Burial excavations - our opinion. What archaeologists have unearthed in Neishlotsky lane Photos from the excavations of ancient cemeteries

The assertion that St. Petersburg is built on bones is known to everyone. And once again this was confirmed by excavations in Neyshlotsky lane. For two months of research, archaeologists have discovered more than two hundred graves. Part of the Sampsonievsky cemetery, which existed in the 18th century, was found during exploration on the site for construction. It was planned that this land will soon receive a new life - they wanted to build a residential building here. How the results of the excavations will affect the fate of the territory, whether they will add new details to the history of the city, and what awaits the finds and remains in the near future - read in the material City +.

The history of excavations at 3 Neyshlotsky Lane began when the company that owned the site decided to use it for the construction of a residential building. LLC "Neishlotskiy, 3" planned to demolish the building of the former kindergarten and start work. Moreover, the KGIOP confirmed that the site is not included in the security zone. However, according to the law, archaeologists had to work on the site before the builders. Then, in April of this year, it turned out that a part of an Orthodox cemetery had been located on this place since the 1710s-1770s. For two months of excavations, specialists from the Research Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IIMK RAS) discovered about 200 burials and more than 2500 various finds on an area of ​​1200 square meters.

The cultural layer of St. Petersburg and its secrets

As noted by archaeologists, for St. Petersburg such a story is not uncommon, when burials are buried under buildings of a later time. This happened with the cemetery on the Vyborg side. In 1770 it was abolished, and from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century it began to be built up. Moreover, most of it today is located under the Sampsonievsky Garden. In 1938, a kindergarten appeared at 3 Neyshlotsky. This two-story building from the Stalinist era still stands on this site. Although since the 1990s, the children and educators have moved from here, and office premises have taken the place of the groups. The city returned to the early history of the lane in April this year, when archaeologists recorded during exploration not only the presence of a cultural layer, but also historical burials.

“This is not a functioning cemetery; it ended its existence at the end of the 18th century. The area later began to be actively built up. We all know that St. Petersburg is built on bones, and all historical burials in the center have long been built up - this is a traditional situation. Our research in the city constantly proves this ”, - said Natalya Solovyova, Deputy Director of the Institute for History and Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The found burial is comparable in size to those found at the corner of Bolshaya Posadskaya and Malaya Monetnaya streets, as well as on Sytninskaya - these are the two largest sites where human remains were found on the territory of St. Petersburg. By the way, such burials not only make it possible to understand what the map of the city's cemeteries is. According to Natalia Solovieva, archaeological research yields great results even in a territory about which many written sources have survived. So, on Sytninskaya, the graves of the first builders of the city were found. The experts who studied the remains were able to find out that among those recruited for the construction of the city of Petrov were residents of Western Siberia. The tools found and the typical shoe making for those places have become irrefutable facts. Or, for example, it was established that all those buried in mass graves in this territory are teenagers 12-15 years old or 50-year-old men (by the standards of the 18th century, almost old people). And all of them are male.

“This is due to the fact that middle-aged people were needed at home, as they supported the household. And those who were not so useful and necessary were given to the civil service. Analyzing the burials at this excavation site, we also learned about what characteristic traces this or that type of work leaves on the skeleton. All of the buried had a developed right shoulder joint, which means they worked a lot with an ax during construction, ”said Natalya Solovyova.

This information and other facts about townspeople and builders can be obtained by age-sex analysis, diet analysis and anthropological studies. Of course, the remains from the cemetery in Neyshlotsky Lane, which disappeared from all maps, still have to go through these procedures, and only then will they tell their stories. But already now experts say that the people who are buried in the cemetery were not the poorest citizens of St. Petersburg. “The Christian rite implies the absence in the burial of any things, except for the cross. Therefore, it is difficult to understand who is rich and who is poor. However, individual graves and the presence of coffins indicate that these are far from being driven to the construction of the peasants, as was the case on Sytninskaya, ”believes Roman Filipenko, head of the archaeological expedition, junior researcher of the Department of Conservation Archeology of the Institute for History and Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Archaeologists still have a month to dig. Now, on an area of ​​1200 square meters, only 800 have been explored. Difficulties in the work will be added to the traditional rains for the city. But the main difficulties for specialists are caused by severe damage to burials from late economic activities. This is not surprising, given that on the way to the finds, 40 archaeologists met a concrete fill, two pavements and a debris layer. The graves were crushed by the foundations of houses, drainage systems with wells of the 19th century and sewerage systems of the 20th century.

