO Bureau in Moscow.
Department of UNESCO for comparative studies of spiritual traditions, the specifics of their cultures and interreligious dialogue. The massociation of the development of information technology in the education "Internet Society" held a virtual round table, held within the framework of the early International Philosophical Congress "Dynamics of value orientations in modern culture: optimality In extreme conditions. "
2. Round table III
Fundamental problems of globalization in local contexts
The Internet version of the Round Table was held on the educational portal of Auditorium.ru from August 1, 2004 to December 1, 2004.
3. Cassirer E. Experience of man: Introduction to the philosophy of human culture // In the book: The problem of man in Western philosophy. M., "Progress", 1988. P. 9.
4. Hyddens E. Sociology. M., 1999. P. 43.
5. Chavchavadze N.Z. Culture and values. TB., 1984. P. 36.
6. Ortega-I-Gasset H. New symptoms // In the book: The problem of man in Western philosophy. P. 206.
Essay picked up Ivanov Svetlana Anatolyevna, student 407 groups of evening branch
St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts
Faculty of "History of World Culture"
St. Petersburg, 2005
Introduction
Today, not a single country and any society social groups and individuals are not perceived as closed and self-sufficient phenomena. They are included in universal relationships and interactiveness.
Universal relationship, interdependence and relationships are the pattern of extremely complex and contradictory processes of globalization.
Globalization is a universal and multilateral process of cultural, ideological and economic integration of states, state associations, national and ethnic unities, which is a concomitant phenomenon of modern civilization.
Countries and peoples of the whole world exist in conditions of growing mutual influence. The accelerated pace of the development of civilization and the course of historical processes raised the question of the inevitability of global relationships, their deepening, strengthening and eliminating the isolation of countries and peoples.
Isolation from the world, the closure in its own framework was the ideal of the agricultural type society, for modern society, the type of man is characterized, everlasting the established boundaries and the new appearance, always movable primarily by renewal and change.
Subsequent historical processes predetermined an increasing rapprochement of peoples and countries. Such processes covered increasing space and caused general historical progress and a new phase of internationalization.
Today, globalization has become the process of building a new unity of the whole world, the leading direction of which is the intensive distribution of the economy, policies and cultures of developed countries in the diverse space of developing and backward countries. These large-scale processes occur, most advantage, voluntarily.
Universal globalization processes cause the necessary and deep changes in the rapprochement and interdeprise of peoples and states. This is followed by the process of rapprochement and unification of living standards and its quality.
The world is united to solve interstate or local regional problems. Refrigerates and integration are accompanied by processes that may be dangerous to the identity of small peoples and nationalities. It refers to the establishment of the standards and standards that still remain problematic for the highly developed countries. Rough transplantation of norms and values \u200b\u200bin a public organism may be destructive.
Concept - culture
Culture - a historically defined level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the lives and activities of people. The concept of culture is used to characterize the material and spiritual level of development of certain historical eras, socio-economic formations, specific societies, nationals and nations (for example, antique culture, Culture of Maya), as well as specific areas of activity or life (labor culture, artistic culture, culture life). In a narrower sense, the term "culture" belongs only to the sphere of the spiritual life of people. In the ordinary consciousness "Culture" acts as a collective image, uniting art, religion, science, etc.
The cultural science also uses the concept of culture, which reveals the essence of human existence as the implementation of creativity and freedom. It is culture that distinguishes a person from all other beings.
The concept of culture is denoted by a universal attitude of a person to the world, through which a person creates the world and himself. Each culture is a unique universe created by a certain human attitude to peace and to itself. In other words, studying various cultures, we are studying not just books, cathedrals or archaeological finds, - we open our other human worlds in which people and lived, and felt differently than we.
Each culture is a way of creative human self-realization. Therefore, the comprehension of other crops enriches us not only by new knowledge, but also new creative experience. It includes not only the subject results of the activities of people (cars, technical facilities, the results of knowledge, works of art, norms of law and morality, etc.), but also subjective human forces and abilities implemented in activities (knowledge and skills, production and professional skills, the level of intellectual, aesthetic and moral development, worldview, methods and forms of mutual communication of people within the team and society).
