In the XIX century, the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts remained the center of the country's creative life. It was a fairly conservative institution "... with the pedagogical system of teaching, obsolete the norms of aesthetics, which lost contact with the advanced Russian artistic culture ...".

In 1863, the scandal happened: 14 graduates of the Academy - Kramskaya, Korzukhin, Makovsky K., Lemokh, Grigoriev, Zhuravlev, Morozov and others, refused to participate in the competition for a large gold medal and demonstratively came out of its composition.

In the same year, the Artel of Free Artists was created, which for a number of years was in St. Petersburg a kind of artistic center.

Moscow artists of Myasoedov G. G. G., Perov V. G., Makovsky V. E., Sanishnikov I. M., Savrasov A. K. At the end of 1869, they proposed the St. Petersburg artel to connect to everyone together and form a new society. In 1870 "Movie Partnership", already approved by the government, began its activities. The main thing is, first of all, the artists of mobileians managed to achieve, is a device of independent exhibitions and move them through the cities of Russia.

With the advent of the mobile partnership, new art develops in a single bed with advanced Russian literature, music, theater, social thought, forming a powerful stream of Russian democratic culture, spiritualized by the advanced social ideas of his time.

The Society of Movie Artists in different time Repein I. E., Surikov V. I., Makovsky V. E., Sanishnikov I. M., Savrasov A. K., Shishkin I. I., Maksimov V. M., Savitsky K. A. Vasnetsov Am Vasnetsov V. M. , Kindji A. I., Polenov V. D., Yaroshenko N. A., Levitan I. I., Serov V. A. and others. Participants of the exhibitions of artists of the Mobile were anctician M. M., Vereshchagin V. V., Korovin K. A., Korovin S. A., Ryabushkin A. P., and others.

16. Fine art 20 BB

The 20th century of acute contradictions, deep social conflicts and disappointments and at the same time hope of humanity, the century of persistent search for new, more advanced ways of development of society. He brought with him deep changes in all spheres of human activity, including ideology, culture, art.

Never before painting, sculpture and graphics were not so closely and directly related to real life, never before they did not appear in them as clearly critical focus, denial of everything and everything. Studently developing art lost its former style wholeness, its development became increasingly uneven, hopped, the creative interaction of certain types of art was violated, individualistic trends increased. Both in former times and in the 20th century artistic styles Closely associated with the meanings of the era, with its mythology. Obviously, the place of myth in art of the Newest Time It occupies scientific and technical progress, which made artists abandon the usual look at the world.

Science revised most "Interest truths" of the new time, and also changed the relationship with the humanistic values \u200b\u200bof the Renaissance and Enlightenment Eps. Everyone began to look for his way out: one to the continuation of the cultural tradition of the past, the second, third in the acquisition of lost relations with nature, in the scientific and technical revolution, in nihilistic self-affirmation.

Searches for new paths, experimentation and revolutionary transformation, multipleness, diversity and contrast of creative quest - distinctive features of art 20-21 centuries. Fine art of the beginning of the 20th century Everything more persistent is moving away from the principle of life-like form. The first in this direction went cubists, deformed nature, laying it on simple geometric forms. They are changed futurists, challenging the dynamism of life and the beauty of speed; orphistsseeking harmony in color combinations; puristersDisagreeing machine aesthetics.

But the main protest of the first half of the 20th century becomes abstractionism, fully separated from the transfer of the real world, subject reliability, denying the objective existence of the world and approving the spontaneous self-impulsive self-expression of the artist. Abstract art - This is an art without recognizable images, combinations of clean paints and lines. It appeared in Europe around 1910 and destroyed the idea of \u200b\u200bclassical beauty in art. His tendency continues dadaismwho cultivated the idea of \u200b\u200bimage ugly.

Art is increasingly becoming a kind of sign, it does not boil down to decorativeness. One of the features of the 20th century is hypertrophied individualism. Psychoanalytic digging in the depths of the individual most brightly manifested themselves in surrealismwhich more than half a century dominated worldwide artistic life. His concept argued the mystery and unknowability of the world, in which time and history disappears, and the person lives with the subconscious and turns out to be helpless before difficulties.

From the second half of the 20th century, especially in the 1960-1970s., Absolutely new directions are overly new on the art arena: conceptual and kinetic art, op-art and pop art.

