The regions of the Uzbek USSR differ in their natural and climatic conditions. In addition, each historical and ethnographic region has developed its own cultural traditions since ancient times. The impact of historical and climatic conditions caused the development of local schools of folk architecture. The main, the most independent and original, it is necessary to recognize the Fergana, Bukhara and Khiva schools, as well as the Shakhrisabz schools, the features of which were expressed in the design, construction methods, planning, etc. walls with a two-row frame; in Khiva, where the seismic score is insignificant, a single-row frame has long been used. A significant amount of annual precipitation in the Fergana Valley necessitated roofing up to 40 cm thick; in Khiva, where the amount of precipitation is negligible, the thickness of the roof usually did not exceed 10-15 cm. However, despite local differences, the architecture of the Uzbek dwelling was of the same type. It was a closed architectural complex, bounded by blank walls from the street and neighboring estates. All residential and outbuildings with windows and doors faced the courtyard. The house and the estate of the wealthy owner were divided into two halves: the inner - female (ichkari) and the outer - male (tagitsari). In the first, the whole life of the family took place, the second, with a ceremonial room (meumonkhona), was used to receive guests. The artisans had a workshop in Tashkari, they also lived there. wage-earners... In less prosperous families, only a room with an isolated entrance was allocated for receiving male guests, in poor city houses, and especially in villages, there was no outer half at all. When a stranger came into the house, the women hid during his visit or went to their neighbors.

The inner courtyard contained living quarters, a kitchen, pantries for firewood and provisions. Sanitary devices were in every courtyard or placed in the aisle between the courtyards. The main living cell consisted of a room (uy), a front room (dudliz) and a terrace (ayvon); the number of dwellings was determined by the composition of the family. If the owner had several wives or married sons, then separate living rooms were allocated for them.

In the conditions of urban overcrowding, many houses had only one courtyard, and in this case the mekhmankhana was located on the second floor, above the gate. In Bukhara, two- and three-story buildings were common. The overcrowding of buildings was also reflected in the composition and character of the premises. In spacious urban areas, as well as in the suburbs, their number was small, housework was performed on fresh air, in the shade of trees. In areas with limited area there were many small utility rooms (Bukhara). The percentage of land development in cities was very high: in Tashkent and Bukhara, there are old estates with buildings up to 80-90% (and even 100%) of the land area. Houses with a covered courtyard are common in Khorezm. Every square meter was used very appropriately, so crowding did not affect the comforts of the home as much as one might expect.

More typical of most cities were houses with a courtyard, which was used to cultivate a vineyard that created a solid green canopy. Providing coolness, he at the same time brought a bountiful harvest of fruits. If the size of the property allowed, a garden was planted at the house or a utility yard was set up, where a barn and a stable were located.

The structures of the Uzbek dwelling were simple and made from local building materials. Such material is, first of all, loess clay (pakhsa), from which adobe walls were erected, raw brick (eigit) of square or rectangular shape, oval lumps of guvala were made. Square-shaped burnt bricks, fired in humdon kilns, were used almost exclusively in monumental construction (madrasahs, baths). Poplar was the main source of wood for the construction of walls and roofs. The solution was clay; plastered with clay and adobe. For the architectural decoration of premises in rich houses, alabaster (ganch) was used.

Houses were usually set up without a foundation - soil preparation was reduced to leveling and tamping the construction site. Until the middle of the Х1Х century. the basement in the houses was either absent or made very low; a row of cobblestones or one or two rows of burnt bricks were laid under the walls. Only in some places did the presence of groundwater and soil salts make it necessary to raise the base and use insulation in the form of a reed pad. From the second half of the XIX century. in the cities, large traders began to build houses with a low basement, which was used as a warehouse. In Bukhara, in semi-basement rooms, where it is cool in summer and warm in winter, they sometimes lived or set up a workshop here.

The floor of the house was almost level with the ground. Usually it was earthen, well packed, sometimes covered with clay; in city houses of wealthy people, it was lined with burnt bricks.

The most common construction of the walls of the dwelling was a frame, consisting of an upper and lower strapping, between which posts and struts with poles were strengthened. The frame was one-row (yasha-sinch) and two-row (tsush-sinch). The frame was filled with masonry from raw or guval. Brickwork of walls made of raw materials on the territory of Uzbekistan is found mainly in Fergana. The walls were also erected from the guval mainly in Fergana (moreover, in its eastern regions), partly in the Kashka-Darya valley (Guzor). Pakhsovaya masonry of walls was used in rural estates.

The flat roof rested on wooden beams (ledge, bolor); on top of which were placed small crochet beams (vassa); both formed an open ribbed ceiling. A reed wicker (buira) was laid on top of the wasa, then an earthen backfill was made, topped off with clay-and-silt coating. Water was drained from the roof with wooden gutters or ceramic pipes. The adobe coating of the roof had to be renewed annually, which caused a lot of worries and required considerable expenses.

The stingy external architecture of the house was enlivened by a gate, a loggia of the second floor, and sometimes an intricate top-hat with openwork walls towering over the house. Entrance gates to houses in large cities were usually located in a niche, sometimes with a pair of posts and adobe benches on either side. Bronze and iron hammers or rings were hung on the gates of Bukhara and Khiva houses.

The living quarters - uy - of an old-style Uzbek house had two or three window openings and doors (ethics) on the facade, facing the front hall or the aivan. Doors and shutters (darcha), similar in shape and size, started from the floor; the difference between them was that the shutters opened outward and the door opened inward. The window opening from below was sometimes closed with a lattice or board; a transom (tobadon) was left over the opening. through which the light came in with the shutters closed. The Tobadon was covered with a tightly embedded wooden or alabaster grate.

At the entrance to the room, a rectangular depression (poigak) was arranged, where shoes were put: according to custom, they were removed when entering the room. In the corner there was a spillway (sawn-off shotgun, adan, tashnav). In Bukhara and Samarkand it was covered with a marble slab, in Khiva they made special ceramic covers for weirs.

The proportions of the rooms usually represented the simplest and most convenient 2x3 ratio. Their size was determined by the number of ceiling beams, always odd. According to the climate conditions, the ayeon (covered terrace) has long played a prominent role in the Uzbek dwelling. Sometimes it was replaced by an open soup platform - an elevation of brick and clay. Depending on the prevailing in each area old tradition iwan was placed either in one line with the room, or at an angle to it.

A characteristic feature of the layout of the estates in large cities - Tashkent, Bukhara and Khiva, where the courtyards were very small or absent altogether, was the presence of variously oriented living quarters that were used in accordance with the season. The north-facing summer rooms were taller, more spacious and richly decorated. On the opposite side of the yard they put winter premises, facing south.

The decoration of the dwelling is extremely decorative, closely related to its design. The decoration of the rooms has always been given special attention. In houses with a two-row frame, rectangular or lancet niches (takhmon, dokcha) were arranged along all the walls, in which household items were placed. The walls were finished depending on the means of the owner of the house. Poor people confined themselves to clay-and-gravel plastering of the walls; in the houses of middle-class people, the walls were covered with rough ganch plaster; among the rich, they were rubbed with clean, finely sifted ganch, which gave ample opportunities for the finest artistic decoration. Intricate cells of wall niches were decorated with a thin ganch plank with a scalloped slot, a lattice or a plate with an openwork pattern in the shape of a jug. Sometimes niches and fireplaces of rich houses ended with a stalactite half-dome (Margelan, Kokand).

The walls of living rooms in rich houses were decorated with paintings and carvings on alabaster plaster. In Bukhara, the living room of the courtyard was more carefully trimmed, in the eastern regions - the mehmankhanu. In Bukhara, first of all, the walls were decorated with ornaments, and the ceilings for the most part, even in rich houses, remained unadorned; in Fergana and Tashkent, on the contrary, special attention was paid to the ceilings, and they were first of all finished with painting. The rich Fergana houses are characterized by curly, often complex profiles, painted ceilings and lush stalactite capitals of aivan columns. Carving and painting were used in Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand; at the end of the XIX century. their technique was distinguished by its wealth and variety. In Khorezm, where the dwelling was smoked, the ceilings and walls of the rooms were not decorated at all. There, all efforts were directed to decorating the wooden parts of the house with artistic carvings - doors, columns and beams.

