Who are the Tatars? The opinion of Bashkir historians. History of the Tatars

14.04.2019

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Tatars(self-name - Tat.Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) - a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

Tatars are the second largest ethnic group ( ethnoc- ethnic community) after the Russians and the most large people Muslim culture in the Russian Federation, where the main area of their settlement is the Volga-Ural. Within this region, the largest groups of Tatars are concentrated in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Language, writing

According to many historians, the Tatar people with a single literary and practically common spoken language formed during the existence of a huge Turkic state - the Golden Horde. The literary language in this state was the so-called "idel terkise" or Old Tatar, based on the Kypchak-Bulgar (Polovtsian) language and incorporating elements of the Central Asian literary languages. The modern literary language based on the middle dialect emerged in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In ancient times, the Türkic ancestors of the Tatars used the runic script, as evidenced by archaeological finds in the Urals and the Middle Volga region. From the moment of the voluntary adoption of Islam by one of the ancestors of the Tatars, the Volga-Kama Bulgars - the Tatars used the Arabic script, from 1929 to 1939 - the Latin script, since 1939 they use the Cyrillic alphabet with additional signs.

The earliest surviving literary monument in the Old Tatar literary language (Kul Gali's poem "Kyisa-i Yosyf") was written in the 13th century. From the second half of the XIX v. the modern Tatar literary language begins to form, which by the 1910s completely supplanted the Old Tatar language.

Modern Tatar language belonging to the Kypchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic language family, is divided into four dialects: middle (Kazan Tatar), western (Misharsky), eastern (language Siberian Tatars) and Crimean (language Crimean Tatars). Despite dialectal and territorial differences, Tatars are a single nation with a single literary language, a single culture - folklore, literature, music, religion, national spirit, traditions and rituals.

Even before the coup of 1917, the Tatar nation occupied one of the leading places in the Russian Empire in terms of literacy (the ability to write and read in its own language). The traditional thirst for knowledge has been preserved among the present generation.

Tatars, like any large ethnic group, have a rather complex internal structure and consist of three ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan Tatars and the sub-confessional community of baptized Tatars. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Tatars went through the process of ethnic consolidation ( Consolidation[lat. consolidatio, from con (cum) - together, at the same time and solido - I consolidate, strengthen, join], strengthening, strengthening something; unification, rallying of individuals, groups, organizations to strengthen the struggle for common goals).

The folk culture of the Tatars, despite its regional variability (it varies among all ethnic groups), is basically the same. The vernacular Tatar language (consisting of several dialects) is basically the same. SINCE XVIII -to the beginning XX centuries. a nationwide (so-called "high") culture with a developed literary language was formed.

The consolidation of the Tatar nation was strongly influenced by the high migration activity of Tatars from the Volga-Ural region. So, by the beginning of the XX century. 1/3 of the Astrakhan Tatars consisted of immigrants, and many of them were intermixed (through marriages) with local Tatars. The same situation was observed in Western Siberia, where already to late XIX v. about 1/5 of the Tatars came from the Volga and Ural regions, which also intensively mixed with the indigenous Siberian Tatars. Therefore, today it is practically impossible to identify "pure" Siberian or Astrakhan Tatars.

The Kryashens stand out for their religious affiliation - they are Orthodox. But all other ethnic parameters unite them with the rest of the Tatars. In general, religion is not an ethno-generating factor. Basic elements traditional culture baptized Tatars are the same as those of other neighboring groups of Tatars.

Thus, the unity of the Tatar nation has deep cultural roots, and today the presence of the Astrakhan, Siberian Tatars, Kryashens, Mishars, Nagaybaks has a purely historical and ethnographic significance and cannot serve as a basis for distinguishing independent peoples.

Tatar ethnos has an ancient and bright history closely related to the history of all the peoples of the Urals - the Volga region and Russia as a whole.

The original culture of the Tatars has entered the treasury of world culture and civilization with dignity.

We find traces of it in the traditions and language of Russians, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash. At the same time, the national Tatar culture synthesizes in itself the achievements of the Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Indo-Iranian peoples (Arabs, Slavs and others).

Tatars are one of the most mobile peoples. Due to landlessness, frequent crop failures at home and the traditional craving for trade, even before 1917, they began to move to various regions of the Russian Empire, including in the province of Central Russia, Donbass, Eastern Siberia and Far East, North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. This migration process intensified during the years of Soviet rule, especially during the period of "great construction projects of socialism." Therefore, at present in the Russian Federation there is practically not a single subject of the federation, wherever the Tatars live. Even in the pre-revolutionary period, Tatar national communities were formed in Finland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, China. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, Tatars who lived in the former Soviet republics - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and the Baltic countries - ended up in the near abroad. Already at the expense of re-emigrants from China. Tatar national diasporas in the USA, Japan, Australia, Sweden were formed in Turkey and Finland from the middle of the XX century.

Culture and life of the people

Tatars are one of the most urbanized peoples of the Russian Federation. Social groups Tatars, living both in cities and in villages, are almost indistinguishable from those that exist among other peoples, primarily among the Russians.