By performing a turn into an abstract-avant-garde direction, art 1970-1980s. tried to return to the classic traditions in aesthetics postmodernism, the main feature of which became eclecticity, mixing styles of different eras and national subcultures, free possession or in picturesque space. This trend remains fundamental and for our days. The art of the 20th century, which is the lack of a large style of the previous epoch, presented a totality of copyright styles, pronounced individualities in line with a variety of international trends.

Publications of the Museums section

Buntari from painting

About t legends and myths - to everyday images, be it the peasants, the Midnourish landscape or outstanding people countries. Realism against academism. Inspired by the ideas of populism and tired of the Academy of Arts, painters at the end of the nineteenth century were united in the creative community and went with their paintings around the country. Recall the history of mobile artists together with Natalia Summer.

Picturesque riot. Fourteen best graduates The Imperial Academy of Arts chose a big gold medal freedom of creativity. They refused to write a picture on the German-Scandinavian plot about the feast in Valhal, considering the proposed topic too far from reality. Buntari asked free topic. Having received a refusal, left the audience than the contest to the 100th anniversary of the Academy. Artists sent the petition to give diplomas that have already received medals.

Illarion midges. View of the Imperial Academy of Arts. OK. 1800.

Group of artists of mobile partnership art exhibitions. 1885 year

Ivan Kramskaya. Assembly artist artists. 1860-E.

"Artel Artists". In 1863, young painters under the leadership of Ivan Kramsky created the first in the history of Russian art creative association. The main idea was proclaimed realism and social orientation. Instead of theatricality and mythology. The general farming in the house on the Vasilyevsky Island of the spouse of the Kram Sophia Prokhorov. Artelers took orders, gave drawing lessons, on Thursdays discussed the problems of contemporary art. He undermined the idea of \u200b\u200b"commune" a financial question and the resumption of some of the collaboration with the Academy. Restored Kramskaya left the Artel, and the community has declined.

Movie artists. Seven years after the formation, the artel at the shift came the "Association of Mobile Art Exhibitions". The inspired by the idea of \u200b\u200bmilitarianism, the Moscow and St. Petersburg painters were united and took up the educational work and the organization of exhibitions. Movements opposed their work to Academism. Warmly welcomed the free community in Russian art. Famous critic Vladimir Stasov. "Very remarkable for Russian art with a phenomenon" called the undertaking of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Kram and best of the best. Vasily Persov, Alexey Savrasov, Ivan Shishkin, Ilya Repin, Nikolai Ge, Vasily Polenov, Victor and Apollinaria Vasnetsov, Vasily Surikov, Archka Quinji, Isaac Levitan, Vladimir and Konstantin Makovskie, Valentin Serov ... Portraitists, representatives of the household and classical genre, Masters Quiet Landscapes and historians from painting, theater artists and artists monumentalists. Mobile - the color of the Russian visual arts end of xi century.

Joseph wolves. Portrait of A.K. Savrasov. 1884. GTG.

Victor Vasnetsov. Self-portrait. 1873. GTG

Ilya Repin. Self-portrait. 1887. GTG

Ilya Repin. Portrait of V.D. Polenova. 1877. GTG

Vasily Surikov. Self-portrait. 1879. GTG

Charter - for the benefit of the people. The organization of mobile art exhibitions in all cities of the empire has become the main task community. The charter of the community was approved in 1870. Movements went with their work and ideas about the painting "into the people". Artists wanted to acquaint residents of the province with modern Russian art, and at the same time sell their paintings. Thus, the paintings left Petersburg, the walls of the Academy of Arts and went beyond the galleries.

First exhibition. "The exhibition is amazing not only one of the excellent intention - it is also striking and on the excellent implementation of him ... these are people with the same talent as before, but only their head is different.", - wrote Vladimir Stasov. In 1871, the exhibition opened in St. Petersburg and for two months visited Moscow, Kiev and Kharkov. Already before the start of the exposition, half of 46 paintings and drawings were purchased. The opening day had not only a public resonance, but also financial success. Delighted the painters unknown.

Ivan Kramskaya. Portrait I.I. Shishkin. 1880. TRM.

Valentin Serov. Self-portrait. 1880s. Private Assembly

Nikolai Yaroshenko. Portrait of N.N. Ge. 1890 GRM.