The fate of the site, burials and finds

Even before the end of the excavations in Neyshlotsky Lane, experts began to work with objects. Articles made of ceramics, metal (black and non-ferrous) - mainly from the 19th century - and coins with pectoral crosses from the 18th century are undergoing initial restoration and conservation processes. The institute will try to fully process and study the artifacts by the beginning of the next field season. For three years, the items will be on the balance sheet at the Institute for History and Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, during which time some of them will take part in the annual exhibitions of the Institute. Further, the fate of the finds will be decided by the state museum fund. Now the items found by archaeologists in the city are kept in the Hermitage, the Museum of Bread, the Museum of the Political History of Russia and in many other collections. However, Natalya Solovyova hopes that an archaeological museum may appear in St. Petersburg in three years, and the artifacts from Neyshlotskoye will arrive there.

The fate of the found burials will not be ignored either. The cemetery is not active, it does not fall under the jurisdiction of the federal law "On burial and funeral business." Therefore, as soon as anthropologists conduct all the research, the remains will be reburied in one of the city's cemeteries.

Whether there is a chance to find the remains of famous Petersburgers in Neyshlotsky Lane is still in question. For example, it is known that a cemetery of another faith was organized next to the Orthodox. And according to some sources, Domenico Trezzini and Burchard Christoph von Minich were buried there. According to the plans of the 18th century, the graves of foreigners were located between Neyshlotsky Lane and Vyborgskaya Street. Despite the unclear boundaries, according to Roman Filipenko, according to the funeral inventory, it is possible to separate the foreigners from the Orthodox. And yet, experts have little hope of discovering the nominal graves: many of the coffins are damaged or are located one under the other. However, if they can be found, they will also be reburied with a commemorative plaque.

When, in a month, archaeologists reach the "mainland" (a layer of soil that does not contain traces of human activity), the entire area will be cleared of the cultural layer. At the place of work, only a foundation pit or a flat area will remain at the request of the owners of the site. This procedure is fully consistent with the federal law "On cultural heritage sites". LLC "Neishlotskiy, 3" will receive, in turn, not only the land cleared of burials and artifacts, but also the results of surveys by the end of this year. It is not yet clear how the fate of the building of the former kindergarten and the site where excavations are being carried out. The situation, according to the lawyer of the company Daria Belaya, will become clear only after the completion of the excavation. Not earlier than a month later, LLC "Neishlotskiy 3" announces plans for the development of this territory.

Photo: ERA Group blog / era-group.livejournal.com; from materials of KGIOP Text: R. Ilyasova / City +

Incredible facts

We tend to believe that archaeologists are "dusty" experts who study people and their culture using artifacts and human remains.

But sometimes they are more like ancient storytellers who, with the help of found antiquities tell the most interesting stories that magically transport us to distant times and places.

In the stories below, we will be transported to the ancient worlds of long forgotten children. Some stories are heartwarming, others are simply mysterious, and some are terrible.

10. The revival of Oriens

In October 2013, in a field in Leicestershire, England, a treasure hunter used a metal detector to find meter coffin of a Roman child... In order not to talk about the child in the third person, the scientific community decided to call him "Oriens", which means "to rise" (like the Sun).

It is believed that Oriens was buried in 3-4 centuries. It is not known for certain how old the child was, but the bracelets on the arms suggest that it was a girl.

Bracelets with girls hands

Clasp bracelets

Oriens must have lived in a wealthy family or her relatives had a high social status, because she was found in a lead coffin, which was a rarity at the time, especially in matters of children's burials.