For heating in winter time in pre-revolutionary Uzbekistan, sandalwood was almost universally used - a low table set over a depression in the floor, where hot coals were poured. The family sat around the table, stretching out their legs under the blanket thrown over it; near the sandal and slept. In Fergana and some other regions, in addition to sandalwood, fireplaces were installed in houses, where food was cooked in winter. In Khorezm, in a room next to the spillway, there was a hearth (uchots), and in front of it there was a small rectangular or oval area (tan * dircha), where coal was raked out and around which people heated.

The interior decoration of the dwelling was peculiarly decorative. The floors were covered with wicker mats made of reeds, and on top of them - with felts, rugs, or (in more affluent houses) carpets.

There was no furniture in Uzbek houses in the old days. The inhabitants of the house were sitting on the floor, on narrow mattresses (kurpacha) spread along the walls; tablecloths were usually spread on the floor during meals. Only in winter did they eat with sandalwood; in Tashkent and Bukhara, a low table was somewhat widespread. In large niches (takhmon), which were usually arranged in the front wall opposite the entrance at floor level, a chest was placed and the beds folded for the day were laid on it. In many places, blankets and mattresses were laid with flat pillows with beautiful embroidered edges visible between the blankets. Sometimes the bed was covered with an embroidered bedspread - suzani.

In smaller niches, which in wealthy houses were divided into compartments of different shapes and sizes - maida treadmill, cutting treadmill, posamon, small dishes were placed - bowls, teapots, etc. The large lower shelves were intended for wooden caskets, trays, dishes, jugs, sometimes a samovar. Decorated with great artistic taste, such niches were a very beautiful sight.

On the walls of the room, on pegs and stretched ropes and poles, they hung clothes, small embroidery and various household trifles.

The most honorable place in the room was considered the one that was located in the part farthest from the entrance. Guests were sitting here, and in the absence of guests - the owner of the house.

The construction and decoration of the house was carried out by craftsmen of various specialties, united in workshops. The general name of the master builders is binocor. Clay-related work - the laying of adobe and brick buildings, the erection of domes, the plastering of various buildings - stood out as a special craft. It was represented by a large number of craftsmen, since it was these works that were the main ones in the construction business of Uzbekistan.

Among the builders (in Bukhara and Samarkand - gilkor, in Tashkent and Fergana - suvotschi, literally - plasterers), highly qualified craftsmen stood out; personally performing various works and supervising their assistants, they were at the same time architects. Such masters possessed all the traditions of national architecture. They designed and built large buildings: residential buildings of any type, large two-story madrasahs, mosques, and baths. Building a bathhouse required some special skills, so building a bathhouse was the profession of a few of the best craftsmen.

The best gilkors repaired and restored ancient structures, and this restoration often consisted in their complete re-laying. So, the famous Bukhara architect - a specialist in domed ceilings - Usto Majit Salikhov (died in 1950), in the conga of the 19th century, during the emirate, dismantled one of the Bukhara domed passages (Tim Sarrophon) and then with great skill again erected the whole building with its intricate domed vaults.

The profession of plasterers and alabaster carvers (ganchkor) was very delicate, requiring special skills and great art. They were considered masters of the highest qualifications, they were engaged in simple plastering and execution of artistic panels, carving on ganch and casting patterned ganch lattices. Good plaster was highly valued - among the craftsmen of Bukhara there was a story about the competition of two ganchkors who finished two halves of one room. It was not the carver who won, but the plasterer, who so polished the walls of his half of the room that they, like in a mirror, reflected the carving with which his rival decorated the walls of the second half of the room.

Carpenters (duradgor) played an important role in the construction. When erecting frame buildings, they supervised all work, planned the building and determined its architecture. The carpenters were also responsible for the construction of beams and the preparation of their parts: they cut and sometimes decorated beams with simple carvings, hewn shaped consoles, etc. They also made complex ceilings from boards and wooden cornices, sometimes in the form of stalactites.

Have ethnographic groups Uzbeks, who in the recent past were semi-nomadic, along with the transition to sedentaryism and farming, also appeared a stationary dwelling, however, not all groups at the same time. Until the end of the XIX century. The main dwelling of the tribes of the group of Turks was the yurt. Only among the Musa Bazari tribe, which wintered high in the mountains, where winters were harsh, there was a primitive adobe dwelling for a long time. The rest of the tribes of this group - Karluk, Barlas and others - began to build adobe winter dwellings only in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, and the Karluks living within Tajikistan only after collectivization. And in the presence of a stationary dwelling among all these tribes, the ancient portable dwelling such as a yurt or a hut has not lost its significance.

Among the Türks, it had a peculiar design, which was significantly different from the design of the yurt, which was common among the Uzbeks of the Deshti-Kypchak group of tribes. Yurt among the tribes of the group of Turks, called lochig. or burl, had a hemispherical frame (with a diameter of 4-5 to 15 m) of intersecting wooden arches. The ends of the arcs were stuck into the ground. The walls and the dome, in contrast to the Gyurtydeshti-Kipchak Uzbeks, represented one whole. To obtain a large arc, it was composed of several slightly bent poles, connected at the junctions. When dismantling, the skeleton of the yurt disintegrated into many bent poles. The dome of the lochig was covered, like the yurts of nomadic Uzbeks, with felts, and the walls were taken with mats (chiy, chiy), whose stems were fastened in a pattern with colored woolen threads. For the winter period, mats were placed in two or three rows, dry hay was stuffed between them, and the dwelling was sprinkled with earth all around. In the summer heat, on the contrary, from time to time the mats were rolled up in places to open access to the fresh wind, and instead of a felt mat, the mats were often also covered with reed mats (| buira) for coolness. This archaic dwelling has become obsolete. Only occasionally can it still be found as a summer kitchen or a summer home for old people.

The portable dwelling of the Deshti-Kypchak Uzbek tribes has been much more preserved. The yurt (uy, tsora-uy), which was the only dwelling for them in the past, now exists along with the insulated winter house; Shepherds use it as a convenient portable dwelling on distant pastures. The walls of the yurt are made up of several lattice links (keraga). The spherical roof is formed by long poles (uuts), the lower end of which, having a fold, is tied to the wall of the yurt, and the upper end is inserted into the hole of a large wooden circle crowning the dome of the yurt. The mat and felt felt are attached to the frame of the yurt with wide, sometimes carpet, paths of different widths (bow, boshtsur). A fire is made in the middle of the yurt, and a boiler is placed above it, on a tripod, for cooking. A hole is left at the top for lighting and smoke outlet. In extreme cold, after the fire burns out, the hole at the top of the yurt is tightly closed with a piece of felt to keep the yurt warm.

The interior decoration of the yurt consisted mainly of various woolen bags, sacks, bags, usually decorated with ornaments. Often, the front part of this kind of nomad furniture was carpet. Treated lamb and goat skins (pustak) were widely used as bedding.

As in a stationary dwelling, the place opposite the entrance was considered the most honorable place in the yurt. The part of the yurt to the left of the entrance was a male half, and the right part was female. Here concentrated economic life women, placed dishes and household utensils.

Yurt of Uzbeks-Kungrad. Kamashinsky district, Surkhan-Darya region

Even with a complete transition to a sedentary life, some Uzbek tribes (Kungrad, Sarai), due to the traditions associated with nomadism and cattle breeding, preserved along with a stationary dwelling and a yurt. It was placed in the courtyard of the estate or in the garden, in the garden. In Khorezm, in a cramped, often covered courtyard, a special round elevation was sometimes made - a platform for a yurt.