Ivan Kramskaya. Portrait of A.I. Queenji. 1872. GTG

Ivan Kramskaya. Portrait of V.G. Perov. 1881. GRM

Artistic cooperative. Democratic solution of voting issues and the general budget is the main organizational principles of the Movements. Already after the first exhibition, four thousand rubles were divided between partnership participants. Unheard of business. Prior to this, income from the exhibitions of the Academy of Arts, which per year barely reached five thousand rubles, went to the state pag. The artists themselves did not receive remuneration. And according to the charter of the heads, only 5% of the cost of the picture and money for tickets went to the common cashier. The rest is the fees.

Exhibition cruises. « Folk exhibitions»Coming many cities. "For the development of love for art in society." Yaroslavl, Tula, Saratov, Voronezh, Riga, Chisinau, Kazan, Odessa, Kiev ... In total, during the existence of a community, the artists organized about fifty exhibitions. The paintings that were not sold on the main workouts went further - on a trip around the country. Only the first parallel exhibition visited 12 cities of Russia. So artists gained fame in remote corners and financial well-being.

Conflict generations. Members of the Partnership are made of masts, deserved founders and novice artists - exhibitors. For example, among the latter was the author of the famous "Apotheosis of War" Ivan Kramskaya. Unknown. 1883. GTG

Pictures from the exhibition. "Close circle the best artists and good people, diligence and complete freedom and independence - this is grace! " - wrote Pavel Tretyakov Kramsky. Pavel Mikhailovich supported the creative association, and this is confirmed - the web of the Movie artists in the collection of the famous patron. For example, the opening of the first exhibition - the picture of Alexei Savrasov "Graci flew" - the collector bought here. "Sold" was also in the picture of Nikolai Ge "Peter I interrogating Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof", and on a variety of other webs, which now make up a significant part of the Tretyakov Collection.

during much time, tired of academic monopoly in visual arts, sought independence creative work. Anyway, the creation of membership of the United Artists contributed to the interest of many artists, to really bring together art with folk masses, thereby ensuring their independence from various institutions, patronage of patronized by the government. In 1863, 14 graduates of artists led by I. Kramsky refused to write a graduation picture on the proposed mythological theme Pier in Valhaller and demanded themselves to choose the plot of the paintings, to which they were categorically denied, after which many artists defeated the Academy defiatively. The decision was: that it was necessary to form an independent artist of artists by the type of communes, independent of the academic monopoly Union of Russian artists. It did not exist for a long time and broke out in 7 years, though by this time in 1870 the new movement of the Association of Movie or the Association of Mobile Art Exhibitions TPHV and the movement of them in the cities of Russia, this is an association of professionals. Creativity of mobile phone brought many artists in unity and ideological positions, the rejection of Academism with his decorative landscapes, buttofa theater and various mythology. Russian artists Mobiles sought to show in their works the ideological side of the visual art that was valued much higher than the aesthetic, putting the task of a wide propaganda of the visual art, the purpose of which was the public-aesthetic education of the masses, brings closer to the life of democratic art. Reveal in their pictures true live life The oppressed peasantry suffering from the authorities of the landowners and the rich is the main task. Many works of mobile artists wrote from nature in style genre painting, other works were written under the imagination from real life. Russian nightboards with great persuasiveness demonstrated the existence of a new creative movement At the first exhibition that opens, gradually developing since the 60s. In this exhibition, the painting of the Movie - the pictures of many famous artists are all popular genres: portrait, landscape and historical genre. In total, 47 exhibits were exhibited that turned the academic ideas about painting, it was the first step of the success of the mobileians who showed their paintings in another dimension. By this time, some changes occurred at the Academy. Since the former installations gradually went out into the past. At that time I.I. Tolstoy Vice-President of the Academy understood the entire situation of what is happening, softened his old requirements and even gradually began to get closer to the mobile phone, offering them teaching at the Academy. Among the guests there were such famous artists, like, Shishkin and Queenji, since landscape painting in the independent genre began to gain momentum and by the 90s strongly strengthened her position. Of course you should not forget about positive role Academy of Arts educational institution Graduates of which have become many famous artists. Famous graduates of the Academy taught the favorite teacher P. P. Chistyakov. All artists who were part of the Union of TPHV, possessed equal responsibilities and rights, including the newly joined community members, taken after the successful passage of exhibitions. Evaluated by members of the jury, also had the same rights as previously joined.
Many paintings by the artists of the heads were bought by the famous patron of Pavl Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832-1898) Tretyakov, the rags took up pictures from 1856, later this collection of paintings reached the level museum collection By 90, the Tretyakov himself trembled to painting and the art of Movie, respect the hard work of artists, almost all his state was invested in the pictures of the heads. Subsequently, the entire collection of paintings passed to Moscow's property. Today, this is the Tretyakov Gallery known to the world, where Russian paintings, graphics and portrait masterpieces of the best known artists left a bright mark in the history of Russian visual arts 18 - 19th century. In the State Tretyakov Gallery and today, an important document is stored in the archive of manuscripts on the creation of members of the partnership fixed by 23 signatures of famous artists.

