The composition "A Hero of Our Time" is a socio-psychological novel. A Hero of Our Time "as a psychological novel

11.04.2019

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And it's boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand

In a moment of mental adversity ...

Desires! What is the use of wanting in vain and forever? ..

And the years go by - everyone best years!

M.Yu. Lermontov

In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" Lermontov poses to the reader a question that worries everyone: why the most worthy, intelligent and energetic people of his time do not find use for their remarkable abilities and wither at the very beginning of their life impulse without a struggle? The writer answers this question with the life story of the protagonist Pechorin. Lermontov masterfully draws the image young man, which belongs to the generation of the 30s of the XIX century and in which the vices of this generation are generalized.

The era of reaction in Russia has left its mark on people's behavior. Tragic fate the hero is the tragedy of an entire generation, a generation of unrealized opportunities. The young nobleman had to either lead the life of a secular slacker, or be bored and wait for death. The character of Pechorin is revealed in relationships with various people: highlanders, smugglers, Maxim Maksimych, “water society”.

In clashes with the mountaineers, the "oddities" of the character of the protagonist are revealed. Pechorin has a lot in common with the people of the Caucasus. Like the highlanders, he is determined and brave. His strong will knows no barriers. The goal set by him is achieved by any means, by all means. "Such was the man, God knows him!" - says Maksim Maksimych about him. But Pechorin's goals themselves are shallow, often meaningless, always selfish. Among ordinary people, living according to the customs of their ancestors, he brings evil: he pushes Kazbich and Azamat into the path of crimes, mercilessly destroys the mountain woman Bela only because she had the misfortune to please him.

In the story “Bela,” Pechorin's character is still a mystery. True, Lermontov slightly reveals the secret of his behavior. Pechorin confesses to Maxim Maksimych that his "soul is spoiled by the light." We begin to guess that Pechorin's selfishness is the result of influence secular society to which he belongs from birth.

In the story "Taman" Pechorin again intervenes in the life of strangers. The mysterious behavior of the smugglers promised an exciting adventure. And Pechorin embarked on a dangerous adventure with sole purpose- “get the key to this riddle”. Dormant forces awakened, will, concentration, courage and determination were manifested. But when the secret was revealed, the aimlessness of Pechorin's decisive actions was exposed.

And again, boredom, complete indifference to the people around him. “Yes, and I care about the joys and disasters of men, me, a wandering officer, and even with a road trip due to the state’s need!” - Pechorin thinks with bitter irony.

The contradictoriness and duality of Pechorin stand out even more clearly in comparison with Maksim Maksimych. The staff captain lives for others, Pechorin - only for himself. One instinctively reaches out to people, the other is closed in himself, indifferent to the fate of others. And it is not surprising that their friendship ends dramatically. Pechorin's cruelty towards the old man is an external manifestation of his character, and underneath this external lies a bitter doom to loneliness.

The social and psychological motivation for Pechorin's actions is clearly seen in the story "Princess Mary". Here we see Pechorin in a circle of officers and nobles. " Water society”- the social environment to which the hero belongs.

Pechorin is bored in the company of petty envious people, insignificant intriguers, devoid of noble aspirations and elementary decency. Disgust for these people, among whom he is forced to stay, is ripening in his soul.

Lermontov shows how a person's character is influenced by social conditions, the environment in which he lives. Pechorin was not born " moral cripple”. Nature gave him a deep, sharp mind, and a kind, responsive heart, and a strong will. However, in all collisions of life, good, noble impulses ultimately give way to cruelty. Pechorin learned to be guided only by personal desires and aspirations.

Who is to blame for the fact that the excellent inclinations of Pechorin perished? Why did he become a “moral cripple”? The society is to blame, the social conditions in which the young man was brought up and lived are to blame. “My colorless youth proceeded in a struggle with myself and the light,” he admits, “my best qualities, fearing ridicule, I kept in the depths of my heart; they died there. "

But Pechorin - outstanding personality... This person rises above those around him. “Yes, this person has strength of mind and the power of will, which you do not have,” wrote Belinsky, referring to the critics of Lermontov's Pechorin. - In his very vices, something magnificent flashes through him, like lightning in black clouds, and he is beautiful, full of poetry even in those moments when human feeling rises up against him: he has a different purpose, a different path than you. His passions are storms that cleanse the sphere of the spirit ... "

Creating "A Hero of Our Time", unlike his previous works, Lermontov no longer imagined life, but painted it as it really was. Before us is a realistic novel. The writer found new artistic means images of faces and events. Lermontov demonstrates the ability to structure the action in such a way that one character is revealed through the perception of the other.