The poor, in the absence of a yurt, which was an expensive dwelling, built primitive huts (kapa), rectangular or round in plan. The winter was also spent in these huts. To insulate the walls of the hut, they were sometimes coated with clay from the inside (lokays). With the subsidence and the transition to arable farming as the main occupation, these strata of the population had adobe houses (chubtora), which were also made rectangular and round, which should be seen as the preservation of the traditional shape of the yurt. Chubtora were low adobe structures with a gable roof made of reeds and grass. A hole was made in the roof for smoke outlet; such a dwelling was heated with the help of a hearth located in the middle, dug into the ground; dry pet droppings were used as fuel. In some places, sandalwood, borrowed from the sedentary population, was included in everyday life. In adobe houses, people usually lived only for three winter months. With the onset of spring, they moved to yurts or huts.

Although with the annexation of the region to Russia, some innovations penetrated into the Uzbek dwelling (they began to use factory-fired bricks, roofing iron, glazing of windows), but all these improvements mainly took place in wealthy city houses. The reorganization of construction equipment, closely related to the restructuring of everyday life and culture, began only after the Great October Revolution.

Housing construction grew in Uzbekistan rapidly, especially in the years of the seven-year plan, when the industrial base of construction work expanded significantly. Large factories for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, house-building factories have been built in the republic. New enterprises for the production of cement and other building materials have been created.

Currently, the development of cities and villages in Uzbekistan is carried out mainly by construction organizations in a planned manner, but individual construction is also developed, which is often also carried out according to standard projects.

Most of the workers in the cities and towns of Uzbekistan live in comfortable factory buildings or in city communal apartments. Factory buildings, usually multi-storey, sometimes of the type of cottages, consist of sections-apartments, each of which has one, two, sometimes three rooms, a corridor, a terrace or a balcony. Often, factories give workers plots for "individual development" near the enterprise.

Individual houses designed for one or two families are located on the border of the site and face the street with windows of the facades. They are carefully plastered inside and out. Houses are built from adobe, less often from baked bricks, on a concrete or cobble-clay foundation. The socle is erected from baked bricks, sometimes from concrete with cobblestones. The plant usually provides workers with building materials; many factories produce sets of doors, windows, metal window bars for developers. According to folk tradition, often a developer in a city, as well as in a village, is provided with public assistance by workmates, relatives and neighbors in the makhalla.

Most of the houses have two or three rooms, a front room, an open or glazed aivan. The rooms are high, bright, with large windows; the floors are wooden; ceilings are either plastered with ganch, or lined with plywood and painted with light-colored oil paint.

In winter, apartments are heated with Dutch ovens, stoves or cast-iron stoves. Sometimes, according to the old tradition, they also have sandalwood.

Electricity, various electrical appliances have become commonplace in the life of the population of cities and workers' settlements. Gasification of residential buildings is growing every year. Radio and televisions are especially fond of the population. In the evenings, the whole family, and sometimes neighbors, are going to listen to a concert and watch an interesting program on TV. Factory furniture - beds, tables, chairs - has firmly come into use. Many homes have wardrobes, cupboards, bookcases, bookcases and desks. Most of the housewives have purchased sewing machines. Many rooms are decorated with decorative embroidery (suzani) and wall mirrors.

Despite the presence of furniture, in the setting of city houses, including the houses of workers, the preservation of national forms of decoration should be noted. Often separate rooms are allocated or in one of the rooms a corner is set aside, where carpets, felts, mattresses and pillows are spread on the floor. There is also a small square table with low legs. In winter, it is often replaced with sandalwood. This part of the house is usually occupied by old people and furnished to their taste; but very elderly people often prefer to sleep on beds rather than on the floor. A feature of the decoration of almost all dwellings is elegant, multi-colored blankets for guests, folded in a high pile on chests in niches.

Dishes are often stored not in cupboards, but in niches. The floors must be covered with carpets, rugs, felts or paths.

Along with new-type houses built according to architectural designs, there is an old dwelling among Uzbek workers. This is usually an inherited house. As a rule, it no longer satisfies the needs of the family and undergoes restructuring, sometimes very significant: extensions are made, wooden floors are laid, the decoration is updated in a modern style, the house is electrified, and urban furniture is purchased.

The modern Uzbek dwelling in rural areas, while retaining some local differences, in its design and improvement is increasingly approaching the urban one. This progressive process is especially clearly visible in the new state farms of the Hungry Steppe, where the construction of two-storey comfortable residential buildings for virgin lands is being carried out on a large scale by industrial methods. The construction of state farm settlements in the Hungry Steppe is served by the Jizzakh plant, which produces silicalcite; Hundreds of new houses have already been assembled from lightweight and durable silicalcite blocks.

In other regions of Uzbekistan, houses of the rural population have also completely changed their appearance. The typical features of a modern rural house are well reflected in the dwelling of collective farmers in the Fergana Valley. Houses face the street with a facade with windows. They are surrounded by private plots, fenced with adobe duvals, the plots are planted in most cases with fruit trees.

When building new houses, some national characteristics architecture. Usually traditional ayvans are attached to them from the side of the yard, which are necessary in hot climates. Flat earthen roofs without cornices have also survived. But along with this, slate and roofing iron are widely used for roofs. The new houses are built on solid brick foundations and are made of adobe bricks.

In houses designed for large families, the rectangular building of the house is usually divided into four rooms of equal area: three living rooms and a kitchen, in which the family prepares food in winter, dines and often spends near the fireplace, traditional for Fergana. free time... Two rooms face the street with their large windows, the third room and the kitchen open onto an open veranda that runs along the wall of the house. The house is planned in such a way that two separate kindred families could live in it; it is divided into two halves that do not communicate with each other; each of them has a separate exit to the aivan and includes one front room overlooking the street. Small family houses consist of two rooms with windows to the street and a large kitchen with a window to the courtyard. There is an open iwan next to it. The entrance to the dbm ^ is arranged from the yard, from the ayvan. The division into separate non-communicating halves is also preserved in these houses: one half is formed by a room with a kitchen, the other by a room with an iwan.

There are new houses in the Fergana Valley, in which the local traditional, very successful layout is preserved: between two rooms there is an ayvan closed on three sides. In some houses, it is turned into the front - the open side is covered by a wall with a door leading to the courtyard. These houses differ from older buildings with brick foundations, large glazed windows facing the street and wooden floors.

A significant part of the housing stock in collective farm villages is made up of old houses that used to belong to middle-income farmers; Built in pre-revolutionary times, they, like the old city houses, ceased to meet the new, higher needs of the population. They are rebuilt, stoves are installed, whitewashed, sometimes decorated with stencils and paintings. The walls of houses are usually painted by specially invited professional masters (natsos). Often, a new one is built next to the old house, and the old dwelling is used as a kitchen or pantry.

The use of living rooms and their distribution reflect both the old, traditional forms of family life, and the ongoing process of forming a new way of life and a new family. The functional division of rooms has not yet developed. In most families, even if there are several rooms, there are no separate dining rooms, bedrooms, children's rooms. Usually the same warmest and most comfortable room serves as both the bedroom and the dining room. In winter, the family spends their leisure time in it. Often, a corner is also set aside here, appropriately equipped (table, chair, bookcase with books) for schoolchildren's studies. If there are several rooms, schoolchildren are assigned a separate room for preparing lessons; this reflects the caring attitude of the collective farmers to the education of children, testifies to the beginning of the functional division of the dwelling. One of the rooms is often also used to receive guests, being a kind of living room. However, this is not an old type of mehmankhana, which was built in isolation from the entire residential complex, with a separate passage, and sometimes a separate courtyard. Now the room for receiving guests, both men and women, is not separated from the family's dwelling.