Famous artists mobile

Kramskaya Ivan Nikolaevich (1837 - 1887) Famous painter, one of the main reformers in art, known for its anti-academic activities, promoting the free development of young artists in favor of the free development of young artists. Kramskaya Chief Founder and Founder of TPHV. Without Kramsky, it is impossible to imagine all those initiatives artistic culture With its latest transformations that opened the masses of life in art with its newest transformations. Ivan Kramskaya wonderful master of portrait genre, they written row famous portraits: L. N. Tolstoy, M. E. Saltykova - Shchedrin, Sofia Nikolaevna Kramskaya, Portrait of an unknown beautiful stranger, Portrait of Nekrasova, A. D. Litovchenko, I. I. Shishkin, and others. His famous picture of Christ in the desert caused a storm of emotions And for a long time not fading controversy. In this picture, Kramskaya wanted to show the dramatic situation of moral choice, in which there is no retreat from the selected path.
Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1834-1882) Paint Paint Paintings are penetrated with genuine tragedy: old men on the grave of the Son, Troika. His famous paintings of tea drinking in Mytishchi, the arrival of the fact about the investigation, the last Cabac was found. Many early work The masters are imbued with critical, accusatory perception, representing scenic cartoons in which the clergy is also involved. Beautiful portraits contemporaries famous writers Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Ostrovsky. Russian artist Movie Perov Oh no other revealed in his works the spirit of ideologicalness and freedom of creative choice.
Alexey Kondratyevich Savrasov (1830-1897) Master of the Lyric Russian Landscape, his famous picture of Graci flew, sowing to reveal in this picture all the subtle beauty of the Russian landscape inspired by extraordinary librarism, which turned out all sorts of ideas from contemporaries about his native Russian nature. His other paintings are no less popular forest road, at the gate of the monastery, the spring day. After Savrasova, the lyrical landscape scored the peak of popularity and from other artists. I. Levitan spoke of Savrasova so: Savrasov tried to find both in the most simple and ordinary those intimate. Deep touching, often sad features that are so felt in our native landscape and so irresistibly act on the soul. Savrasova appeared lyrics in painting landscape and limitless love for her native land.
Ge Nikolai Nikolayevich 1831-1894 One of the leaders and organizers of the Mobile Partnership, who broke their creativity with the Monopoly of Academism. GE screw domestic history, His picture: Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexey in Peterhof, brought him a tangible success and popularity of contemporaries. Some of his works were not so successful: Catherine II in the coffin of Elizabeth, A. Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky. Many works of GE was often not satisfied, not all of them he completed to the end, he just destroyed the picture of mercy, with difficulty experiencing his failures. The fame of him brought a picture: a way out with a secret evening, which became one of the best works, excited about the expressiveness of contemporaries. Such pictures like what is truth?, Christ and Pilate have criticized the clergy, for which they were removed from the exhibition. Works of the Sanhedrion court. "Male death! The crucifixion is simply not allowed to exhibitions and prohibited a demonstration.
Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov 1848-1926 Master - painter, portraitist and landscape, theater artist. As part of the Mobile from 1878. One of the first wonderful Russian artists, the creativity of the artist Vasnetsov was drawn to Russian folklore, he created a lot of cloths on Russian history, folk tales and epic. For some time Vasnetsov worked for the theater creating various scenery and costumes to the plays and fairy tales who provided a huge impact on the development of theatrical and ornamental art of Russia. In their famous works He sought to convey the epic character of Russia inspired by sincere poetry, imbued with deeply by the national perception of his native antiquity. His famous works In this genre: after traveling Igor Svyatoslavich with Polovtsy, the picture Alenushka, Ivan-Tsarevich on a gray wolf, warriors, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich Grozny and many other works. Many of these canvases played a huge role in the development of Russian national painting.
Fedor Aleksandrovich Vasilyev (1850-1873) Creativity of this young artist who lived a little short life, enriched Russian painting with many landscapes, such as a wet meadow, thaw, in the Crimean mountains, swamp in the fall. Vasiliev was able to show in the soy of the work of the nature of the transition state from the weather in the solar state. Favorite motives in his paintings by God forgotten calary, ravines, bumps, dilapidated peasant houses in the ground. Russian artists depicted to Vasilyeva and Savrasov, Italian species and native Russian places were considered unworthy of incarnation. Vasilyev managed to uncover the condition of the sad Russian nature in the landscape showing her true beauty, forcing the contemporaries to admire the beauty of nature to the village not visited.