Due to the fact that a person, by its nature, the creature is spiritual and material, it consumes both material and spiritual means. To meet the material needs, it creates and consumes food, clothing, dwellings, creates equipment, materials, buildings, roads, etc. To meet spiritual needs, it creates spiritual values, moral and aesthetic ideals, political, ideological, religious ideals, science and art. Therefore, human activity applies to all channels of both material and spiritual culture. Therefore, a person can be considered as the original system-forming factor in the development of culture. A person creates and uses the world of things and the world of ideas that revolves around him; And his role Creator Culture. Man creates culture, reproduces and uses it as a means for its own development.
Thus, culture is all material and intangible products of human activity, values \u200b\u200band recognized ways of behavior, objectified and adopted in any communities transmitted by other communities and subsequent generations.
Globalization and national cultures
Culture, since it is a product of human activity, can not exist outside the community of people. These communities are a subject of culture, it is its creator and carrier.
The nation creates and retains its culture as a symbol of implementing its right. The nation, as a cultural reality, manifests itself in different areas, which are custom, the focus of will, value orientation, language, writing, art, poetry, proceedings, religion, etc. The nation must see its highest function in the existence of a nation as such. She must always take care of the strengthening of the sovereignty of the state.
The preservation of originality and its strengthening is mainly depends on the activity of the internal forces and from identifying the national internal energy. The culture of community is not a simple amount of cultures of individual individuals, it is superfluid and represents a combination of values, creative products and standards for the behavior of human community. Culture is the only force forming a person as a member of generality.
The culture of preservation of national features becomes richer if it interacts with many people in the world.
Personal freedom, high level of social cohesion, social solidarity, etc. - these are the main values \u200b\u200bthat ensure the viability of any small peoples and implement national aspirations and ideals.
Globalization puts forward the ideal of "global legal statehood", which inevitably raises the issue of expanding funds for the restriction of state sovereignty. This is a fundamental negative trend of globalization. In these cases, underdeveloped countries with historically traditional culture can only find a place among the suppliers of raw materials or become the market. They can stay without their own national economy and without modern technology.
A person is the only creature in the universe, which not only contemplates it, but also its active activity is interested in the appropriate transformation of her and himself. He is the only reasonable creature capable of reflection, to thinking over his birth. A person is not indifferent and is not indifferent to existence, he always chooses between different capabilities, guided by the desire to improve its existence and his life. The main feature of a person is that it is a personality that is a member of a certain commonality, with his volitional purposeful behavior and which acts seeks to meet their needs and interests. The ability to create a culture and there is a guarantee of human being and its fundamental characterizing a sign.
In the famous formulation of Franklin: "A person is an animal that creates tools" - emphasizes the fact that a person is characteristic of activity, work, creativity. At the same time, he represents a set of all public relations (K. Marx), in which people enter the process of social activities. The result of such activities is society and culture.
Public life is, first of all, intellectual, moral, economic and religious life. It covers all the features of the collaboration of people. "The Society implies a relationship system that connects individuals belonging to the general culture," said E. Hyddens. No culture can exist without society, but also no society can exist without culture. We would not be "people" in the full sense, which is usually invested in this term. We would not have a language to express ourselves, would not have a self-awareness, and our ability to think and reason would be strongly limited ... "
In value, generalized goals and means of their achievement are always pronounced. They play the role of fundamental norms that ensure the integration of society, help individuals to carry out a socially appreciated choice of their behavior in vital situations, including the choice between the specific goals of rational actions. Values \u200b\u200bare social indicators of the quality of life, and the value system forms the inner rod of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. The system of values, in turn, has an opposite effect on social interests and needs, speaking one of the most important incentives of social action, behavior of individuals.
In the culture of each community, certain valuables systems and the corresponding hierarchy are adopted. The world of human values \u200b\u200baffected by stormy variables has become very volatile and contradictory. The crisis of the value system means not their total destruction, but the change in their internal structures. Cultural values \u200b\u200bdid not died, but they became others in their rank. In any perspective, the appearance of a new element entails a shuffling of all other elements of the hierarchy.
Moral values \u200b\u200band norms are very important phenomena in the life of an individual and society. It is through these categories that the life of individuals and society is regulated. And values, and norms "woven" to society. At the same time, compliance with the norms is not only their external function. In accordance with the group norms, the individual considers himself.
The awakening of the national self-consciousness, which is observed in today's reality, testifies to the unnaturalness of the merger of nations, on the inconsistency of its nature of man.