The design of the house usually combines elements of modern culture with the traditional originality of the national Uzbek way of life. Hermetic stoves and stoves are a characteristic feature of new collective farm houses, as well as many old ones that have been rebuilt. Despite their presence, part of the collective farm families, according to tradition, continues to use sandalwood that is unhealthy. In the Fergana Valley, all houses, both new and old, have fireplaces.

According to the tradition that has developed over the centuries, the family lives in rooms only during the cold season; with the onset of warmth and until the very cold weather, the main place of residence becomes an aivan or a courtyard. The sizes of collective farmers' yards are not the same, but they are all well-maintained, they are kept, like the living quarters, in great order and cleanliness. Many courtyards have beautiful vineyards or fruit trees. Spreading trees or a dense vineyard that rises high on wooden coasters (suri) create shade and coolness even during the hottest part of the day. In the most shady part of the yard or on the veranda, there is usually a large wooden couch. In many courtyards there is an earthen sufa. In some courtyards, comfortable beautiful arbors (shipang) are built, sometimes raised above ground level. They sleep in them, in the same place - the main place of stay of the family in the evenings. Electricity gives a new look to the courtyards, brightly illuminating the open aivan, outbuildings, and a gazebo in the evenings. Radios or radios with family transfer to summer time into the yard they are transferred to the aivan or to the gazebo.

Elements of the new material culture are taking an increasing place both in the home environment and in the household utensils of collective farmers. There is a tendency to replace objects of the old type with new ones; factory things. This is especially true of the collective farm families, who are progressive in their everyday life, from the local Soviet intelligentsia and the families of the leading workers of the collective farm; but specific national subjects are still widespread. In some families, they are on a par with new ones, in others they prevail. Of the national decoration items, almost all families have carpets, rugs, felt, which are usually spread on the floor. In each family, in addition to bedding sets for family members, there are new elegant blankets, mattresses, pillows specially prepared for guests. Blankets are sewn from bright sadan or multi-colored expensive fabrics (silk, semi-silk, velvet). Cleverly stacked into one or two chests, these things serve as a decoration for the room. Chests, decorated with a pattern of colored metal stripes, are placed against the front wall or pushed into large niches. The niches in the walls, open and unprotected from dust, in most of the new houses have been converted into glazed, comfortable and beautiful wardrobes.

Good tableware is an indispensable part of the national decoration of the room. A lot of porcelain teapots, bowls, bowls of large sizes (braid), dishes, plates are placed in shallow niches or in closets and cupboards.

The rooms of the newlyweds are cleaned in the national style. A characteristic feature of such decoration is various hand-made large decorative embroideries hung on the walls.

Pictures, maps, photographs of family members, relatives and acquaintances, sometimes large portraits of party and government leaders, occupy a prominent place in the decoration of many collective farm houses; but until recently, among the Uzbek population, the ban of Islam to keep images of people and living beings in general in the house was very powerful.

The modern dwelling of Uzbeks testifies to a significant cultural growth and an increase in the material well-being of the Uzbek people.

V Central Asia , which in everyday life is often called Central Asia or the Central Asian-Kazakh province, there are several species that differ from each other in many characteristics. These can be sedentary peoples and nomads, plains and mountainous areas, cities and towns, as well as belonging to one or another ethnic group. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that Central Asia occupies a rather vast territory, where each region has its own natural conditions: arid plains and sandy deserts lie east of the Caspian Sea, and high mountain systems in the Pamir and Tien Shan regions.

As for the ethnos, Central Asia is divided into the following cultural regions: northern (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), southeastern (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and southwestern (Turkmenistan). However, all these countries have a lot in common, so we decided to break them down into the following categories: portable dwellings of nomads and stationary houses of inhabitants of lowland and mountainous regions.

Portable dwellings of nomads

In Central Asia, the portable were characteristic, first of all, of the semi-nomadic and nomadic groups of the population. However, such dwellings were also found among the sedentary peoples of southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The main types of portable dwellings in Central Asia are various yurts and huts.

The most widespread was the yurt - one of the most outstanding inventions of the nomadic civilization, which perfectly characterizes the peculiarities of the life of the nomads. The yurt is relatively lightweight, portable, quickly assembled and disassembled, protects well from the winter cold and the scorching sun.

Yurts: types and design features

In Central Asia, one could most often find a Turkic yurt, which had two subtypes - Naiman and Kypchak. The last subtype was characterized by a hemispherical "" in the form of a wide, but low domed circle and a large bending angle of the domed poles. Kypchak yurts were common among the Pamir and southern Kyrgyz, most of the Kazakhs, almost all Turkmen and semi-nomadic Uzbeks.

At Naiman yurts, the circle was small, but high, and the poles had a rather insignificant bend. The Naiman yurts looked very much like Mongolian yurts, with the difference that the Mongols used completely straight poles to build their own. The Naiman subtype of yurts was less widespread than the Kypchak subtype, and mostly existed among the Altai and Semirechye Kazakhs, the Turkmen-Ersari and Chovdurs, the Khorezm Uzbeks and the Karakalpaks. Later, such yurts appeared among the northern Kyrgyz, with the exception of the population of the Talas Valley.

In addition to the wooden frame, the structure of the yurt was made up of a felt covering (in some cases, mats). The felt cover was available in two versions. In the first case, it consisted of three parts: a small round or diamond-shaped felt to cover the upper circle, rectangular tires for the dome and trapezoidal tires for the dome. The second option, found only among the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs in Kypchak-type yurts, consisted of felt for the upper circle and several large felt covering the yurt from the dome almost to the ground. An empty space of up to 25 cm remained between the ground and the felt. The second type of felt covering could coexist with the first and be used as a summer one.

In addition, in Central Asia there were huge non-collapsible mobile yurts, which were installed on platforms with wheels and pulled by dozens of draft animals.

As for the inner space of the yurt, it was strictly divided into certain zones. In the center there was a hearth, which was considered a sacred center, and behind the hearth, opposite the entrance to the yurt, there was a place of honor - the owner of the house usually sat here, less often - a particularly respected guest. In the right male half of the yurt, guests were received, where the owner of the house kept his horse equipment and some cattle breeding items. In the left female half, a matrimonial bed was settled; closer to the door, supplies of food and kitchen utensils were piled.

The most important function of a home is to protect a person from harmful effects. environment... People's dwellings in any geographic region, be it beyond the Arctic Circle or in the tropics, are adapted to the conditions of nature and climate. It is this property of the dwelling of the hot zone that has recently attracted the attention of modern architects both here and abroad. Such an interest, fully justified by the needs of construction practice, in truth, was somewhat late. Need scientific approach to building climatology was seriously ripe by the middle of this century, and in the 50s and 60s, methods for adapting construction to the conditions of the tropics were developed in detail. At the same time, the experience of the past was not taken into account, but now, peering into the folk tradition, the designers are discovering one after another prototypes of the current sun-protection devices, albeit far from technical perfection. Studying the adaptation of popular dwellings to climate conditions, it is especially interesting to compare the empirical approach of the past with the conclusions of modern theory. It is curious to observe at the same time how the impact of the same climatic agents and, obviously, the exchange of experience caused different countries a well-known commonality of sunscreen forms and techniques. The basics of modern climatology of the hot belt, in brief, are as follows. A classification of climates has been adopted, which are divided into two main categories: 1) Warm, humid climate with a large amount of precipitation (typical for the equatorial belt). The temperature usually does not exceed 32 - 33 ° С with daily fluctuations of 4 - 8 ° С. The main evil is air humidity. 2) Hot dry climate with temperatures up to 43 ° C and above, with sharp daily temperature drops. In the winter months, humidity increases, but always lower than in the first case. Practical recommendations for the first and second zones are in many ways exactly the opposite. Structures in a warm, humid climate should be lightweight (thin walls and ceilings made of porous materials, wooden or other types of panels), they are, figuratively speaking, "devoid of memory" and easily accept the temperature of the internal air. For a hot, dry climate, heavy structures (made of stone, baked bricks, clay) are more profitable, they have "thermal inertia", that is, they slowly heat up and cool down. This property is used by isolating the room from the outside air during the day and keeping the night cool. Thus, ventilation of premises in dry climates occurs only at night, while in humid climates it is round-the-clock and is the main requirement for creating comfortable conditions. The layout of buildings in a humid climate should be as open as possible, providing ventilation; in dry climates, reliable isolation from the external environment is desirable. In both cases, it is necessary to protect the openings from the glare of a cloudy sky (humid climate) or blinding sunlight (dry climate). For protection from the sun, a variety of shading ribs, visors and grilles have been developed. The republics of Central Asia are located between 36 ° 70 ′ and 45 ° north latitude. The climate here is mostly dry and sharply continental, with rather cold but short winters and sultry summers. Here not only sharp daily temperature fluctuations take place, but also a significant (up to 30 ° and more) gap between the temperatures of winter and summer. Nevertheless, the climatic characteristic in terms of its main indicators fits into the framework of the second category with all the ensuing requirements for housing. And the features of the dwelling - its design, layout and internal structure - meet these requirements. The stationary type of dwelling has developed, to a greater or lesser extent, among all the peoples of Central Asia, especially among the ancient settled Tajiks and Uzbeks. In order to make the analysis of structures and other features of the local dwelling more visual, a table of the main climatic parameters for the main cities of Central Asia, where folk dwellings were studied most fully, is given.

