Features of the development of Russian literature in the second half of the XIX century. The literature of the second half of the XIX century The direction of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century
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Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886) - Poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles.
Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860)- Poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. The inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism.
Aksakov Sergey Timofeevich (1791-1859) - Writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father writers of Constantine and Ivan Aksakov. The most famous work: the tale of "Scarlet flower".
Annensky Innokentiy Fedorovich (1855-1909)- Poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Piez author: "Tsar Ixion", "Lodamia", "Melanippa-Philosopher", "Famir-Kefred".
Baratynsky Evgeny Abramovich (1800-1844) - Poet and translator. Author of poems: "Ed", "Peters", "Ball", "concubine" ("Gypsy").
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855) - Poet. Also, the author of a number of famous prosaic articles: "On the character of Lomonosov", "Evening of Cantemir" and others.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811-1848) - Literary critic. He headed the critical department in the publication "Domestic Notes". The author of numerous critical articles. I had a huge impact on Russian literature.
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Aleksandrovich (1797-1837) - Writer-Bayronist, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published almanac "Polar Star". He was among the Decembrists. The author of the prose: "Test", "terrible divination", "Fregate Hope" and others.
Vyazemsky Peter Andreevich (1792-1878) - Poet, memorarist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and the first chapter of Russian historical society. Close friend of Pushkin.
Venevetinov Dmitry Vladimirovich (1805-1827)- Poet, prose, philosopher, translator, literary critic Author of 50 poems. It was also known as an artist and a musician. The organizer of the secret philosophical association "Society of Lyomudium".
Herzern Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - Writer, philosopher, teacher. The most famous works: the novel "Who is to blame?", Tale "Doctor of Kraisov", "Sorok-thief", "damaged".
Glinka Sergey Nikolaevich (1776-1847)- Writer, memoirist, historian. Idea inspirer of conservative nationalism. The author of the following works: "Selim and Roxana", "Virtues of women" and others.
Glinka Fedor Nikolaevich (1876-1880) - Poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Company. The most famous works: Poems "Karelia" and "mysterious drop".
Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich (1809-1852)- Writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic Russian literature. Author: "Dead Souls", cycle of stories "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka", the stakes "Shinel" and "Viy", the "auditor" and "marriage" and many other works.
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich (1812-1891) - Writer, literary critic. The author of the novels: "Oblomov", "Open", "Ordinary History".
Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829) - Poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat, died in service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem "grief from the mind", which served as the source of many winged phrases.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilyevich (1822-1900)- Writer.
Davydov Denis Vasilyevich (1784-1839) - Poet, memoirist. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. The author of numerous poems and military memories.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872)- Writer and Ethnographer. Being a military doctor, along the way, collected folklore. The most famous literary work is "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian." Dahl was banned over the dictionary for more than 50 years.
Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831) - Poet, publisher.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1836-1861)- Literary critic and poet. Printed under pseudonyms -bov and N. Lybov. The author of numerous critical and philosophical articles.
Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - Writer and philosopher. A recognized classic of Russian literature. The author of works: "Brothers Karamazov", "Idiot", "Crime and Punishment", "Teenager" and many others.
Pearls Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896)
Pearls Alexey Mikhailovich (1821-1908)- Poet and satir. Together with brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. Created the image of Kozma Prutkov. The author of the comedy "Strange Night" and the collection of poems "songs of old age".
Pearls Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884)- Poet. Together with brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. Created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) - Poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism.
Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852)- Writer and playwright. The author of the first Russian historical novels. The author of the works of "Pumps", "Yuri Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612", "Kulma Petrovich Miroshev" and others.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) - historian, writer and poet. The author of the monumental labor "The History of the Russian State" in 12 volumes. His Peru belongs to the story: "Poor Lisa", "Eugene and Julia" and many others.
Kireevsky Ivan Vasilyevich (1806-1856) - Religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophil.
Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844)- Poet and Basinista. Author 236 Basen, many expressions of which became covered. Magazines published: "Mail of Spirits", "Spectator", "Mercury".
Kyhelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846) - Poet. He was among the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. The author of works: "Argivyan", "Death of Bairon", "Eternal Jam."
Lazhchchnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869)- Writer, one of the Russian historical novels. The author of the novels "Ice House" and "Basurman".
Lermontov Mikhail Yuryevich (1814-1841) - Poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel "Hero of our time", the story "Caucasian captive", the poems "MTSI" and "Maskarade".
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) - Writer. The most famous works: "Left -sha", "Sobira", "on the knives", "Righteous".
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878) - Poet and writer. Classic Russian literature. Head of the magazine "Sovremennik", editor of the journal "Patrican notes". The most famous works: "Who lives well in Russia", "Russian women", "Frost, red nose".
Ogarev Nikolay Platonovich (1813-1877)- Poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles.
Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839)- Poet and writer. He was among the Decembrists. The author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems of Zosima and "Staritsa-Growing".
Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869)- Writer, Thinker, one of the creators of music. Wrote fantastic and utopian works. The author of the novel "4338th year", numerous stories.
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886)- playwright. Classic Russian literature. The author of the Pieces: "Thunderstorm", "Dustpannica", "Marriage Balzaminov" and many others.
Panayev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862) - Writer, literary critic, journalist. The author of the works: "Mamenkin Son", "Meeting at the station", "Lions provinces" and others.
Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868) - Literary critic and sixteen, translator. Many Pisarev articles disassembled aphorisms.
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - Poet, writer, playwright. Classic Russian literature. Author: Poltava poems and Evgeny Onegin, Tale "Captain's Daughter", Collector of the Tale of Belkin and Numerous poems. Founded the literary magazine "Contemporary".
Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872) - Poet. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812. He was among the Decembrists.
Kondrai Fedorovich Ryleev (1795-1826) - poet. He was among the Decembrists. The author of the historic poetic cycle "Duma". Published literary almanac "Polar Star".
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889) - Writer, journalist. Classic Russian literature. The most famous works: "Lord Golovy", "Wheel Pescar", "Poshekhonskaya Starina". He was the editor of the journal "Domestic Notes".
Samarin Yuri Fedorovich (1819-1876)- Publicist and philosopher.
Sukhov-Kobylin Alexander Vasilyevich (1817-1903) - playwright, philosopher, translator. The author of the play: "Wedding of Krechinsky", "Case", "Death of Tarelkin".
Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich (1817-1875) - Writer, poet, playwright. The author of the poems: "Sinnia", "Alchemik", Pieces "Fantasy", "Tsar Fyodor John", the leader "Ghir" and "Wolf Education". Together with the pearl brothers created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich (1828-1910)- Writer, Thinker, Enlightenment. Classic Russian literature. Served in artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection". In 1901, he was excommunicated from the church.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) - Writer, poet, playwright. Classic Russian literature. The most famous works: "Mumu", "Asya", "Koborsk nest", "fathers and children."
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - Poet. Classic Russian literature.
Fet Athanasius Afanasyevich (1820-1892) - Lirik poet, memoirist, translator. Classic Russian literature. The author of numerous romantic poems. Translated by Juvenal, Goethe, Katulla.
Khomyakov Alexey Stepanovich (1804-1860) - Poet, philosopher, theologian, artist.
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - Writer, philosopher, literary critic. The author of the novels "What to do?" And the "Prolog", as well as the leads of Alfaev, "small stories".
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904) - Writer, playwright. Classic Russian literature. The author of the Pieces "Cherry Garden", "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya" and numerous stories. Purpose of the population on Sakhalin Island.
Many Russian writers of the 19th century felt that Russia was delivered before the abyss and flies into the abyss.
ON THE. Berdyaev
From the mid-19th century, Russian literature becomes not only the art of the number one, but also the ruler of political ideas. In the absence of political freedoms, public opinion is formed by writers, and social topics prevail in the works. Sociality and publicism - Distinctive features of the literature of the second half of the 19th century. It was in the middle of century that two painful Russian questions were delivered: "Who is guilty?" (name of the novel of Alexander Ivanovich Herzen, 1847) and "What to do?" (Name of Roman Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky, 1863).
Russian literature appeals to the analysis of public phenomena, so the action of most works is modern, that is, it happens at a time when a work is created. The life of heroes is depicted in the context of a wide social picture. Simply put, the heroes "fit" in the epoch, their characters and behavior are motivated by the peculiarities of the socio-historical atmosphere. That is why the leading literary direction and method The second half of the 19th century becomes critical realism, and leading genres - Roman and drama. At the same time, unlike the first half of the century, the prose prevailed in Russian literature, and poetry went to the background.
The acuteness of social issues was also associated with the fact that in the Russian society of 1840-1860s. There was polarization of opinions regarding the future of Russia, which was expressed in the appearance slavic movie and Westernity.
Slavophila (The most famous among them - Alexey Khomyakov, Ivan Kireevsky, Yuri Samarin, Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov) believed that Russia has its own, a special way of development, destined to her Orthodoxy. They resolutely opposed the Western model of political development, in order to avoid the dewritation of man and society.
Slavophiles demanded the abolition of serfdom, wanted to universal education and liberation of the Russian people from state power. In particular, Konstantin Aksakov argued that the Russians are a non-state people who are alien to the constitutional start (see the work of K.S. Aksakov "On the internal state of Russia", 1855).
The ideal was seen in Doparerovskaya Rus, where the primary public Being was Orthodoxy and the Council (the term was introduced by A. Homyakov as the designation of unity in the Orthodox faith). The stands of the Slavophilov was a literary magazine "Moskvatikan".
Westerners (Peter Chayadaev, Alexander Herzen, Nikolay Ogarov, Ivan Turgenev, Vissarion Belinsky, Nikolai Dobrolyubov, Vasily Botkin, Timofey Granovsky, Anarchism theorist Mikhail Bakunin) were confident that Russia should pass in its development the same way As the countries of Western Europe. Western was not a single direction and was divided into liberal and revolutionary-democratic flow. Like Slavophiles, the Westerners advocated the immediate cancellation of serfdom, considering this as the main condition of Russia's Europeanization, demanded freedom of the press and development of industry. In the field of literature, realism was maintained, the founder of which was considered N.V. Gogol. The stands of the Westerners were the magazines "Contemporary" and "Domestic Notes" during their editing N.A. Nekrasov.