Coffin inside

Most of the children were then buried in a shroud (clothing for the deceased). Only a few bone fragments remain of the baby. However, archaeologists managed to piece together some of the details of her life, including information about the society in which she lived.

They learned a lot by analyzing some of the resins found in her coffin.

Oriens milk teeth

Stuart Palmer of the Warwickshire archaeological team ( Archeology Warwickshire), presence frankincense, olive oil, and pistachio oil in the soil, found in the coffin, suggests that Oriensa can be attributed to a very small number of Roman burials of people with the highest status.

The girl was buried according to very expensive Mediterranean and Middle Eastern customs.

"Nails" that held the inner components of the coffin

Resins masked the smell of a decomposing body during the afterlife rituals, which, according to the ancients, facilitated the transition to the afterlife. From a social point of view, this suggests that the inhabitants of Roman Britain continued to follow continental burial rites, so they had to import oils and resins from the Middle East.

9. Secrets of a child - singer

Almost 3000 years ago, the seven-year-old Tjayasetimu sang in the choir in the temple of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Despite the fact that the girl took most of the secrets with her to the grave, the curators of the British Museum, where her mummy was exhibited in 2014, managed to find out some details about the child.

It is not known for certain where she lived and worked, because the British Museum bought the mummy from a dealer back in 1888. However, Tjayasetimu's body is incredibly well preserved. In the 1970s, as part of a restoration project, hieroglyphs and drawings under the oil-blackened bandages on the body.

Tools Tjayasetimu may have used

Thanks to the inscriptions, it was possible to find out her name and position. The name Tjayasetimu, which means "the goddess Isis will defeat them," protects against evil spirits. Her work as a temple singer was considered very important to the god Amun.

The reason for the girl's getting such a "position" is also unknown: her voice or family ties. It is only known that she was an important person, because the body was mummified with a golden mask on her face.

The scan showed the girl's baby teeth

In 2013, a computed tomography scan showed that her body, including her face and hair, is still well preserved. With no signs of long-term illness or injury, she is believed to have died from a short-lived illness such as cholera.

8. The mystery of the "sewer" babies

In the Roman Empire, infanticide was widely practiced with the aim of limiting family size, because reliable methods of birth control did not exist. This helped to conserve scarce resources and improve the lives of other family members.

Children under the age of 6 months in Roman society were not at all treated as human beings.

Burial was discovered in this well

Nevertheless, even knowing this fact, the researchers were still horrified when in 1988 a terrible discovery was made in Ashkelon, on the southern coast of Israel. Archaeologists have discovered a mass grave of nearly 100 children in an ancient sewer underneath the Roman baths.

Ruins of a church in Ashkelon

Most of the bones found were intact, and according to scientists, the children were thrown down the drain immediately after death. Given the general age of the children and the absence of signs of disease, the cause of death was almost certainly infanticide.

From these bones, experts determined that the deceased were babies.

Although the Romans favored male children more, researchers were unable to find evidence that they deliberately killed more female babies. They were unable to find confirmation of this and in the study of this find.

Some experts note that the bathhouse over the sewer also worked as a brothel. They assume that babies were unwanted children of the women of the oldest profession who worked there.

Some female babies may have been spared so that they would later become courtesans. Despite the fact that both women and men were engaged in the oldest profession in the Roman Empire, the former were still more in demand.

Ancient archaeological site

7. The unusual child of metalworkers

About 4,000 years ago in prehistoric Britain, children were tasked with decorating jewelry and weapons with golden threads as thin as human hair. On some specimens, more than 1000 of these threads were located on one square centimeter of the tree.

Scientists discovered this after an ornate wooden dagger handle was found near Bush Barrow near Stonehenge in the 1800s.

Daggers found at the same time in Bush. Salisbury Plain. Found in the richest and most important Bronze Age tomb ever found in Britain

The work is so precious that it is difficult to see all the details with the naked eye. After the conducted research, the experts came to the conclusion that, most likely, adolescents and children under the age of 10 were the authors of this extraordinary skill on the handle of the dagger.

Without a magnifying glass, an ordinary adult would not be able to do this, because his vision is not sharp enough. Already after 21 years of age, a person's vision gradually begins to deteriorate.