The thick layers of loess deposits on the plains of Central Asia provided the builders with the simplest and most suitable material. The walls are made of raw loess derivatives - raw loess, pakhsa (layered with broken clay) and clay guval rolls with a timber frame, a girder roof with earthen decking provide excellent thermal insulation. In terms of their qualities, they represent pronounced "heavy" structures. At the same time, the nature of the structures flexibly follows the climatic features of individual regions. The thickness of the roof is directly related to the amount of precipitation. In places where the annual precipitation is 400 mm or more (Tashkent and especially Shakhrisabz), the thickness of the roof reaches and even exceeds 50 cm (not counting the beams). In Khiva, where the amount of precipitation is negligible, the thickness of the roof is reduced to 15 - 18 cm. The abundance of precipitation forces us to take care of removing them from the roof. In Shakhrisabz and Tashkent, in order to avoid erosion of the walls, all four facades of the building were equipped with protruding cornices, water was diverted by trays by a slight slope in the backfill and lubrication of the roof. In other cities, they were content with a cornice on the facade, where openings go. Where there is no fear of erosion, the walls join the roof with a round edge. In Khiva and in Khorezm in general, it was enough to circle the roof with a rim, which protects the walls from water runoff. Often, even in the absence of a cornice, one can see the ceiling beams sticking outward - drying the ends protected the beams from decay.

It is not excluded that the facades themselves will adapt to the rain. In the Khorezm "khauli" estates, the outer surface of the walls had a grooved texture, which was made with a special spatula, but still wet clay. Such wall decoration most likely had some kind of utilitarian purpose. At one time, a version was put forward (which subsequently provoked objections ") that the grooves protect the wall from cracking. But we can also assume something else - the grooves "organize" rainwater on the surface of the wall. The slightly sloping profile of the walls and the absence of plaster should be taken into account, which exacerbates the effect of even a small amount of precipitation. As established, the embossed texture of the walls is by no means indifferent for rain protection and affects the durability of concrete panels.

The thickness of the walls was not related to the requirements of thermal insulation (although there was a special hollow wall structure). The severity of the thick earthen roof could not but affect the construction of the walls. But at the same time they played the main role considerations of seismic resistance, as evidenced by the gradation of wall thickness in different cities. The Fergana Valley, especially Namangan, is one of the seismically threatened areas. Here, all four walls of the living quarters had a double frame 60-70 cm thick, and in Namangan - up to 90 cm. The walls, cut by deep niches, actually had the thickness of a single-row frame, but had spatial rigidity, which gave an advantage during soil vibrations. In Tashkent, all four walls of the room were also of a two-row frame, but less thick (40 - 60 cm). In other cities, construction is gradually being facilitated. In Shakhrisyabz, the end wall of the room at the entrance was often made of a single-row frame, in Samarkand there were two such walls. In the rooms of Bukhara houses, there is usually always one end wall with niches for blankets consists of a two-row frame. In Khiva, where the January temperature is lower than Fergana, but the seismic intensity is low, and the amount of precipitation is negligible, only single-row frame walls are accepted in the dwelling. The structures of the dwelling in the south of Tajikistan deviate from the norm of the middle zone; adobe walls without niches are covered with a gable thatched roof. At the same time, attic and attic types of coatings are observed. The first is without a ceiling; in the second, the girder with clay coating is complemented by a freely blown gable canopy. The attic is used for storing fuel and fodder. Today, thatched roofing is being replaced by corrugated asbophane. The above analysis convincingly shows that in the development of dwelling structures, local climate features have always been taken into account. The layout of the dwelling has a direct connection with climate conditions. For countries with hot, dry climates, the type of house with a courtyard is characteristic. The configuration of the feudal city, constrained by a ring of fortress walls, contributed to the formation of closed possessions: the intra-quarter sections, "squeezed" from all sides, are often completely isolated from the street. But not only social conditions dictated the closed nature of the dwelling: a blank fence prevented street dust from entering the courtyard and helped create a tolerable microclimate. The yard played and plays the role of a thermal regulator, keeping the air layer cooled overnight until noon. Watering in the evening moisturizes and cools the yard — the simplest way to air conditioning. The air temperature in the yard and a 4 - 5 ° below the outside. Through the courtyard, communication is carried out between the rooms, stretched in a single-row chain along the perimeter of the site.

In large cities of Central Asia, the residential complex forms a closed system with an inner courtyard. Located along the perimeter of the site and joining the end walls in one row, the rooms are open to the courtyard and face the street with a blank back side. General structure the plan is determined by the number of premises in the house and the size of the property. The premises cover the entire perimeter of the site or leave gaps filled with a blank rear wall of a neighbor's buildings or a yard fence. As the dwelling expanded with the growth of the family (resembling a living organism), the voids were gradually filled. The size of the property is sometimes reduced to 100 - 80 sq. As far as possible, running water is brought into the courtyard, it is landscaped, which contributes to the improvement of the microclimate.

Caucasians

Language affiliation:

Turkic group of Altai family (Azerbaijanis), Armenian group of Indo-European family (Armenians) and Kartvelian family (Georgians)

Main occupations:

Arable farming. Draft animals - oxen or buffaloes. The basis of agriculture is cereals, grain crops(barley, millet, wheat). Legumes and vegetables are cultivated (tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, spinach, onions, garlic, herbs, etc.). Distinctive feature- gardening and viticulture. Livestock raising is well developed. Stoil and distant. Breeding of cattle and small ruminants, horses, donkeys, pigs, poultry. Crafts: pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and many others. other Carpet weaving.

Dwellings:

The peculiarity of residential complexes is the large number of residential and utility buildings. For Azerbaijanis, houses were fenced off with an adobe duval, hiding family life from prying eyes.

Clothing:

The diversity and variety of colors and buildings. Khevsur (men's and women's clothing in Georgia). Men's underwear - a shirt made of coarse woolen fabric or red-brown calico, was decorated with buttons, fabric crosses sewn in the shape of a triangle, as well as braid in yellow, red, white and black. Outerwear (chokhu) made of red homespun wool, less often blue, was sheathed with a variegated red coarse calico braid, orange flowers... The women's chokha, in addition to embroidery on the back, was decorated with a piece of woolen fabric with small coins and beads. The women wore large round earrings in their ears. No less remarkable is the Khevsurian headdress and the way it is worn. The base was similar to a kokoshnik (sataura) made of woolen or linen fabric, decorated with embroidery and beads, a black scarf was worn over it, tied so that its end hung over the right ear.

