What was the war in 1941 - the year of victory in the Great Patriotic War

MBOU "Sosnovo-Ozerskaya Secondary School No. 2"

MESSAGE

The Great Patriotic War

1941-1945

Completed by: Kozhevnikov Roma

Pupil 3 "b" grade

Teacher: Chebunina N.I.

2014

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the USSR without declaring war. Romania and Finland also entered the war against the USSR, and later Italy, Hungary and a number of other countries. The invasion army numbered 5.5 million. In the troops of the first echelon, 3.5 million people were concentrated, 4 thousand aircraft, 3.5 thousand tanks, 31 thousand guns and mortars. The number of Soviet troops in the western military districts was about 3 million.

Already on the first day, German aviation bombed about 70 airfields and destroyed 1200 aircraft. On June 29, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was formed, which concentrated the entirety of state and party power. On June 23, the Headquarters of the High Command was created (later reorganized into the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command). Both bodies were headed by Stalin. For the first months of the war, the Red Army left the Baltics, Belarus, Moldova, most of Ukraine, and the western regions of the RSFSR.

At the same time, as a result of the two-month battle of Smolensk, the German plan for a lightning war was thwarted. In early September, the enemy closed the blockade ring around Leningrad. At the end of September, the Battle of Moscow began. During the summer-autumn campaign of 1941, Soviet troops lost about 5 million people of them (2 million people were killed, 3 million were taken prisoner). In August, the order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 270 was issued, declaring all those in captivity to be traitors and traitors.

On October 20, Moscow was declared a state of siege. In some areas, the German units approached Moscow at a distance of 25-30 km. On December 5-6, having commissioned fresh troops, partially redeployed from Siberia, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive on the front from Kalinin (Tver) to Yelets. The Moscow, Tula and a significant part of the Kalinin region were liberated. Germany suffered its first major defeat in World War II. A radical turn in the course of the war was outlined.

In the spring and summer of 1942, German troops, taking advantage of the miscalculations of the Soviet command, achieved great success in the Kharkov region, encircling 3 armies of the Southwestern Front and taking 240 thousand prisoners. The Kerch operation also ended with the defeat of the Soviet troops; in the Crimea, about 150 thousand people were captured. In August, the enemy reached the banks of the Volga in the Stalingrad region and occupied most of the North Caucasus.

In July 1942, the order of the People's Commissar for Defense No. 227 ("Not one step back!") Was issued, declaring any retreat without command orders to be a betrayal; barrage detachments were created, which had the right to shoot the retreating ones on the spot. On August 25, the Battle of Stalingrad began, on the result of which the further course of the war largely depended.

After a long period of defensive battles, on November 19, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive, surrounded and destroyed a large group of enemy troops; in total, during the Battle of Stalingrad, the enemy lost a fourth of its forces operating on the Eastern Front. The victory at Stalingrad (February 2) was reinforced by the general offensive of the Soviet troops. The blockade of Leningrad was broken in January. The radical change in the course of the war, which began at Stalingrad, was completed as a result of the victory in the Battle of Kursk (July-August 1943) and the Battle of the Dnieper, which ended on November 6, 1943. A number of regions of the RSFSR, Left-Bank Ukraine, Donbass were liberated, bridgeheads were captured in Crimea.

In January 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was completely lifted, in January-April, Right-Bank Ukraine was liberated, and Crimea was liberated in May. In March, Soviet troops reached the state border of the USSR with Romania. As a result of Operation Bagration (June - August 1944), Belarus and part of the Baltic States were liberated. In June - August Karelia was liberated and Finland was withdrawn from the war.

In July - September, Western Ukraine, Moldova, part of Romania and Bulgaria were liberated. In October, the liberation of the Baltic and Arctic regions was completed, and Red Army units entered the territory of Norway. In November 1944, the troops of Germany and its allies were completely expelled from the territory of the USSR. At the end of 1944 and the first months of 1945, Yugoslavia (jointly by units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia), Hungary, Poland, part of Austria, and Czechoslovakia were liberated. On April 13, 1945, the center of East Prussia, Königsberg, was taken. The final battle of the Great Patriotic War was the Battle of Berlin. On May 2, the German capital surrendered. On May 8, the act of unconditional surrender of the German armed forces was signed.

