History of Volga Tatars. To the question of the origin of the Tatar Volga region

Among the non-Russian population of the east of the European part of the USSR, the most numerous Tatars (4969 thousand people, according to the 1959 census). In addition to the Middle Mortgage of the Volga and in the Ural of the so-called Volga Tatars, the ethnographic characteristics of which this article is devoted to this article, this number includes the Tatars of other areas Soviet Union. So, Astrakhan Tatars (Kundrovsk and Karagashi) live between the rivers and the Urals) - the descendants of the Nogai, the main population of the Golden Horde, in everyday life differing from the Volga Tatars. Crimean Tatars, distinguished by both everyday life, and in the tongue from Volga, are sequented now in various fields of the USSR. Lithuanian Tatars are descendants of the Crimean Tatars, but they did not save their tongue and only for some parties of life differ from Lithuanians 1. West Siberian Tatars are close to the Volga region, but differ in everyday life 2.

According to the dialect features of the language, household differences, the history of the formation of the Volga Tatars are divided into two main groups: Kazan Tatars and Misharey, there are several divisions among these groups.

The most compact Kazan Tatars are resets in Tatar, as well as in the Bashkir ASSR and individual groups are found in the Mari and Udmurt ASSR, in the Perm, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Orenburg regions. Mishary are resets mainly on the Right Bank of Volga: in the Gorky, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Tambov, Saratov regions, as well as in the Tatar, Bashkir, Mordovskaya and the Chuvash ASSR (in particular, significant groups of the Mishary live in Western Cardia, in Tatars, South Kama, and Western areas of Bashkiria). Separate villages of Tatars Mishari live in the left-bank parts of Kuibyshev and Saratov regions, as well as in the Sverdlovsk and Orenburg regions. The so-called Casimovskaya Tatars living in the Ryazan region are somewhat mansion. Karinsky (Nucrate) and glazing Tatars are isolated - the descendants of the population of the ancient Bulgarian colony on the river. Chespsu, influx of r. Vyatka.

A significant number of Kazan Tatars and Mishary lives in the Donbas. Grozny oblast, Azerbaijan, the republics of Central Asia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in particular on Lensky Peace, where they appeared in late XIX. - early XX century. As workers and partners and partly peasants-immigrants. Many Tatars in Moscow and Leningrad, in the cities of the Volga region and the Urals. There are Tatars-immigrants from the Volga region and abroad: in China, Finland and some other countries.

According to the 1959 census, 1345.2 thousand Tatars, of which are 29.4% in cities in the cities. In addition to the Tatars, Russian, Mordva, Chuvashi, Udmurts, Mari, and others live in the republic.

The name "Volga Tatars" is used only in the literature. They themselves call themselves Tatars. Kazan Tatars sometimes call themselves Kazanlyk, and Mishami -Migaer. Mishari call themselves Tatars. Russians, calling all the groups by Tatars, distinguish them at the place of habitat: Kazan, Kasimovsky, Sergach, Tambov, Penza, etc.

Among the Volga Tatars there is a small ethnographic group Grade-Tatars who adopted Orthodoxy. Some degrees perceived Russian culture, retaining, however, their language and many of the life features.

Tatars speak one of the languages turkic Group, resulting from the mixing of a number of ancient tribal languages. Traces of this mixing to the present are detected in various dialects and dialects. Modern language Tatars Volga region falls on Western - Mishar and Middle - Kazan dialects, somewhat different from each other in phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.

Tatar literary language was built on the basis of the Kazan dialect, but in our time he included many Mishar elements. So, in a number of words, Kazan was replaced by Mishar Ye (Shchgit - Yuget).

In Soviet times, the Tatar literary language gained significant development, enriched with new words, especially in the field of political and scientific terms, which is a consequence of the huge cultural ascent, which is experiencing the Tatar people in the conditions of the Soviet socialist state system.

Brief historical essay

The population of the territory of modern 1Atarisco ASSR got acquainted with the iron in the era of the so-called Ananin culture (VII-III centuries. BC). Ananyintsy were settled, the basis of their farm was a hute farming and cattle breeding. Hunting continued to play a significant role. About the turn of our era on the basis of Ananin culture was formed by Pianoborskaya. The descendants of the drinoborchev are the Finnish peoples of the Middle Volga region and Kama.

Some of these Finnish peoples were conquered and assimilated by the Bulgarians - the Turkic people who came from the south in the second half of the I Millennium. e. Even in the steppes of the Volga region and the Azov region, that is, before the relocation in Prikamye, part of the Alanian-speaking people, whose ancestors are considered to be the ancestors of which are contemporary Ossetians. Bulgaro-Alanian tribes created a state in the Kama region known as the Volga Bulgaria. Significant, if not big, part of the population of the Volga Bulgaria was the descendants of local Finnish peoples. The language of the Volga Bulgarian, belonging to the Turkic language family, was closest to the modern Chuvash.

In 1236-1238 Volga Bulgaria was defeated by Mongols, which were known for their neighbors called Tatars. Later, the name "Tatars" was applied to those Turkic peoples who were conquered by Mongols and were part of the Mongolian armies. After the collapse of the Mongolian Empire, the Volga Bulgaria became part of the Golden Horde, the overwhelming majority of the population of which were turkic peoples, mainly Kypchaki (Polovtsy). For them and the name "Tatars" was entrenched. The aliens began to settle on the Bulgarian lands, mainly in southern places, gradually moving to settlement and merging with the indigenous population, making in his life, and especially in the tongue, quite a few of their features.

Religious beliefs of the Bulgaro-Tatar population were close to the animistic views of the neighboring peoples of the Middle Volga region. They believed in the hosts of the hosts of water (Su Anasa), the forests (Urman I say or Shuraile), the Earth (Schrea Anas-mother of the Earth), in spirits, satisfying diseases (Mother of Phase, fever and other diseases). In addition to the house (she, I say) - the patron of the house, they worshiped the "owner of the chlev" (Abzar Iiax), close to the patron spirits of the cattle in nomads. They believed in a weaken (loss), as well as in the Special Spirit Bichura, which was not in the mythology of neighbors. Bichura, according to the ideas of the Tatars, settled in the house and could help the owner: get money to him, milk for him, other cows, etc. or to harm him. Almost all the spirits of the Tatar folk mythology have an analogy in the neighbors, but some were endowed with specific properties. For example, Leshe-Shuralee allegedly loves to fill the death of people who fell into the forest, riding horses, grazing by the edge, bringing them to exhaustion.