By way of life, the Tatars do not differ from other surrounding peoples. The modern Tatar ethnos originated in parallel with the Russian. Modern Tatars are the Turkic-speaking part of the indigenous population of Russia, which, due to its greater territorial proximity to the East, chose Islam rather than Orthodoxy.

The traditional dwelling of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals was a log cabin, fenced off from the street by a fence. The external facade was decorated with multicolored paintings. The Astrakhan Tatars, who preserved some of their steppe cattle-breeding traditions, used a yurt as a summer dwelling.

Like many other peoples, ceremonies and holidays Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a concept associated with a particular work.

Many ethnologists note the unique phenomenon of Tatar tolerance, which consists in the fact that in the entire history of the existence of the Tatars, they were not the initiators of any conflict on ethnic and religious grounds. The most famous ethnologists and researchers are sure that tolerance is an invariable part of the Tatar national character.

People in the Russian Federation. The number in the Russian Federation is 5,522,096 people. The folk-spoken Tatar language of the Kypchak group of the Turkic language is divided into three dialects.

Tatars are the most numerous Turkic people in Russia. They live in the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Bashkortostan, the Udmurt Republic and the adjacent regions of the Urals and Volga regions. There are large Tatar communities in Moscow, St. Petersburg and others large cities... And in general, in all regions of Russia you can meet Tatars who have been living outside their homeland - the Volga region for decades. They settled down in a new place, fit into a new environment for them, they feel great there and do not want to leave anywhere.

There are several peoples in Russia who call themselves Tatars. Astrakhan Tatars live near Astrakhan, Siberian Tatars in Western Siberia, Kasimov Tatars near the city of Kasimov on the Oka River (on the territory where serving Tatar princes lived several centuries ago). And finally, the Kazan Tatars are named after the capital of Tataria - the city of Kazan. All these are different, albeit close to each other peoples. However, only Kazan should be called simply Tatars.

Among the Tatars, two ethnographic groups are distinguished - Tatars-Mishars and Tatars-Kryashens. The former are known for not celebrating being Muslims. National holiday Sabantuy, but they celebrate the Day of the Red Egg - something similar to Orthodox Easter. On this day, children collect colored eggs from their homes and play with them. The Kryashens ("baptized") are called so because they were baptized, that is, they adopted Christianity, and they celebrate not Muslim, but Christian holidays.

The Tatars themselves began to call themselves that rather late - only in mid XIX v. For a very long time they did not like this name and considered it humiliating. Until the 19th century. they were called differently: “Bulgarly” (Bulgars), “Kazanly” (Kazan), “Meselman” (Muslims). And now many are demanding the return of the name "Bulgars".

The Türks came to the regions of the Middle Volga and the Kama region from the steppes of Central Asia and the North Caucasus, pressed by tribes that moved from Asia to Europe. The resettlement continued for several centuries. At the end of the 9th-10th centuries. a prosperous state, Volga Bulgaria, arose on the Middle Volga. The people living in this state were called Bulgars. Volga Bulgaria existed for two and a half centuries. Agriculture and cattle breeding, handicrafts developed here, there was trade with Russia and with the countries of Europe and Asia.

O high level The culture of the Bulgars at that time is evidenced by the existence of two types of writing - the ancient Türkic runic and later Arabic, which came along with Islam in the 10th century. The Arabic language and writing gradually replaced the signs of the ancient Turkic writing from the sphere of state circulation. And this is natural: the entire Muslim East, with which Bulgaria had close political and economic contacts, used the Arabic language.

The names of remarkable poets, philosophers, scientists of Bulgaria, whose works are included in the treasury of the peoples of the East, have survived to our time. These are Khoja Ahmed Bulgari (XI century) - a scientist and theologian, an expert on the moral precepts of Islam; Suleiman ibn Daud as-Saksini-Suvari (XII century) - the author of philosophical treatises with very poetic titles: "The light of the rays - the truth of secrets", "The flower of the garden, pleasing sick souls." And the poet Kul Gali (XII-XIII centuries) wrote the "Poem about Yusuf", which is considered a classic Turkic-speaking artwork pre-Mongol period.

In the middle of the XIII century. Volga Bulgaria was conquered by the Tatar-Mongols and became part of the Golden Horde. After the fall of the Horde in the XV century. in the Middle Volga region, a new state appeared - the Kazan Khanate. The main backbone of its population is formed by the same Bulgars, who by that time had already managed to experience the strong influence of their neighbors - the Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts), who lived next to them in the Volga basin, as well as the Mongols, who made up the majority ruling class Golden Horde.

Where did the name "Tatars" come from? There are several versions on this score. According to the most widespread, one of the Central Asian tribes conquered by the Mongols was called "Tatan", "Tatabi". In Russia, this word turned into "Tatars", and they began to call everyone: both the Mongols and the Turkic population of the Golden Horde, subject to the Mongols, which is far from being of the same ethnicity in its composition. With the collapse of the Horde, the word "Tatars" did not disappear, they continued to collectively refer to the Turkic-speaking peoples on the southern and eastern borders of Russia. Over time, its meaning narrowed down to the name of one people who lived on the territory of the Kazan Khanate.