The Great Patriotic War ended with the victory of the Soviet Union. Victory in the war was ensured by the exertion of all the forces of the peoples of the USSR, the heroism and courage of the soldiers and home front workers. Despite the temporary loss of the most economically developed territories, it was possible to rebuild the economy on a war footing and from the fall of 1942 to ensure the growing production of weapons, military equipment and ammunition. In the eastern regions of the country, hundreds of new industrial enterprises were created on the basis of equipment evacuated from the western regions. A tragic page in the history of the Great Patriotic War was the deportation to Kazakhstan, Siberia and other eastern regions of a number of peoples accused by the Stalinist regime of complicity with the invaders (Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, etc.).

The confrontation between the USSR and the German Empire, its allies and satellites, is one of the most important episodes of the Second World War, characterized by an extremely tough confrontation between the parties.

Germany initially considered the campaign against the USSR as an episode of the struggle with England, counting on 6-8 weeks of hostilities, according to the developed plan "Barbarossa". It was planned that before the onset of winter, the Wehrmacht would achieve its goals, reaching the Volga River, on the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line, destroying the opposing enemy's army and neutralizing the industrial potential of the Soviet Union, all the way to the Urals.

Start Great Patriotic War characterized by large losses of the Red Army in the course of battles, regular retreats from the defense lines and troops encircled as a result of successful enemy actions. Already in the winter of 1941 it became clear that the plan “ Barbarossa»Failed: the Wehrmacht was stopped near Leningrad (the tragedy of the city has no analogues, the city was in a ring, the supply was interrupted, and the blockade lasted until January 1944) and Moscow.

In the south of the country, near Rostov-on-Don, German troops had to go on the defensive. The Nazis advanced up to 1200 kilometers deep into the territory of the USSR, raw materials and industrial centers were captured, the country lost millions of its compatriots for a long time, but the aggressor, having lost 730 thousand people, could no longer count on a quick completion of the campaign.

As a result of the Soviet army's counteroffensive near Moscow (winter 1941-1942), the enemy was driven back from the capital, the threat of seizing the largest transport hub was removed. Attempts to break through the blockade of Leningrad and liberate Crimea were repulsed.

First two years Great Patriotic War were the most difficult for the Soviet Union, huge losses, both of the territory and the population of the country, created the threat of defeat, but by the summer of 1942 the economy had firmly established itself on a "war footing". The production of tanks, aircraft, guns and small arms by enterprises evacuated to Siberia and the Far East has multiplied, rearmament with new types of equipment and weapons proceeded rapidly.

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War came only with the encirclement and destruction of the enemy group at Stalingrad (winter 1942-1943), the strategic initiative passed to the USSR, and hostilities began to shift to the west. The slow and difficult liberation of the country from the invaders began.

By June 1944, the territory of the Soviet Union was practically liberated, the Soviet armies fought on the territory of Poland and Czechoslovakia. By the beginning of 1945, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Finland had withdrawn from the alliance with Germany, but the main battle was still ahead.

In April 1945, three fronts at once began the Berlin offensive, the city had by that time been turned into an impregnable citadel, the approaches to it were surrounded by defensive lines. By May 8, 1945, the city was taken.

The Great Patriotic War ended with a victory over the Nazi invaders and an unconditional surrender signed by the German leadership. The hostilities continued for 1418 days. The losses of the armies of the USSR and the Axis countries (Germany and its satellites) were in the millions.

The USSR, as part of the anti-Hitler coalition, pinning down huge enemy forces, grinding them, won a victory over Nazi Germany. From 70% to 75% of the German armed forces participated in the conflict on the Eastern Front, more than 600 enemy divisions were captured, defeated or destroyed.

The Great Patriotic War turned out to be devastating for the Soviet Union: cities in ruins after air raids and artillery shelling, huge human losses, destroyed factories, but independence was defended. At the cost of incredible efforts, Nazism was defeated, and the country reaffirmed its right to be a world superpower. At the Potsdam Conference, the leaders of the USSR, Great Britain and the United States determined the post-war arrangement of Europe.

