They are not included in the domestic education system. Types of education in Russia

Is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The educational levels that implement them consist of institutions that are independent of each other. The institution at each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it also underwent significant changes. So, in Soviet times, the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans for which the training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the fact that democratization, humanization and individualization are taking place in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is a variety of educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state in general, and the individual, in particular.

Education levels:

• general education;
• professional;
• higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all state institutions. General education levels are:

• preschool;
• school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

• initial;
• main;
• the average.

Each of the stages prepares for mastering the educational program of the next level.

The very first stage in our country is preschool education. It prepares prospective students for the mastery of the school curriculum, and also provides initial knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to studies, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in mastering educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, like the preschool level, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is mastering the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activity. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn how to independently cognize the world around you.

Professional education

The levels of vocational education are as follows:

• initial
• the average;
• higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational schools. You can get there both after the 9th grade and after finishing the 11th grade.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, you can master the basic level of the future profession, while the second type involves more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th grade. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific level. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

Finally, higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in a wide variety of fields. This level of education has its own sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

• bachelor's degree;
• specialty
• master's degree.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of training. It should be borne in mind that the bachelor's degree is the entry level, which is compulsory for the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in educational institutions such as universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of education. You can study:

• in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
• in absentia, independently studying the course material and passing the sessions;
• part-time, when training can be carried out on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study without interrupting work);
• as an external student, here you can complete your studies when you see fit (assumes the issuance of a state diploma, but it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

The types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that constitutes the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by regulatory documents of a different nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the learning process, a personality is formed, which is improved with each overcome educational level.

Unfortunately, in the modern world, most people do not reach the possible level of development, and from this the person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a fundamental and natural human right - is aimed at satisfying a person's need for information and directly in training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary needs of a person: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 "On Education", where it is understood as a purposeful process of upbringing and education in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). From the above definition, it follows that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - upbringing and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should be a unity of the processes of teaching, upbringing and results.

A more expanded concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of the Model Educational Code for the CIS member states.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and education in the interests of the individual, society, the state, focused on the preservation, improvement and transfer of knowledge, transmission of culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, continuous improvement of moral, intellectual, aesthetic and the physical condition of society.

Education is understood as "a purposeful process of upbringing and training in the interests of a person, society, and the state."

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law "On Education" states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization of a certain number of elements, "something whole, which is a unity of regularly located and interconnected parts."

System (from the Greek. Systema - whole, made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework of the systems approach, general systems theory, various special systems theories.

The provision of the Law on the consistency of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interconnection and consistency of all the links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, "gaps" and inconsistencies between different levels and educational programs of the educational system of Russia and, ultimately, to make the educational service of high quality, and the process of providing it to the population - effective.

In this regard, the remark of V.B. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include in the "set of interacting elements" of the education system of individuals, because it is the person, not society, not the state, that is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself cannot be thought ... The humanistic orientation of the entire legal system of modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately determine the rights, duties and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, at present the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

Substantial subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the content side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a high systemic character of education in general in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from being in the first place.

Functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of the form of ownership, type and type.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is, in the overwhelming majority of cases, three-tier, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is usually divided between three main governing entities - federal government bodies, regional government bodies and local governing bodies of educational institutions. (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is fair in relation to, among other things, private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and managerial subsystem is four-tier: in addition to the three above-mentioned managing subjects, municipal education authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as to exercise other powers (Art 31 of the Education Act).

In its structural cut, education, as well as learning, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as the assimilation of experience, the upbringing of behavioral qualities, and physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about the social functions of a person.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of different types and types:

Preschool;

General education;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care;

Professional (primary, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Preschool education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

Comprehensive secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years old. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of individual subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, with the exception of small villages and remote areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.

Basic general education. At the age of 10, children graduate from primary school, move to secondary, where they study for another 5 years. After the end of the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate vocational education" in the Russian Federation, the following types of higher educational institutions are established: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (study period - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Professional education. Professional education represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

Initial vocational education. Such education can be obtained in vocational lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after the end of the 9th or 11th grade.

Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools, colleges. They are accepted there after the 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the background of the globalization of the economy and the desire of Russia to enter a single educational space, are subordinate to the interests of a single Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas of public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system, the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the ministers of education of 29 countries, is presented.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the University Charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - "Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of the Architecture of the European Higher Education System" (1998), zones of higher education for the development of the European continent.

The 1999 Bologna Declaration (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in the education systems of European states, but also in other directions. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in the convergence of national states and the formation of transnational socio-state systems.

As you can see, plans to create a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration of the states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of management.

Russia's entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on the internal policy of the state and, at the same time, a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the existing statements, Russia's intentions towards the end of the first decade of the 21st century. becoming a part of the common European system of higher education are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can be provided only to the countries of the European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia is experiencing a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in the search for a model of education reforms that is adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only world processes, but also the interests of Russia's sustainable development in the short and long term.

The task of the domestic education system in modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and effectively, to equip Russian citizens with such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also need in the future.

The development of the education system in Russia is determined by the world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country over the past 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia takes an active part in the creation of a single international educational space. Since the 90s, the Russian education system has been extensively modernized, aimed at its democratization and development "as an open state-social system."

The education system includes:

• 1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) focus;
• 2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;
• 3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising state administration in the field of education, and local self-government bodies exercising control in the field of education, the consultative, advisory and other bodies created by them;
• 4) organizations that provide educational activities, assess the quality of education;
• 5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.

Continuous replenishment, refinement of knowledge, acquisition and comprehension of new information, development of new skills and abilities become the most important prerequisites for increasing the intellectual level of a person, his standard of living, an urgent need for any specialist. The education system includes a number of stages, which are discrete in nature, but due to continuity, its continuity is ensured.

Continuity allows a person to move smoothly from one stage of development to the next, from one to the next, higher level of education.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of different types and types:

• · Preschool;
• · General education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);
• · Primary vocational education;
• · Secondary vocational education;
• · Higher professional education;
• · Postgraduate professional education;
• · Additional education for adults;
• · Additional education for children;
• · For orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
• · Special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);
• · Other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Preschool education(nursery, kindergarten). This is optional and usually covers children from 1 to 6-7 years of age.

Comprehensive school... Education from 7 to 18 years old. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of individual subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

• · Elementary education(Grades 1-4) usually forms part of secondary education, with the exception of small villages and remote areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.
• · Basic general education (grades 5 - 9)... At the age of 10, children graduate from primary school, move to secondary, where they study for another 5 years. After the end of the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.
• · Complete general education (grades 10 - 11)... After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Professional education... Vocational education is represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

• · Initial vocational education... Such education can be obtained in vocational schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after the end of the 9th or 11th grade.
• · Secondary vocational education... The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools, colleges. They are accepted there after the 9th and 11th grades.
• · Higher professional education.

Higher education is represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996, No. 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate vocational education" in the Russian Federation, the following types of higher educational institutions are established: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a diploma specialist(term of study - 5 years), or a degree bachelor(4 years) or master's(6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Educational institutions can be paid or free, commercial or non-commercial. They can conclude agreements with each other, unite in educational complexes (kindergarten - primary school, lyceum-college-university) and educational and scientific production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be obtained on-the-fly and on the job, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

Preschool education in Russia, it is intended to ensure the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child from one year to 7 years old, strengthening his mental health, developing individual abilities and the necessary correction of developmental disabilities.

Preschool education is carried out:

• In institutions of preschool education
• In institutions of general education (preschool)
• In institutions of additional education for children (centers and associations for early child development)
• · At home in the family.