The Khanate was conquered by Russian troops in 1552. Since then, the Tatar lands have been part of Russia, and the history of the Tatars has been developing in close cooperation with the peoples inhabiting the Russian state.

Tatars excelled in different forms economic activity... They were excellent farmers (they grew rye, barley, millet, peas, lentils) and excellent cattle breeders. Of all types of livestock, sheep and horses were given special preference.

Tatars were famous as excellent artisans. Coopers made barrels for fish, caviar, pickles, pickles, beer. Leatherworkers made leather. Especially appreciated at fairs were Kazan morocco and Bulgar yuft (original local leather), shoes and boots, very soft to the touch, decorated with applique pieces of multi-colored leather. Among the Kazan Tatars, there were many enterprising and successful merchants who traded throughout Russia.

In Tatar cuisine one can distinguish “agricultural” dishes and “cattle-breeding” dishes. The first includes soups with pieces of dough, porridge, pancakes, flat cakes, that is, what can be made from grain and flour. To the second - horse meat jerky sausage, sour cream, different types cheese special kind sour milk - katyk. And if the katyk is diluted with water and cooled, you get a wonderful drink that quenches your thirst - ayran. Well, the whites - round pies fried in B oil with meat or vegetable filling, which can be seen through a hole in the dough - are known to everyone. Smoked goose was considered a festive dish among the Tatars.

Already at the beginning of the X century. the ancestors of the Tatars converted to Islam, and since then their culture has developed within the Islamic world. This was facilitated by the spread of writing based on Arabic script and construction a large number mosques. At the mosques, schools were created - mekteb and madrasah, where children (and not only from noble families) learned to read in Arabic Koran.

Ten centuries of written tradition have not been in vain. Among the Kazan Tatars, in comparison with other Turkic peoples of Russia, there are many writers, poets, composers, and artists. Often it was the Tatars who were mullahs and teachers among other Turkic peoples. The Tatars have a strongly developed feeling national identity, pride in their history and culture.

PROBLEMS OF ETHNOGENESIS (BEGIN THE ORIGIN) OF THE TATAR PEOPLE

PERIODIZATION OF TATAR POLITICAL HISTORY

The Tatar people passed difficult path centuries of development. The following main stages of the Tatar political history:

Ancient Turkic statehood, includes the state of the Hunnu (209 BC - 155 AD), the Hun Empire (late 4th - mid 5th century), the Turkic Khaganate (551 - 745) and the Kazakh Khaganate ( mid 7 - 965)

Volga Bulgaria or Bulgar Emirate (end of X - 1236)

Ulus Jochi or Golden Horde(1242 - first half of the 15th century)

Kazan Khanate or Kazan Sultanate (1445 - 1552)

Tatarstan as part of the Russian state (1552 - present)

RT became in 1990 a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation

THE ORIGIN OF THE ETHNONYM (NAME OF THE PEOPLE) TATAR AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE VOLGA-URAL

The ethnonym Tatars is national and is used by all groups forming the Tatar ethnic community- Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan, Siberian, Polish-Lithuanian Tatars. There are several versions of the origin of the ethnonym Tatars.

The first version speaks of the origin of the word Tatars from Chinese... In the 5th century, a warlike Mongol tribe lived in Machuria, often raiding China. The Chinese called this tribe "ta-ta". Later, the Chinese extended the ethnonym Tatars to all their nomadic northern neighbors, including the Turkic tribes.

The second version derives the word Tatars from the Persian language. Khalikov cites the etymology (variant of the origin of the word) of the Arab medieval author Mahmad Kazhgat, in whose opinion the ethnonym Tatars consists of 2 Persian words. Tat is a stranger, ar is a man. Thus, the word Tatars literally translated from Persian means a stranger, a foreigner, a conqueror.

The third version deduces the ethnonym Tatars from Greek... Tartar - underworld, hell.

By the beginning of XIII, the tribal associations of the Tatars were included in Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan and participated in his military campaigns. In the Ulus Juchi (UD), which emerged as a result of these campaigns, the Cumans dominated numerically, who were subordinate to the dominant Turkic-Mongol clans, from which the military-service class was recruited. This class in the UD was called the Tatars. Thus, the term Tatars in the UD initially had no ethnic meaning and was used to denote the military-service class that constituted the elite of society. Therefore, the term Tatars was a symbol of nobility, power, and it was prestigious to treat the Tatars. This led to the gradual assimilation of this term by the majority of the UD population as an ethnonym.

BASIC THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TATAR PEOPLE

There are 3 theories that interpret the origin of the Tatar people in different ways:

Bulgar (Bulgaro-Tatar)

Mongol-Tatar (Golden Horde)

Turkic-Tatar

The Bulgarian theory is based on the propositions that the ethnic basis of the Tatar people is the Bulgar ethnos, formed in the middle Volga and Ural regions of the IIX-IX centuries. Bulgarists, adherents of this theory, argue that the main ethnocultural traditions and characteristics of the Tatar people were formed during the existence of Volga Bulgaria. In subsequent periods, the Golden Horde, Kazan-Khan and Russian, these traditions and features have undergone only minor changes. In the opinion of the Bulgarists, all other groups of Tatars arose independently and in fact are independent ethnic groups.