Although the children used simple tools, they had a special understanding of design and geometry. However, they paid a high price for the beautiful handiwork. Their vision quickly deteriorated myopathy overtook them at the age of 15, and by the age of 20 they were already partially blind.

This made them unfit for other work, so they had to rely on their communities.

6. Very good parents

Believing that the attitude of some scientists towards the Neanderthals was not entirely objective, archaeologists from the University of York decided to rewrite the history of these prehistoric people. Until recently, it was believed that Neanderthal children lived a dangerous, difficult and short life.

However, the team of the aforementioned archaeologists came to different conclusions after studying the social and cultural factors of the life of the first people from finds from different times in different places throughout Europe.

"The perception of Neanderthals is changing," says Penny Spikins, lead researcher. "Partly due to the fact that they mated with us, which already speaks of our similarity. But the latest findings were no less important. There is a fundamental difference between a harsh childhood and a childhood spent in harsh conditions. "

A Neanderthal child examines his reflection in the water. Neanderthal Museum in Kropin, Croatia

Spikins believes that Neanderthal children were very attached to their families, and families were close-knit. He also notes that the children were trained to handle tools. In two places in two different countries, a team of archaeologists discovered stones that were well processed against the background of others that had chips.

They looked like children were taught by adults how to make tools.

Although there is no conclusive evidence for this claim, Spikins believes that prehistoric children “played peekaboo” in imitation of adults, because humans and great apes played the same “game”.

When studying the burials of Neanderthal babies and children, Spikins came to the conclusion that parents interred their offspring with great care, since more often the remains of children that have survived to this day were found, rather than adults.

The archaeological team also emphasizes that there is evidence that parents have been caring for their sick or injured children for several years.

The oldest finds of archaeologists

5. Battle scouts of Ancient Egypt

To find out how the children lived in the city of Oxyrinch in ancient Egypt, historians examined about 7,500 documents from the presumably sixth century. The city was home to more than 25,000 people, and it itself was considered the Roman administrative center of its area, in which the weaving industry of Egypt flourished.

More than a century ago, artifacts from the times of the existence of Oksirinh were found, after analyzing which historians came to the conclusion that a youth group of boy scouts, known as a "gymnasium", was actively working in Ancient Egypt, where young people were trained to become good citizens.

Boys on a camel. Mosaic from the late antiquity period, early 6th century.

The Great Palace Mosaic Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

Boys who were born in free Egyptian, Greek and Roman families were accepted for training. Despite the "rich" demographics, gymnasium membership was limited to 10-25 percent of the city's families.

For boys who left applications to study at a gymnasium, it was a transition to adulthood. They became full-fledged adults when they got married at the age of "in their early twenties." Girls who married as adolescents prepared for their role by working in parental homes.

Boys from free families who did not go to gymnasium began working as children, under contract for several years. Many contracts were for work in the weaving industry.

Roman boy with Egyptian-style hairstyle. A side strand of hair was cut off and donated to the gods ahead of the coming of age ceremony. First half of the second century AD. Museum of Cultural History, Oslo.

Historians have found one student contract with a girl. But, as it turned out, her case was unique, because she was an orphan and had to pay off her late father's debts.

Children of slaves could enter into the same work contracts as boys born in free families. But unlike the latter, who lived with their families, the children of slaves could be sold. In this case, they lived with their owners. Recovered documents showed that some of the slave children were being sold as early as two years old.

4. The riddle of the "elk" geoglyph

In this story, our discovery of the past is prompted by curiosity about what will happen in the future. Images captured from space in 2011 revealed the existence of a giant moose geoglyph (a geometric pattern on the ground) in the Ural Mountains, which is believed to predate the millennia-old Nazca geoglyphs found in Peru.

The type of masonry known as "stone chip" suggests that this structure may have been built around 3000-4000 BC. BC.

Nazca Geoglyphs

The structure is about 275 meters long with two horns, four legs and a long snout facing north. In prehistoric times, the geoglyph could be seen from a nearby ridge. He looked like a gleaming white figure against a backdrop of green grass. Today this place is covered with soil.