In the meantime, some thinkers are concerned about the future of humanity in conditions of enhanced civilization and globalization. "Our XX century was, maybe the most dramatic in the history of mankind from the point of view of fate of people, peoples, ideas, social systems and civilizations, - A.A. notes Zinoviev, - ... It was, maybe the last human age. "
The beginning of the globalization process
Since the 90s of the last century, the phenomenon of globalization became known to the widest ranges of society, despite the fact that his first signs began to appear in the 50s. After the end of World War II, a new global structure was formed. Two ideological camps appeared: the so-called communist, together with its military unit (the country of the Warsaw Treaty), and the so-called capitalist, which formed the North Atlantic Alliance. The rest of the countries, the so-called "Third World", were arena, at which a competition of two warrant camps was held, but they themselves did not play a significant role in global political processes.
The capitalist unit, with liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200band an economy based on private property, was an open society and turned out to be more viable than the closed society, built on socio-communist principles of equality. Paradoxically, but the fact: the communist regime has changed the basic principles of Marxism and subordinate to the policies of the economy, while Open Society initially built its policy on the basis of economic processes.
Based on the principles of economic utility, it became necessary to unite many countries in one force. First of all, economic integration was required that with necessity led to the creation of a single legal space, homogeneous political board and universalization of democratic values. A new European liberal-democratic project was created, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is the construction of the world with an independent, free person who does not recognize anything that is not comprehensible. The universe should be converted to rational way to become adapted for the life of anyone and every autonomous individual. The liberal project is the denial of everything already existing, including the utopian ideas of communism, ethical ideas, ideas that are identified with a superstition. The implementation of this project made it possible to turn national corporations into transnational, which, in turn, demanded the creation of a global information field. This entailed the unprecedented flourishing in the field of mass communications, and, in particular, led to the emergence of a computer network. The Communist Soviet Empire has opposed to these processes, which has become the first victim of the globalization process.
After the destruction of the bipolar world, the world gradually became more homogeneous, and the difference between cultures began to mention as the main contradiction of modernity. Current processes are subject to reasoning many intellectuals, and two points of view can be distinguished, which represent the basic principles of different approaches. From the point of view of the modern American thinker F. Fukuyama, with the onset of the post-communist era there is an end of history. Fukuyam believes that world history has moved to a qualitatively new stage, on which a contradiction is shot as a driving force of history, and the modern world appears as a unified society. The leveling of national societies and the formation of the Unified World Community will foresee the end of history: there will be no significant changes after that. The story is no longer a field of collision of individual nations or states, cultures and ideologies. It will replace the universal and homogeneous state of humanity.
A different point of view develops the American thinker S. Huntington. In his opinion, at the present stage, the place of ideological contradictions occupy the contradictions of cultures (civilizations). The process of political homogenization of the world will cause civilizational conflicts. These different views unites what both author emphasize the existence (current) of globalization processes, but suggest various consequences and results resulting from them.
What qualities is characterized by globalization
The main characteristic of the process of globalization flowing in the modern world is the extrapolation of liberal-democratic values \u200b\u200bfor all regions without exception. This means that political, economic, legal, etc. Systems of all countries of the world become identical, and the interdependence of countries reaches unprecedented scale. So far, peoples and cultures have never been so dependent on each other. Problems arising from anywhere in the world are instantly reflected in the rest of the world. The process of globalization and homogenization is carried out to the creation of a single world community, which forms uniform rules, institutions and cultural values. There is a feeling of peace as a single place.
The globalization process is characterized by the following main aspects:
1. internationalization, which, first of all, is expressed in interdependence;
2. Liberalization, that is, the elimination of trade barriers, the mobility of investment and the development of integration processes;
3. Westernization - extrapolation of Western values \u200b\u200band technologies in all points of the world;
4. Deterritation, which is expressed in activity that has a transnational scale, and reducing the significance of state borders.
Globalization can be called the Total integration process. Nevertheless, it is fundamentally different from all forms of integration that existed in world history earlier.
Humanity has so far been familiar with two integration forms:
1. A strong power is forcibly trying to "attach" other countries, and we can call such an integration form by integration by coercion (strength). Thus, the empire was created.
2. Voluntary association of countries to achieve a common goal. This is a voluntary form of integration.
In both cases, those territories on which integration was carried out were relatively small and did not reach the scale characteristic of the modern globalization process.