At 4 o'clock in the morning on June 22, 1941, the troops of Nazi Germany (5.5 million people) crossed the borders of the Soviet Union, German planes (5 thousand) began to bomb Soviet cities, military units and airfields. By this time, World War II had been going on in Europe for almost two years. At the first stage of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1942), the Red Army suffered one defeat after another, retreating further and further into the interior of the country. About two million Soviet soldiers were captured or killed. The reasons for the defeats were the army's unpreparedness for war, serious miscalculations of the top leadership, the crimes of the Stalinist regime, and the suddenness of the attack. But even in these difficult months, Soviet soldiers fought heroically against the enemy. The defenders of the Brest Fortress held out for a whole month after the front line had moved far to the east. At the end of 1941, the enemy stood several tens of kilometers from Moscow, and Leningrad was completely surrounded. But the German plan to end the war in the fall was thwarted. As a result of the counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow in December 1941, the Germans were driven back. Leningrad, which was in the blockade, courageously held on - despite the fact that in the most terrible blockade winter of 1941-42. from hunger and cold, hundreds of thousands of peaceful Leningraders died. In the summer of 1942, the German forces launched an offensive against Stalingrad. For several months, select units of the Wehrmacht stormed the city. Stalingrad was turned into ruins, but the Soviet soldiers who fought for every house survived and went on the offensive. In the winter of 1942-1943, 22 German divisions were surrounded. A turning point has come in the war. In the summer of 1943, the largest tank battle of the Second World War took place near Kursk, in which the Nazis lost about 350 tanks and 3.5 thousand killed. Under the blows of the Red Army, German units began to retreat to the borders of the Soviet Union. A partisan war broke out in the German rear. Echelons flew downhill, detachments of punishers and traitor policemen were destroyed. The Nazis responded to the actions of the partisans with terror against the civilian population, but the outcome of the war was already a foregone conclusion. By the summer of 1944, the Red Army liberated the territory of the Soviet Union and began to liberate the European states captured by the Nazis. Simultaneously with the Soviet Union, the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition - Britain, the United States and France - waged a war against the Germans. In the summer of 1944, the long-awaited second front was opened, which eased the position of the Red Army. In the spring of 1945, Soviet and allied troops entered Germany. The final Berlin operation began, in which the Soviet troops were commanded by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. On May 9, 1945, Zhukov, together with the Allied military leaders, accepted the surrender of Germany. The country paid a huge price for its victory: about 27 million people died, millions were crippled and disabled, a third of the national treasure was destroyed. Victory in the Great Patriotic War is one of the brightest pages in the history of our country.

The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) - the war of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics against Nazi Germany and its European allies (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Finland, Croatia)

The history of the Great Patriotic War is divided into three stages:

1) June 22, 1941 - November 19, 1942, i.e. from the German attack on the USSR to the beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad - the blitzkrieg was disrupted, creating conditions for a radical turning point in the war;

2) November 17, 1942 - December 1943 - a radical turning point during the Second World War and the Second World War, the transition of the strategic initiative to the Soviet Army ended with the crossing of the Dnieper and the liberation of Kiev;

3) 1944 - May 9, 1945, the complete expulsion of the invaders from the territory of the USSR, the liberation of the countries of Central and Southeast Europe by the Soviet Army, the final defeat and surrender of Nazi Germany.

GERMANY'S POSSIBLE ATTACK on the USSR

Preparations for war - from the end of the 20s.

BUT by 1941 the USSR was not ready for war.

The fascists have the military potential of all of Europe;

Repression of command personnel in the USSR

The element of surprise is also associated with Stalin's gullibility to Hitler's promises after 08/23/1939

Germany occupied: France, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Greece, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland.

Pro-German regimes: Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania.

Allies of Germany: Italy, Japan. Turkey.

Plan "Barbarossa"

Lightning war and the defeat of the USSR army in the summer campaign of 1941

Directions: "North" - to Leningrad (commanded by General von Leeb), "Center" - to Moscow (von Brauchitsch) and "South" - to Odessa and Kiev, in addition - Group "Norway" was supposed to control the situation in the North Sea ... The main direction - "Center" - to Moscow

By the summer of 1941 on the border of the USSR from the Barents to the Black Seas - 5.5 million soldiers (Germany + allies + satellites).

USSR: 4 military districts. 2.9 million people

Far East, South - 1.5 million people. (Turkey and Japan are expected to invade).

RETREATS OF THE SOVIET TROOPS (June-September 1941)

The first days of the war

On the eve of the war, Stalin repeatedly received intelligence about the impending attack, but refused to believe them. It was only at midnight on June 21 that a series of orders were issued to bring the troops to combat readiness - and this is not enough to deploy a multi-layered defense.

June 22, 1941... - powerful strikes of the air and mechanized armies of Germany. "On June 22, at exactly 4 o'clock, Kiev was bombed, they announced to us that the war had begun ..."

66 airfields were bombed. 1200 aircraft destroyed -> German air domination until summer 1943

June 23, 1941... - Headquarters of the High Command (Headquarters of the Supreme High Command). The head is Stalin.