The normative and legal activity of preschool educational institutions of the Russian Federation is regulated by the Model Regulations on a Preschool Educational Institution. The system of preschool education, its educational institutions are designed to meet the needs of the population, families with preschool children, in educational services. This is emphasized in the Concept of Preschool Education, proclaimed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" and the Model Regulations on a Preschool Educational Institution. Preschool educational institutions have been identified as an independent type of educational institutions and the possibility of their species diversity has been determined. The educational program of preschool education is singled out as an independent educational program from the general educational programs. At the same time, educational programs of preschool and primary general education are successive. Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, diversity, freedom in choosing a priority direction of the educational process, using educational programs.

Since the beginning of 2005, Russian kindergartens for the first time in 85 years of their existence as state institutions have lost funding from the federal budget. Their maintenance is now entirely entrusted to the local authorities. Municipalities have limited room to maneuver between budget deficits and parental capacity to pay.

From January 1, 2007, as part of measures to improve the demographic situation, parents whose children attend state and municipal kindergartens began to receive such compensation. Compensations in state and municipal institutions are calculated as follows: 20% of the maintenance fee - for the first child, 50% - for the second child, and 70% - for the third and subsequent children. The amount of compensation is determined on the basis of the amount actually paid by the parents for the maintenance of the child in these institutions.

The economic difficulties in the country have caused a number of negative processes in the functioning of the system of preschool educational institutions. In Russia, now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions. Parents are entrusted with the functions of the first teachers and the duty to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality in early childhood.

It is impossible not to mention such a problem as the low wages of workers in preschool education, which in turn becomes an obstacle to attracting young specialists to this area.

General secondary school - an educational institution aimed at giving students a systematic knowledge of the basics of science, as well as the corresponding skills and abilities that are necessary for further professional training and higher education. Educational institutions providing general secondary education include general education schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, education in them lasts 11 years. Usually people enter a general education institution at the age of 6 or 7; graduate at 17 or 18 years old.

The academic year begins on September 1 and ends at the end of May or June. There are two main ways of dividing the school year.

• Division by four quarters... There are holidays between every quarters ("summer", "autumn", "winter" and "spring").
• Division by three trimester... The trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with a week break between them and a summer vacation between the 3rd and 1st trimesters.

At the end of each quarter or trimester, a final grade is given for all subjects studied, and at the end of each year - an annual grade. In case of unsatisfactory annual grades, the student can be left for the second year.

At the end of the last grade, as well as at the end of grade 9, students take exams in terms of subjects. Based on the results of these exams and the annual grades, grades are given in the certificate of maturity. For those subjects for which there are no exams, an annual grade is put in the certificate.

Most schools have a 6-day work week (day off - Sunday), 4-7 lessons daily. Under such a system, lessons of 45 minutes are accepted. It is also possible to study 5 days a week, but with a larger number of lessons (up to 9), or with a larger number of shorter lessons (35-40 minutes each). Lessons are separated by 10-20 minute breaks each. In addition to teaching in classes, students do their homework (for younger students, homework may not be at the teacher's discretion).

Education up to grade 9 is compulsory, education in grade 10 and 11 is not compulsory for all children. After the 9th grade, the graduate receives a certificate of basic secondary education and can continue his studies in a vocational educational institution (vocational school, vocational lyceums), where, among other things, it is also possible to graduate from a complete secondary education program, or to a secondary special (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical), where he can receive secondary specialized education and qualifications, as a rule, a technician or a junior engineer, or even start working right away. After the end of the 11th grade, the student receives a certificate of complete secondary education - the Certificate of complete general education. To enter a higher educational institution, a complete secondary education is usually required: a high school certificate, or a document confirming the completion of a secondary vocational school, or a technical school diploma, as well as the result of the Unified State Exam (Unified State Exam).

Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has acquired the status of compulsory and is the only form of state (final) certification of school graduates.

In the general education system, there may also be specialized secondary schools or separate classes (pre-profile and specialized): with in-depth study of a number of subjects - a foreign language, physics and mathematics, chemical, engineering, biological, etc. specialization. Recently, a network of full-time schools has been developing, where children not only receive a general education, but a large amount of extracurricular work is carried out with them, there are circles, sections and other associations of additional education for children. The school has the right to provide additional educational services to the student only in the event of the conclusion of an Agreement for the provision of additional educational services with his parents (legal representatives), from the moment of the conclusion of such an agreement and for the period of its validity. Additional educational services are provided in excess of and cannot be provided in exchange for or within the framework of the main activity.