Islam Sunni sense began to penetrate the Bulgarian Wednesday from the East, starting with the X century. He was first the religion of the ruling top of the Bulgarian, later - Tatar-Bulgarian society, and then gradually penetrated into the labor layers of the Tatars.

In the second half of the XIV century. The restored was the Bulgarian lands were again attacked by the Goldenordan feudalists, Russian specific princes, and then the invasion of Tamerlana's troops. As a result, the Volga Bulgaria ceased to exist and as a vassal state of the Golden Horde. The territory of the former center of the Volga Bulgaria was empty, the population went even further back to the north of the lower flow of Kama and the northern part of the swiyagi and suras, on the Right Bank of the Volga. On these lands began to create a new economic and cultural association, the center of which was the city of Kazan. In the middle of the XV century. It turned into a feudal state - Kazan Khanate.

The question of the origin of the major population of Khanate - Kazan Tatars - for a long time served as a dispute. Some scientists (V. V. Radnov, V. V. Barthold, N. I. Ashmarin, S. E. Malov) considered them to be transferred to the land of the goldside Tatars who were crowded with the former Bulgars, others (D. K. Greeks, with . P. Tolstov, A. P. Smirnov, N. F. Kalinin, N. I. Vorobiev, X. G. Gimadi), on the basis of archaeological, historical and ethnographic materials, as well as data of anthropology, it is believed that the ethnic basis of Kazan Tatars is part of the ancient booles that moved to the north and assimilated certain groups of Finno-Ugric population there. They merged with them part of the Tatars-Kypchaks, which had a significant impact, mainly in the tongue, making him close to Tatar official language Golden Horde. A similar opinion is currently considered the most reasonable. The neighbors of the Kazan Tatars, mainly the Russians, with whom they have also long come into contact, first called the population of Khanate to new Bulgarians, Kazan, and later, in view of the fact that in the new state, the Rules of the Goldardy Dynasty and great value Horde's feudal-Tatars had, gave them the name of the Kazan Tatars, which, by the way, was not allowed for a long time as self-discharge.

The formation of Tatars-Mishary took place in the forest-steppe lane to the west of r. Sura, in the Pool of Oci Trochok. Here, in the habitats of local tribes, finno-thieves in the language, mainly Mordva ancestors, from the beginning and millennium N. e. Separate groups of steppes - nomads began to penetrate, which also settled here. After the formation of the Golden Horde in this area, which became the actual border of the ORDENIAN and populated land of the Russian land, was moved by separate groups of Tatars-Kypchaks with their Murzami. Supporting points of these groups have arisen, small towns: Dathers, Varovt, Shazze, Kat, and others. Here, Tatars gradually moved to settlement, approaching the ancient statements of these sectors of these sectoral tribes. After the Kulikovsky battle and weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Tatars-Kypchaki moved to the service to the Moscow princes and began to protect the southern borders of Russian lands together with Russian detachments.

In the goldside period, Islam became an official religion. However, the ancient beliefs have long been manifested in various rites. Tatars worshiped the mission of neighboring peoples, sacred groves, where allegedly dwells the evil spirit Keremet. Keremetov called the most groves. The efforts of the Muslim clergy to destroy these groves were not crowned with success, since the population was protected.

Significants and Savory (Yemchi) were very popular W. especially as disease healers. Treated conspiracies. Muslim clergy has also applied magical techniques for treating and preventing diseases. Mullah, Azanchi (Junior Spiritual Chin) practiced treatment with reading individual places from the Quran, various conspiracy prayers, hanging the amulets with the texts of the sacred books, used the sacred water from the source of Zem-ZEM in Arabia, the land, brought by Bogomolers from Mecca - Sacred Muslim city.

Many magical techniques were used to treat children's diseases that had occurred from the evil eye. To remove a bad eye and generally protect children from action evil forcesTheir clothes and hats were called various charms, in particular pieces of wood (rowan), as well as brilliant items that were supposed to be a bad look.

Among the religious representations of the Tatars were also brought together with Islam. Some ancient beliefs of Arabs. These include faith in Yuh - a wonderful snake, which can take the human image, faith in Ginov and Periuhov, supposedly can bring great harm man. Tatars thought, for example, that mental diseases are the result of a settlement in a person of a certain peri, and paralysis - accidental contact with them.

After the fall of the Golden Horde, the number of Tatars, resettled from the south to Russian lands, began to increase. So, in the XV century. In Moscow, he appeared with his buddy Ordinsky Tsarevich Kasim, who switched to Russian service. He was transferred to the management of the Meshchersky town on the Oka, later called Kasimov. Here formed the Vassov Kasimov Khanate. In the future, many Nogai Murza with their detachments were switched to Russian service; Together with a part of the Kirchkov 1 who went here 1 was depring along the defensive line, held along the r. Sura, for the protection of the border with Kazan Khanate. There were settlements of the Tatars in the areas of new Russian cities: Arzamas, Later Alakira, Kurm, and Dt.

Thus, during the XV - XVI centuries. At the same time, both groups of the Volga Tatars were formed: on old Bulgarian lands - Kazan Tatars, descendants of Bulgar with an admixture of Tatars-Kypchakov, and Mishari, mostly Kypchak, people from the Golden Horde, settled west of the river. Sura, in the Oka Pool.

The struggle between Moscow and Kazan for the Middle Volga region ended in 1552 by the Taking Kazan and the accession of all lands, subject to Khanty, to the Russian state. Thus, in the middle of the XVI century. All Volga Tatars like Kazan and Mishari were in Russian possessions.

After joining the Middle Volga region to the Moscow State, the population of the region has been closely related to his fate with the Russian people. Joining the Russian state put an end to feudal fragmentation, constant attacks of nomads, predatory extermination of the productive forces, the despotic oppression from the Khanov, from which the population suffered. The peoples of the Middle Volga region were included in the more intensive and developed economic life of the Russian state.

