Easel painting genres. Easel painting
Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited to its own range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the world around (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.
Easel painting
The most popular and famous type of painting is easel painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on a machine - easel. The basis is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work performed in a specific genre. She has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often, easel painting is executed with oil paints. Oil paints can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.
Oil paints
Oil paints - suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. They are used in painting or for painting wood, metal and other surfaces.
V. Perov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can be created with the help of tempera, gouache, pastel, watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Aquarelle (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, due to this, the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions is created.
J. Turner "Lake Lucerne" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)
Gouache
Gouache (fr. Gouache, Italian. Guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.
Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. An admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety texture, but when it dries, the colors whiten (lighten) a little, which the artist should take into account when drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can overlap dark tones with light ones.
Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor in Azulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [uh]
Pastel (from Lat. Pasta - dough) - art materials used in graphics and painting. Most often it is produced in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, in the form of bars with a round or square section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.
I. Levitan "River Valley" (pastel)
Tempera
Tempera (Italian tempera, from Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-borne paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of tempera paints is a chicken egg yolk diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and distribution of oil paints up to the XV-XVII centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for over 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made with tempera paints. Tempera was mainly easel painting by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera writing was predominant until the end of the 17th century.
R. Streltsov "Daisies and Violets" (tempera)
Encaustic
Encaustic (from ancient Greek. Ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique. It originated in Ancient Greece.
"Angel". Encaustic technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolors, gouache and other techniques using water-based paper and paints are referred to as graphics. They combine the peculiarities of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in the construction of an image, the absence of a specific relief of a brushstroke characteristic of a painted surface).
Monumental painting
Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other bases. This is the oldest type of painting, known from the Paleolithic. Due to its stationarity and durability, numerous of its samples remained from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and secco, mosaic, stained glass.
Fresco
Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the techniques of wall painting. When dry, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, which makes the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Most Holy Theotokos. Fresco on the upper and south side of the Arc de Triomphe
A secco
A sekko (from Italian a secco - on dry) - wall painting, performed, in contrast to a fresco, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Used paints, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint more surface area in a working day than with fresco painting, but is not such a durable technique.
The asecco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper (1498). Technique a secco
Mosaic
Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated to the muses) is a decorative, applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by assembling, assembling and fixing colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.
Mosaic panel "Cat"
Stained glass
Stained glass (fr. Vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) - a work of colored glass. For a long time, stained glass has been used in temples. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.
Stained-glass window DK "Mezhsoyuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama are also types of painting.
Diorama
The building of the diorama "Storming Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
A diorama is a ribbon-like pictorial painting curved in a semicircle with a foreground subject plan. The illusion of the viewer's presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: "Storming Sapun Mountain" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breaking through the blockade of Leningrad" (Petersburg), "Storming Berlin" (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, a panorama is called a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject first plan. The panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are mainly used to depict events covering a large area and a large number of participants.
Museum-panorama "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, The Volochaevskaya Battle, The Defeat of the Nazi Troops at Stalingrad, in the Battle of Stalingrad Museum Panorama, The Defense of Sevastopol, and the Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama.
Franz Roubaud. Panoramic canvas "Battle of Borodino"
Theatrical and decorative painting
Decorations, costumes, make-up, props help to reveal more deeply the content of the play (film). The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, activates the viewer's perception of what is happening on the stage. The theatrical artist strives to sharply express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and make-up.
In Russia, the flowering of theatrical and decorative art falls on the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A. Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel "The City of Candy". Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
Miniature is a piece of painting in small forms. The miniature portrait was especially popular - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only in this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolors, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can enter the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.
Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (jewelry of the Yusupovs)
Monumental painting is large paintings on the interior or exterior walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). A work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (walls, supports, ceilings, etc.). Significant themes are also chosen for monumental paintings: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales, etc. Mosaic and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art, are directly related to monumental painting. It is important here to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts. Monumental painting, in addition to its connection with architecture (stylistic, compositional and thematic), should have a generalization of images, stylization, a color scheme appropriate to the situation and a commensurate scale with the surrounding objects.
Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental painting, is not associated with architecture, has an independent character, independent meaning and is perceived regardless of the environment .. Easel painting works (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries. ... The term "easel painting" comes from the machine (easel) on which the paintings are created.
Miniature (from Latin minium - red paints used in the design of handwritten books) - in the visual arts, pictorial, sculptural and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.