Archaeologists were amazed at the thoughtfulness of the design. "Moose hooves were made from small crushed stones and clay," explains Stanislav Grigoriev, a specialist at the Russian Academy of Sciences. "The walls were very low, I guess, and the passages between them are very narrow. The same was the case in the muzzle area: rubble and clay, four small wide walls and three passages."

"Elk" geoglyph

The researchers also found evidence of two locations where bonfires were made only once. They believe that these places were used for important rituals.

However, many questions remained unanswered, especially such as: who built this geoglyph and why. There is no archaeological evidence that the culture during this period was so advanced that people could build such a structure in this region.

But experts believe that the most interesting discovery concerns children. They managed to find more than 150 instruments on the spot, 2-17 centimeters long. They believe that these instruments belonged to children who worked side by side with adults as part of a community project.

That is, it was not slave labor, but joint efforts in the name of achieving an important goal.

Archeology: finds

3. Children of the clouds

In July 2013, archaeologists discovered 35 sarcophagi in the high-altitude region of the Amazonas region of Peru, each no more than 70 centimeters long. The small coffins led researchers to believe that they belonged to the children of the mysterious Chachapoya culture, also known as the "warriors of the clouds" because they lived in the rainforests of the mountains.

Between the 9th century and 1475, when their territories were conquered by the Incas, the Chachapoya founded villages and farms on the steep mountain slopes, raised pigs and llamas there, and fought among themselves.

Their culture was eventually destroyed by diseases such as smallpox that European explorers brought with them.

Very little is known about Chachapoya and their children, because they did not leave any written language behind them. However, according to Spanish documents from the 1500s, they were fierce warriors.

Pedro Cieza de Leon, who chronicled the history of Peru, described their appearance as follows: " They are the whitest and most beautiful people I have seen in India, and their wives are so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserve to be the wives of the Incas and live in the temple of the Sun. "

But these warriors of the clouds still left something behind: mummified bodies in unusual and strange sarcophagi that were found on high ledges overlooking the valley. Clay coffins were arranged vertically and in design very much resembled the decoration of people: tunics, jewelry and even trophy skulls.

But no one knows why children were buried in their own cemetery separately from adults. It is also unclear why all the small sarcophagi "looked" to the west, while the adult coffins were located differently.

Mysterious archaeological finds

2. Gifts to the gods of lakes

Ancient villages of the Bronze Age spread their expanses around the alpine lakes of Germany and Switzerland. When some of the villages were discovered during excavations in the 1970s and 1980s, archaeologists could not get enough of it because they found more than 160 houses 2600 - 3800 years old.

These were houses along the coastal strip of the lake that were flooded. To protect themselves from rising water levels, residents often moved to less dangerous areas, closer to land. When conditions improved, they returned again.

On July 8, archaeological excavations began on the former site of the Volgakabel plant. This is the first scientific research of the All-Holy Cemetery in more than eight decades that have passed since the moment when the largest pre-revolutionary city necropolis began to be constantly barbarously destroyed. For the first time, the remains of the Samarans, who died about a century ago and were buried at Vsesvyatskoye, will be reburied, and not mixed with mountains of construction waste. As it was done in previous decades under different political regimes and rulers.

Combining the plan of engineer Zimin from 1996 with Google Maps from camapka.ru, it can be seen that the territory of "Volgakabel", where archaeologists now work, occupies the oldest part of the necropolis, designated as the "Old Orthodox Cemetery".

The area where the excavation site is now clogged is, albeit greatly disturbed, but a surviving part of the Old Cemetery, which has been continuously destroyed since the 1930s. It should be noted that during the construction work on the construction of the Gudok shopping center on the territory of the former factory, interrupted for archaeological research, the remaining part of the cemetery was practically not damaged.

This is the only tombstone found so far. The stone lay in a layer of construction debris, so it is impossible to establish its relation to that other grave.

It is possible that the bones of the Chizhovs will never be found.

By the way, the black marble monument was ordered in Moscow.