In men's complexes - a Circassian coat, a burka, a hood, a hat, leggings, soft chuvyaki or boots.

Food:

The basis of nutrition is plant food. Yeast bread - lavash. Pies - khachapuri. Shashlik.

Social organization:

Peasant land communities are characteristic of all the peoples of Transcaucasia. The structures of the community were intricately woven family relationships, extensive family unions (patronyms). Firm ideas about the power of older men, about the sacred principles and duties of kinship mutual assistance, about the obligatory blood feud. Atalism. Kunachestvo (twinning).

Beliefs:

Various forms of Christianity and Islam. Archaic beliefs and rituals. Syncretism of Islam and local traditional religions.

Culture:

28. Peoples of Central Asia

The vast territories of Eurasia, bounded in the east by the Pamir, in the west by the Caspian Sea, in the north by the Aral-Irtysh watershed and in the south by the borders of Iran and Afghanistan, are called Central Asia.

Anthropological characteristics:

Caucasians

Language affiliation:

Turkic peoples of the Altai family (Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, etc.)

Main occupations:

Irrigated agriculture based on irrigation systems. Water was supplied to the fields through canals and irrigation ditches.

The main cultivated crop is cotton. Gardening (apricots, peaches, pomegranates, etc.). Viticulture. Wheat. Agricultural implements are primitive and unproductive. The main arable weapon is a wooden plow with an iron or cast iron tip. The earth was harrowed with a wooden board fixed in it with stone, and later with iron teeth. Draft animals - bulls, horses, and in some areas camels. An important agricultural tool is ketmen.

Mobile livestock breeding. Driving cattle breeding. Horse breeding.

Home crafts and handicrafts. Fractional specialization in the craft. In accordance with their specialization, artisans were united in workshops. The craft was inherited. Lack of national specificity in the craft.

Dwellings:

In Central Asia, adobe buildings are widespread. The basic design of a settled house is the same. They were built from adobe bricks.

The house consists of one room, a kitchen and a small covered terrace.

Clothing:

The basis of men's clothing is a loose-fitting shirt and pants with a wide step. Women's clothing differs from men's in some details of the cut, the length of the shirt and its color. The men's suit was sewn from white fabric, the women's one - from colored fabric. The outer garment was a long-sleeved swinging robe. In agricultural areas, quilted robes prevailed, and among the cattle-breeding population, quilted robes made of woolen fabrics prevailed. In cold weather, sheepskin coats were worn.

Social organization:

Main cell neighborhood community... Within the community, water and land were distributed among families.

According to the Sharia, in addition to communal property, there are private land - mulk. Vakuf is a form of land ownership.

Beliefs:

Shamanism, later replaced by Islam

Charitable wall newspaper for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting." Issue No. 88, February 2016.

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"Dwellings of the peoples of the world"

(66 selected by us "residential real estate" from "abylaysha" to "yaranga")

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting" (site site) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They are delivered free of charge to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions in the city. The publications of the project do not contain any advertising (only the logos of the founders), are politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, well illustrated. They are conceived as informational "braking" of students, awakening cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without claiming the academic completeness of the presentation of the material, publish Interesting Facts, illustrations, interviews with well-known figures of science and culture and hope thereby to increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process.

Dear friends! Our regular readers have noticed that this is not the first time that we present an issue related in one way or another to the topic of real estate. Recently, we discussed the very first residential buildings of the Stone Age, and also took a closer look at the "real estate" of the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (issue). We talked about the dwellings of peoples who have long lived on lands from Lake Onega to the shores of the Gulf of Finland (and these are Vepsians, Vods, Izhora, Ingermanland Finns, Tikhvin Karelians and Russians), we talked about in the series "Indigenous Peoples of the Leningrad Region" (, and issues). We reviewed the most incredible and peculiar modern buildings in this issue. We also wrote more than once about the holidays related to the topic: Realtor's Day in Russia (February 8); Builder's Day in Russia (second Sunday in August); World Architecture Day and World Housing Day (first Monday in October). This wall newspaper is a short "wall encyclopedia" of traditional dwellings of peoples from all over the world. The 66 “residential real estate objects” selected by us are arranged in alphabetical order: from “abylayshi” to “yaranga”.

Abylaisha

Abylaisha is a marching yurt among the Kazakhs. Its frame consists of many poles, which are attached from above to a wooden ring - a chimney. The whole structure is covered with felt. In the past, such dwellings were used in the military campaigns of the Kazakh khan Abylai, hence the name.

Ail

Ail ("wooden yurt") - traditional dwelling Telengits, people of South Altai. A hexagonal log structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

Arish

Arish is the summer home of the Arab population of the Persian Gulf coast, woven from the stems of palm leaves. A kind of fabric pipe is installed on the roof, which provides ventilation in the house in extremely hot climates.

Balagan

Balagan is a winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low, sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Chunks of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and is covered by a canopy. On the west side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

Barasti

Barasti - on the Arabian Peninsula common name for huts woven from date palm leaves. At night, the leaves absorb excess moisture, and during the day they gradually dry out, humidifying the hot air.

Barabora

Barabóra is a capacious semi-dugout of the Aleuts, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. The frame was made of whale bones and driftwood washed ashore. The roof was insulated with grass, turf and skins. A hole was left in the roof for entrance and lighting, from where they descended inward along a log with steps carved into it. The barracks were built on the hills near the coast, so that it was convenient to observe sea animals and the approach of enemies.

Bordey

Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature changes during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordeaux was heated in black: smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

Bahareke

Bahareque is a hut of the Indians of Guatemala. The walls are made of poles and branches coated with clay. The roof is made of dry grass or thatch, the floor is made of compacted soil. Bahareke are resistant to strong earthquakes that occur in Central America.

Burama

Burama is a temporary home for the Bashkirs. The walls were made of logs and branches and had no windows. The gable roof was covered with bark. The earthen floor was covered with grass, branches and leaves. Plank bunks and a hearth with a wide chimney were built inside.

Valkaran

Valkaran (“house of the jaws of a whale” in Chukchi) is a dwelling of the peoples of the Bering Sea coast (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). A semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and sod. It had two entrances: the summer one - through a hole in the roof, the winter one - through a long semi-underground corridor.

Vardo

Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. At the back, under the tailgate, is a storage box for kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole carriage is light enough that it could be carried by one horse. Vardo got off with skillful carving and painted bright colors... The heyday of wardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

Vezha

Vezha is an ancient winter dwelling of the Sami, the indigenous Finno-Ugric people of Northern Europe. Vezha was made of logs in the shape of a pyramid with a smoke hole at the top. The skeleton of the vezha was covered with reindeer skins, and bark, brushwood and sod were laid on top and pressed down with birch poles for strength. A stone hearth was arranged in the center of the dwelling. The floor was covered with reindeer skins. Nearby they put "nili" - a shed on poles. By the beginning of the 20th century, many Sami living in Russia had already built huts for themselves and called them the Russian word “house”.

Wigwam

Wigwam - the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians North America... Most often this is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke outlet. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the cover was additionally pressed with poles. Wigwams can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such structures are called "long houses"). Wigwams are often mistakenly called cone-shaped dwellings of the Indians of the Great Plains - "tipi" (remember, for example, "folk art" Sharik from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino").

Wikiap

Wikiap is the home of the Apaches and some other Indian tribes of the Southwest of the USA and California. A small, rough hut covered with branches, bushes, straw, or mats, often with extra pieces of cloth and blankets draped over it. A kind of wigwam.

Turf house

The turf house is a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings inhabiting it. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and a shortage of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was lined with turf in several layers. They lived in one half of such a house, and kept livestock in the other.

Diaolou

Diaolou is a fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in South China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

Dugout

The dugout is one of the oldest and most widespread types of insulated housing. In a number of countries, peasants lived mainly in dugouts until late middle ages... A hole dug in the ground was covered with poles or logs, which were covered with earth. There was a hearth inside, and bunk beds along the walls.