Miniature portrait - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only in this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolors, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The image, in accordance with the author's compositional decision (or at the request of the customer), can be inscribed in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Like a pictorial one, a miniature portrait can be intimate or ceremonial; one-, two- or multi-shaped; have a story basis or not. As in a large, "adult" portrait, the depicted face can be placed against a neutral, landscape background or in the interior. And although the miniature portrait obeys the same basic laws of development and the same aesthetic canons as the entire portrait genre as a whole, but, nevertheless, differs from it both in the essence of the artistic solution and in its area of application - the miniature is always more intimate. ...
Illumination (from Latin illumino - illuminate, make bright, decorate) - the process of making colored miniatures (illuminations) and ornamentation in medieval manuscript books.
Illuminated Manuscripts are handwritten medieval books adorned with colorful miniatures and ornaments. In the Russian tradition, in addition to the term "illuminated" for handwritten books with miniatures, the term facial manuscripts is often used. With the invention of typography, handwritten books gradually fell out of use.
To create books, paints from natural pigments were used, as a result, amazing in saturation and depth, red, blue, green, yellow and other colors were obtained. In addition, silver and gold were used to create miniatures.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Easel painting- one of the types of painting, the works of which have an independent meaning and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting created on an easel machine.
A work of easel painting - a painting - is created on a non-stationary (as opposed to monumental painting) and non-utilitarian (as opposed to decorative painting) basis (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, silk) and assumes an independent perception that is not conditioned by the environment.
The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolors, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become prevalent.
Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School named after V.I. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.
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Excerpt from Easel Painting
And to the answer that there are more than two hundred churches, he said:- Why such an abyss of churches?
“The Russians are very pious,” answered Balashev.
“However, a large number of monasteries and churches is always a sign of the backwardness of the people,” said Napoleon, looking back at Caulaincourt for an assessment of this judgment.
Balashev respectfully allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.
“Each country has its own customs,” he said.
“But nowhere else in Europe is there anything like it,” Napoleon said.
“I apologize to your Majesty,” said Balashev, “besides Russia, there is also Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries.
This answer from Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was later highly appreciated, according to Balashev, at the court of Emperor Alexander and was very little appreciated now, at Napoleon's dinner, and passed unnoticed.
From the indifferent and bewildered faces of the gentlemen of the marshals, it was evident that they were perplexed about what the severity was, which Balashev's intonation hinted at. "If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not at all witty," said the expressions on the faces of the marshals. This answer was so little appreciated that Napoleon did not even notice it and naively asked Balashev about which cities the direct road to Moscow goes from here. Balashev, who was on the alert all the time of dinner, replied that comme tout chemin mene a Rome, tout chemin mene a Moscou, [as every road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, so all roads lead to Moscow,] that there are many roads, and that among these different paths there is the road to Poltava, which Karl XII chose, said Balashev, involuntarily flushing with pleasure at the success of this answer. Before Balashev had time to finish the last words: "Poltawa", Colencourt had already started talking about the inconveniences of the road from Petersburg to Moscow and about his Petersburg memories.
After dinner we went to drink coffee in Napoleon's office, which four days ago was the office of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, touching the coffee in the Sevres cup, and pointed to a chair vilely to Balashev.
, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and presupposes an independent perception that is not conditioned by the environment.
The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolors, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become prevalent.
A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-circulation painting technique that uses the technique of applying a paint layer on paper by printing from a board (metal, plastic, glass), which is typical for printmaking.
The European painting, as a rule, is separated from the surrounding by a frame or mat; the Eastern tradition leaves painting in a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating on a decorative base.
Easel painting is one of the main types of fine art, the richest in genres and styles.
Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School named after V.I. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.
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PAINTING- a kind of fine art, works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The system of color combinations (coloring) allows you to convey the subtlest nuances of reality, and in general, pictorial ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary
Painting antique- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; known are the murals of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as production. easel painting. Bolyp in monuments dr. Gr. painting ... ... The ancient world. Reference dictionary.
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Books
- Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, The Pre-Renaissance Era brought to life the humanistic art of Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the fame of the first master of that time for the artist. In many ways, it was he who determined ... Category: Foreign artists Series: Painting masterpieces Publisher:
"Painting- almost the oldest of the arts known to mankind. Images of animals and people made in the era of primitive society on the walls of caves have survived to this day. Many millennia have passed since then, but painting has always remained a constant companion of a person's spiritual life.
Like any independent branch of artistic creation, painting has a number of unique, original features. She tells about life, depicts people, nature, the objective world surrounding a person through visual images... These images are created using a whole system of techniques developed and improved by many generations of artists.
Unlike a writer, an artist cannot show a chain of events taking place in different places at different times. Embodying the plot, the painter is limited by the limits of one moment and unchanging setting. Therefore, he seeks to find and vividly depict such a situation in which the characters of the characters, their relationships and the whole meaning of the captured life event are most fully revealed.