Globalization is neither unification with military force (although military force can be used as auxiliary means) nor voluntary association. Its essence is fundamentally different: it is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bbenefits and material well-being. The transformation of national-state corporations into transnational, first of all, requires a uniform political and legal space in order to ensure the safety of capital. Globalization can be considered as the logical result of the new European liberal project, which is based on a censitive paradigm of the European culture of the new time, the most relief manifested itself at the end of the 20th century. The desire for the development of science and education, as well as the international nature of science and technology, helped the emergence of new technologies, which, in turn, made it possible to "reduce" the world. It is not by chance that the Earth has already been small for armed with modern technology of society, and efforts are aimed at mastering the cosmos.
At first glance, globalization is similar to Europeanization. But it is essentially different from her. Europeanization as a kind of cultural and paradigmatic process itself and in the value orientation of residents of the regions closest to Europe were considered as a sample of rules for organizing life. The rules of European life and their advantages had an impact on border crops, and not only with the help of economic influence or military force. Examples of Europeanization is the modernization of traditional societies, the desire for education, the saturation of everyday life
Related Schedules:
When we reflect on the global trends of the last few decades, two words are inevitably come to mind: globalization and internationalization. They are obviously connected with each other. But what do you really mean these words?
Islamic philosophy of our time. Doctrine as Muslim doctrine. The development of Islamic philosophy, the importance of the Koran in Arab-Muslim culture. Islam as unifying the factor of the countries of the Arab-Muslim world. Organization of the Islamic Conference.
Etymology of the word "culture". The ratio of external and internal (material and spiritual) in culture. What is material culture, the role of spiritual culture. Internal personality culture as determining the factor in the formation of an external culture of communication.
Globalization, in essence, is the formation and approval of integrity, interconnectedness, interdependence, the integrality of the world and the perception of it as a public consciousness. This is both a complex process and a state.
Multi-level culture structure. Its functions and place in the life of society and human activity in the context of socio-economic development. "Culture" as an essential element of public reproduction, its impact on social and technical progress.
Culturalology. Her essence and difference from other sciences. Object, subject and direction of cultural studies. The main task. The relevance of cultural studies. The difference between cultural studies from other sciences.
Cultural pluralism
(from Lat. Plyralis - Multiple) - the presence and recognition of the free existence and development of various ethnic crops in the composition of a unified national community.
National culture, language, traditions, values \u200b\u200bare one of the ego-forming factors that allocate a specific ethnic group, the community from others. The concept of K.P., adopted in Western Science, suggests the presence of the right to the free development of various cultures and subcultures in the legislation and norms of the right to the free development of various cultures and subcultures, including the culture of an ethnic minority, recognizing this right for all peoples and peoples.
K.P. It is considered as a preferred structural principle of multicultural society. With the concept of "Multicultural Society" hopes for the creation of a tolerant society are associated. A society based on KP is a combination of social groups with different culture. However, culture loses with a total-substituted structure, which is the basis of the integration of society, the basis of ethnic identity. Multicultural society unites not only with the help of the market, but also through the cultural policy of the state.
In general, the development of culture is carried out according to the functioning model of a supranational, homogeneous industrial culture, but cultures of various groups are strengthened in parallel and develop. National culture develops on the basis of its language, traditions, history, ethnic myths. Multi-ethnic society is always concerned about the coordination of ethnic crops. Concept K.P. Justs one of the ways, ways to solve the complex problem of the interaction of various ethnic crops.
Globalization, undoubtedly, gives various nations common features. There are interethnic subcultures - hippies, rockers, bikers, rastamans, anoshniks, etc. But cosmopolitans existed from the time of at least Pharaoh Ehnaton. However, to shake the national originality of globalization is not able. The Japanese externally become more similar to Europeans, but their lives are favorable in principle otherwise than in Europe or the United States. We are especially easy to "west" in Russia on bright ingenic. But because we began to wear jeans, drinking Coca-Cola and use the Internet, our country, as you can see, did not make a similar either to Europe or the USA, and to good it is or Khud, decide. Yes, we have stuffed our English words, but at the same time equipped them with such a number of Russian prefixes, suffixes and flexions, which was changed to unrecognizable. In addition, the language is not so much vocabulary as grammar, and it changes extremely slowly.