At the same time, the indigenous peoples of the region, especially the Kazan Tatars, had to defend their torn and culture against the Russification policy of the royal government in persistent struggle. One of the parties to this policy was the imposition of Orthodoxy to the Tatar population. By the time of the importance of the edge to the Russian state, not all segments of the population professed Islam, so the spread of Orthodoxy to some extent was successful; Even the ethnic group of tatar-shaped (baptized) existing so far is formed. Later, the Tatars Christianization was much harder. In the show showed contemporary, the ancestors of which were not Muslims, almost absent Arab and Persian words that have fallen into Tatar through Islam.

Conducting the colonization of the edge by the Russian population, the royal government drove the Tatar peasants from the best lands. This caused a number of uprisings, and then the flight of part of the Kazan Tatars, mainly in the middle part of the Viurala and Bashkiria.

The working masses of the Tatars got under the double oppression: being in most first yasachny, and later state peasants, they suffered a lot from the arbitrariness of the royal administration and from their feudalists, who first tried to get the second Yasak from them in their favor, and later in other ways they were exploited. All this aggravated the class contradictions and prepared the ground for cruel class battles, which more than once deployed in the region, especially during popular uprisings under the leadership of Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, in which Tatars were actively involved.

After joining the edge to the Russian state, Tatar feudal feudalles have passed for the service to the Tsarist government, but at the same time continued to fight for their privileges, for the domination of the indigenous population; By opposing Orthodoxy Islam, they preached the hatred of all Russian. However, during the folk movements, Tatar dominant classes usually became part of the royal government.

In relation to the Tatars-Mishairs, who came to the Russian state before the Kazan Tatars, the national-colonial policy of tsarism was carried out somewhat differently; In particular, among them there was no cruel division by violent baptism. Tsarist Government in the XVII century. Personal part of the hostilities together with their Murza in the western part of Bashkiria to protect the fortified frontiers of the Volga region from the attack of southern nomads. The hostilities were attracted to the construction of defensive structures both on the right bank, and for the Volga, making them lands in newly captured places. The government equalized the remaining in the previous places of the hostility with Yasachny, later by state peasants, taking a significant part of the lands and transferred them to Russian landowners.

Thus, in the XVII - XVIII centuries. Kazan Tatars and Right-Bank Tatars-Mishari in a rather significant number advanced to the east, in the Warren lands, especially in the Western Ural, making it there large percentage population. The Kazan Tatars who fled here even earlier were in a semi-represented dependence on Bashkir's feudal fog and received the name of "letters", or "blacks". The serval Tatars-Mishari called Damemen (Temnikovsky) has long retained their privileged position, and the so-called Alatyrassian, or Simbirsk, Mishari became ordinary yasic, later state peasants. They woke up to Bashkirs or took free lands. Tytyari and Alatyrasski Mishari got together with Bashkirs and representatives of other peoples of the Volga region: Chuvasha, Mordvoy, Marie, Udmurts, but retained their language, although with some bashkirms. They formed a peculiar subgroup of the Tatar of the Tatar, in everyday life from the Kazan Tatar Yot Tatars-Mishary of the Rights Bank.

Tatars migration after their entry into the Russian state during the XVI - XVIII centuries. contributed to the further process of their ethnic formation. In new places, they did not lose their main features, but as a result of rapprochement with new neighbors in their language and everyday life, features that distinguish them from the remaining seats of habitat appeared.

The development of capitalist relations among the Tatars went slower than the Russians. However, commodity-cash relations gradually penetrated into the Tatar village, contributing to the bundle of the Tatar peasantry. At the end of the XVIII century. The crucified peasants began to engage in handicrafts, and the merchants and the rich part of the peasants first took care of the buying products from the handles, and then the organization of small manuff.

The abolition of serfdom has little touched the Tatars, former and before that state peasants, but the reform of 1866, concerned by state peasants, worsened them economic situation, depriving a significant part of the forest and hayous land.

The rapid development of capitalism in Russia in the pureforme period strengthened the bundle of the Tatar village. The peasants lost their cattle, inventory and were forced to hand out for rent. Due to the cruel operation from the buyers and owners of handicraft industries, handicrafts did not provide labor population means of existence. Tatar Poor began to go to the destroyer, creating separate workers groups in departure places. However, the formation of Tatar proletariat prevented feudal remnants held by the poor in the village.

Tatar bourgeoisie, in the ranks of which the old feudal tip, engaged in trade both in the region, and beyond (Central Asia, Kazakhstan), in the second half of the XIX century, was gradually entered. Tried to establish major industrial enterprises, but it ran into cruel competition: Russian industrialists were more profitable to hold the Tatars on the buying of raw materials, especially outside the region, and on its primary processing, than to allow them to be largely produced, where Russian capital was firmly established.

At this time, Tatars have already been formed in the bourgeois nation. Tatar dominant classes proclaimed Islam by the basis of folk culture. There were numerous cadres of the Muslim clergy, subordinate to themselves and invading even in family life Tatars. During the centuries, Islam has impregnated with its dogmas and the establishments not only consciousness, but also the life of the people. In each Tatar village, there was always at least one mosque with the corresponding state of the clergy. To make a rite of marriage (nicknames), as for the adoption of the child name, Mullau was invited.

The funeral was carried out necessarily religious rite. The deceased tried to bury it faster, and the whole ritual was performed by men. Women even the entrance to the cemetery was not allowed. At the graves of Tatars, large trees were usually planted, so the cemeteries were large groves, carefully fenced and protected.

The relative closure impregnated by the Muslim fanaticism of the culture of Tatars determined the preservation of their backwardness, slowed down the cultural growth of the Tatar society. Religious school, where all attention was focused on a meaningless van of Muslim dogm, did not give the knowledge necessary in practical life. The advanced people of Tatar society restrained against Muslim scholasticism with her teaching about indifference to the whole of earthly and unlimited subservit of fate (Sufism), so convenient for the operation of labor masters by dominant classes. At the same time, the advanced Russian public thought of the flame-to-form time could not affect the Tatar educated society. A huge role here played open in 1804 Kazan University, which became the center of Culture of the entire Middle Volga region.