One of the main arguments that the Bulgarists give in defense of the provisions of their theory is an anthropological argument - the external similarity of the medieval Bulgars with the modern Kazan Tatars.

The Mongol-Tatar theory is based on the fact of resettlement in Eastern Europe from Central Asia (Mongolia) nomadic Mongol-Tatar groups. These groups mixed with the Cumans and during the UD period created the basis of the culture of the modern Tatars. Supporters of this theory downplay the importance of Volga Bulgaria and its culture in the history of the Kazan Tatars. They believe that during the Ud period the Bulgarian population was partially exterminated, partially moved to the outskirts of Volga Bulgaria (modern Chuvash descended from these Bulgarians), while the bulk of the Bulgarians were assimilated (loss of culture and language) by the newcomer Mongol-Tatars and Polovtsians who brought a new ethnonym and language. One of the arguments on which this theory is based is the linguistic argument (the proximity of the medieval Polovtsian and modern Tatar languages).

Turkic-Tatar theory notes important role in their ethnogenesis of the ethnopolitical tradition of the Turkic and Kazakh Kaganate in the population and culture of Volga Bulgaria, Kypchat and Mongol-Tatar ethnic groups steppes of Eurasia. As a key point ethnic history Tatars, this theory examines the period of the existence of the UD, when, on the basis of a mixture of alien Mongol-Tatar and Kipchat and local Bulgar traditions, a new statehood, culture, and literary language arose. Among the Muslim military-service nobility of the UD, a new Tatar ethnopolitical consciousness developed. After the disintegration of the UD into several independent states, the Tatar ethnos was divided into groups that began to develop independently. The process of division of the Kazan Tatars ended during the period of the Kazan Khanate. 4 groups took part in the ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars - 2 local and 2 newcomers. The local Bulgars and part of the Volga Finns were assimilated by the newcomer Mongol-Tatars and Kipchaks, who brought a new ethnonym and language.

Tatars are the second largest ethnic group and the most numerous people of Muslim culture in the Russian Federation.

The Tatar ethnos has an ancient and vibrant history, closely related to the history of all the peoples of the Ural-Volga region and Russia in general.

The original culture of the Tatars has entered the treasury of world culture and civilization with dignity.
We find traces of it in the traditions and language of Russians, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvash. At the same time, the national Tatar culture synthesizes in itself the achievements of the Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Indo-Iranian peoples (Arabs, Slavs and others).

There are also various interpretations of the ethnonym "Tatars". This question is very relevant at the present time.
Some researchers deduce the origin of this word from "mountain inhabitant", where "tat" means "mountains", and "ar" means "inhabitant", "person" (A.A. Sukharev. Kazan Tatars. St. Petersburg, 1904, p. 22). Others - the etymology of the word "Tatars" to the ancient Greek "messenger" (N.A. Baskakov. Russian surnames Turkic origin... Baku, 1992, p. 122).

The well-known Türkologist D.Ye. Eremev connects the origin of the word "Tatars" with the ancient Türkic word and people. He connects the first component of the word "tat" with the name of the ancient Iranian people. At the same time, he refers to the information of the ancient Turkic chronicler Mahmud Kashgari that the Turks called "Tatam" those who speak Farsi, that is, in the Iranian language. The original meaning of the word "tat" was, most likely, "Persian", but then this word in Russia began to denote all eastern and Asian peoples(DE Eremeev. Semantics of Turkic ethnonymy. - Collection of articles "Ethnonyms". M., 1970, p. 134).
Thus, a complete decoding of the ethnonym "Tatars" is still waiting for its researcher. In the meantime, unfortunately, and at the present time, the burden of established traditions, stereotypes about the Mongol-Tatar yoke makes most people think in highly distorted categories about the history of the Tatars, about their true origins, about the Tatar culture.

According to the 1989 census, about 7 million people lived on the territory of the USSR. Of these, in the RSFSR - more than 5.5 million or 83.1% of the indicated number, including in Tatarstan - more than 1.76 million (26.6%).

Currently, Tatars make up slightly more than half of the population of Tatarstan, their national republic. At the same time, the number of people living outside Tatarstan is in Bashkortostan -1.12 million people, Udmurtia -110.5 thousand, Mordovia - 47.3 thousand, Mari El - 43.8 thousand, Chuvashia - 35.7 thousand. In addition, Tatars also live in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia.