June 30, 1941... - State Defense Committee (GKO). The chairman is Stalin. All the fullness of state, party, military power.

The retreat of the Red Army in the first month of the war

In the first month of the war, left: the Baltic States, Belarus, Moldova, most of the Ukraine. Losses - 1,000,000 soldiers, 724 thousand prisoners.

The 3 main failures of the first months of the war:

1) Smolensk defeat

Hitlerites: take possession of the "gates of Moscow" - Smolensk.

-> almost all the armies of the Western Front were defeated.

Command of the USSR: accused of treason a large group of generals, the head - the commander of the Western Front, Colonel General D.G. Pavlov. Court, execution.

The Barbarossa plan cracked: the capital was not captured in mid-July.

2) Southwest Russia and Kiev

500,000 dead, along with the commander of the Southwestern Front, Lieutenant General M.D. Kipronos.

Kiev was taken -> strengthening the positions of the Nazis -> breaking through the defense in the Moscow direction.

August 1941- the beginning of the blockade of Leningrad.

August 16, 1941. –order number 270. All who are in captivity are traitors and traitors. Families of captured commanders and political workers are repressed, families of soldiers are deprived of benefits.

3) on the Moscow direction to October-November 1941... 5 armies were surrounded and thus opened the way for the Nazis to Moscow

BATTLE FOR MOSCOW

The plan to take Moscow from Hitler - "Typhoon". On September 30, he spoke on the radio ("Not a single Moscow resident, be it a woman, an old man or a child, should leave the city ...")

According to the plan:

Army Group Center sweeps away the Soviet defenses and captures the capital before winter. The wagon train contains pink granite for the monument to the German victorious warrior on the site of destroyed Moscow (later it was used on Gorky Street - now Tverskaya - for facing buildings, including the Post Office).

Start October I am the approach of the Nazis to Moscow. Stalin urgently summoned Zhukov from Leningrad

16 october- the day of general panic in Moscow, valuables are being taken out, including the State Tretyakov Gallery (paintings)

6 November- Meeting of the Moscow City Council at the Mayakovskaya metro station. Stalin spoke. "Victory will be ours!" It was decided - the parade on November 7 - to be!

7 november- parade, from Red Square soldiers and militias (25 divisions) - went straight to the front on the street. Gorky and up to Voikovskaya, there is a front line

By the end of November 1941... - Germans at a distance of 25-30 km. from Moscow.

Departure "Dubosekovo" - 28 heroes-Panfilov (commanded by Panfilov), political instructor Klochkov: "Russia is great, but nowhere to retreat, behind Moscow!"

3 fronts:

United West - direct defense of Moscow (G.M. Zhukov);

Kalininsky (I.S. Konev);

South-West (S.K. Timoshenko).

5 armies of the Western and Reserve fronts - in the "cauldron".

600,000 people - surrounded (every 2nd).

Liberated Moscow, Tula, a significant part of the Kalinin region.

Losses during the counteroffensive:

USSR - 600,000 people.

Germany: 100,000-150,000 people

Near Moscow - the first major defeat since 1939

The blitzkrieg plan failed.

With the victory in the Moscow battle - a radical turn (but not yet a turning point!) In the course of the war in favor of the USSR.

The enemy is in favor of a strategy of a protracted war.

By the winter of 1941: losses - 5,000,000 people.

2 million - killed, 3 million - in captivity.

Counteroffensive - until April 1942

The successes are fragile, soon there will be heavy losses.

Unsuccessful attempt to break through the blockade of Leningrad (installed in August 1941)

The 2nd Shock Army of the Volkhov Front was defeated, the command and the head - A.A. Vlasov - were taken prisoner.

Fascists: defeat in the Battle of Moscow -> you cannot launch an offensive along the entire Eastern Front -> strikes in the south.

Stalin: waiting for a second attack on Moscow, despite intelligence reports. The main forces are near Moscow.

The decree to inflict a number of distracting blows in the south (Crimea, Kharkov). Against - the head of the General Staff B.M. Shaposhnikov -> complete failure.

Dispersion of forces -> failure.

May 1942... - in the Kharkov direction, the Germans surrounded 3 armies of the Southwestern Front. 240 thousand prisoners.

May 1942... - defeat of the Kerch operation. "150 thousand prisoners of war in Crimea. After 250 days of siege, Sevastopol was surrendered.