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1832-1898) famous artist, a unique master forest landscapesHis paintings are known for a very general public. Shishkin like no one else loved the nature of the forest with its colorful shades of trees, bright glades lit by the sun and air industry. Famous Pictures of Shishkin: Morning in Pine Bor An entertaining genre plot, conceived by the artist in the picture, in many ways contributed to its popularity, full soul equilibrium The painting of rye where golden rye protected from the edge to the edge, the giants protected by mighty pines, the stream in the forest is beautifully worked in the details of the picture, with rich black contrasts, a ship grove, where the Afonovskaya ship grove is located near Elabugi, is incarnated in the whole life experience And the thinnest knowledge of the native nature, which was accumulated by the master for a long creative life, many of his paintings have gained the great popularity of not only contemporaries, these paintings are known today and today a large circle of his works. No one before Shishkin with such stunning frankness did not lead the viewer about his love for his native Russian nature. Works I. I. Shishkin became a classic National Russian landscape painting And gained great popularity. Today, the images of his landscapes can be seen in many places on various reproductions, gift packaging, souvenir boxes and even candies with famous bears, all this talks about the great love of the people to his great creativity.
Archka Ivanovich Kindji (1841-1910) The pictures with a picturesque flavor of flowers and light are depicted on its web. The rays of light punching through the fog playing in the puddles on the risks of the roads, noticeably emphasizes the artist's skill in the transfer of some picturesque techniques moonlight, mysterious light of the moon in dark night, bright red dawn choppers on the walls of the Ukrainian Hut. The famous Painting Queenji Night attracts the calm greatness of nature, Dnipro in the morning, the picture describes the story of an early steppe morning, a birch grove - in this picture the artist showed Russian nature in the unprecedented technique of writing paintings, revealing the elevated image of a landscape, sparkling with an unusual flavor and contrast of clean paints. Quinji found his unique, independent path in the art of the landscape.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan (1860-1900) Magnificent master of quiet and calm landscapes. Levitan loved his native nature, often he retired with her finding her understanding of her beauty, which was reflected in his landscapes. Levitan even in not very good weather he found his rare colorful shades of Russian bad weather. Haming the nature of the top Volga, he showed the world. His beautiful masterpieces: Gloomy day, after the rain, over the eternal peace, masterfully written evening landscapes: Golden autumn, evening on the Volga, Golden Ples, evening, Quiet abode, Evening call, evening Bell . The paintings of Levitan require attentive thoughtfulness of them. It is impossible to quickly consider not meaningful of all the idea of \u200b\u200bthis famous artist who left us his unique mark in the art of landscape painting.
Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) Pictures of the brush of the famous artist Ilya Repin differ in their versatility. The Repin wrote a number of monumental genre caved, who were greatly popular with contemporaries, which made a strong impression of the public. Traveling along the Volga, he wrote a lot of etudes, which later used to write his famous painting Burlaki on the Volga, after this work, Repine came stunning fame. Also, not a small impression was made by the picture, the wife of the artist, the PETSENAT Tretyakov P. M. The painting is grandiose and composite plan: a solemn meeting of the State Council, in the picture a huge number of the political figures of that time, and Nikolai II is also present in the picture. In this not easy work Repin managed to psychologically plausible to describe the characteristic of each character. Ilya Repin left a significant mark in the history of Russian painting.
Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916) Wonderful Russian artist, lovely master Colors and coloring of paints and picturesque techniques, which knew Russian life and morals of the past eras. In many of their works, Surikov elected the tragic fragments of Russian history. On the backdrop of Pictures of Surikov, remarkable historical works in which he reflected bright psychological characteristics: Fear of Morozova, Morning Streletzka execution, Menshikov in Berezov and the picture conquering Ermacom Siberia. Pictures of Surikov are unique to a large extent prevailing, picturesque - color.
Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911) Very fashion artist His time, mostly glory he brought his portraits, although he also wrote landscapes and paintings on historical plots, sometimes worked as a theater artist. Serov Oh no one knew what a portrait is and how to draw a portrait, like no other sulfur masterfully drawn a pencil from nature, he was very much posing famous patrons, artists and writers. His portraits were most noticeable: a girl with peaches, a painting washed with children's perception of spirituality and tenderness, which enchanted contemporaries pinkly golden tones and air industry. The girl illuminated by the sun, in the picture plays the morning sun. Frequently, the young girl sitting in the shade emitting youth and beauty, a portrait of M. N. Akimova and many others.
! 9th century is the golden age of Russian visual art, which generated a large number of famous artists of Russia, which left their descendants rich heritage, whose value is simply immeasurably. Thanks to Russian mobileians, the most famous artists Of that time, the paintings of Russian painting help all humanity to comprehend those ideas about the life of those years and the work of Russian artists who, with great difficulty, achieved the creation of a partnership of mobile art exhibitions.