Slavophiles and Westerns were not enemies, they only looked at the future of Russia differently. By expression N.A. Berdyaeva, the first to see the mother in Russia, the second is the child. We offer a table for clarity, where the positions of the Slavophiles and Westerners are compared.
| Criteria comparison | Slavophila | Westerners |
| Attitude towards self-adjustment | Monarchy + Testing People's Representation | Limited monarchy, parliamentary system, democratic freedoms |
| Relationship to serfdom | Negative, performed for the abolition of serfdom from above | Negative, advocated the abolition of serfdom from below |
| Attitude to Peter I | Negative. Peter introduced Western orders and customs that were shot down by Russia from the True Way | The exaltation of Peter, who saved Russia, updated the country and brought it to the international level |
| What path should Russia go | Russia has its own special way of development, different from the West. But you can borrow factories, railways | Russia is late, but goes and should go on the Western way of development |
| How to carry out transformations | Peaceful way, reforms from above | Liberals performed for the path of gradual reforms. Revolutionaries-Democrats - for the revolutionary path. |
Overcome the polarity of the opinions of Slavophiles and Westerners tried filmons . This course originated in the 1860s. In the circle of intelligentsia, close to the magazine "Time" / "Epoch". The ideologists of the compassion were Mikhail Dostoevsky, Fedor Dostoevsky, Apollo Grigoriev, Nikolai Prachov. The fuels rejected both the autocratic-serpentine system and the Western bourgeois democracy. Taking Western Civilization, the fuels accused the countries of the West in confusion. Dostoevsky believed that representatives of the "enlightened society" should merge with the "folk soil", which will allow the tops and the nizams of Russian society mutually enrich each other. In the Russian character, the screws emphasized the religious and moral beginning. Negatively treated materialism and the idea of \u200b\u200brevolution. Progress, in their opinion, is the connection of educated classes with the people. The personification of the ideal of the Russian Spirit has seen in A.S. Pushkin. Many ideas of Westerners considered utopian.
The subject of disputes from the mid-19th century becomes the question of nature and the appointment of fiction. In Russian criticism there are three views on this question.
Alexander Vasilyevich Druzhinin
Representatives "Aesthetic criticism" (Alexander Druzhinin, Pavel Annenkov, Vasily Botkin) nominated the theory of "pure art", the essence of which is that literature should only be applied to eternal topics and not depend on political goals, from public conjuncture.
Apollo Alexandrovich Grigoriev
Apollo Grigoriev formulated the theory "Organic Critics" , performing for creating works that would cover life in its entirety, integrity. At the same time, the emphasis in the literature is invited to do on moral values.
Nikolay Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov
Principles "Real Critics" nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov were proclaimed. They considered literature as a force capable of transforming peace and promoting knowledge. The literature, in their opinion, should contribute to the spread of progressive political ideas, put and decide first of all social problems.
In different, the poetry developed diametrically opposite paths. Paphos citizenship united the poets of Nekrasovskaya school: Nikolai Nekrasova, Nikolai Ogarova, Ivan Nikitin, Mikhail Mikhailov, Ivan Golts Miller, Alexey Plescheyev. Supporters of "pure art": Athanasius Fet, Apollo Mikekov, Lev Mei, Jacob Polonsky, Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy - wrote poems predominantly about love and nature.
Socio-political and literary and aesthetic disputes significantly affected the development of domestic journalism. Literary magazines played a huge role in the formation of public opinion.
Cover magazine "Contemporary", 1847
| Name of the magazine | Years of publication | Publishers | Who published | Views | Notes |
| "Contemporary" | 1836-1866 |
A.S. Pushkin; P.A.Pletnyov; from 1847 - N.A. Nekrasov, I.I. Panayev |
Turgenev, Goncharov, L.N. Tolstoy,A.K. Tolstoy, Ostrovsky,Tyutchev, Fet, Chernyshevsky,Dobrolyubov | Revolutionary-democratic | Peak popularity - with Nekrasov. Closed after the attempt on Alexander II in 1866 |
| "Patriotic Notes" | 1820-1884 |
From 1820 - P.P. Svignin, from 1839 - A.A. Krayevsky, from 1868 to 1877 - Nekrasov, from 1878 to 1884 - Saltykov-Shchedrin |
Gogol, Lermontov, Turgenev, Herzen, Shtcheyev, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Garshin, G. Lespensky, Krestovsky, Dostoevsky, Mamin-Sibiryak, Naddison |
Up to 1868 - liberal, then revolutionary democratic |
The magazine was closed under Alexander III for "the spread of harmful ideas" |
| "Spark" | 1859-1873 |
Poet V. Korroskin, artist-cartoonist N.Stpanov |
Minaev, Bogdanov, Palmine, Loman |
Revolutionary-democratic |
The name of the magazine is a hint of a bold poem of the Poet-Decembrist A. Odoevsky "Flame will be lit." The magazine was closed "for the harmful direction" |
| "Russian word" | 1859-1866 | G.A. Bezhelev-Bezborodko, G.E.Blagosvetlov | Pisemen, Leskov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky,Cross, L.N. Tolstoy, A.K. Tolstoy, Fet | Revolutionary-democratic | Despite the similarity of political views, the magazine was polemic with the "contemporary" for a number of issues |
| "Bell" (newspaper) | 1857-1867 | A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarov |
Lermontov (posthumously), Nekrasov, Mikhailov |
Revolutionary-democratic | Emigrant newspaper whose epigraph was the Latin expression "Vivos Voco!" ("Call of Living!") |
| "Russian Bulletin" | 1808-1906 |
At different times - S.N. Glinka, N.I.Grech, M.N.Katkov, F.N.berg |
Turgenev, Pisarev, Zaitsev, Shelkunov,Minaev, G. Lespensky | Liberal | The magazine spoke against Belinsky and Gogol, against the "contemporary" and "bells", defended conservative polit. Views |
| "Time" / "Epoch" | 1861-1865 | MM and FM Dostoevsky | Ostrovsky, Leskov, Nekrasov, Plescheev,Mikes, Cross, Frakhov, Polonsky | Powers | Loved a sharp controversy with the "contemporary" |
| "Moskvatyan" | 1841-1856 | MP Pogodin | Zhukovsky, Gogol, Ostrovsky,Zagoskin, Vyazemsky, Dal, Pavlova, Pisemsky, Fet, Tyutchev, Grigorovich |
Slavophilic | The magazine adhered to the theory of "official nationality", fought with the ideas of Belinsky and the writers of "Natural School" |
19th century - a significant age in Russian literature. He gave the world such great names like A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy ... The literature of this time is clearly divided into two periods: the first half of the 19th century and the second half of the 19th century. Artwork works of these periods are characterized by ideological pathos, issues, artistic techniques, mood.