June 1942- the advance of the Nazis to Stalingrad

July 28, 1942–"Order No. 227"- Stalin - "Not a step back, Under no circumstances surrender the city"

Retreating without an order from the command is a betrayal of the Motherland.

Fines (for commanders and political workers)

Penalties (for sergeants and privates).

Defensive detachments behind the belligerents. They have the right to shoot retreating people on the spot.

end of August- occupied Abgonerovo (the last settlement near Stalingrad)

Simultaneously: August 1942- a group of fascists in the Caucasus.

The beginning of September - they occupied the embankment, the square in front of the department store ... Fighting for every street, for every house

End of September - battles for height 102 ("Mamayev Kurgan" - now there is a monument to the motherland)

Autumn 1942 - 80 million people in the occupied territory.

-> the country has lost

Human resources;

The largest industrial areas;

Giant agricultural areas.

The main burden of the siege was on the 62nd Army under the command of General Chuikov. The seizure of Stalingrad = cutting the Volga transport artery through which bread and oil are delivered.

The period of the radical fracture.

Fundamental change = transition from defense to strategic offensive.

Battle of stalingrad

Frontier - Battle of Stalingrad.

November 19, 1942- Southwestern Front (N.F. Vatutin), Don Front (K.K. Rokossovsky), Stalingrad Front (A.I. Eremenko).

They surrounded 22 enemy divisions, 330 thousand people.

December 1942 - an attempt to break through the encirclement from the Middle Don (Italian-German troops). Failure.

The final stage of the counteroffensive:

the troops of the Don Front carried out an operation to eliminate the encircled enemy grouping.

The command of the 6th German army surrendered. F. Paulus (went over to our side and later began to live in the GDR, was the Chairman of the German Peace Committee).

During the period of the Battle of Stalingrad:

Losses of the fascists - 1.5 million people, ¼ of all forces.

Losses of the Red Army - 2 million people.

The final stage of the Battle of Stalingrad ® general offensive of the Soviet troops.

January 1943- a successful breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad south of Lake Ladoga. Corridor 8-11 km. "The Road of Life" on the ice of Lake Ladoga. Communication with the whole country.

The Battle of the Kursk Bulge (Oryol-Belgorod) is the final stage of the turning point.

Germany: planned to conduct a major offensive operation ("Citadel") in the Kursk region in the summer of 1943. In our headquarters - the operation was called "Suvorov \ Kutuzov", since its goal was to liberate 2 cities (Orel and Kursk) "The war brought us to Kursk and Orel, to the very enemy gates, such, brother, things ..."

They wanted to destroy the entire southern wing.

50 divisions, 16 armored and motorized. "Tiger", "Panther".

THE USSR: 40% of combined arms formations. Small superiority in the troops.

Central Front (K.K. Rokossovsky);

Voronezh Front (N.F. Vatutin);

Steppe Front (I.S. Konev) and other fronts.

First stage

The Germans are on the offensive. Up to 35 km inland.

The largest oncoming tank battle since World War II.

1200 tanks on both sides. Russian victory

Second phase

The main groupings of the enemy have been defeated.

5 August 1943- Belgorod and Oryol were liberated -> the first artillery fireworks in Moscow.

The liberation of Kharkov = the end of the Battle of Kursk.

30 enemy divisions were defeated, loss of 500,000 people.

-> Hitler was unable to transfer a single division from the Eastern Front to Italy, where a political coup took place;

-> activation of the Resistance movement in Europe.

-> the collapse of the theory of "General Frost" - that is, weather conditions (winter, terrible frosts, which were characteristic for 1941-1942), which supposedly contributed to the hardy Russians. Battle of Kursk - the first summer battle

Counteroffensive at Kursk ® strategic offensive of the spacecraft along the entire front.

Soviet troops - to the West, 300-600 km.

Left-bank Ukraine, Donbass were liberated, bridgeheads in Crimea were seized.

Forcing the Dnieper.

-> the end of the battle for the Dnieper.

Hitlerite Germany - for strategic defense.

The period of the liberation of the USSR and the defeat of Nazi Germany

The successful actions of the Soviet army in 1944 in the "Stalinist" historiography were associated with the "military leader's genius" of this "father of nations". Hence the term - "10 Stalinist blows of 1944". Indeed, the SA offensive in 1944 is characterized by 10 major operations, and the general strategy is a constant change in the direction of the main attack (which did not allow the Germans to concentrate forces in any one direction)

Leningrad (L.A. Govorov) and Volkhov (K.A. Meretskov) front. Liberation of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions.