In addition to general education schools in Russia, there are also institutions of additional education for children - music, art, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, but are focused on the goals of developing children's creative potential, their choice of life self-determination, and a profession.

Vocational education implements professional educational programs of primary, secondary and higher professional education:

• · initial vocational education aims to train skilled workers in all the main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education. For certain professions, it can be based on secondary (complete) general education. Can be obtained in vocational and other schools;
• · secondary vocational education (SVE) - aims at training middle-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

The following types of secondary specialized educational institutions are established:

• a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
• b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

In other words, a technical school and college teach in specialties for which secondary vocational education can be obtained in 3 years (in some specialties - in 2 years). At the same time, the college is required to have training also in advanced training programs (4 years).

· higher professional education - aims to train and retrain specialists of the appropriate level, to meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education.

In the Russian Federation, there are three types of higher educational institutions in which higher education can be obtained: institute, academy and university.

The Academy is distinguished by a narrower range of specialties, as a rule, they are for one branch of the economy. For example, the Academy of Railway Transport, the Agricultural Academy, the Mining Academy, the Academy of Economics, etc.

The university covers a wide range of specialties from different fields. For example, a technical university or a classical university.

Any of these two statuses can be assigned to an educational institution only on condition of conducting extensive and recognized at a certain level of scientific research.

For the status of "institute", an educational institution needs only to conduct training in at least one specialty and conduct scientific activities at its own discretion. However, despite these differences, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide for any advantages or restrictions for graduates of accredited institutes, academies or universities.

An educational institution is licensed to conduct educational activities. A license is a state document that allows a university (or its branch) to train specialists in the field of higher professional education. The license is issued by the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science. Both non-state and state universities are required to have a license. This document is issued for 5 years. After the expiration of the license, the activities of the university are illegal. The license of the university or branch must have annexes. The annexes to the license indicate all specialties in which the university or branch has the right to train specialists. If the specialty for which the admission of students is announced is not in the application, it means that the training of students in this specialty is illegal.

In the Russian Federation, there are various forms of ownership of educational institutions: state (including municipal and federal subjects) and non-state (founders of which are legal entities or individuals). All accredited educational institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, have equal rights to issue state diplomas and deferment from conscription for military service.

Postgraduate vocational education provides citizens with the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

To obtain it at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions, institutes have been created:

• postgraduate studies;
• doctoral studies;
• residency;

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the system of domestic education has undergone serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the RF were introduced as

In 2012, Russia adopted a law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, allows free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, function

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main training functions are:

• Raising worthy members of society.
• Socialization and introduction of the new generation to the values ​​prevailing in this society.
• Providing qualified training for young specialists.
• Transfer of knowledge related to work using modern technologies.

Education criteria

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, knows how to clearly define the causes and consequences of an event and can think logically. The main criterion for education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person's ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transferred from one generation to another. Education affects all spheres of social life. An example of such an impact can be the improvement of the training system. New levels of professional education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the available labor resources of the state, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, obtaining the profession of a lawyer will help to strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know his legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic training, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to bring up a harmonious personality. Learning also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality education of the highest level.

Education system

The training system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Preschool education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• Priority of universal human values.
• The basis is cultural and national principles.
• Scientificness.
• Focus on the characteristics and level of education in the world.
• Humanistic character.
• Focus on environmental protection.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous.
• Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the display of talent and personality.
• Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of achieved independent thinking, the following types of training are distinguished:

• Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (children are up to 7 years old).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from 6 or 7 years old, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to personal development and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around him.
• Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with the receipt of a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

By its nature and focus, education is:

• General. It helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of science, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, knowledge and skills are acquired that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions.
• Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills to use the simplest tools of labor.