Among the Tatar bourgeoisie, supporters of some transformations in life tatar people. They began their activities with changing the teaching methods at school, therefore, they received the name of novometodists (jadidists), unlike supporters of antiquity - old-methodists (cadimists). Gradually, the struggle between these currents covered various sides of the life of the Tatar society.

As in any national movement, among the jadidists, two sharply different directions were observed - bourgeois-liberal and democratic. Liberals demanded careful reforms within the basic dogmas of Islam, the introduction of a new (Russian) culture only on Wednesday of the dominant classes and preservation for the popular masses of the old Muslim culture. Democrats stood for the construction of Tatar culture according to a pattern of democratic Russian, for increasing the cultural level of labor masses, for their enlightenment.

At the head of the educational movement among the Tatars, the Democrat School Kayum Nasyri (1825-1901) was. He organized the first novometer Tatar school, was the founder of Tatar literary languagesince before the Tatars wrote on arabic. Taking care of the enlightenment of the people, the hollows amounted to and published many books on various sectors knowledge. His activity caused mad hatred of reactionaries, ridicule Liberals, but the democratic community found his leader in it. The ideas of the satisters had a great influence on the development of Tatar democratic culture.

In the second half of the XIX century. In the region, the large industry began to develop and began to form, although also weak, workers' frames that have entered into the fight against capitalist exploitation. At first, this struggle was spontaneous in nature, but from the late 1880s, the Marxist Social Democratic Mugs began to create the creation of organizations workers and developing workers' workouts. The first of them was a circle of N. E. Fedoseev, in whose work V. I. Lenin, who returned to Kazan from his first link to the der. Couscino.

At the beginning of the 1900s, the Kazan Social Democratic Group emerged, in 1903 the Kazan Committee of the RSDLP was organized, which was standing in the positions of Lenin's "Sparks".

Social Democrats launched great propaganda activities among the workers of Kazan enterprises. At this time, a highly educated Marxist Bolshevik Husain Yamashev (1882-1912) was separated from the Tatars environment (1882-1912).

During the revolution 1905-1907. In Tatar society, the alignment has already been cristed class Forces. Advanced Tatar workers under the leadership of the Bolshevik party organization, at the head of which at that time I stood by Ya. Sverdlov, fought against the royal government together with the proletariat of other nationalities. Tatary, peasants fought for the land, but among them there was still a weakly delivered social democratic propaganda, and they often acted spontaneously. The dominant classes fell on the side of the government, although they were externally and divided into groups: some became frank obscurants with storm, others - cableing liberals. By uniting the "Union Muslim Union" party, the Tatar bourgeoisie, which was standing in nationalist positions, tried to take a dominant situation not only among his people, but also on the entire Muslim east of Russia.

The camp of the bourgeoisie was opposed by a democratic intelligentsia, from which a group of large figures of Tatar culture was distinguished - the poets of Tukai and M. Gafuri, the playwright of Kamal, writers of Kulakhs, S. Kamal, Ibragimov, etc. They launched propaganda of democratic Ideas, struggling with storm and liberals. Bolsheviks in 1907 managed to organize the publication of the first Tatar Bolshevik newspaper "Ural", which was published in Orenburg under the leadership of X. Yamashev and had a great importance for the propaganda of social democratic ideas among the working people of Tatars.

The 1905 revolution has enormous influence on the Tatar society. Even in the gloomy years of the Stolypinsky reaction, the best representatives of the Tatar people continued to fight for a democratic culture. The workers of the Tatars began to gradually leave the age-old stagnation and isolation, they accumulated the strength in order to give together with the Russian people under his leadership the last fight oppressors, without distinction of nationalities.

During the development of capitalism, there was a significant cultural convergence of Kazan Tatars and Mishamen. The reading of the literature created at the Kazan dialect influenced the tongue of the Mishamen, gradually climbed him with the Kazan-Tatar. Mishari took an active part in the creation of a chtagang democratic culture.

The February Revolution, when the leadership captured Tatar bourgeoisie, did not give anything to work. Only the Great October Socialist Revolution, conducted by the workers of Russia under the guidance of the Communist Party, freed all the peoples of the country, including the Tatars, from the centuries-old oppression and discovered the path to the new happy life.

The main working masses of the Tatars, like all the peoples of the region, took an active part in the October Revolution, but the Tatar bourgeoisie met Soviet power fierce resistance. During the period of the Civil War, which covered some of the territory of this region, the labor population was actively resisted by the White Guards.

After the Civil War in which the Red Tatar parts took an active part, the working Tatars received their autonomy. On May 27, 1920, the Tatar ASSR was formed. It includes the territory of the Middle Volga region and the Lower Kama region, the most densely populated by Tatars. A significant part of the targets and Tatars of Viurary, scattered by small groups among other ethnic groups, did not enter the Tatar ASSR.

The formation of the Tatar ASSR has given the opportunity to the Tatar people, together with other peoples living in the territory of the republic, under the leadership of the Communist Party to implement socialist transformations.

The Tatar people completely overcame the former economic and cultural backwardness, became an equal member of the Socialist Society, with the success of communism building. In the general treasury of the socialist culture of the Soviet Union, the Tatar people contributes and their share cultural valuescollected over the century of its historical existence and created in recent decades.

They speak the Kazan dialect of the Tatar language of the Khpchak Group of Turkic languages. The ethnic basis of Kazan Tatars amounted to Turkic (Bulgars, Kypchaki et al.) Peoples, as well as representatives of the Imyenkovsky culture.

History

Early History

Funeral rite

Many facts of funeral rites of Kazan Tatars show complete continuity of the Bulgarians, today most rites of Kazan Tatars are connected with their Muslim religion.

Location. The city necropolis of the Golden Horde was located within the city, as well as the grains of the period of the Kazan Khanate. Cemeteries of the Kazan Tatars of the XVIII-XIX centuries. located outside the villages, not far from the villages, if possible, behind the river.

Scaffolding. From the descriptions of ethnographers it follows that the Kazan Tatars had a custom to plant one or more trees on the grave. The graves were almost always applied to the hedge, sometimes they put a stone on the grave, they made small logs without a roof, in which birch trees and put stones, sometimes put monuments in the form of columns.