The 1st Ukrainian (N.F. Vatutin) and 2nd Ukrainian (I.S. Konev) fronts surrounded the Korsun-Shevchenko grouping. The central event of this "strike" was the restoration of the Soviet border: March 26, 1944- troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front - on the border with Romania.

3. Early May 1944- liberation of Crimea = completion of the autumn-winter offensive.

4. June-August 1944- liberation of Karelia. Finland withdrew from the war and broke off relations with Germany

5. Operation "Bagration" = liberation of Belarus., general direction - Minsk-Warsaw-Berlin. June 23 - August 17, 1944 Three Ukrainian Fronts (Rokossovsky, G.F. Zakharov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky), 1st Baltic Front (I.Kh.Bagramyan).

6. July-August 1944- the liberation of Western Ukraine. Lvov-Sandomierz operation End of August 1944- The offensive was stopped in the foothills of the Carpathians by the reinforced and fierce resistance of the Nazis.

7. August 1944- Iasi-Chisinau operation. 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts. Moldavia and Romania were liberated, 22 divisions of Army Group South Ukraine were destroyed. Romania, Bulgaria - the overthrow of the pro-fascist governments. These countries have declared war on Germany.

8. September 1944- from Moldova and Romania - to help the Yugoslav partisans. Josip Broz Tito

10. October 1944- Northern Fleet + Northern Front: liberation of the Soviet Arctic, expelling the enemy from the Murmansk region. The northeastern regions of Norway were cleared of the enemy.

LIBERATION TRAVEL OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE USSR

Romania ® Bulgaria ® part of Poland ® part of Norway

® part of Hungary ® Yugoslavia ® remainder of Poland ® remainder of Hungary ® Austria ®Czech Republic

End of September 1944 - at the request of I. Broz Tito (commander-in-chief), Soviet troops carry out the Belgrade operation to liberate the capital of Yugoslavia

October 1944- Belgrade is liberated.

LIBERATION OF BERLIN

February 1945- Vistula-Oder operation. = continuation of operation "Bagration"

600,000 soldiers died in Poland during its liberation.

Vistula-Oder operation = rescue of the Allied operation in the Ardennes (there American losses - 40,000 people).

Early April 1945 - complete liberation of Hungary and Austria.

250,000 people perished.

1st, 2nd Belorussian fronts (Zhukov, Rokossovsky), 1st Ukrainian (Konev).

Hitler committed suicide

May 8, 1945, v Karlshorst (near Berlin)- representatives of the USSR, USA, England, France and Germany signed an act of complete and unconditional surrender of Hitlerite Germany.

From the USSR - G.K. Zhukov. From Germany - Keitel (this general at the end of the 30s studied in the USSR on an exchange (!) After the non-aggression pact)

May 9, 1945- Soviet troops entered Prague, the Prague garrison resisted until May 12, not recognizing the act of surrender

THE RESULTS OF THE WORLD: the unconditional victory of the Soviet people. June 24, 1945 there was a parade on Red Square (they threw the banners of the Nazis to the Mausoleum, but - this is not shown in the chronicle - ordinary Muscovites felt sorry for the captured Germans, who were led along Moscow streets as a sign of victory, brought them bread)

17. WWII

Great Patriotic War 1941

The reasons for the failure of the USSR at the beginning of the war and the reasons for the failure of the blitz krieg.

Mein Kampf: Hitler declared that the destruction of the USSR as a social. The state is the meaning of his whole life. The purpose for which the National Socialist movement exists. Based on this, one of the directives of the Wehrmacht read: "many millions of people will become redundant in this territory, they will either have to die or move to Siberia."

In December 1940, Hitler approves the Bararossa plan: 2-3 months after the start of the war, German troops must reach the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line. The war began on June 22, 1941 at 4 am. It lasted 1418 days and nights.

There are 4 periods.

Until December 1, 1941, the USSR lost 7 million people. Several tens of thousands of tanks and aircraft. Reason: objective:

A) superiority in the material means of warfare

B) in human resources 400 million German. 197 million ussr.

C) more experience in modern warfare.

D) surprise of the attack.

Subjective:

A) Stalin's underestimation of diplomatic means of warfare. On June 14, 1941, a TASS statement was published in the newspapers, stating that Germany's preparations for war with the Soviet Union had no basis whatsoever.

B) the transfer of troops to a pre-war position was not carried out.