Tatars are one of the most mobile peoples. Due to landlessness, frequent crop failures at home and the traditional craving for trade, even before 1917, they began to move to various regions of the Russian Empire, including the province of Central Russia, the Donbass, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. This migration process intensified during the years of Soviet rule, especially during the "great construction projects of socialism." Therefore, at present in the Russian Federation there is practically not a single subject of the federation, wherever the Tatars live. Even in the pre-revolutionary period, Tatar national communities were formed in Finland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, China. As a result of the collapse of the USSR, Tatars who lived in the former Soviet republics - Uzbekistan (467.8 thousand), Kazakhstan (327.9 thousand), Tajikistan (72.2 thousand), Kyrgyzstan (70.5 thousand) ended up in the near abroad. ), Turkmenistan (39.2 thousand), Azerbaijan (28 thousand), Ukraine. (86.9 thousand), in the Baltic countries (14 thousand). Already at the expense of re-emigrants from China. Tatar national diasporas in the USA, Japan, Australia, Sweden were formed in Turkey and Finland from the middle of the XX century.

According to many historians, the Tatar people with a single literary and practically common spoken language developed during the existence of a huge Turkic state - the Golden Horde. The literary language in this state was the so-called "idel terkis" or Old Tatar, based on the Kypchak-Bulgar (Polovtsian) language and incorporating elements of the Central Asian literary languages. The modern literary language based on the middle dialect emerged in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The modern Tatar language, which belongs to the Kypchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic language family, is subdivided into four dialects: middle (Kazan Tatar), western (Misharsky), eastern (the language of the Siberian Tatars) and Crimean (the language of the Crimean Tatars). Despite dialectal and territorial differences, Tatars are a single nation with a single literary language, a single culture - folklore, literature, music, religion, national spirit, traditions and rituals.

Ethnonym "Tatars" - ancient origin, however, as the self-name of the modern Tatars, it was adopted only in the 19th century, and the Ancient Tatars-Turkic tribes lived on the territory of today's Eurasia. The current Tatars (Kazan, Western, Siberian, Crimean) are not direct descendants of the ancient Tatars who came to Europe with the troops of Genghis Khan. They formed in one nation called Tatars, after they were given such a name European peoples.

There is an opinion of historians that the name "Tatars" came from the name of a large influential clan "Tata", from which many Turkic-speaking military leaders of the state "Altyn Urta" ( Golden mean), better known as the "Golden Horde".

Tatars are one of the most urbanized peoples of the Russian Federation. Social groups of Tatars, living both in cities and in villages, are almost indistinguishable from those that exist among other peoples, primarily among the Russians.

The traditional food of the Tatars is meat, dairy and vegetable - soups seasoned with pieces of dough (tokmach noodles, chumar), cereals, sour dough bread, kabartma cakes. National dishes - bialesh with a variety of fillings, more often from meat (peryamach), cut into pieces and mixed with millet, rice or potatoes, unleavened dough buns are widely represented in the form of bavyrsak, kosh tele, ichpochmak, gubadiya, katykly salma, chak-chak ( wedding dish). Horse meat (a favorite meat of many groups) is used to prepare jerky sausage - kazylyk or kazy. Dried goose (kaklagan kaz) is considered a delicacy. Dairy products - katyk (a special type of sour milk), sour cream, cottage cheese. Drinks - tea, ayran (tan) - a mixture of katyk and water (used mainly in summer).

The Tatars have always taken an active part in all defensive and liberation wars. In terms of the number of "Heroes of the Soviet Union", the Tatars occupy the fourth place, and in terms of the percentage of the number of heroes for the whole people - the first. In terms of the number of Heroes of Russia, the Tatars are in second place.

From the Tatars, such military leaders as Army General M.A. Gareev, Colonel Generals of the Russian Federation Akchurin and F.Kh. Churakov, Vice Admiral M.D. Iskanderov, Rear Admirals Z.G. Lyapin, A.I.Bichurin and others. Outstanding scientists - academicians RZ Sagdeev (physicist and chemist), KA Valiev (physicist), RA Syunyaev (astrophysicist), and others.

Tatar literature is one of the most ancient in the Russian Federation. The most ancient literary monument- the poem "The Legend of Yusuf" by the Bulgarian poet Kul Gali, written in 1236. Among famous poets of the past can be called M. Sarai-Gulistani (XIV century), M. Muhammadyar (1496 / 97-1552), G. Utyz-Nameani (1754-1834), G. Kandaly (1797-1860). From poets and writers of the XX century - classics of Tatar literature Gabdullu Tukay, Fatih Amirkhan, writers Soviet period- Galimzyan Ibragimov, Khadi Taktash, Majit Gafuri, Hasan Tufan, patriotic poet, Hero of the Soviet Union Musu Jalil, Sibgat Khakim and many other talented poets and writers.

One of the first among the Turkic peoples, the Tatars arose theatrical art... The most prominent artists are: Abdulla Kariev, actor and playwright Karim Tinchurin, Khalil Abdzhalilov, Gabdulla Shamukov, actors: Chulpan Khamatova, Marat Basharov Renata Litvinova, actor and director Sergei Shakurov, director Marcel Salimzhanov, opera singers- Haydar Bigichev and Zilya Sungatullina, folk singers Ilgam Shakirov and Alfiya Afzalova, popular performers- Rinat Ibragimov, Zemfira Ramazanova, Salavat Fatkhutdinov, Aydar Galimov, Malika Razakova, young poet and musician Rustam Alyautdinov.