The authors whose works make up the classics of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century, very different. These include A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov.
A.N. Ostrovsky is rightfully considered to be a reformer introducing a lot of new things in Russian dramaturgy. Its innovation affected him that he turned the Russian theater cool and to its relevant social and moral issues. Ostrovsky first turned to the life of Russian merchants, outlined life and morals of this huge layer of Russian society, showed what problems exist in it.
In addition, it was the Ostrovsky that became a "developer" of a psychological drama, showing the inner world of heroes, excitement of their soul. The plays of this playwright are filled with symbolism. All these features will find a continuation in the plays of Chekhov and the playwrights of the 20th century.
I.S. Turgenev entered the story not only Russian, but also world literature as an unsurpassed psychologist and artist of the word. This writer is known primarily as the author of the novels "fathers and children", "noble nest", "Rudin" and others. In addition, he is the creator of poems in prose, full of lyrics and deep thoughtful over life, and other prosaic works.
Determining the main feature of his creative path, Turgenev said: "I sought to have enough strength and skills in good faith and impartially to portray and embody what Shakespeare called the most image and pressure of time."
The classic managed to show in his work the purity of love, the power of friendship, passionate faith in the future of his homeland, confidence in the strength and courage of the Russian man. The creativity of the true artist of the word assumes a lot of discoveries, and Turgenev is a confirmation of that.
All creativity F.M. Dostoevsky is an artistic study of a person, his ideal essence, his fate and the future. A Dostoevsky man is a creature that has lost integrity, this is a man in the disadvantage, in a mismatch with reality and with himself. It can be said that the hero of Dostoevsky is a frozen hero, which is constantly in search of himself. This path is full of suffering, blood, sin. But always it is a thinking person trying to know himself. In his denying and god and life, the Hero of Dostoevsky is much more honest than many "believers" and "respectable" people.
Characters of Dostoevsky bleedly connected with God, although often and deny it. Do not keep yourself, they often pass the path of many gospel saints, literally "reinforcing" their faith.
The world of Dostoevsky is the world of "humiliated and offended." The look of the writer is addressed to them, exposing the life and suffering from these people. In many ways, therefore F.M. Dostoevsky is called "Great Russian Humanist."
An image of a human spiritual growth, "Dialectics of the Soul" - the most, perhaps, characteristic of L.N. Tolstoy. This artistic feature is traced throughout the creative path of the writer. Tolstoy writes in such a way that it is clear: the more influences the person with secular society, the poorest of his inner world, a person can reach inner harmony in communicating with the people, with nature. Tolstoy is convinced that the estate obstacles in oppressively act on the development of character.
The heroes of Tolstoy is not alien to the contradictions, they have a stubborn inner struggle, but the best mental qualities never change them. Intuitive spiritual sensitivity of Natasha, Pierre's nobility, analytical mind and moral beauty of Prince Andrei, the subtle soul of the Princess Marya - all this unites the heroes of the "War and Peace" heroes, despite the individuality of each nature. It can be said that all the best heroes of Tolstoy unites the wealth of the spiritual world and the desire for happiness.
All works A.P. Chekhov is not only very realistic, but they also laid a deep philosophical meaning. "Vulgar vulgarity" is that the writer struggled all his life. Protest against ordinaries, bosses - the main thing in his works. Some heroes of the writer are striving to escape from this "enchanted circle" (three sisters from the plays of the same name), others are submissively immersed in this bog, gradually capening their soul (the dock of the elders from "Ionchcha", for example).
The works of Chekhov are complex and very thin. There are several semantic layers in them, which can only be attentive and knowledgeable reader. All works of this Russian writer are filled with a variety of characters that allow you to reveal all their depths.
Thus, Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century is very diverse and bright. Each writer of that time is a real magnitude not only Russian, but also world literature. Despite all the differences, all these artists unites the love of their homeland, the desire to improve the lives of Russian people. In addition, all writers enjoyed classical traditions, creating their own on their basis, the new, which, in turn, is also a classic.
The 19th century for Russian literature on the right is called gold. He presented us with a lot of talented writers who opened Russian classical literature around the world and becomes fashion law. A replacement of the early 19th century comes the era of realism. The founder of realism is considered to be A.S. Pushkin, more precisely, his later works that marked the beginning of this era.