Igloo

Igloo is a domed Eskimo hut, built from blocks of dense snow. The floor and sometimes the walls were covered with skins. To enter, they dug a tunnel in the snow. If the snow is shallow, the entrance was arranged in the wall, to which an additional corridor of snow blocks was completed. Light enters the room directly through the snowy walls, although windows were also made, closed with seal guts or ice floes. Often several igloos were connected by long snowy corridors.

Izba

Izba is a log house in the forest zone of Russia. Until the 10th century, the hut looked like a semi-dugout, completed with several rows of logs. There was no door, the entrance was covered with logs and a canopy. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. The hut was heated in black. People slept on mats on the earthen floor in the same room as the cattle. Over the centuries, the hut has acquired a stove, a hole on the roof for smoke, and then a chimney. Holes appeared in the walls - windows, which were closed with plates of mica or a bull's bubble. Over time, they began to partition the hut into two parts: the upper room and the vestibule. This is how the "five-wall" hut appeared.

North Russian hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower ("basement") is utility. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also premises for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved from being swept by snow: in the North there are snowdrifts several meters long! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and farm buildings into a single whole.

Ikukwane

Ikukwane is a large domed reed house of the Zulu (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, and reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers believe that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

Cabana

Cabanya is a small hut of the indigenous population of Ecuador (a state in the north-west South America). Its frame is woven from a vine, partially coated with clay and covered with straw. This name was also given to gazebos for recreation and technical needs, installed in resorts near beaches and swimming pools.

Kava

Kava is a gable hut of the Orochei, the indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Far East). The roof and side walls were covered with spruce bark, the hole for smoke in bad weather was covered with a special tire. The entrance to the dwelling always faced the river. The place for the hearth was covered with pebbles and fenced with wooden blocks, which were coated with clay from the inside. Wooden bunks were built along the walls.

It seems

Kazhim is a large community house of Eskimos, designed for several dozen people and many years of service. At the place chosen for the house, a rectangular hole was dug, at the corners of which tall thick logs were installed (the Eskimos do not have local wood, so trees thrown by the surf on the shore were used). Further, walls and a roof were erected in the form of a pyramid - from logs or whale bones. A frame covered with a transparent bubble was inserted into the hole left in the middle. The entire structure was covered with earth. The roof was supported by pillars, as well as benches-beds installed along the walls in several tiers. The floor was covered with boards and mats. A narrow underground corridor was dug for the entrance.

Kázhun

Kajun is a stone building traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). The cajun is cylindrical in shape with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out by the dry masonry method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially it served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

Karamo

Karamo is a dugout for Selkups, hunters and fishermen in the north of Western Siberia. A hole was dug at the steep bank of the river, four pillars were placed in the corners and log walls were made. The roof, also made of logs, was covered with earth. From the side of the water, the entrance was dug and camouflaged with coastal vegetation. To prevent the dugout from being flooded, the floor was made gradually rising from the entrance. It was possible to get into the dwelling only by boat, and the boat was also dragged inside. Because of these peculiar houses, the Selkups were called "earthen people".

Klochan

Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, walls were laid "dry", without a binder solution. Only narrow slits, windows, an entrance and a chimney were left. Such simple huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so you don't have to expect much comfort inside.

Kolyba

Kolyba is a summer residence for shepherds and lumberjacks, widespread in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians. This is a log cabin without windows with a gable roof covered with shingles (flat chips). Along the walls there are wooden benches and shelves for things, the floor is earthen. There is a hearth in the middle, smoke comes out through a hole in the roof.

Konák

Konak is a two- or three-storey stone house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. The structure, which resembles the letter "L" in plan, is covered with a massive tiled roof, which creates a deep shadow. Each bedroom has a covered overhanging balcony and a steam room. A large number of a variety of premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, so there is no need for buildings in the yard.

Kuwaxa

Kuvaksa is a portable Sami dwelling during the spring-summer wanderings. It has a cone-shaped frame of several poles connected by tops, on which a cover made of reindeer skins, birch bark or canvas was pulled. A hearth was set up in the center. Kuwaxa is a variety of plague, and also resembles the North American Indian tipi, but is somewhat more squat.

Kula

Kula is a fortified stone tower of two or three floors with powerful walls and small loopholes. Kuls can be found in the mountainous regions of Albania. The tradition of building such fortress houses is very ancient and also exists in the Caucasus, Sardinia, Corsica and Ireland.

Smoke

Kuren (from the word “smoke”, which means “to smoke”) is the home of the Cossacks, the “free troops” of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on stilts, the walls were made of wattle fences filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can also be traced in modern kurens.

Lepa-lepa

Lepa-lepa is the boat house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. Bajao, "sea gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the "Coral Triangle" The Pacific- between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat, they prepare food and store tackle, and in the other they sleep. They get out on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

Mazanka

Mazanka is a practical rural house of the steppe and forest-steppe Ukraine. The hut got its name according to the old construction technology: a frame made of branches, insulated with a reed layer, was abundantly coated with clay mixed with straw. The walls were regularly whitewashed inside and out, which gave the house an elegant look. The four-pitched thatched roof had large overhangs so that the walls would not get wet in the rain.

Minka

Minka is the traditional home of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. The mink was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Sliding partitions or screens were used instead of interior walls. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the arrangement of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain would immediately roll down and the straw would not have time to get wet.

Odag

Odag is a wedding hut of the Shors, a people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Nine thin young birches with foliage were tied from above and covered with birch bark. The groom lit a fire inside the hut with a flint. The young remained in the odaga for three days, after which they moved to a permanent home.

Pallaso

Pallaso is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). In a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters laid out stone wall leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped roof made of straw was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large palaso: one for living, the other for livestock. Palhasos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

Palheiro

Palheiro is a traditional farmer's house in the village of Santana in the east of Madeira. It is a small stone structure with a sloping thatched roof down to the ground. The houses are painted white, red and blue. The first colonizers of the island began to build Pagliero.

Cave

The cave is probably the most ancient natural refuge of man. In soft rocks (limestones, loesses, tuffs), people have long cut down artificial caves, where they built comfortable dwellings, sometimes entire cave cities. So, in the cave city of Eski-Kermen in the Crimea (pictured), rooms carved into the rock have hearths, chimneys, "beds", niches for dishes and other things, water containers, windows and doorways with traces of hinges.

Cook

Povarnya is a summer dwelling of Kamchadals, the people of Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka. To protect themselves from water level drops, the dwelling (like a plague) was built on high piles. Used logs thrown ashore by the sea. The hearth was placed on a pile of pebbles. Smoke escaped through a hole in the middle of the sharp roof. Under the roof, multi-tiered rails were made for drying fish. Cooks can still be seen on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Pueblo

Pueblo - ancient settlements of the Pueblo Indians, a group of Indian peoples of the Southwest of the modern United States. A closed structure, built of sandstone or raw brick, in the form of a fortress. The living quarters were arranged in steps of several floors - so that the roof of the lower floor was a courtyard for the upper one. The upper floors were climbed by ladders through the holes in the roofs. In some pueblos, for example, in Taos Pueblo (a thousand-year-old settlement), the Indians still live.

Pueblito

Pueblito - a small fortress house in the northwest American state New Mexico. 300 years ago, they were built, supposedly, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, which defended themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Utah and Comanche tribes. The walls are lined with boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interiors are also covered with clay. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. Pueblitos were positioned in high places within sight of each other to provide long-distance communication.

Riga

Riga ("residential riga") is a log house of Estonian peasants with a high thatched or thatched roof. In the central room, which was fired in black, hay lived and dried. In the adjoining room (it was called "threshing floor") grain was threshed and blown, implements and hay were stored, and livestock were kept in winter. There were also unheated rooms ("chambers"), which were used as storage rooms, and in warm weather as living quarters.