C) repression in the army: 85% of the command staff held their posts for less than one year. Of the 733 former commanders of the komrit to marshals, 579 were repressed. It takes 20 years to prepare an army commander.

D) distortions in ideological work.

The first period of the war.

June 30, 1941 the creation of the state. Defense Committee: Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov, Malinkov, Bulganin, Beria, Voznesenky, Kaganovich, Mikoyan.

It was done: introduced, on the model of the civil war, the institution of military commissars. In the shortest possible time, the military economy was transferred to a military track. By the winter of 1941, 10 million people and 1.5 thousand large industrial enterprises were sent to the east. The formation of new formations in the rear was accelerated. 36 divisions of the people's militia were formed. As a result - the defeat of the Germans near Moscow. On November 6, at the Mayakovskaya station, a meeting was held in honor of the Great October Revolution. Parade on November 7.

The defeat of the Germans near Moscow. Germany's first major defeat. July August 41, the governments of England and the United States announced their support for the USSR. Contacts were established with France, Slovakia, etc. An anti-Hitler coalition has been founded. It took shape on January 1, 1942. After the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands. In the fall, the coalition already included 34 states with a population of 1.5 billion people. Revitalization of the resistance movement in all 12 countries occupied by Germany.

2 period of the war. Events and facts. Battle for stalingrad. Changes in the totalitarian democratic system: the end of repression, the elimination of the institution of military commissars. The growth of the Comintern. Revival of the traditions of the Russian army. Introduction of military ranks. Guards, shifting the emphasis in ideology to defending the fatherland. Strengthening the role of the church. Spring 1943. General offensive of the Soviet troops. Break of the blockade of Leningrad.

July 5, 1943 - Battle of the Kursk Bulge began. For the first time in the war, the balance of forces changed in favor of the Red Army, the isolation of Germany in the international arena began, the landing of an Anglo-American landing in Italy, and the overthrow of the Mussolini regime in Italy. For the first time, the USSR surpassed Germany in the production of various types of military products. There is a development of positive personnel changes in the country. Voroshilov and Budyonny are on the sidelines.

Gross violations of national policy continue. Mass resettlement of Germans in the Volga region, destruction of their autonomies. 1943 - eviction of Kalmyks. 1944 - the eviction of Balkars, Chechens and Ingush, more than 1 million Tatars were evicted from the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Third Period of the War. Liberation mission of the Soviet troops. The year 1944 began with major offensive operations by Soviet troops in the northern and southern directions: lifting the blockade of Leningrad, liberating the Novgorod region, Estonia, right-bank Ukraine and Crimea. On June 6, 1944, a second front was opened in Europe. July 1944 - the liberation of Belarus, Operation Bagration. By the end of 1944, the entire Soviet territory was liberated. By the beginning of 1945, 11 European countries were liberated. During the liberation of the countries of Eastern Europe, more than 1 million Soviet soldiers and officers were killed. April 16, 1945 - the beginning of the Berlin operation. On May 8, the act of Germany's unconditional surrender was signed.

The fourth period of the war. The question of the participation of the USSR in the war against Japan was resolved in February 1945 at the Yalta Conference. The hostilities began on August 9 and ended on September 2. August 6 and 8 - Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Kwantung Army was defeated in August 1945, and on September 2, Japan's surrender was signed on the American battleship Missouri.

Results of the Second World War.

Churchill: “It was the Russian army that released the guts from the German military machine.” In total, about 60 million people died in World War II. Of these, the USSR lost 27 million, Germany - 13, Poland - 6, China - 5 million. Japan - 2.5 million, Yugoslavia - 1.7 million, France, England and the United States - 1.3 million people. Of the 18 million imprisoned in concentration camps, 11 million died.

The international prestige of the USSR has sharply increased. The USSR received the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin. East Prussia with the city of Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) retreated to us. Changes in the totalitarian system. GULAG, repression, the formation of Stalinist regimes in the countries of Eastern Europe and the resettlement of repressed peoples.

Hitler approved the plan of war against the USSR, code-named "Barbarossa" on December 18, 1940. He strove to establish the hegemony of Germany in Europe, which would have been impossible without the defeat of the USSR. Germany was also attracted by the natural resources of the USSR, which were important as a strategic raw material. The defeat of the Soviet Union, in the opinion of the Hitlerite military command, would create conditions for the invasion of the British Isles and the capture of British colonies in the Near and Middle East and in India. The strategic plan of the Hitlerite command ("blitzkrieg" - lightning war) was as follows: to destroy the Soviet troops concentrated in the western regions of the country, to rapidly advance deep into the Soviet Union, to occupy its most important political and economic centers. Moscow had to be destroyed after its capture. The ultimate goal of the military operation against the USSR is the exit and reinforcement of German troops on the Arkhangelsk-As-trakhan line.