Education levels

The organization of training is based on such a concept as "the level of education in the Russian Federation." It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of the study by the population as a whole and by each citizen separately. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Basic.
• The average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Bachelor's degree. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed the basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies for a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education as well as training in the chosen specialty. The term of study for full-time studies is 5 years, and for part-time studies - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or go to graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from the magistracy. However, when working abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This stage graduates professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enter the master's program after completing the bachelor's and specialist's degrees.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. This implies postgraduate studies. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining an academic degree. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. An academic degree is awarded at the end of training, thesis defense and final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means they make it possible to continue their studies abroad.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

• In special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
• Outside educational institutions. Includes self-education and family learning. It provides for the passage of the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the educational process - human socialization.

The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. Moreover, they complement each other.

Higher education quality

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no significant improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
• A small number of highly qualified foreign teachers.
• Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Problems related to the management of the education system

• Low level of remuneration for workers in the education sector.
• Lack of highly qualified personnel.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low education in RF.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are imposed not only on the state as a whole, but also on the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of educational services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange international best practices.
• Strengthening the focus of domestic education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
• Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the education process.
• Popularization of distance learning.

Thus, education is at the core of the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which suggests that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special RF Education Law 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

General education

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

• Preschool education;
• School education.

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• Basic;
• The average.

Preschool education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of writing and speaking, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

In the Russian Federation, both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home without sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that there are more children who did not attend preschool every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing their writing and speaking skills, the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences are taught.

The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations for certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetically pleasing tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student must develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education sets the task of teaching to think rationally, to make an independent choice, various sciences are studied in more depth. Also, a clear idea of ​​the world and the social role of each student in it is formed. More important than ever before pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

Professional education

In Russian federation levels of vocational education are divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• The average;
• Higher.

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide blue-collar occupations. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed into PTL - vocational and technical lyceum). You can enroll in such institutions both on the basis of 9, and on the basis of 11 classes.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train specialists of the basic level, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of grades 9 or 11, in some institutions you can enter only after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, in medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to an abbreviated program.

Higher education carries out training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. The training of specialists is carried out by universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges). Higher education is divided into the following levels:

• Specialty;

The Bachelor's degree is the required level to get the other two. There are also various forms of education... It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and as an external student.

Education levels in the world

In the world, a huge number of educational institutions and are engaged in teaching students.

• One of the best systems operates in the United States; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in institutions of this country. The main problem with the American education system is the high cost.
• Higher educational institutions in France also offer a very high educational level, education in universities of this country, as in Russia, is free of charge. Students only have to provide their own content.
• In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also eligible for free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country, in the legal and medical industry there is no division into bachelor's and specialties.
• In England, the term Higher Education is used only to refer to institutions or universities from which graduates receive a doctorate or degree.
• Education in China has also become popular recently. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this ranking, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the information group Thomson Reuters. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the rating is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

Evaluation criteria for universities:

Academic reputation of the university, including scientific activity and quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)

The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).

Total citations of scientific publications, normalized for different areas of research (analysis data from 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

The ratio of published scientific articles to the number of faculty members (data from the analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

The amount of funding for research activities of the university in relation to the number of teaching staff (the indicator is normalized at purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The amount of funding by third-party companies for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members.

The ratio of public funding for research activities to the total research budget of the university.

The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.

The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.

The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.

The ratio of defended dissertations (Candidates of Sciences) to the number of teaching staff.

The ratio of defended dissertations (Candidates of Science) to the number of bachelors going to the master's degree.

Average remuneration for a representative of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized at purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

How is the score determined?

The maximum mark that the studied university can receive is 100 points.

For the level of teaching, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers, the university can receive a maximum of 30 points.

A maximum of 30 points are awarded for the scientific reputation of the university.

For the citation of scientific papers - 30 points.

For the development of innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.

For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world - 7.5 points.

World University Rankings 2014-2015