Method of burial. For the Bulgarians of all periods is characterized by the rite of inguatilation (corpellation). Bulgar-pagans buried her head west, on his back, with hands, located along the body. A distinctive feature Mogilnikov X-XI centuries. Is the period of becoming a new rite in the Volga Bulgaria, hence the lack of strict uniformity in individual details of the ritual, in particular, in the position of the body, hands and face buried. Along with the observance of the Kyble, in the absolute majority of cases there are separate burials face up or even north. There are burials of the dead on the right side. Especially varied in this period the position of the hands. For necropolia XII-XIII centuries. Characteristic of the unification of the ritual details: strict adherence Kyble, facial orientation to Mecca, the uniform position of the dead man with a slight turn to the right side, with right handelongated along the housing, and the left, slightly bent and put on the pelvis. On average, 90% of the burials give it a steady combination of signs against 40-50% in early grains. In the goldside period, all burials are made on the rite of ingument, the body is stretched on his back, sometimes with a turn to the right side, head west, face to the south. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the funeral rite does not change. According to the descriptions of the ethnographers, the dead man lowered into the grave, then put in the lateral podbo, face to Mecca. The hole was laid by bricks or boards. The spread of Islam among the Volga Bulgarians is already very clearly clearly manifested in the rite of Bulgar in the XII-XIII centuries, during the Golden Horde, and later in the funeral rite of Kazan Tatars.

National clothes

The clothes of men and women consisted of a sharovar with a wide step and shirts (in women were supplemented with an embroidered bib), for which sleeveless camisole was put on. Casakin served as the upper clothes, and in the winter - Steghana Beshmet or fur coat. The headdress of men is a tubette, and on top of it - a hemispherical hat on a fur or felt hat; Women have an embroidered velvet hat (Calfak) and a handkerchief. Traditional shoes - leather Ichigi with a soft sole, out of the house on them put on leather kelos. For the costume of women, an abundance of metal jewelry was characterized.

Anthropological types of Kazan Tatars

The most significant in the field of anthropology of Kazan Tatars are T. A. Trofimova, conducted in 1929-1932. In particular, in 1932, together with G. F. Debetsk, she conducts extensive research in Tatarstan. 160 Tatars were examined in the Arc area, in the Elabuga district - 146 Tatars, in the Chistopolsky district - 109 Tatars. Anthropological studies have identified from Kazan Tatars the presence of four major anthropological types: Pontic, light European-like, sublaponoid, mongoloid.

These types have the following characteristics:

Pontic Type - It is characterized by mesochefalia, dark or mixed hair and eye pigmentation, wept high, convex a back of the nose, with the tip of the tip and the base, a significant increase in beard. Growth of medium with a tendency to increase.
Light European type type - It is characterized by sub-potachephalia, light pigmentation of hair and eye, medium or high, we move with a straight back of the nose, a medium-breeding beard, an average growth. A number of morphological features are the structure of the nose, the size of the person, pigmentation and a number of others - brings this type with Pontic.
Sublaponoid type (Volgo-Kamsky) - characterized by meso-subbrachicafali, mixed hair and eye pigmentation, wide and low, weak, weak beard and low, medium-wide face with a tendency to be concluded. Quite often occurs the fold of the century with the weak development of the epicantus.
Mongoloid type (S. Siberian) - characterized by brachiecephalius, dark shades of hair and eyes, wide and flattened face and low, often occurring epicatus and poor development of beard. Growth, in a European way scale, medium.

Theory of Ethnogenesis of the Kazan Tatars

There are several theories of ethnogenesis of Tatars. IN scientific literature The most detailed three of them are described:

• bulgaro Tatar theory
• tatar-Mongol theory
• turkic Tatar theory.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology. Middle dialect (textbook for higher students educational institutions). - Ufa, 1979.
• Akhmarov G. N. (Tatars.)russian. Wedding ceremonies of Kazan Tatars // әhmәrev G. N. (Tatars.)russian Tarios documental җYentk. - Kazan: "җyen-Tatar", "Hәter" Nәshiyat, 2000.
• Drozdova G. I. The funeral rite of the peoples of Volga-Kamya XVI-XIX centuries: on archaeological and ethnographic materials / the abstract dis. ... candidate of historical sciences: 07.00.06. - Kazan: In-t History named after S. Mardzhani An RT, 2007. - 27 p.

Tatars - the second largest people of Russia.
Photo of ITAR-TASS

On the European ethnopolitical stage, the Bulgarian Turkic appeared as a special ethnic community in the second half of the 5th century, after the collapse of the Hun power. In the V-VI centuries, the Union of many tribes led by Bulgarians has developed in the Azovye and Northern Black Sea region. In the literature they are called both Bulgarians and Bulgarians; So that there was no confusion with the Slavic people in the Balkans, I use the ethnonym "Bulgars" in this essay.

Bulgaria - options are possible.

At the end of the VII century, part of the Bulgarians moved to the Balkans. At about 680, their leader Khan Asparuh dismantled at the Byzantium of the Earth near the Danube Delta, at the same time concluding an agreement with the Yugoslavyansky tribal association of seven gods. In 681, the first Bulgarian (Bulgarian) kingdom arose. In the next century, Danube Bulgars and in language, and culturally was assimilated by the Slavic population. A new people appeared, which retained, however, the former Turkic ethnonym - Bulgarians (self-calf - Bulgar, Bulgari).

Bulgars, remaining in the steppes of the Eastern Black Sea region, created a public education that entered the story under the loud name "Great Bulgaria". But after the cruel defeat from the Khazar kaganate, they moved (in the VII-VIII centuries) in the middle voltage, where in the end of the IX early X century their new state was formed, which historians are called Bulgaria / Bulgaria Volzhsky-Kama.

The lands on which Bulgars came (the territory is mainly on the left bank of the Volga, from the north limited to Kama, and in the south of Samara Luka), were settled in Finno-Ugric tribes and Turks who came here earlier. All this is the distinctional population - and old-timers, and novopividants - actively interacted; In time mongolian conquest There was a new ethnic community - the Volga Bulgars.

The state of the Volga Bulgar Palo under the blows of the Turko-Mongols in 1236. Cities were destroyed, part of the population died, many were taken prisoner. The remaining fled to the right banks of the Volga region, in the forest north of the lower flow of Kama.