So, the author travel notes, in which we guess the features of Lermontov himself, tells us the story of Bela from the words of Maxim Maksimych, who, in turn, conveys Pechorin's monologues. And in "Pechorin's journal" we see the hero in a new light - such as he was alone with himself, as he could appear in his diary, but would never be revealed in public.

Only once we see Pechorin, as the author sees him. The brilliant pages of “Maksim Maksimych” leave a deep mark in the heart of the reader. This story evokes deep sympathy for the deceived captain and at the same time indignation against the brilliant Pechorin.

The disease of the duality of the protagonist makes you think about the nature of the time in which he lives and which feeds him. Pechorin himself admits that two people live in his soul: one commits acts, and the other judges him. The tragedy of the suffering egoist is that his mind and his powers do not find a worthy application. Pechorin's indifference to everything and everyone is not so much his fault as a heavy cross. “The tragedy of Pechorin,” wrote Belinsky. - first of all, in the contradiction between the lofty nature and the pitiful actions. "

It should be said that the novel "A Hero of Our Time" has the properties high poetry... Precision, capacity, brilliance of descriptions, comparisons, metaphors distinguish this work. The writer's syllable is distinguished by the brevity and sharpness of aphorisms. This syllable is brought in the novel to high degree perfection.

The descriptions of nature in the novel are unusually plastic. Depicting Pyatigorsk at night, Lermontov first describes what he notices in the dark with his eyes, and then he hears his ear: “The city was asleep, only in some of the windows there were flashing lights. On three sides blackened the ridges of the cliffs, the branches of Mashuk, on top of which an ominous cloud lay; the month rose in the east; in the distance the snowy mountains glittered with silver fringes. The calls of the sentries were interspersed with the noise of hot springs released for the night. At times the sonorous stamp of a horse was heard along the street, accompanied by the cry of a Nagai cart and a mournful Tatar chorus ”.

Lermontov, having written the novel "A Hero of Our Time", entered world literature as a master of realistic prose. The young genius revealed the complex nature of his contemporary. He created a true, typical image that reflected the essential features of an entire generation. "Admire what the heroes of our time are!" - the content of the book tells everyone.

The novel "A Hero of Our Time" became a mirror of the life of Russia in the 1930s, the first Russian socio-psychological novel.

"A Hero of Our Time" first saw the light in the magazine " Domestic notes", Where he was printed chapter by chapter. Literary critic Belinsky highly appreciated the novel, he was the first to understand that these were not separate stories, but single piece, the idea of which becomes clear only when the reader gets acquainted with all the stories.

Tale of the novel as a portrait of Pechorin

The chapter "Princess Mary" is the main one, as it most vividly reveals specific features Pechorin's character, which is why the novel can be called psychological work... Here the hero writes about himself, which makes it possible for him to most fully pour out his emotional disturbances. It is not for nothing that the author pointed out in the preface to the "Pechorin Journal" that here the history of the human soul rises before the reader.

Diary entries enable the hero to talk about what he feels and think, as well as blame himself for his sins. These lines contain clues to his character and an explanation of the oddities of his behavior.

The ambiguity of the personality of the main character

To say that Grigory Pechorin is only black or only white is impossible. His character is multifaceted, ambiguous. Reading about relations with Bela or Maksim Maksimych, we see an egoist in front of us, but this is an intelligent, educated, brave egoist. He does not know how to be friends or love, but he critically perceives himself, not whitewashing his actions.

Gregory feels that his personality consists of two people, and one condemns the other for bad deeds. Egocentrism is combined with sober self-criticism, skepticism in relation to universal human values - with strong mind, energy - with aimless existence.