The same with the national culture as a whole. Our middle man can forget the thick and addicted to Sheldon - the mentality will not change it significantly.
Globalism of the 20th century and neoglobalism of modernity.In order to understand and adequately evaluate the modern manifestations and trends in the process of globalization of society, it is necessary to completely distinguish the two main phases of development. globalismas the ideological basis of the globalization process.
Globalism as an ideology originated in early 70 - y year of the 20th century, when the first results of quantitative research of a number of global problems carried out under the auspices of the Roman Club were published. These results had a rather strong impact on the consciousness of the elite of the world community, which was put before the dilemma: either identify a new strategy for the development of civilization, or to accept the inevitability of the global ecological catastrophe, whose offensive was predicted for the period 2025-2030.
The distinctive feature of the globalism of the 20th century was that his main task was consolidation of the world communityin the face of universal and fast impassive danger , The global threat that questioned the continued existence of a person himself as a biological species. As a reaction to this threat, a number of very representative international forums devoted to the systemic analysis of the global problems of the further development of civilization and attempts to develop some general strategy of actions of the global community to prevent global environmental catastrophe was followed.
Among the most significant and significant among these forums can be called a well-known international congress on environmental issues (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), as well as the 19th World Philosophical Congress on the topic: " Humanity on a fracture: philosophical perspectives " (Moscow, 1993). Both of these events gave a powerful impetus for the development of the new direction of philosophical, theoretical and applied research, which is known today called "Sustainable development problems". However, today, after a little over 10 years after the above forums, the ideology of globalism itself has changed significantly. Now we are dealing with his absolutely new form - neoglobalismwhich pursues completely different strategic goals. The essence of these goals is that any ways to provide access to the limited number of our planet's population, namely the population of the developed countries of the West (the so-called "gold billion") to the raw materials and energy resources of the planet, most of which are located in Russia and countries " The Third World, which will continue to be doomed to the bench's existence in the role of raw materials colonies and places for warehousing industrial waste.
It is such a strategy for the further development of civilization, according to the apologists of modern neoglobalism, it provides an opportunity for the population of developed countries of the West and, first of all, the United States, to continue its economic development course based on the priority of unlimited consumption.
The ideology of neoglobalism no longer envisages the development of science, education and high technologies. She also does not impose any reasonable self-restrictions to the society, no moral plan. On the contrary, today the lowest human instincts are encouraged, the consciousness of which focuses on satisfying the sensory needs "here and now" to the detriment of its spiritual development and plans for the future.
The only obstacle that today stands on the dissemination of the ideology of neoglobalism around the world, are major national states, where traditional spiritual values \u200b\u200bare still strong, such as patriotism and serving their people, social responsibility, respect for their history and culture, love for their native Earth. All these values \u200b\u200bof neoglobalists today declare outdated and not relevant to the realities of the new time, where militant liberalism, economic rationalism and private-society instincts dominate.
After all, it is these qualities today our success in the business or political sphere. Therefore, one of the main challenges of neoglobalism, which in the 21st century has already been addressed to all mankind, is moral challengewhich requires a fundamental revision of all previously existing spiritual values. And this challenge is much more dangerous than the threats of terrorism or an ecological catastrophe. This danger is that the ideology of neoglobalism does not only disconnect all people of the world community into two antagonistic camps - slaves and gentlemen, but also deforms the consciousness of the person himself, destroying it is truly human that with such labor was accumulated over many millennia of human development. stories.
Introduction. One of the fundamental phenomena that determine today the appearance and structure of the life of the human community is literally in all its aspects - social, economic, cultural and political, is globalization.
To date, the fact is quite obvious to the very significant interaction of globalization and national and ethnic crops. During this, the traditional ranges of distribution of major religions and denominations are not only rebaled, often in the new conditions of existence and interaction, but also conjugate them with relatively new values, such as the principles of civil society. All this requires careful study and deep analysis - both from experts and from many interested parties who are not indifferent to the fate of culture, especially in today's, rapidly changing world.
Main part. The process of cultural globalization creates a close relationship between economic and cultural disciplines. The latter is so significant that we can talk about the economy of culture and bodybuilding of the economy. Such an impact is determined by the fact that social production is increasingly focused on the creation of intellectual, cultural and spiritual goods and services or the production of "symbols", and in the field of culture, the laws of the market and competition ("mass cultures" are increasingly felt.