Most likely, as a result of the excavations, it will not be possible to identify anyone personally. Thanks to the developers of the 1930s.

In 1930, the City Council issued a decree "On the implementation of monuments, crosses, bars and gravestones and signs within the city limits." Its result was the almost complete disappearance of the identification signs of the graves of the All-Saints Cemetery. Marauders for several years stole gravestones and fences, turning the territory of the necropolis into a giant wasteland, and making the graves nameless. From that moment on, the burial places of the mothers of Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy and Fyodor Ivanovich Shalyapin, the famous philanthropist and ethnographer Konstantin Pavlovich Golovkin and the great historian Academician Sergei Fedorovich Platonov, can be considered irretrievably lost.

After that, even that small section of the Old Orthodox Cemetery, which survived after the construction of the workshops of the plant, was significantly damaged.

In the 1950s, ceramic pipes were laid on the site, and bones were thrown into a dump.

A collector equipped directly in a brick crypt. Probably at the same time as pipe laying.

A well shaft installed directly on the burial.

Archaeological research on the surviving sites began last Monday.

The regional Ministry of Culture reports on the progress of work almost on a daily basis. But the volumes of even the preserved site are enormous. And archaeologists, apparently, will stay here for a long time.

Everything is done according to science. This is a scientific study of the necropolis, not a simple reburial of the remains. Everything is fixed, sketched ...

Bone remains are analyzed by Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander Aleksandrovich Khokhlov.

The sex of the deceased, pathology and disease is determined.

People with considerable experience in archaeological research and students of Samara universities are engaged in earthwork.

Many burials were destroyed by construction work in the 1940-1980s. Skeletons are not always found entirely. Sometimes, bones come across not in anatomical order.

Nevertheless, the clearing of the preserved area is carried out quite pedantic.

One of the few well-preserved intact burials.

Vessels are often found in the coffins at Vsesvyatskoye.

According to one version, these are oil containers. According to tradition, the oil left over from the sacrament of unction was poured into the coffin of the deceased. It is not excluded that the vessel from this oil was put in the same place.

A grave of strange origin, which scientists will have to deal with in the future. Several corpses that had not yet been frozen were randomly dumped in it.

And a little about the finds made last week ...

The finds are put together, processed, and then transferred to the museum collection.

Cross from the grave of the priest. In addition, a decayed Psalter was found in it.

A cross from a semi-precious stone.

Body crosses of a more familiar form to our contemporaries are more common.

Cross and decayed icon.

The fabric in the burials decayed, but two woven black scarves were found.

Metal decoration detail. Probably from a wreath.

Behind the excavation site, you can see new buildings built on the territory of the same cemetery. Without any archaeological research. One can only guess about the fate of the remains of the Samarans under them.

The creators of this site urge not to confuse treasure hunters and grave diggers - the excavation of any burial place has not brought anyone and will not bring wealth, let alone happiness. We will all be there - it will be credited there ... Archeology of this kind does not command respect in any case, if it is not carried out for scientific purposes officially, i.e. disinterestedly. And here is the legitimate side of this quest ...

Article 244. Desecration of the bodies of the deceased and the places of their burial