June 22, 1941 Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Hitler violated the 1939 German-Soviet non-aggression pact.

German troops advanced in three army groups. The task of Army Group "North" is to destroy Soviet troops in the Baltic States, to occupy ports on the Baltic Sea, Pskov and Leningrad. Army Group "South" was supposed to defeat the forces of the Red Army in Ukraine, capture Kiev, Kharkov, Donbass and Crimea. The most powerful was Army Group Center, advancing on the] central direction to Moscow.

On June 23, the Headquarters of the Main Command was created in Moscow to direct the hostilities. On July 10, it was reorganized into the Headquarters of the High Command. Stalin was its chairman.

Initial stage (June 22, 1941— 19 November 1942).

1941 g.

On June 22, the Germans crossed the border of the Soviet Union in many directions.

By July 10, the Nazis, advancing in three strategic directions (Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev), captured the Baltic states, a significant part of Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine.

July 10-September 10 - Battle of Smolensk, losing the city, encirclement of the Red Army formations, the advance of the Nazis to Moscow.

July 11 - September 19 - the defense of Kiev, the loss of the city, the encirclement of the four armies of the Southwestern Front.

December 5, 1941 - January 8, 1942 - the counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow, the Germans were driven back 120-250 km. The strategy of lightning war failed.

1942 g.

January 9 - April - the offensive of the Red Army, the Moscow and Tula regions, areas of the Kalinin, Smolensk, Ryazan, Oryol regions were liberated.

May - July - the offensive of German troops in the Crimea, the fall of Sevastopol (July 4).

July 17 - November 18 - the defensive stage of the Battle of Stalingrad, plans of the German command to seize the city with lightning speed were thwarted.

July 25 - December 31 - defensive battle in the North Caucasus.

A radical change (November 19, 1942 - December 1943).

November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943 - the offensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad, the encirclement and capture of the 6th Army of Field Marshal Paulus and the 2nd Tank Army with a total number of 300 thousand people, the beginning of a radical change in during the Great Patriotic War.

1943 g.

July 5 - August 23 - Battle of the Kursk Bulge (July 12 - tank battle near Prokhorovka), the final transfer of the strategic initiative to the Red Army.

August 25 - December 23 - battle for the Dnieper, liberation of the Left-Bank Ukraine, Donbass, Kiev (November 6).

1944 G.

January - May - offensive operations near Leningrad and Novgorod (the blockade of Leningrad was lifted), near Odessa (the city was liberated) and in the Crimea.

June - December - Operation Bagration and a number of other offensive operations to liberate Belarus, the Lvov-Sandomierz operation in Western Ukraine, operations to liberate Romania and Bulgaria, the Baltic states, Hungary and Yugoslavia.

1945 g.

January 12 - February 7 - Vistula-Oder operation, most of Poland is liberated.

January 13 - April 25 - East Prussian operation, Konigsberg, the main fortified bridgehead of East Prussia, is taken.

April 16 - May 8 - Berlin operation, the capture of Berlin (May 2), the surrender of Germany (May 8).

The Great Patriotic War was an integral part of the Second World War, in which Nazi Germany and its allies were opposed by a powerful anti-Hitler coalition. The main participants in the coalition were the USSR, USA and Great Britain. The Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism. The Eastern Front has always remained the main one during the Second World War.

The victory over Germany and Japan strengthened the authority of the USSR throughout the world. The Soviet Army ended the war with the most powerful army in the world, and the Soviet Union became one of the two superpowers.

The main source of the USSR's victory in the war was the uncommon courage and heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear. On the Soviet-German front alone, 607 enemy divisions were defeated. Germany lost in the war against the USSR more than 10 million people (80% of its military losses), 167 thousand artillery pieces, 48 ​​thousand tanks, 77 thousand aircraft (75% of all its military equipment). The victory came at a huge cost. The war claimed the lives of almost 27 million people (including 10 million soldiers and officers). In the enemy rear, 4 million partisans, underground fighters, and civilians were killed. Over 6 million people ended up in fascist captivity. Nevertheless, in the people's minds the long-awaited Victory Day became the brightest and most joyful holiday, which meant the end of the bloodiest and most destructive of wars.