Volzhsky Bulgarians were destined to play an important role in the ethnic history of all three Turkic peoples of the Middle Volga region - Tatars, Bashkir and Chuvash.

Talented chuvash people

Chuvashi, Chavash (self-confederation) - the main population of Chuvashia, they also live in the neighboring republics of the region, in different parts and regions of Russia. In total, there are about 1436 thousand people in the country (2010). The ethnic basis of the Chuvash was the Bulgarians and the relatives of them Suwars, settled on the Right Bank of the Volga. Here they mixed up with the local Finno-Ugric population, Turking on its linguistic terms. Chuvashsky retained many of the features of Bulgarian; In a linguistic classification, it forms the Bulgarian subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family.

In the goldside period, the "second wave" of the Bulgarian tribes moved to the goldside period from the left bank of the Volga in the interfold of Civil and Sviyagi. She laid the beginning of the Sub Eucatnical Group of the Snow Church (Anutatri), which retain the Bulgarian component to the greater extent not only in the language, but also in many components of material culture. The elements of traditional culture are very noticeable at the High (Northern) Chuvash (Vyokalov), along with Bulgarian mountain MarytsevWith which the Bulgars were intensely mixed, migrating to the north. This was reflected in the vocabulary of Chuvashi-Viriva.

Samulation "Chavash" is most likely due to the name of the tribal group of Suwar / Suvaz (Suas) close to the Bulgaram (Suas). The references on Suwas is in the Arab sources of the X century. In Russian documents, Ethnonym Chavash first appears in 1508. In 1551, Chuvashi became part of Russia.

Prevailing religion in the Chuvash (with mid XVIII century) - Orthodoxy; However, the doharistian traditions, cults and rituals lived to this day from the rural population. There are also Muslim Chuvashi (mostly those that already in several generations live in Tatarstan and Bashkiria). From the XVIII century writing - on the basis of Russian graphics (it was preceded by an Arab letter - since the time of Volga Bulgaria).

The talented Chuvash people gave Russia many wonderful people, name only the three names: P.E.Gorov (1728-1798), architect, creator of the fence Summer Garden, participant in the construction of marble, winter palaces, Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg; N.Y. Bichurin (in Monastisa Iacinf) (1777-1853), 14 years old, headed by a Russian spiritual mission in Beijing, an outstanding Chinese Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; A.G.Nikolaev (1929-2004), Cosmonaut pilot of the USSR (No. 3), twice the hero of the Soviet Union, Major General Aviation.

Bashkir - Wolf leader

Bashkirs - the indigenous population of Bashkiria. According to the 2010 census, there are 1584.5 thousand people in Russia. Also live in other regions, in the states of Central Asia, in Ukraine.

Etnonym, adopted as the main self-confusion Bashkir - "Bashkort" - is known from the 9th century (Basqyrt - BasQurt). It is how "the main", "leader", "head" (Bashp) plus "Wolf" (Court in Ogzisk-Turkic languages), that is, "Wolf-leader". Thus, it is believed that the ethnic name Bashkir is from the champion hero-orphanage.

Earlier, Bashkir's ancestors (Turkic Nomads of Central Asian origin) were nomaded in the Priaral and Syrdarya region (VII-VIII). From there, they migrated to the Caspian and North Caucasian steppes in the VIII century; At the end of the IX, the beginning of the X century are moving in the northern direction, in the steppe and forest-steppe lands between the Volga and the Urals.

Linguistic analysis shows that vocalism (system of vowel sounds) of the Bashkir language (like Tatar) is very close to the system of vowels in the Chuvash language (direct descendant of Bulgarian).

In the X - early XIII century, Bashkirs were in the zone of political dominance of Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria. Together with Bulgarians and other peoples of the region, they fiercely resisted the invasion of Turko-Mongols, headed by Khan Batym, but were defeated, their lands were attached to the Golden Horde. In the goldside period (40s of the XIII - 40s of the XV century) was very strong effect on all directions of life Bashkir Kypchakov. Bashkir language was formed under the powerful influence of the Kipchak language; It is included in the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, Bashkirs were under the rule of the Nogai Khanov, who were outstretched by Bashkir from their best nomades. This forced them to go to the north, where the partial mixing of Bashkir was taking place with Finno-Ugric peoples. Separate groups Nogai also joined in bashkir ethnos..

In 1552-1557, Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship. This is an important event that determined the further historical fate of the people, was issued as an act of voluntary attachment. In the new conditions and circumstances, the process of ethnic consolidation Bashkir significantly accelerated, despite the long-term preservation of generic tribal division (there were about 40 tribes and tribal groups). It should be particularly said that in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the Bashkir ethnos continued to choose the immigrants from other peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - Marytsev, Mordv, Udmurts, and especially the Tatars, with whom Language Rodium brought them.

When, on March 31, 1814, the Allied Army, headed by Emperor Alexander I, entered Paris, and the Bashkir horse shelves were also in the Russian troops. This is appropriate to remember this year, when the 200th anniversary is celebrated Patriotic War 1812.

The adventures of ethnonym, or why "Tatars"

Tatars (Tatars, self-talent) - the second largest people of Russia (5310.6 thousand people, 2010), the largest Turkic people of the country, the main population of Tatarstan. Live also in many russian regions, in other countries. Among the Tatars, three main ethno-terminal groups are distinguished: the Volga-Ural (Tatars of the Middle Volga region and the Urals, the most numerous community); Tatars Siberian and Tatars Astrakhan.

Supporters of the Bulgarian Tatar concept of the origin of the Tatar people believe that the Bulgarians of the Volga Bulgaria became its ethnic basis, in which the basic ethnocultural traditions and the peculiarities of the modern Tatar (Bulgaro-Tatar) people were formed. Other scientists develop the Turkic Tatar theory of origin tatar ethnos - That is, they talk about the broader ethnocultural roots of the Tatar people than the Ural-Volga region.

The influence of the Mongols invaded in the XIII century in the anthropological terms was very insignificant. According to some estimates, they were settled on the battered 4-5 thousand in the middle volga. In the subsequent period, they completely "dissolved" in the surrounding population. In the physical types of Volga Tatars, the Central Asian mongoloid features are practically absent, most of them, they are Europeoid.