In the 40s, a "Natural School" arises - which became the beginning of the development of the direction of realism in Russian literature. The new direction illuminates the themes that are not widely covered before. The object of the study for "simulars" was the life of the lower estates, their life and morals, problems and events.
Since the second half of the 19th century, realism is called critical. In his works, poets and writers criticize reality, try to find an answer to the question who is to blame and what to do. Everyone took the question of how Russia will develop further. Society is divided into Slavophiles and Westerners. Despite the difference in views, these two directions unites hatred for the fastening right and the struggle for the liberation of peasants. Literature becomes a means of struggle for freedom, shows the impossibility of further moral development of society without social equality. During this period, works are created in the consequence of masterpieces of world literature, they are displayed in vital truth, national identity, dissatisfaction with the existing autocratic-serfs, the vital truth makes the works of that time are nationwide.
Russian realism in the second half of the 19th century has significant differences from Western European. Many writers of that time denote in their works of motives that prepared a shift to revolutionary romance and the social realism that occurred in the 20th century. Romanes and notes were the greatest popularity in Russia and abroad, and the age of the second half of the 19th century, which showed the social nature of society and those laws with which its development occurs. Heroes in the works argue about the imperfection of society, about conscience and justice.
One of the most famous literary figures of that time is I. S. Turgenev. In his works, he raises important issues of that time ("fathers and children", "on the eve" etc.)
A great contribution to the upbringing of revolutionary youth introduced Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?"
In the works of I. A. Goncharov, the morals of officials and landowners are shown.
Another largest figure whose creativity was influenced by the minds and the consciousness of people of that time, was F. M. Dostoevsky, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of world literature. In his writings, the writer reveals the many-soul vests of the human soul, the actions of his heroes are able to put the reader in a dead end, forced to show sympathy for "humiliated and offended."
Saltykov-generin in his works takes on clean water officials and casnocrads, bribes and hypocrites who rob themselves.
L. N. Tolstoy in his work showed the difficulty and inconsistency of human nature.
Experiencing A. P. Chekhov for the fate of Russian society found a mapping in his creations, giving a writer, whose talent makes admire and to this day.
The literature of the late 19th century has a great influence on all areas of culture, the same theater and music come into the struggle for their ideals. The mood of the society of that time finds a mapping and in painting, introducing the thought of equality and good to people in the consciousness of people.
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Total test
on literature
(II half of the XIX century)
Option 1
1. What is the literary direction dominated in the literature of the second half of the 19th century?
A) romanticism c) sentimentalism
B) classicism d) realism
2. Here, the founders of the "Genuine School".
A) V.G. Belinsky, I.Sturgenev c) M.Yu.lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev
B) A.S. Pushkin, N.V.Gogol d) V.G. Belinsky, N.V.Gogol
3. Called from Russian writers called "Zamoskvorechye Columbus"?
A) I.S.Turgenev c) L.N. Tolstoy
B) A.N.ostrovsky d) F.M.Dostoevsky
4. The play of the Pieces of Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm", Kabani, called:
A) Anna Petrovna c) Katerina Lvovna
B) Marfa Ignatievna d) Anastasia Semenovna
5. Here, what artistic technique is using A.A.Fet in the highlighted phrases:
"Birds again fly from afar // To the shores, terminating ice, // Sun warm walks high // and fragrant valley Waiting for "
A) personification c) epithet
B) inversion d) allegory
6. The hero of which work at birth was promised to God, "died many times and did not die"?
A) L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace", Prince Andrei B) I.S.Turgenov, "Fathers and Children", Bazarov
B) A.N.Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm", Katerina Kabanova d) N.S. S.Leskov, "Enchanted Wanderer." Flagin
7. In what product of Russian literature appears a nihylist?
A) A.N.Ostrovsky "Forest" c) F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
B) I.S.Turgennev "Fathers and Children" d) I.A. Balov "Oblomov"
8. Katerina Izmailova is a heroine:
A) Essay N.S.Leskova "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County"
B) Pieces A.N.ostrovsky "Nonmenvian"
C) Roman F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
D) Romana I.A. Thomsharova "Oblomov"
A) A.N. Ostrovsky c) M. Saltykov-Shchedrin
B) F.M.Dostoevsky d) L.N. Tolstoy
10.Who from the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" suggested M.Kutuzov the plan of the partisan war?
A) share c) Bolkonsky
B) Denisov d) Drubetskaya
11. As a hero of "War and Peace" belongs to the statement "Chess placed. Will the game start tomorrow "?
A) Prince Andrei c) Napoleon
B) Emperor Alexander 1 g) M.I. Kutuzova
12. What the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" of Raumihin characterizes the following words: "Ugryum, gloomy, noted and proud"?
A) Petrophry Petrovich c) Skolnikova
B) Zosimova d) Svidrigaylova
13. Here, which of the heroes of the novel of the Tolstoy "War and Peace" passes the way of quest.
A) Plato Karataev c) Pierre Duchevov
B) Fyodor Dolohov d) Anatole Kuragin
14. What about Russian poets belong to the words "Poet can you not be, but a citizen must be"?
A) A.S. Pushkin c) F.I. Tyutchev
B) N.A.Nekrasov d) M.Yu.lermontov
15. What kind of literature should include the genres of the novel, story, story?
A) lyrics c) epos
B) drama d) lyry-epic
16. Name the main feature of the character of Sony Marmaladeova (F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment")
A) sacrifice c) hypocrisy
B) frivolity d) freedom
17. Specify who from Russian writers is the author of the Fregat Pallada cycle?
A) L.N. Tolstoy c) I.A.Gongcharov
B) A.P.chekhov d) F.M.Dostoevsky
18. Here, who from Russian critics called the heroine of Drama A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" "Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom."