Today, culture must be comprehended as a decisive aspect of globalization, and not a simple reaction to economic globalization. It should not be considered that globalization of culture is the establishment of cultural homogeneity on a global scale. This process includes cultural clashes and contradictions. Conflicts and clashes of various cultures and civilizations are the main factor of the modern multipolar world. In the context of globalization, a new philosophy is needed - the philosophy of mutual understanding, considered in the context of the dialogue of the East and the West, the South and the North.
"Compression" of the social world, on the one hand, and the rapid growth of awareness of the world of "expansion" itself, on the other hand, creates a global condition in which civilization, regions, nation-states, indigenous peoples, deprived of statehood, design their history and identity . The world has sharply increased a sense of own uniqueness and identity among peoples and regions. It can be said that the protection of local national traditions and features is a global phenomenon.
Consequently, fundamentally ability to self-disgraving specific crops is possible, but this possibility is realized only under certain conditions.
In the modern world there is a transition from national culture to global culture, which is English. The US dollar is used throughout the world, Western mass culture will rapidly penetrate our lives, the model of a liberal-democratic society to one degree or another is implemented in many countries, the world information space (the Internet and other, the latest information and communication technologies) is created, the globalization of Western Cultures, a new reality arises - a virtual world and a virtual person. Thus, space and time are getting closer and closer, even merge. There were "anti-globalists" and "Anti-Paddniki". Under these conditions, the question of the preservation of the language and cultural identity, the identity and the uniqueness of the culture of other peoples of the planet is becoming extremely relevant.
To solve the most complicated task of entering the national culture in the space of world culture, it is not a desire to like, but the ability to remain. In no case cannot be closed within its culture, it is necessary to go into world cultural space, but it is necessary to go out with what is, as it is this content and has value. Moreover, it is impossible to force the national culture to "trade by himself" and be prepared for the fact that it will not be taken, will not be considered, will not understand, will not appreciate. Consequently, she is "not to the yard" epoch, time.
However, something within the pervolled national culture can do to better perceive itself. It can take advantage of the possibilities of globalization. It can replicate your image and "come to each house." It is possible that without being accepted, with delight on the "best scenes of the world", the national culture will find a response in other regions, and from there will be perceived more widely.
But there will be no big trouble, as noted by the famous Kazakhstan philosopher A.G. Kosichenko, if national culture does not meet a broad understanding. In the end, she, first of all, the national culture, and, consequently, the culture of a specific nation. National culture may and must bring up a person on values \u200b\u200binherent in this culture. And if this is a real culture, then such a person is interesting to the world, because the human culture appears through the cultural originality of a person. National culture is valuable precisely by their specific values, as these values \u200b\u200bhave nothing more than one more way to see the world and the meaning of being in this world. This soil cannot be left, otherwise the national culture disappears.
Conclusion. Thus, the process of globalization not only generates monotonous structures in the economy and policies of various countries of the world, but also leads to "glocalization" - adaptation of elements of modern Western culture to local conditions and local traditions. The norm becomes the heterogeneity of the regional forms of human vital activity. On this basis, it is possible not only to preserve, but also the revival, and the development of the culture and spirituality of the people, the development of local cultural traditions, local civilizations. Globalization requires local cultures and values \u200b\u200bof not unconditional subordination, but a selective selective perception and development of new experiences of other civilizations, possible only in the process of constructive dialogue with them. This is especially necessary for young independent states of the post-Soviet space, strengthening their national security. Therefore, it is so extremely necessary to develop globalism as a form of interdisciplinary research, allowing to correctly assess the situation and find ways to solve them.
List of references:
1. Kravchenko A.I. Cultural Science: Tutorial for universities. - 3rd ed. M: Academic Project, 2002.- 496 p. Series (Gaudeamus).
ISBN 5-8291-0167
2. Fedotova N.N. Is world culture possible? // Philosophical Sciences. №4. 2000. P. 58-68.
3. Biryukova MA Globalization: integration and differentiation of cultures, // Philosophical sciences. №4. 2000. p.33-42.
4. Kosichenko A.G. National cultures in the process of globalization // www.orda.kz. Electronic information and analytical bulletin. Nos. 8, 9.