Islam appeared on the Middle Volga region in the century. And the ancestors of Tatars, and modern believers Tatars - Muslims (Sunni). The exception is a small group of the so-called cracks who adopted in the XVI-XVIII centuries of Orthodoxy.

For the first time, the ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes, nomadic in the VI-IX centuries in Central Asia, as the name of one of their groups. In the XIII-XIV centuries, he spread to all the Turkic-speaking population of a huge power created by Genghis Khan and ChingiSides. This ethnonym was assisted and the cricks of the Golden Horde and Khunni, which were formed after her decay, apparently, because the Tatars called themselves representatives of nobility, military-serving and official layers.

However, in wide masses, especially on the Middle Volga region - a Ural region, the ethnonym "Tatars" and in the second half of the XVI century, after joining the region to Russia, was struggling with difficulty, very gradually, to a large extent under the influence of Russians who called the Tatars all the population of Horde and Hangey. The famous Italian traveler of the XIII century plan Carpini, who visited the Pope of Innocent IV in the residence of Khan Batiya (in Saraj on the Volga) and at the courtyard of the great Khan Guyuk in Karakorum (Mongolia), called his work "The History of Mongols, heren to Tatars."

After an unexpected and crushing Türco-Mongolian invasion to Europe, some historians and philosophers of that time (Matthew Parisian, Roger Bacon, etc.) rethought the word "Tatars" as "Natives from Tartar" (that is, the underworld) ... And after six and a century, the author Articles "Tatars" in the famous encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Ephron reports that "in V c. Under the name of the Ta Ta or Tathan (from where, in all likelihood, the word of Tatars occurs) the Mongolian tribe, having been inhabited in Northeast Mongolia and partly in Manchuria. We have almost no information about this tribe. " In general, he summarizes, "the word" Tatars "is a collective name for a number of peoples of Mongolian and, mainly, Turkic origin, speaking Turkic language ...".

Such a generalized ethnic confusion of many nations and tribes with the name of some one - not uncommon. Recall that in Russia just a century ago, Tatars were called not only the Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian and Crimean Tatars, but also some Turkic peoples of the North Caucasus ("Minsk Tatars" - Karachay and Balkarians), Transcaucasia ("Transcaucasian Tatars" - Azerbaijanis), Siberia (Shorts, Khakasi, Tofalars, etc.).

In 1787, the outstanding French navigator Lapruz (Count De La Peruz) called the strait between the Sakhalin Island and the mainland Tatar - because even at the very enlightened time, the Tatars were hardly called all the peoples who lived east of the Russians and the north of Chinese. This hydronism, Tatar Strait, is truly a monument of malfunction, migration migration ethnic titlesTheir ability to "stick up" is unknown as other peoples, as well as territories and other geographical objects.

In search of ethnoistory unity

The ethnos of the Volga-Ural Tatars was in the XV-XVIII centuries in the process of migration and rapprochement, cohesion of different Tatar groups: Kazan, Kasimov Tatars, Mishamen (the latest researchers consider the descendants of the meticulous Finno-Ugric tribes known under the name of the vesets). In the second half of the XIH - the beginning of the twentieth century in the wide sections of the Tatar society and especially in intelligent circles, the growth of the national national identity, awareness of the ethnoistoric unity of all territorial groups of Tatars, was activated.

At the same time, it is formed mainly on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect, a literary Tatar language, who has changed old assembly, which was based on the language of the Volga Türkov. Writing from the X century to 1927 - on the basis of Arabica (up to the first century, the so-called Turkic Hand was used); From 1928 to 1939 - based on Latin (Yanalif); Since 1939-1940 - Russian graphics. In the 1990s, a discussion on the transfer of Tatar writing to the upgraded version of Latin graphics (Yanalif-2) in Tatarstan was intensified.

The characterized process naturally led to the abandonment of local self-configurations, to the approval of the most common ethnonym, which united all groups. At the 1926 census, 88% of the Tatar population of the European part of the USSR called themselves by Tatars.

In 1920, the Tatar ASSR was formed (as part of the RSFSR); In 1991, she was transformed into the Republic of Tatarstan.

A special and very interesting topic, which in this essay I can only touch, - the relationship between the Russian and Tatar population. As Lev Gumilev wrote, "our ancestors Velikors in the XV-XVI-XVII centuries mixed easily and quite quickly with the Tatars Volga, Don, Ob \u200b\u200b...". He loved to repeat: "Just Russian - you will find Tatarin, Poskust Tatarina - you will find Russian."

Many Russians noble childbirth There were Tatar roots: Godunov, Yusupov, Beklemishev, Saburov, Sheremetev, Korsakov, Buturlin, Basmanov, Karamzins, Aksakov, Turgenev ... Tatar "origins" Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky traced in detail in the most interesting book "Born in Russia" literary critic and poet, Professor Igor Volgin .

I did not accidentally start this short list The names of the Godunov: known to all of the textbooks of history and even more in the great Pushkin tragedy Boris Godunov, the Russian king in 1598-1605, was the descendant of Tatar Murza Chet, who left the Golden Horde to Russian service while Ivan Kalita (in the 30s years of the XIV century), adopted baptism and received the name of Zechariah. He founded the Ipatiev Monastery, became the Russian Rodonachal noble rhodation Godunov.

I want to complete this almost endless topic. I want the name of one of the talented Russian poets of the twentieth century - Bella Akhatovna Ahmadulina, a rare talent of which has different genetic origins, Tatar is one of the main: "Unmame of Asian spirit / still rolls in me." But her native language, the language of her creativity was Russian: "And Pushkin is affectionately looks, / and the night passed, and the candles fell out, / and the delicate taste of speech harvest / so purely lips of cooling."

In the Russians, Tatars, Bashkir, Chuvash, in all the peoples of multi-ethnic Russia, celebrating this year the 1150th anniversary of their statehood, for a very long time, for centuries, - joint, general, inseparable history and fate.

Today, the Tatars are ambiguous. On the one hand, they are enthusiastic, because they, together with their brothers Mongols managed to conquer the good half (if not more than) the old world. On the other hand, they are not quite friendly, because there is an opinion that the nature of Tatars is far from the perfect. warlikely, bold, heter and to a certain extent cruel. But truth, as always, somewhere in the middle.