The visual arts of the Tatars: First of all, this is the patriarch artist Baki Urmanche, and many other outstanding Tatar artists.

The sports achievements of the Tatars also constantly make themselves felt:
Wrestling - Shazam Safin, champion Olympic Games 1952 Greco-Roman wrestling in Helsinki.
Rhythmic gymnastics - Olympic champion and multiple world champion Alina Kabaeva, world champions Amina Zaripova and Lyaysan Utyasheva.
Football - Rinat Dasaev, goalkeeper No. 1 worldwide in 1988, goalkeeper of the Spartak team, members of the 2002 World Cup, attacking midfielder of the Russian national team Marat Izmailov (Lokomotiv-Moscow), winner of the Russian Cup 2000/01; silver medalist of the 2001 Russian Championship, and the goalkeeper of the Russian national team, KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny); "Spartak Moscow); Lokomotiv (Moscow); "Verona" (Italy) Ruslan Nigmatullin, Hockey - Irek Gimaev, Sergey Gimaev, Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, Tennis world champion Marat Safin, and many others.

Famous Russians - immigrants from Tatar clans

Many famous noble families of Russia have Tatar roots. Apraksins, Arakcheevs, Dashkovs, Derzhavins, Ermolovs, Sheremetevs, Bulgakovs, Gogols, Golitsyns, Milyukovs, Godunovs, Kochubeis, Stroganovs, Bunins, Kurakins, Saltykovs, Saburovs, Mansurovs, Tarnovbeevs, not all of them. By the way, the origin of the counts Sheremetev, in addition to the surname, is also confirmed by the family coat of arms, on which there is a silver crescent. The nobles of the Ermolovs, for example, from where General Alexei Petrovich Ermolov came from, the genealogy begins as follows: "The ancestor of this clan Arslan-Murza-Ermola, and by baptism named John, as shown in the pedigree presented, in 1506 left for the Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich from the Golden Horde . " Russia was fabulously enriched at the expense of the Tatar people, talents flowed like a river. The princes Kurakin appeared in Russia under Ivan III, this clan comes from Ondrei Kurak, who was the son of the Horde Khan Bulgak, the recognized ancestor of the Great Russian princes Kurakin and Golitsyn, as well as noble family Bulgakovs. Chancellor Alexander Gorchakov, descended from the Tatar ambassador of Karach-Murza. The Dashkov nobles are also from the Horde. And the Saburovs, Mansurovs, Tarbeevs, Godunovs (from Murza Chet, who left the Horde in 1330), Glinsky (from Mamai), Kolokoltsevs, Talyzins (from Murza Kuchuk Tagaldyzin) ... A separate conversation is desirable about each genus - a lot, a lot they did for Russia. Every Russian patriot has heard about Admiral Ushakov, but only a few know that he is a Turk. This clan comes from the Horde Khan Redeg. Princes Cherkassky descend from the khan's clan Inal. "As a sign of citizenship," it is written in their genealogy, "he sent his son Saltman and his daughter Princess Maria to the sovereign, who was later married to Tsar John Vasilyevich, and Saltman was named Michael by baptism and was granted a boyar."

But even from the named surnames it is clear that the Tatar blood strongly influenced the gene pool of the Russian people. Among the Russian nobility there are more than 120 famous Tatar families. In the sixteenth century, Tatars predominated among the nobility. Even by the end of the nineteenth century, there were approximately 70 thousand noblemen with Tatar roots in Russia. This accounted for more than 5 percent of the total number of nobles throughout the Russian Empire.

A lot of Tatar nobility disappeared forever for their people. The genealogical books of the Russian nobility tell about this quite well: "General Herbovnik Noble families All-Russian Empire ", begun in 1797, or" The history of the families of the Russian nobility ", or" Russian genealogical book ". Historical novels fade before them.

Yushkovs, Suvorovs, Apraksins (from Salakhmir), Davydovs, Yusupovs, Arakcheevs, Golenishchevs-Kutuzovs, Bibikovs, Chirikovs ... Chirikovs, for example, came from the clan of Khan Berke, Batu's brother. Polivanovs, Kochubeis, Kozakovs ...

The Kopylovs, Aksakovs (aksak means "lame"), Musin-Pushkins, Ogarkovs (Lev Ogar was the first to come from the Golden Horde in 1397, "a man of great growth and a brave warrior"). The Baranovs ... In their genealogy it is written as follows: "The ancestor of the Baranov family, Murza Zhdan, nicknamed Baran, and named Daniel by baptism, came in 1430 from the Crimea."

The Karaulovs, Ogarevs, Akhmatovs, Bakaevs, Gogol, Berdyaevs, Turgenevs ... "The ancestor of the Turgenevs clan, Murza Lev Turgen, who was named John by baptism, went to Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich from the Golden Horde ..." , as well as the Ogarevs clan (their Russian ancestor is "Murza with the honest name of Kutlamamet, nicknamed Ogar").