1. The object of the crime is public morality.
2. The subject of the crime is the bodies of the deceased, burial places, grave structures and cemetery buildings where ceremonies are performed in connection with the burial of the dead or their commemoration (see Federal Law of 12.01.96 N 8-FZ ((as amended by Federal Laws of 28.06 .97 N 91-FZ; from 21.07.98 N 117-FZ; from 07.08.2000 N 122-FZ) // SZ RF. 1996. N 3. Art. 146; 1997. N 26. Art. 2952; N 30 . Art. 3613; 2000. N 33. Art. 3348). 3. The objective side of the crime includes the following actions:
a) abuse of the body of the deceased, i.e. committing immoral, desecrating or cynical actions in relation to buried or temporarily not buried human remains (removal from a grave, causing damage, dismemberment of a corpse, exposure, theft of clothing on the body of the deceased, valuable jewelry, dental crowns, unauthorized reburial of remains, etc. .);
b) the destruction of burial places, grave structures or cemetery buildings intended for ceremonies in connection with the burial of the dead or their commemoration, the complete destruction of these objects, making them completely unusable so that it would be impossible to use them for their intended purpose;
c) damage to these objects means a significant destruction of the object, causing such harm to it, after which, in order to use it for its intended purpose, restoration is necessary (damage to individual elements of the structure, removal of individual decorations and other actions).
d) desecration of such objects, expressed in the commission of immoral, cynical actions incompatible with the purpose of the structures (for example, the application of offensive inscriptions, drawings, symbols, sewage, garbage, etc.).
4. The subjective side of the crime is characterized by direct intent. The perpetrator realizes that he is committing unlawful acts and desires it.
5. The subject of the crime is a person who has reached the age of 16.
6. On the concept of a group of persons, a group of persons by prior agreement or an organized group, see the commentary to Art. 35 of the Criminal Code.
7. On the concept of a motive for national, racial, religious hatred or enmity, see the commentary to Art. 105 of the Criminal Code.
8. A sculptural, architectural structure dedicated to the fight against fascism or the victims of fascism shall also be recognized as any other structure dedicated to these circumstances, including those erected at the burial sites of the victims, regardless of their nationality and citizenship. The burial places of the participants in the struggle against fascism are individual and mass graves with corresponding inscriptions or memorial plaques.
9. The use of violence or the threat of its use includes infliction of minor harm to health, beatings and the threat of infliction of bodily harm of any severity. In the event of intentionally grave or moderate harm to the victim, the actions of the perpetrator should be additionally qualified under Art. 121, 112 UK. In this case, the victims can be any persons who prevent the commission of the actions specified in the disposition of this article.
10. A crime is considered completed at the moment of committing any action that forms the objective side of the corpus delicti.See article 22
"On burial and funeral business"
(as amended on June 28, 1997, July 21, 1998, August 7, 2000, May 30, 2001, July 25, December 11, 2002, January 10, June 30, 2003)

Article 22. Old military and previously unknown burials
Federal Law of January 12, 1996 N 8-FZ
"On burial and funeral business"
(as amended on June 28, 1997, July 21, 1998, August 7, 2000, May 30, 2001, July 25, December 11, 2002, January 10, June 30, 2003)Article 22. Old military and previously unknown burials

4. It is prohibited to search and open old military and previously unknown graves by citizens or legal entities that do not have official permission for such activities.
1. Old military and previously unknown burials are considered to be the burials of those killed in hostilities that took place on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as the burials of victims of mass repressions.
2. Before carrying out any work in the areas of hostilities, concentration camps and possible burials of victims of mass repressions, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local governments are obliged to conduct a survey of the area in order to identify possible unknown burials.
3. If old military and previously unknown burials are discovered, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local self-government bodies are obliged to designate and register the burial places, and, if necessary, organize the reburial of the remains of the deceased.
1. Old military and previously unknown burials are considered to be the burials of those killed in hostilities that took place on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as the burials of victims of mass repressions.
2. Before carrying out any work on the territories of hostilities, concentration camps and possible burials of victims of mass repressions, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local government bodies are obliged to conduct a survey of the area in order to identify possible unknown burials.
3. If old military and previously unknown burials are discovered, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local self-government bodies are obliged to designate and register the burial places, and, if necessary, organize the reburial of the remains of the deceased.
4. It is prohibited to search and open old military and previously unknown graves by citizens or legal entities that do not have official permission for such activities. not amenable to disassembly. All wooden parts are rotted away, turning a rifle or carbine into a rusty piece of iron that cannot be identified. The opposite situation in swamps: a tree, being in water, does not rot, and the metal turns into a thin foil. In ammunition dug out of the ground, due to the penetration of moisture, in most cases, misfires are possible. But do not create problems for yourself and stuff your pockets with dug cartridges. Searching for and collecting military antiques is primarily about preserving and studying the history of the Second World War. And the search for the remains of Soviet soldiers, who remained lying in their positions, where an enemy bullet got them, is a noble occupation and is quite compatible with collecting military rarities. I fully agree that "the war did not end until the last soldier who died in battle is buried ..." Successful expeditions to you!