Creativity of Movie Artists

Plan.

1. a brief description of Directions of the Movies.

2. V.A. Serov is an outstanding representative of the Mobile.

3. The value of the creativity of the mobile phone.

Literature.

Movements are the painters of the realistic direction, which included in the largest Russian progressive democratic association - a partnership of mobile art exhibitions (1870- 1923). Created on the initiative of G.G. Meatseedov, N.N. GE, V.G. Perov, the partnership included the advanced forces of Russian democratic artistic culture in its composition, in particular, a number of members of the artists who declineed by the one by that time; It developed the best traditions of this association. The partnership was a fundamentally new, peculiar creative organization of artists, the emergence of which, however, was prepared by the preceding development of Russian realistic art and especially the art of the 1950s and 1960s of the 19th century.

The mobileians set themselves the task of social and aesthetic education of the masses and sought to widely popularize their art. In this regard, they staged, starting from 1871, in St. Petersburg and in Moscow 48 exhibitions, which were then usually moved by them in Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Chisinau, Riga, Kazan, Eagle and others big cities countries. Hence the name "Movements" occurred.

The ideological and organizational leader of the Movement for many years was I.N. Kramskaya. Great importance For the development and promotion of the art of the mobile, V.V. Stasova, in particular, his critical articles, which, although not formally a member of the partnership, was in essence, along with the Kram's ideologue of this association.

The partnership at different times entered A.M. and V.M. Vasnetsov, I.I. Levitan, V.E. Makovsky, V.M. Maksimov, V.D. Polenov, I.E. Repin, K.A. Savitsky, A.K. Savrasov, V.A. Serov, V.I. Surikov, I.I. Shishkin, N.A. Yaroshenko. M. MM exhibitions took part in the exhibitions Antickolsky, V.V. Vereshchagin, S.A. Korovin. The members of the partnership were also prominent Ukrainian, Armenian, Latvian, Mordovsky artists: KK Kostandi, P.A. Levchenko, V.Ya. SURENYANTS, K.F. Gun.

In his work, mobile, on the basis of a realistic method, deeply and comprehensively reflected above all the modern life labor people Russia. Truly people household genrewhose best samples were distinguished by combat journalism, was leading in their work. The art of the portrait, a wonderful meaning of socio-psychological characteristics also occupied an important place. They portrayed mostly advanced cultural figures and representatives of the labor nation. Many works of the heads are devoted to Russian history, in which their attention especially attracted full drama people movements. These works were marked by the depth of the historical knowledge of the past. In the landscape work, the mobile works turned to simple, the usual reasons for their native nature, creating paintings imbued with a patriotic sense, a large social content. A significant number of works of mobiles reproduced images. folk creativity and literature. Based on materialistic aesthetics V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova and N.G. Chernyshevsky and expressing the ideas of a wide democratic movement of the 2nd half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the mobile workers created the art of critical realism.