A) V.G. Belinsky c) N.G. Chernyshevsky
B) N.A. D. Probraubov d) D.I. Pisarev
19. Name the name of the poet, which was a supporter of "pure art".
A) A.S. Pushkin c) N.A.Nekrasov
B) A.A.Fet D) M.Yu.Lermontov
20. Specify the correct name of the Kirsanov's estate (I.S.Turgenev "fathers and children")
A) berry c) marino
B) Zamanyovka d) Otradnaya
21. How was Shakhov (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace") was punished for a joke with a quarter?
A) expelled from St. Petersburg) was not punished, because he gave a bribe
B) was demolished in ordinary d) was not punished, as he had support among the power of
22.Teorya Skolnikova (F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") is
A) Strict scientific justification of the division of people to discharge
B) the division of people to discharge depending on their social affiliation, education
C) separation of people to discharge: material and actually people
23.Ivan Flight (N.S. S. S. "Enchanted Wanderer") in his life was not
A) nyanka breast child c) soldier
B) gardener d) artist
24. Name works in which the motive of the wanders plays an important role in organizing the plot:
A) "Thunderstorm", "Enchanted Wanderer"
C) "Who lives well in Russia", "man in a case"
D) "thunderstorm", "man in a case"
Total test
on literature
(II half of the XIX century)
Option - 2.
1. Support writers of the second half of the 19th century, in the name of the works of which there is opposition.
A) A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S.Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
B) I.S. Romegenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy
C) I.A.Gongcharov, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.P.chekhov
D) L.N. Tolstoy, N.S.Leskov, I.S.Turgen
2. In the work of which poet for the first time an impressionistic image manner was applied?
A) N.A.Nekrasov c) A.A.Fet
B) F.I. Tyutchev d) A.K. Tolstoy
A) A.N.Sostrovsky "Thunderstorm" c) L.N. Tolstoy "Living Corpse"
B) F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" d) N.S. S. Lady Macbeth ... "
4. How the artistic technique was used by the author in this passage: "Blessed is a kind of boss, // in whom little bile, a lot of feelings: // He is so sincerely sincere // friends of calm art .."
A) allegory c) antithesis
B) metaphor d) hyperbole
5. Name the main criteria for assessing the person in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
A) pride and pride c) naturalness and morality
B) nobility and kindness d) generosity and courage
6.Who from Russian writers was convicted of hard work?
A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin c) F.M.Dostoevsky
B) A.I.German d) N.A.Nekrasov
7. What is the literary type depicted in the image of Wild (A.N. Sostrovsky "Thunderstorm")?
A) type of "little man" c) Samodor
B) the type of "excess person" d) romantic hero
A) I.A.Gongcharov c) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
B) N.A.Nekrasov d) A.P.chekhov
9. Here, what position it takes in the novel -EPOPE "War and Peace" author.
A) participant in the events
B) a person deeply experiencing and commenting on the described events
C) impassive observer
D) narrator interrupting the story to tell the reader about myself
10. Tell the name of the regiment, in which Nikolai Rostov served (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
A) Preobrazhensky c) Izmailovsky
B) Pavlogradsky d) Semenovsky
11. What kind of literature became dominant in the second half of the 19th century?
A) lyrics c) epos
B) drama d) lyry-epic
12. Here, who from Russian writers spoke about the need to "drop out a slave from themselves."
A) I.A.Gongcharov c) L.N. Tolstoy
B) A.P.chekhov d) F.M.Dostoevsky
13. In the work of which writer, the type of "small person" is shown for the first time?
A) Samson Vyrin in the "Stanna Core" A.S. Pushkin
B) Akaki Akakievich in "Sineli" N.V.Gogol
C) Maxim Maximych in the "Hero of Our Time" M.Yu.Lermontova
D) Captain Tushin in "War and World" L.N. Tolstoy
14. Agafia Pshenitsyn is a heroine:
A) Roman I.S.Turgenev "Fathers and Children"
B) Roman F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
C) Romana I.A.Gongcharov "Oblomov"
D) novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
A) A.S. Pushkin c) F.I. Tyutchev
B) N.A.Nekrasov d) A.A.Fet
16.Who, from the heroes of Roman F.M.Dostoevsky asked the question "Creature Is I trembling or right"?
A) Sonya Marmeladov c) R. Raskolnikov
B) Peter Lugin d) Lebesyatnikov
17. Specify who from Russian poets belongs the poem "I met you - and all the past ..."
A) N.A.Nekrasov c) F.I. Tyutchev
B) A.S. Pushkin d) A.A.Fet
18. Name the "happy" person in the poem N.A.Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia."
A) Savely c) Matrena Korchagin
B) Grigory Dobrozlonov d) Ermil Girin
19. To discuss that the Belikov teacher taught, the character of the story "Man in the case" A.P. Chekhov.
A) geography c) literature
B) Greek Language d) Law of God
20. In the novel "War and Peace" there are positive heroes who have reached the peaks of moral and spiritual development. One of them - Kutuzov, the other is
A) Pierre Duhov c) Andrei Bolkonsky
B) Plato Karataev d) Vasily Denisov
21. What accomplishments made Raskolnikov (F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") during the murder of the old woman?