The nature of the Tatars was largely determined by the conditions in which they lived. Nomads, as you know, have worn people, strong and brave. They could easily adapt not only to any weather conditions, but also to any life situations. But always the Tatars retained loyalty to their national Traditions, the life of the community was led by smart people in accordance with the ancient traditions.

What are the Tatars character really? People closely familiar with this people note that they are persistent and hardworking. In Tatar families, there are always many children. Interesting the fact that they believe in the fact that the sick woman can recover when the next baby will give birth to. Family for Tatar - most importantly, he reverial treats his half. Divorces among people of this nationality are quite small. And they live very together, always support each other that today is a big rarity for the peoples of the West.

Despite the fact that the nature of the Tatars as a whole includes such qualities as honesty and kindness, there are among them traitors, and scoundrels, and panties. As they say, everywhere there is a lousy sheep. The struggle for survival in the conditions of nomadic life gave rise to certain envy, ambition, trick in the hearts of representatives of this people. Tatars are pretty prudent, have a bright and fast mind, but also hot heads. However, they always think well before saying something with anger. Since antiquity, Tatars are engaged trade casesSo well succeed in this matter today. And the trade itself requires a chastity, trembleness and tricks. Interestingly, the serfs were not. They lived according to their rules and laws, and the landowners existed not at the expense of the labor of simple peasants.

The nature of the Tatars is special, as well as their worldview, philosophy, culture and language. But there is another distinctive people - national cuisinewhich legends go. Easy and nutritious, healthy foods personify the hospitality of the Tatar people. Always a traveler here offered hot dishes - meat, dairy and lean. As a rule, there is always a hot dish with a flour refueling on the table. There are festive and ritual dishes, such as dumplings and broth stuffed with chicken eggs. Practically classic is considered pilaf with boiled meat, amazing and diverse pastries. The bread is considered sacred.

Despite the fact that the people are confessing Islam, the Tatars-men character is quite friendly. In principle, the Tatarina is inherent in almost the same qualities that are characteristic of both a Russian person, so the girls should not be afraid if their chosen one belongs to this ethnic.

Tatars, Tatarlar(self-taking), people in Russia (the second in numbers after the Russians), the main population of the Republic of Tatarstan .

According to the 2002 census, russia lives 5 million 558 thousand Tatars. Live in the Republic of Tatarstan (2 million people), Bashkiria (991 thousand people), Udmurtia, Mordovia, Mari Republic, Chuvashia, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and on Far East. Resize in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. According to the 2010 census, 5310649 Tatars live in Russia.

History ethnonym

For the first time ethnonym "Tatars" Appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes in the 6-9 centuries, but he entrenched as a common ethnonym only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.

In the 13th century, as part of the Mongols, who created the Golden Horde, were conquered by the tribes, including the Turks called the Tatars. In the 13-14th centuries, the Kipchak's numerically prevailed in the Golden Horde assimilated all other Turkic-Mongolian tribes, but learned the ethnonym "Tatars". Also called the population of this state european peoples, Russians and some Central Asian peoples.

In the Khanaters formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Tatars were called noble layers of Kipchak-Nogai origin. It was they who played a major role in the spread of ethnonym. However, among the Tatars in the 16th century, he was perceived as a derogatory, and even the second half of the 19th century, other self-discharges were told: Meselman, Kazanla, Bulgarian, Misher, Tyter, Nagaibek and others -volgo-Ural and nougay, Karagash, Yurt, Tatarla and others - At the Astrakhan Tatars. In addition to Mesenman, they were all local self-discharges. The process of national consolidation led to the choice of unifying all self-supplying. By the time of the census of 1926, most Tatars called themselves by Tatars. In recent years a small amount of In Tatarstan and other regions, the Volga region refer to themselves Bulgarians or Volga Bulgars.

Language

Tatar language Refers to the Kypchak-Bulgarian subgroup of the Khpchak Group of the Turkic branch of the Altai language family and has three main dialects: Western (Mishar), medium (Kazan-Tatar) and East (Siberian-Tatar). The literary rate was formed on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect with the participation of Mishar. Writing based on Cyrillic graphics.

Religion

Most believers Tatars - Muslim Sunni Khanafi Mazhab. The population of the former Volga Bulgaria was Muslim from the 10th century and remained those as part of the Horde, by virtue of this standing out among the neighboring peoples. Then, after the entry of the Tatars in the Moscow state, their ethnic self-consciousness even more intertwined with religious. Part of the Tatars even defined its nationality as "Mesaleman", i.e. Muslim. At the same time they have persisted (and partly persist to this day) elements of an ancient associate calendar ritual.

Traditional classes

The traditional economy of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the 19th - early 20th century was arable farming. They grown ozimous rye, oats, barley, lentil, millet, shell, flax, cannabis. Also engaged in gloomy, messengers. Pasture-stall animal husbandry with some features resembled nomadic. For example, horses in separate areas have grazed on the foot of the stern. Only Misharians were seriously engaged in hunting. High level Development achieved handicraft and manufactory production (jewelry, valral-felt, rapid, weaving and gold), leather and clouded plants worked, and trade was developed.

the National costume

Men and women consisted of a sharovar with a wide step and a shirt, which was put on a sleeveless, often embroidered. Women costume Tatar The abundance of silver decorations, Kauri's shells, glass flaring. Casakin served the upper clothes, and in the winter - quilted Besht or fur coat. On the head of the man we wore a tubeette, and on top of her a fur hat or hat from felt. Women wore embanked velvet hat and handkerchief. Traditional Tatars shoes are leather Ichigi on a soft sole, on top of which Galosh was put on top.

Sources: Peoples of Russia: Atlas of Cultures and Religions / Answer. V.A. Tishkov, A.V. Zhuravsky, O.E. Kazhmin. - M.: IPTS "Design. Information. Cartography", 2008.

Peoples and religions of the world: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov. Roll.: O. Yu.Artemova, S.A. Aarutyunov, A.N. Kozhanovsky, V.M. Makarevich (Deputy Ch. Red.), V.A. Popov, P.I. Schkov (Deputy Chick . Ed.), G.Y. Sitonyansky. - M.: Big Russian encyclopedia, 1998, - 928 s.: Il. - ISBN 5-85270-155-6