Truthfully depict the events and scenes from life and following the requirements of the revolutionary educational aesthetics, they endured the sentence of the surrounding reality in their works, the barbarism and wildness of autocratic-serpentic orders, poverty, cruel oppression of the people. At the same time, the reservations showed the heroic struggle of the people for social and national liberation, wisdom, beauty, human labor, manifold, and poetic charm of their native nature.

Defending and developing the principles of realism, nationality and nationality of art, the organization of the mother-in-law turned very soon to the largest center of the artistic life of Russia, in the stronghold of a new realistic direction in painting, and the Imperial Academy of Arts, although remained the official governing body in the field of art, has ever lost their credibility And this role is the main center.

Movies fought both from the Academy of Arts, cultivated abstract, idealized art, far from the needs and requests of the labor people, and with all sorts of decadent, aesthetic currents, proclaimed the idealistic slogan "Art for Art".

His creativity and activities on his popularization, the Movies actively participated in the wide general-democratic movement of the Epoch, in the struggle of progressive public forces against autocracy and remnants of serfdom in tsarist Russia. That is why the Movie supported the foremost part of society. At the same time, the reservations were subjected to all sorts of restrictions on the part of official institutions of Tsarist Russia, direct injury and persecution from the reaction press.

Throughout the 70s and 1980s of the 19th century, the work of the mother-in-law was deepened and improved. Their organization was fixed, gained increasing authority and popularity among the general public.

2. V.A. Serov is an outstanding representative of the Mobile.

An outstanding representative of the Movement is V.A. Serov, born in 1865 in St. Petersburg. From 9 years of age he was a student I.E. Repina; Together with him, he committed a trip to Zaporizhia in 1880, during which he worked next to the teacher, directly acquainting the life of the people.

In 1880-1885, Serov studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts and passed a strict school of drawing and painting under the direction of P.P. Cleaner. Creative friendship, binding Serov with his teachers, played important role In the continuity of the development of the traditions of Russian realism.

Of great importance for Serov had a permanent, thoughtful study of the Russian and Western European museums. Democratism, truthfulness and sincerity, close attention to man and native nature, acute feeling of modern life in combination with deep development art Heritage make up specific traits Serov's creativity.

Already at the age of 22-23, he created the classic works of Russian painting: paintings "Girl with peaches" (1887), "The girl illuminated by the Sun" (1888), "The overgrown pond. Domobanovo "(1888). These works of serov, creatively developing realistic conquests of their predecessors, opened new page In the history of Russian painting. "Girl with peaches" and "The girl illuminated by the Sun" is poems of youth, imbued with the cheerful, optimistic maidity of the artist who perceives the world in its colorful wealth and diversity.

In the early period of creativity (1880-90s), Serov loved writing portraits in the sun, among the nature, tracing the game of sunlight - portrait O.F. Serovoy "Summer", (1895).

Landscapes early period – « Autumn evening. Domobanovo, "Winter in Abramtsev" are distinguished by the accuracy and objectivity of observations, the clarity of composite construction, rich, subtly developed by the gamut, the materiality of painting.

In 1894, Serov becomes a member of the Mobile Partnership. In the second half of the 1990s, under the influence of the rise of revolutionary sentiments in the country of Serov, a number of truthful and sincere works devoted to the Russian village are created: "October. Domobanovo "(1895)," Winter "(1898), Pastel" in the village. Baba with a horse "(1898)," Baba in the cart "(1899g.), Watercolor" Gray Day "(1897), full of drama drawing" Selfless "(1899g.). Landscapes of the 90s, written in a stingy tonal range, are characterized by simplicity and typical: these are images peasant Russia, filled deep spirits painted by harsh and sad lyrism. Direct response to the revolutionary events was a small picture "Meeting. The arrival of his wife to the reference "(1898). With this group of work, brightly detecting democratic trends of Serov, also pastel "Pushkin in the village" (1899g) and watercolor "Pushkin in the Park" (1899g), recreable felt image of the Great Poet.