A) I forgot to close the door of the apartment c) left a hat on the crime scene
B) I forgot to take an instrument of crime d) dirty in blood
22.Zhonna definition "Roman-epic" means:
A) Roman on the ideological and moral searches of the identity associated with the fate of the nation
B) a novel, in which not one, and several central heroes, and among other characters there are historical persons
C) novel dedicated to the historical event affecting the destiny of the country
23. Purchase moment in the life of Ivan Flyagin (N.S. S. S. "Enchanted Wanderer") comes when
A) he is aware of himself a great sinner and wants to redeem the guilt by suffering
B) he refuses faith and ceases to pray
C) his fault dies man
24. Not related to the story "Man in the case" A.P.hekhov is the following character
A) Gurov c) Kovalenko
B) Burkin d) Belikov
Total test
on literature
(II half of the XIX century)
Option - 3.
1. Support, with which the changes are associated in the character of D.I. Startseva (A.P.chekhov "Ionch").
A) the influence of his bride c) the effect of the environment
B) the impact of parents d) Profession of the doctor
2. Here, to which literary direction should include Roman-Epopea L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
A) romanticism c) classicism
B) sentimentalism d) realism
3. Here, the work of A.P. Chekhov, which is a lyrical comedy.
A) "Man in a case" c) "Bear"
B) "Seagull" d) "Lady with a dog"
4. Here, who from the writers belongs to the statement "there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, good and truth."
A) M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin c) L.N. Tolstoy
B) F.M.Dostoevsky d) A.P.chekhov
5. Here, where the main action of the Roman I.A. Thrycharov "Oblomov" occurs.
A) Petersburg c) city nn
B) Moscow d) Tula estate Oblomov
6. What is from the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment" anxious dreams?
A) Lebestechikov c) Luzhin
B) Sonya d) Svidrigaylov
7. As a character of the Chekhov story belongs to the next replica "Malorosiysk language, its tenderness and pleasant sonicity resembles an ancient Greek"
A) Belikov ("man in a case") c) crazy ("chameleon")
B) Turkin ("Ionch") d) IPPOLITY IPPOLITYCH ("Teacher of Literature")
8. Name the name of the writer who was an artillery officer and participated in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854.
A) I.A.Gongcharov c) F.M.Dostoevsky
B) L.N. Tolstoy d) I.S.Turgen
9. Here, the second name of the Gogol direction in the literature.
A) pure art c) decadency
B) Natural School D) Socialist Realism
10. Here, which of the listed composite parts is not mandatory.
A) prologue c) climax
B) tie d) junction
11. How did the development of the action characteristic of Czechi theater named in the art theater?
A) "Storm stream" c) "Scuba
B) "The flow of consciousness" d) "Invisible life"
12. What topic is the predominant in the work of N.A. Nekrasov?
A) the topic of the city c) love
B) loneliness d) citizenship
13. Here, who from Russian writers belongs to the words that "the beauty will save the world."
A) F.M.Dostoevsky c) I.A. Bunin
B) L.N. Tolstoy d) A.P.hehhov
14. How does the vice denounced A.P.chekhov in the story "Ionch"?
A) soulful emptiness c) opera
B) sinovation d) hypocrisy
A) N.A.Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia" c) N.S.Lonzkov "Enchanted Wanderer"
B) A.N.Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" d) I.A. Thomshares "Oblomov"
16. In what of the listed works action proceeds against the background of the Panorama of the Volga?
A) "Cherry Garden" c) "Dead Souls"
B) "Thunderstorm" d) "Gooseberry"
17. Specify who are devoted to the following lines from the poem of N.A.Nekrasov: "Naive and passionate soul, // in the comments of beautiful boils, // Persay, worrying and hurry, // You honestly went to one, high goal ...
A) N.G. Chernyshevsky in) V.G. Belinsky
B) N.V.Gogol g) M.Yu.Lermontov
18. Here, to which literary direction can be attributed to Roman-Epopea L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
A) classicism c) romanticism
B) realism d) sentimentalism
19. Here, what is the social status of Martha Ignatievna Kabanova (A.N.Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")
A) Meshchanka c) peasant
B) noble ditch ditching
A) grotesque c) allegory
B) personification d) comparison
21.Son Oblomov (I.A. Blugov "Oblomov") is
A) the history of the kind of broken
B) realistic image of the Russian village time of serfdom
C) Poetic picture of Russian life, where they mixed out and fairy tale
22. Conducting an actual error (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
A) Freillina A.P. Sheer Tolstoy compares with the mistress of a spinning workshop
B) the heroic act of Prince Andrei determined the outcome of the Austerlitsky battle
C) Danilo Kapor is a dance that is dancing in the names of growth
23.The Ivan Flyagin (N.S. S.Lazkov "Enchanted Wanderer") is characterized by the following of these qualities
A) the silent c) is simple
B) indifference d) arrogance
24. Name works in which there are heroes, the images of which go back to the images of the epic warders
A) "Enchanted Wanderer", "On Love"
B) "Enchanted Wanderer", "Who lives well in Russia"
C) "Who lives well in Russia", "Thunderstorm"
D) "Thunderstorm", "On Love"
Total test
on literature
(II half of the XIX century)
Option - 4.