Rondawel

Rondavel is the round house of the Bantu peoples (south Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementitious composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was made of twigs, to which bunches of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

Sáklya

Saklya is the home of the inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the Caucasus and Crimea. Usually this is a house made of stone, clay or raw brick with a flat roof and narrow windows, like loopholes. If the sakli were located one under the other on the mountainside, the roof of the lower house could easily serve as a courtyard for the upper one. The frame beams were made protruding to equip cozy awnings. However, any small hut with a thatched roof can also be called a sakley here.

Senec

Senek is a "log yurt" of the Shors, the people of the southeastern part of Western Siberia. The gable roof was covered with birch bark, which was fastened on top with half-timbers. The hearth was in the form of a clay pit opposite the front door. A wooden hook with a kettle was suspended over the hearth on a transverse pole. The smoke went into a hole in the roof.

Teepee

Tipi - portable dwelling nomadic Indians Great Plains of America. The teepee has the shape of a cone up to eight meters high. The frame is assembled from poles (pine - in the northern and central plains and from juniper - in the southern). The cover is sewn from bison skins or canvas. A smoke hole is left on top. Two smoke valves regulate the smoke draft of the hearth using special poles. In case of strong winds, the teepee are tied to a special peg with a belt. Tipi should not be confused with wigwam.

Tokul

Tokul is a round thatched hut of the inhabitants of Sudan (East Africa). The supporting parts of the walls and the conical roof are made from long mimosa trunks. Then they are put on hoops made of flexible branches and covered with straw.

Tylou

Tylou is a fortress house in Fujian and Guangdong provinces (China). The foundation was laid out of stones in a circle or square (which made it difficult for the enemies to dig during a siege) and the lower part of the wall about two meters thick was built. Above, the wall was completed from a mixture of clay, sand and lime, which hardened in the sun. On the upper floors, narrow openings were left for loopholes. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, large containers for food. One tulou could accommodate 500 people representing one clan.

Trullo

Trullo is an original conical roof house in the Italian region of Apulia. The walls of the trullo are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is two-tiered, and you climbed to the second floor by a ladder. Often the trullo had several cone-shaped roofs, each of which had a separate room.

Tueji

Tueji is the summer home of the Udege, Oroch and Nanai - the indigenous peoples of the Far East. A gable roof was installed over the dug hole, covered with birch bark or cedar bark. The sides were covered with earth. Inside, the tueji is divided into three parts: female, male and central, in which the hearth was located. Above the hearth, a platform of thin poles was installed for drying and smoking fish and meat, and a kettle was also hung for cooking.

Urasá

Urasá is a summer dwelling of the Yakuts, a cone-shaped hut made of poles, covered with birch bark. Long, poles, placed in a circle, were fastened from above with a wooden hoop. From the inside, the frame was stained reddish-brown with a decoction of alder bark. The door was made in the form of a birch bark curtain decorated with folk patterns. For strength, birch bark was boiled in water, then the top layer was scraped off with a knife and sewn into strips with a thin hair cord. Bunks were built along the walls inside. In the middle, on the earthen floor, was a hearth.

Fale

Fale is a hut for the inhabitants of the island state of Samoa (South Pacific). A gable roof made of coconut leaves is installed on wooden pillars arranged in a circle or oval. A distinctive feature of the halyard is the absence of walls. The openings between the posts are covered with mats if necessary. Wooden structural elements are tied with ropes woven from coconut husk threads.

Fánza

Fánza is a type of rural dwelling in Northeastern China and the Russian Far East among indigenous peoples. Rectangular structure on a pillar frame supporting a gable thatched roof. The walls were made of straw mixed with clay. Fanza had a clever room heating system. A chimney ran from the clay hearth along the entire wall at floor level. The smoke, before entering the long chimney built outside the fanza, heated wide bunks. Hot coals from the hearth were poured onto a special elevation and used to heat water and dry clothes.

Felidge

Felidge is a tent of Bedouins, Arab nomads. The frame of long poles intertwined with each other is covered with a fabric woven from camel, goat or sheep wool. This fabric is so dense that it keeps rain out. During the day, the awning is raised to ventilate the dwelling, and at night or in a strong wind, it is lowered. Felidge is divided into male and female halves by a patterned curtain. Each half has its own hearth. The floor is covered with mats.

Hanuk

Hanuk is a traditional Korean house with clay walls and thatched or tiled roofs. Its peculiarity is the heating system: pipes are laid under the floor through which hot air from the hearth is carried throughout the house. The ideal place for a hanok is considered to be: behind the house there is a hill, and in front of the house there is a stream.

Hata

Hata is the traditional home of Ukrainians, Belarusians, southern Russians and part of the Poles. The roof, in contrast to the Russian hut, was made with four slopes: thatched or reed. The walls were erected from half-timbers, smeared with a mixture of clay, horse dung and straw, and were whitewashed - both outside and inside. There were certainly shutters on the windows. There was a block around the house (a wide, clay-filled bench) that protected the lower part of the wall from getting wet. The hut was divided into two parts: residential and utility, separated by a passage.

Hogan

Hogan is the ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the most numerous Native American peoples in North America. A frame of poles, set at an angle of 45 ° to the ground, was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often a "hallway" was attached to this simple structure. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first pass through Navajo territory Railway, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

Plague

Chum is the general name for a conical hut made of poles covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins. This form of dwelling is widespread throughout Siberia - from the Ural ridge to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, among the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongol peoples.

Chabono

Chabono is the collective home of the Yanomamo Indians, lost in the Amazon rainforest on the border of Venezuela and Brazil. A large family (from 50 to 400 people) chooses a suitable clearing in the depths of the jungle and fences it with pillars, to which a long roof of leaves is attached. Inside such a peculiar hedge, there is an open space for chores and rituals.

Shalash

Shalash is the general name for the simplest shelter from the weather from any available materials: sticks, branches, grass, etc. It was probably the first man-made shelter ancient man... In any case, some animals, in particular, great apes, create something similar.

Shale

Shale ("shepherd's hut") - a small rural house in the "Swiss style" in the Alps. One of the hallmarks of a chalet is strongly protruding eaves. The walls are wooden, their lower part can be plastered or lined with stone.

Tent

A tent is the general name for a temporary lightweight structure made of cloth, leather or skins stretched on stakes and ropes. Since ancient times, tents have been used by oriental nomadic peoples... The tent (under various names) is often mentioned in the Bible.

Yurt

Yurt is the common name for a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among the Turkic and Mongolian nomads. A classic yurt is easily assembled and disassembled by one family within a few hours. It is transported on a camel or horse, its felt covering protects well from temperature changes, does not let rain or wind through. Dwellings of this type are so ancient that they can be recognized even on rock paintings. Yurts in a number of localities are successfully used today.

Yaodong

Yaodong is a cave house of the Loess Plateau of the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work breed. Locals this was discovered long ago and from time immemorial they dug their homes right in the hillside. It is comfortable inside such a house in any weather.

Yaranga

Yaranga is a portable dwelling place of some peoples of the north-east of Siberia: Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukagirs. First, tripods made of poles are set in a circle and fixed with stones. The inclined poles of the side wall are tied to the tripods. The frame of the dome is attached from above. The whole structure is covered with deer or walrus skins. Two or three poles are placed in the middle in order to support the ceiling. Yaranga is divided by canopies into several rooms. Sometimes inside the yaranga they put a small “house” covered with skins.

We are grateful to the Education Department of the Administration of the Kirovsky District of St. Petersburg and everyone who unselfishly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. Our sincere thanks to the great photographers who kindly allowed us to use their photos in this issue. These are Mikhail Krasikov, Evgeny Golomolzin and Sergey Sharov. Many thanks to Lyudmila Semyonovna Grek - for prompt advice. Please send your feedback and suggestions to: [email protected]

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