We call for observance of state and moral laws when searching, disinterested attitude to excavation will bring you good luck.

Soldiers' graves.

Attitudes towards the excavation of burials (in particular, of the German occupiers) are different. And here, by the way, is the word of the law on this matter and information for thought.

Of course, no one invited the German soldiers to visit, but we must remember that they were buried most often, observing the church ritual: in the presence of a military priest, with a prayer, a cross was installed on the grave. You can have different religious views or not have them at all, but excavation of graves at all times did not bring happiness to anyone. Values ​​are not found on every dead soldier: a ring in a cheap design, a soldier's award or a budget token. The metal parts of the ammunition on the corpse deteriorate much faster than just in the soil. For example, a helmet from a combat burial may remain in green paint, but be covered with holes, and it smells specifically. Gold teeth, not in praise of our people said, began to dig, almost like the last German tank disappeared behind the outskirts. Even the term was born "walked over the heads." Although, it was not necessary to come to Russia on these very tanks - the "blitzkrieg" did not work out. Forgotten the historical experience of other Europeans: the French and the Swedes. The Russian people, due to their poverty and economy, used everything that remained on the battlefields: in winter they cut off the legs of corpses in order to unfreeze and acquire good shoes, shod and with metal spikes. Used on the farm any army boxes, bags, gas tanks and so on. They stunned fish with grenades and tatters, hunted with trophy rifles, altered and worn tunics and overcoats. So, in almost any hut left over from the times of the occupation, you can find items from the war "modified" and modified for household needs. As for the dug things of Soviet production, there are fewer of them than the things of the enemy. The equipment and materials from which the equipment of the Red Army soldiers was made were clearly inferior to the quality of German products. Sometimes you are amazed at the amount of military fodder the enemy has. Take ammunition, for example. There are so many shells, machine-gun belts, mines and other things that it seems that Germany was somewhere in the neighboring area. Regarding the acquisition and collection of items already unearthed from the killed soldiers. I don't see anything shameful in this, so the memory of the soldiers who used these items, and the events of those bloody days in general, is preserved. It will be worse if everything decays in the ground and is forgotten. At the same time, it is important not to forget about the articles of the criminal code - rusty trunks can entail certain liability. Models of PPSh and other weapons, which are now sold in stores completely freely, I think, can be afforded by many. Who wants to shoot, it is not so difficult to get a hunting ticket and buy a barrel officially. It is much safer, both from the side of legality and from the direct use of weapons. Excavated trunks are usually in a state of natural disposal created by nature itself. They are so rusted and sour that sometimes they only resemble the silhouette of a military weapon. The gates and all mechanisms are converted by oxides into a single whole,

If you dream of a fresh grave, then someone's dishonorable act will cause you terrible suffering, or this dream foreshadows the danger that threatens you.

A dream about a grave most often promises trouble and illness.

Walking in a dream among the graves is an unsuccessful brew. Looking into an empty grave - to the loss of loved ones.

To see a person in an unburied grave, half covered with earth, foreshadows the danger that threatens him in reality. Seeing your grave is a harbinger of intrigues preparing against you.

Digging a grave in a dream is a sign that your opponents are ready to crush you, but if you manage to finish your work in a dream, in reality you will prevail over them. A dream in which you see that the corpse for which the grave was dug has disappeared is unfavorable - this dream promises bad news.

If you dream that the night has found you in the cemetery and you have to spend the night in an open grave, this means the loss of friends, the cooling of your beloved.

Sometimes a grave in a dream portends trouble at work.

An old, dilapidated grave means someone's dangerous illness and death.

If in a dream you read the inscriptions on the graves, it means that you will have unpleasant chores.

Brain, brains To see your own brain in a dream means that some unfavorable circumstances will irritate you and associate you with an unpleasant companion, companion. Seeing the brains of animals - portends mental suffering from everyday adversity.

If you eat brains, it means that you will unexpectedly acquire great knowledge and profits.

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