1.Well, A.P.hehhov called his play "Cherry Garden" comedy?
A) funny plot c) farce situations
B) comical finals d) claims of characters contradict their capabilities
2. Here, who from Russian writers belongs to the words "the mind of Russia do not understand, the archer does not measure ..."
A) A.K. Tolstoy c) A.A.Fet
B) A.S. Pushkin d) F.I. Tyutchev
3. Here, who from Russian writers participated in the defense of Sevastopol.
A) F.M.Dostoevsky c) F.I. Tyutchev
B) L.N. Tolstoy d) I.A.Gongcharov
4. Here, to whom from Russian poets belong to the words "Poet can not be, but to a citizen to be."
A) A.A.Fet c) N.A.Nekrasov
B) F.I. Tyutchev d) A.K. Tolstoy
5. Here, which of the names of the works is not included in the "Notes of the Hunter" cycle by I.Turgenev.
A) "Malinovaya Water" c) "Singers"
B) "Mum" d) "Biryuk"
6. For someone who was dedicated to Roman I.S.Turgenev "Fathers and Children".
A) N.G. Chernyshevsky in) V.G. Belinsky
B) N.A.Nekrasov d) A.A. Grigoriev
7.Who from Russian writers I left the catguard in Omsk Ostrog?
A) N.G. Chernyshevsky in) F.M.Dostoevsky
B) M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin d) N.Anekrasov
8. Name the writer who made a world tour on board the Fregat "Pallada"
A) I.S.Turgenev c) L.N. Tolstoy
B) I.A.Gongcharov d) A.P.chekhov
9. Tell the name of the writer, who traveled to Sakhalin Island.
A) L.N. Tolstoy c) A.P.chekhov
B) I.A.Gongcharov d) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
10. Name the name of the writer who is not a native of Moscow.
A) A.S. Pushkin c) F.M.Dostoevsky
B) M.Yu.lermontov d) A.P.chekhov
11. Select the correct sequence of changing one literary direction to others.
A) sentimentalism, romanticism, classicism, realism, modernism
B) modernism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, classicism
C) Classicism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism
D) realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, modernism
12. Lovely genre of poetry N.A.Nekrasov is:
A) Oddle C) Elegy
B) ballad d) message
13. Name the poet, in whose work is not found poem "Prophet"
A) A.S. Pushkin c) N.A.Nekrasov
B) M.Yu.Lermontov d) F.I. Tyutchev
14. What implies L.N. Tolstoy under the concept of "people"?
A) all workers creating material values
B) Fortress peasants working on Earth
C) a set of representatives of all social groups and classes showing spirituality, patriotism
D) craftsmen, artisans
15.Come of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and the world! Belong the words "need to live, you need to love, you need to believe"?
A) Andrei Bolkonsky c) Pierre Bezuhov
B) Nikolay Rostov d) Plato Karataev
16. How is the highest point in the development of the plot of the literary work?
A) hyperbole c) exposure
B) grotesque d) climax
17. Here, what determines the activity of the leopard in the comedy A.P.hekhov "Cherry Garden".
A) the desire to ruin Ranevskaya and assign her condition
B) the desire to take revenge on the owners in poverty
C) an attempt to help Ranevskaya to fix his financial situation
D) a dream to destroy the cherry garden, reminding him of a serious childhood
18. For the work, in the plot of which there is no episode of the duel.
A) A.S. Pushkin "Shot" c) A.S.Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
B) L.N. Tolstoy "War and World" d) M.Yu.Lermontov "Hero of our time"
19. The authority of the author and the work on the final words: "Whatever passionate, sinful, the riotless heart disappeared into the grave, the flowers growing on it, serenely look at us with their innocent eyes; not about one eternal tranquility of the "indifferent" nature; They also speak about eternal reconciliation and about the life of the infinite "
A) M.Yu.Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" c) F.M.Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment
B) L.N. Tolstoy "War and World" d) I.S.Turegen "Fathers and Children"
20. What artistic technique uses A.A.Fet in the following passage: "This morning, this joy, // this power and day and light, // this blue arch, // this cry and string, // these flocks, these Birds, // this voice ... "
A) personification c) anaphor
B) antithesis d) epithet
21. Bazarov (I.S.Turgennev "Fathers and Children) tells Arkady about his father:" The same eccentric, like yours, only in another way. " Fathers are similar in that they
A) close by age and social status
B) love nature, music and poetry
C) love their sons and seek to keep up with the century
22. In the poem N.A.Nekrasov "Who in Russia live is good" there are the following characters:
A) Yermil Girin, Kuligin, Yakim Nagya c) Yermil Girin, Uttatin, Jaughty Naked
B) Jaim Nagya, Kudryash, Uttatin d) Feklush, Ulyatin, Kuligin
23. In the concept of Leskova, the following part of the concept of "righteous" is not considered.
A) the ability to be content with small, but never compete against conscience
B) religious extension from earthly passions, serving to God
C) the ability of an ordinary person to self-sacrifice.
24. Not rises in the story "Gojberry" A.P.chekhova Next problem
A) human and nature relationships
B) identity degradation
C) personal responsibility for what is happening in the world
D) Russian intelligentsia
Standard responses
IN 1
AT 2
IN 3
AT 4
"five"
21-24
85%-100%
"four"
17-23
70%-84%
"3"
12-16
51%-69%
"2"