Karamzins (from Kara-Murza, Crimean), Almazovs (from Almazy, who was named by his baptism as Erifey, he came from the Horde in 1638), Urusovs, Tukhachevskys (their ancestor in Russia was Indris, a native of the Golden Horde), Kozhevnikovs (come from Murza Kozhaya, since 1509 in Russia), the Bykovs, Ievlevs, Kobyakovs, Shubins, Taneevs, Shuklins, Timiryazevs (there was such Ibragim Timiryazev, who came to Russia in 1408 from the Golden Horde).

Chaadaevs, Tarakanovs ... but it will take a long time to continue. The Tatars laid the foundation for dozens of so-called "Russian clans".

The Moscow bureaucracy grew. Power was gathering in her hands, Moscow really didn’t have enough educated people... Is it any wonder that the Tatars also became the bearers of more than three hundred simple Russian surnames. In Russia, at least half of Russians are genetic Tatars.

In the 18th century, the rulers of Russia tailored the current ethnographic map, tailored it in their own way, as they wanted: entire provinces were recorded as "Slavs". So Russia became such, about which a Kipchak from a Tukhum (clan) Turgen said: "Russia is all around for thousands of miles."

Then, in the 18th century - only two hundred years ago - the inhabitants of the Tambov, Tula, Oryol, Ryazan, Bryansk, Voronezh, Saratov and other regions were called "Tatars". This is the former population of the Golden Horde. That's why old cemeteries in Ryazan, Orel or Tula are still called Tatar.

Defenders of the Fatherland

Tatar soldiers honestly served Russia. "Be not only the son of your father, but also be the son of your Fatherland" - says the Tatar folk proverb... The fact that the Tatars and Russians in religious terms allegedly always opposed each other is a myth invented by our common enemies. During the war of 1812, 28 Tatar-Bashkir regiments were formed in the Kazan province. It was these regiments, commanded by Kutuzov's son-in-law, the Tatar prince Kudashev, an active participant in the Battle of Borodino, that terrified Napoleon's soldiers. The Tatar regiments, together with the Russian people, liberated the European peoples from the occupation of Napoleonic troops.

In the army, due to national and religious characteristics a number of concessions were made to the Tatars, which were based on respect for their religion. The Tatars were not given pork, were not subjected to corporal punishment, and were not drilled. In the navy, Russian sailors were given a glass of vodka, and the Tatars were given tea and sweets for the same amount. They were not forbidden to bathe several times a day, as is customary among Muslims before each prayer. Their colleagues were strictly forbidden to mock the Tatars and say bad things about Islam.

Great scientists and writers

The Tatars served their Fatherland with faith and truth, not only fighting for it in countless wars. In a peaceful life, they gave him a lot famous people- scientists, writers, artists. Suffice it to name such scientists as Mendeleev, Mechnikov, Pavlov and Timiryazev, researchers of the North Chelyuskin and Chirikov. In literature, these are Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Yazykov, Bulgakov, Kuprin. In the field of art - ballerinas Anna Pavlova, Galina Ulanova, Olga Spesivtseva, Rudolf Nureyev, as well as composers Scriabin and Taneyev. All of them are Russians of Tatar origin.

Every nation has its own distinctive features, which make it possible to determine the nationality of a person almost without errors. It is worth noting that Asian peoples are very similar to each other, since all are descendants Mongoloid race... How can a Tatar be identified? What is the difference between the appearance of the Tatars?

Uniqueness

Without a doubt, each person is unique, regardless of nationality. And yet there are some common features that unite representatives of a race or nationality. It is customary to refer the Tatars to the so-called Altai family. This is a Turkic group. The ancestors of the Tatars were known as farmers. Unlike other representatives of the Mongoloid race, the Tatars do not have pronounced features of appearance.

The appearance of the Tatars and the changes that are now manifested in them are largely caused by assimilation with Slavic peoples... Indeed, among the Tatars, sometimes fair-haired, sometimes even red-haired representatives are found. This, for example, cannot be said about Uzbeks, Mongols or Tajiks. Do the eyes of the Tatars have any peculiarities? They do not necessarily have narrow eyes and dark skin. Are there any common features of the Tatars' appearance?

Description of the Tatars: a little history

Tatars are among the most ancient and populous ethnic groups. In the Middle Ages, the mention of them excited everyone around: in the east from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic coast. A variety of scientists have included references to this people in their works. The mood of these recordings was clearly polarized: some wrote with rapture and admiration, while others showed fear. But one thing united everyone - no one remained indifferent. It is quite obvious that it was the Tatars who rendered a huge impact on the course of development of Eurasia. They managed to create a distinctive civilization that influenced a variety of cultures.

There were both ups and downs in the history of the Tatar people. Periods of peace gave way to violent times of bloodshed. The ancestors of modern Tatars took part in the creation of several strong states... Despite all the vicissitudes of fate, they managed to preserve both their people and their identity.