The artistic "language" of painting helps to achieve this goal. After all, the author of the paintings tells by showing. And in this "visual narration" the color is bright or dull, calm or flaming, and the movement of lines is rapid, tense or smooth, slow, and many, many other features of the pictorial solution have great expressiveness, contribute to the disclosure of feelings, thoughts, moods. Therefore, the content of a plot picture is fully comprehended only by the viewer who not only "reads" a certain plot in it, but also "sees" its pictorial embodiment.
If a drawing constitutes, so to speak, the "skeleton" of a painting, then its "flesh and blood" is color. Artists use color not only to convey the real color of objects, but also to create a certain mood, for the purpose of poetic embodiment of an idea. Remember "Girl with Peaches" by V.A. Serov: the general bluish-gray tone, shaded by the pink spot of the girl's dress, the shades and reflections of the quivering, flickering light penetrating every millimeter of the canvas - after all, this creates that impression of freshness, purity, youthful joy of life, which is the very essence of the picture. And what a huge semantic role are played by the numerous shades of red found in IE Repin's painting "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan"! How important are the contrasts of black and white in the tragic narration of "Boyarynya Morozova" by V.I. Surikov!
Exists two main types of painting: monumental and easel. Monumental painting always associated with architecture - it is painting walls and ceilings of buildings, decorating them with images from mosaics and other materials, stained glass - paintings and ornaments from colored glass, etc. Easel painting is not associated with a specific building and can be transferred from one room to another.
Have easel painting there are many varieties ("genres"). The most important of them are subject painting, portrait, landscape and still life.
In the works of various genres of painting, as it were, separate aspects of life are distinguished. So, portrait reproduces the appearance of a person. In other cases, the heroes of portrait paintings are shown in their usual everyday environment, in others we do not find any additional details. The main and, of course, the most difficult task of an artist in this genre is to reveal the inner world of the person being portrayed, the main features of his character, psychology.
Pictures showing the life of nature belong to the genre landscape... True masters of landscape art not only depict the nature of a country, region, place, but also convey in their paintings the perception of nature by a person, always associated with the artist's worldview and experiences. For example, in the famous "Vladimirka" by I. Levitan, which depicts the road along which prisoners were driven to hard labor in tsarist times, the feelings of heaviness, grief, and deep bitterness seemed to thicken. In A. Savrasov's landscape "The Rooks Have Arrived", the spectacle of the early Russian spring inspires a feeling of bright hope, light, pensive sadness. We also find soulful images of national nature in Soviet artists. So, masters of the Soviet landscape: G. Nyssky, M. Saryan, S. Gerasimov and a number of others - remarkably showed in their paintings the changes that the years of the Soviet system made in the appearance of their native land, sang poetry and the beauty of new times.
French the word "still life" means literally translated "dead nature". Masters of this genre depict fruits, vegetables, flowers, furnishings, etc. However, truly artistic still lifes are by no means a blind repetition of forms, lines, colors of nature. Just as in landscapes, still lifes in a peculiar way reflect the ideas of contemporaries about the beautiful, their thoughts and moods.
In the Soviet section of the Tretyakov Gallery there are still lifes by I. Mashkov “Moscow Food. Bread "," Moscow food. Meat, game. " The artist here depicts heroic products, powerful, juicy, teasing in their solemn splendor. He sang the abundance of the gifts of the earth, its fertility, generosity. This character of the image speaks volumes about the life-affirming view of the world, the full-blooded optimism so characteristic of the Soviet people. Similar features, although each time expressed in their own way, we can find in the wonderful still lifes of Soviet artists P. Konchalovsky, M. Saryan and others. All genres of painting - each in its own way - can express great ideas and feelings that excite people.
How to write an easel painting? In past centuries, wood of various species served as its basis, and in the East, in addition, silk, parchment, rice paper, etc. Modern craftsmen, as a rule, use canvas as a base. In order for the canvas to absorb and retain the paint, it is first glued, and then primed with a dense layer of a special mixture. An image is applied to the primed canvas with paints. Modern artists most often use oil paints. Much less often, paintings are created using water-based paints - watercolors. Even less commonly used pastel- dry pressed paints mixed with liquid glue.
Before taking up the brush, the artist usually draws in preliminary sketches (sketches), and then on the canvas, the images of the characters, the shapes of objects, the contours of the situation, outlines the construction (composition) of the future picture.
Then he carefully studies in carefully executed works from nature (sketches) the poses and psychological states of people he needs, furnishings, light, and only after that proceeds to create the picture itself.
Ultimately, the artist's idea receives a full and complete expression, and his picture becomes for us a source of great joy in knowing life. "