End of 1890-1900. - The period of new various creative artist's quest. It creates numerous portraits, deep on the plan, various in genres - from intimate-lyrical to monumental, from sharp sketches to portraits. Serov acts at this time as a master of artistic typing, identification of character. Each portrait for Serov, according to his expression, is "a whole disease," he is deepening with such a creative passion in the study of nature, looking for new means of artistic expressiveness, seeks the vivid disclosure of the socio-psychological essence of man, seeks to express his attitude towards him. Charming female portraits S. M. Lukovskaya (Watercolor, 1999) and M.N. Akimova (1908) marked with spirituality of the image, high mastery of drawing and painting, transmitting the finest shades spiritual state. During this period, serov willingly draw children, subtly noticing the features of children's psychology: "Children" (1899g.), Mika Morozov (1901g.).

The new rise in the creation and social activity of Serov was due to the revolution 1905-1907. In 1905, Serov created a wonderful portrait gallery outstanding figures Russian Culture - M. Gorky, M.N. Yermolova, F.I. Shalyapin. In the same period of sulfur shows interest in the monumental classic art: He performs panels, paintings on antique themes, sketches of paintings based on the myth about Diana and Akteon.

Systematically improving their skills in the field of drawing, serov developed a peculiar individual manner, distinguished by accuracy and sharpness of fixation of phenomena, laconicism and expressiveness of the line. Serov painted pencil, coal, watercolor, ink, gouache. The main works of Serov are stored in Tretyakov Gallery In Moscow and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.

Movie artists made a huge contribution to the development of Russian and world art, creating a completely new aesthetic scale and expanding the storyline meal painting. Blanko experimenting in the art and compositions, these creators new formation They turned to social issues, broadcasting their point of view through the art, as well as the mood of society. Considerable merit of the mobileians lies both in line with artistic and educational work.

But why are these painters refer to "mobileians" and where did they move? Let's try to figure out.

From rebellion

The history of mobile phone or partnerships of mobile art exhibitions began with a bold rebellion - November 9, 1863. 14 of the most prominent students the Imperial Academy Artists refused to participate in the competition for a large gold medal, which provided for a pensioner trip to Europe. Paints did not want to fulfill the task of the proposed plot (a feast in Valhalle), demanding creative freedom in choosing the topic, in accordance with the personal inclinations of the artist. "

14 Bunters

All 14 painters left the Academy, creating an independent in the history of Russia for the first time in the history of Russia artistic Society - "St. Petersburg Artist Artists". In 1870, Artel was renamed to the partnership of mobile art exhibitions. The new association has seen the organization of mobile mobile exhibitionswhich could travel through the provinces of Russia, acquaintance of residents with art.

Principles and goals

He headed the partnership, together with other members of the association, he prepared the charter, which was approved by the Interior Minister A. Timashev. According to the charter, the targets of the mobileians (as they began to be simplified, already in very short time) were good, aimed at the benefit of society, and themselves:

• organize exhibitions throughout Russia, including to acquaint with the art of the province;
• develop love for art and aesthetic tastes People;
• easy for artists the sales process of paintings.

Democracy reigned in the device and board of the partnership - all issues were solved through the vote at the general meeting of all members. The charter in its unchanged existed for 18 years. All the upcoming amendments in the Charter were aimed at narrowing the democratic principles.

The leading direction was realism, and in many respects, this realism was accurate and dramatized. The authors in their works sought to raise sharp social problems - class inequality, injustice, poverty, etc.

Ultimately, freedom, proclaimed by once 14 by rebellious, slowly began to go to no - not everyone wanted to shout about problems. Did not bring the partnership and those who were fond of European impressionism, lightweight plots, and those who wanted to conquer the overseas audience, offering their work to contests or exhibitions abroad. It is enough to recall the negative reaction of the mobile phone to work or on written for foreign cabin.

At one time, in the ranks of the mobileians visited: I. Kramskaya, I. Repin, K. Makovsky, N. Bogdanov-Belsky, A. Arkhipov, and many others.

Someone left the ranks of the association quickly quickly, like Makovsky, choosing other landmarks for himself, someone devoted to the partnership all his life as Kramskaya.

During the years of its existence, an independent artistic association organized 47 exhibitions. In addition to the main exhibitions, there is always an organization of parallel exhibitions for cities that could not get into the main list. Thus, geography covered by mobile phone was more than impressive.

Moving from one city to another, these exhibitions carried culture in the masses in the most direct sense of the word, which affected the upbringing of society, was a powerful impetus for the development of the patronage, and also often became a platform for the education of new painters, who raised the highest level .