Ethnic groups

Thanks to the works of anthropologists, it became known that the ancestors of the Tatars were not only representatives of the Mongoloid race, but also Europeans. It was this factor that led to the variety in appearance. Moreover, the Tatars themselves are usually divided into groups: Crimean, Ural, Volga-Siberian, South Kama. Volga-Siberian Tatars, whose facial features have greatest signs Mongoloid race, are distinguished by the following features: dark hair, pronounced cheekbones, brown eyes, wide nose, fold over the upper eyelid. Representatives of this type are few in number.

Face Volga Tatars oblong, cheekbones not too pronounced. The eyes are large and gray (or brown). The nose is humped, oriental type. The physique is correct. In general, the men of this group are quite tall and hardy. Their skin is not dark. Such is the appearance of the Tatars from the Volga region.

Kazan Tatars: appearance and customs

The appearance of the Kazan Tatars is described as follows: a strong built strong man. From the Mongols, a wide oval of the face and a slightly narrowed cut of the eyes are noticeable. The neck is short and strong. Men rarely wear thick beards. Such features are explained by the fusion of Tatar blood with various Finnish peoples.

The marriage ceremony is not like a religious event. From religiosity - only reading the first chapter of the Koran and a special prayer. After marriage, a young girl does not immediately move to her husband's house: for another year she will live in her family. It is curious that her newly-made husband comes to her as a guest. Tatar girls are ready to wait for their lover.

Few have two wives. And in those cases when this happens, there are reasons: for example, when the first one is already old, and the second - younger - now runs a household.

The most common Tatars of the European type are the owners of light brown hair and light eyes. The nose is narrow, aquiline or with a hump. The growth is low - in women, about 165 cm.

Peculiarities

Some features were noticed in the character of a Tatar man: hard work, cleanliness and hospitality border on stubbornness, pride and indifference. Respect for elders is what distinguishes Tatars especially. It was noted that representatives of this people tend to be guided by reason, adjust to the situation, and are law-abiding. In general, the synthesis of all these qualities, especially hard work and perseverance, makes a Tatar man very purposeful. Such people are capable of achieving success in their careers. Work is carried through to the end, they have a habit of getting their way.

A purebred Tatar strives to acquire new knowledge, showing enviable perseverance and responsibility. The Crimean Tatars have a special indifference and calmness in stressful situations. Tatars are very curious and talkative, but during work they are stubbornly silent, apparently so as not to lose concentration.

One of characteristic features- self-esteem. It manifests itself in the fact that the Tatar considers himself special. As a result, there is a certain arrogance and even arrogance.

Cleanliness distinguishes the Tatars. In their homes, they do not tolerate disorder and dirt. Moreover, this does not depend on financial capabilities - both rich and poor Tatar zealously monitor cleanliness.

My home is your home

Tatars are very hospitable people. We are ready to host a person, regardless of his status, faith or nationality. Even with a modest income, they show cordial hospitality, ready to share a modest dinner with a guest.

Tatar women stand out for their enormous curiosity. They are attracted by beautiful clothes, they watch with interest people of other nationalities, follow the fashion. Tatars are very attached to their home, they devote themselves to raising children.

Tatar women

What an amazing creature - a Tatar woman! In her heart lies an immeasurable, deepest love for her loved ones, for children. Its purpose is to bring peace to people, to serve as an example of peacefulness and morality. The Tatar woman is distinguished by a sense of harmony and special musicality. She radiates a certain spirituality and nobility of the soul. Inner world Tatars are full of riches!

Tatar girls with young years are aimed at strong, durable marriage. After all, they want to love their husband and raise future children behind solid walls of reliability and trust. No wonder the Tatar proverb says: "A woman without a husband, a horse without a bridle!" Her husband's word is law for her. Although witty Tatar women supplement - for any law, however, there is also an amendment! And yet they are devoted women who sacredly honor traditions and customs. However, do not expect to see a Tatar in a black burqa - this is a stylish lady who has a sense of her own dignity.

The appearance of the Tatars is very well-groomed. Fashionistas have stylized clothes in their wardrobe that emphasize her nationality. For example, there are shoes that imitate chitek - national leather boots worn by Tatar girls. Another example is appliqués, where patterns convey the stunning beauty of the terrestrial flora.

And what about the table?

A Tatar woman is a wonderful hostess, loving and hospitable. By the way, a little about the kitchen. National cuisine Tatars are quite predictable in that the basis of the main dishes is often dough and fat. Even a lot of dough, a lot of fat! Of course, this is not the most distant healthy eating, although guests are usually offered exotic dishes: kazylyk (or dried horse meat), gubadiya (a layered pie with a wide variety of fillings, from cottage cheese to meat), talkysh-kaleva (an incredibly high-calorie dessert made from flour, butter and honey). You can drink all this rich treat with ayran (a mixture of katyk and water) or traditional tea.

Like male Tatars, women are distinguished by determination and perseverance in achieving goals. Overcoming difficulties, they show ingenuity and resourcefulness. All this is complemented by great humility, generosity and kindness. Truly, a Tatar woman is a wonderful gift from above!