Coldness of feelings as a product of the era

The book shows us Pechorin's relationship in love and friendship. Either it is passionate love, following hand in hand with death, pursuit, war, deceit ("Bela"), now romantic and mysterious ("Taman"), now tragic ("Princess Mary"). Friendship is shown with their peers - for example, with Grushnitsky, or with an old officer. But every story shows him not up to par.

Gregory is not vicious, he is just a product of his era, the result of education in that suffocating social and psychological climate of the surrounding society. Here people are raised who do not know how to appreciate the feelings of others, do not know what it is living life... Lermontov does not condemn the main character, it is Grigory himself.

Socio-psychological topicality of the novel

Chernyshevsky said that this book is directed against the vices of society - it shows how wonderful people under the pressure of the environment, they turn into insignificance.

Senseless, deceitful, stupid - this is how the society of aristocrats appears according to Pechorin's descriptions. Not a single living and sincere feeling will survive here, here ignorance and anger, arrogance and rudeness of the noble circle burn out life itself. Heroes cannot be born here, and those that exist, eventually become indistinguishable from other members of society - without feelings, aspirations, goals, love and affections.

The author shows that even the smartest individuals are devastated in this rotten environment. Pechorin's attempt to distance himself from society turns him into a yearning, restless individualist, with increased egoism, from which not only those around him suffer, but he himself. Lermontov draws skillfully psychological picture representative of that era, realistically depicts society and castigates its vices, creating deep piece socio-psychological orientation.

Roman M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" is considered the first Russian socio-psychological and philosophical novel... In connection with the desire of the author to reveal the "history of the human soul" Lermontov's novel turned out to be rich in deep psychological analysis. The author examines the "soul" of not only the protagonist, but all the rest actors... Lermontov's psychologism is specific in that he acts not as a form of self-expression of the writer, but as an object artistic image... The external appearance of the hero, and his customs, and his actions, and his feelings are subjected to analysis. Lermontov is attentive to the shades of feelings, the state of a person, his gestures and postures. The author's style can be called psychological and analytical.

Introspection of Pechorin is very deep, every state of mind written out in detail and in detail, analyzed their own behavior and psychological reasons, motives and intentions of actions. Doctor Werner Pechorin confesses: "There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him ..." Behind what is visible in a work reveals the essential, behind the outside - the internal. Psychologism serves here as a way of discovering and knowing what at first perception seems mysterious, mysterious and strange. An important place in the novel, where the action takes place in different geographic locations(by the sea, in the mountains, in the steppe, in Cossack village) occupies the landscape. The perception of nature in the work helps to reveal inner world hero, his condition, his receptivity to beauty. "I remember," Pechorin writes in his journal, "this time more than ever before, I loved nature." The hero of the novel is close to nature with all its diversity, and it acts on his inner world. Pechorin is convinced that the soul depends on nature and its forces. The landscape of each part of the novel is subordinated to the idea that is realized in it. So, in "Bela" the Caucasian nature is sketched (rocks, cliffs, Aragva, snowy peaks of the mountains), which is opposed to the northern nature and disharmoniously organized society.

The beautiful and majestic nature contrasts with the petty, unchanging interests of people and their suffering. The restless, capricious element of the sea contributes to the romance in which the smugglers from the Taman chapter appear before us. The morning landscape, full of freshness, including golden clouds, is the exposition of the chapter "Maksim Maksimych". Nature in "Princess Mary" becomes psychological remedy disclosure of the character of Pechorin. Before the duel - by contrast - a radiance is introduced sunlight, and after the fight the sun will seem dim to the hero, and its rays no longer warm. In Fatalist, the cold light of shining stars on a dark blue vault leads Pechorin to philosophical reflections about predestination and fate.

In general, this work is a socio-psychological and philosophical novel, akin to a travel novel, close to travel notes. The genre of the psychological novel demanded the creation of a new novel structure and a special psychological plot, where Lermontov separated the author from the hero and arranged the stories in a special sequence. "Bela" is a work that combines a travel sketch and a short story about the love of a European for a savage.

"Maksim Maksimych" is a story with a central episode, given in close-up.

"Taman" - a synthesis of a short story and travel sketch with an unexpected ending.

"Princess Mary" - "secular story" psychological nature with the hero's diary and a satirical sketch of the mores of the "water society".

"Fatalist" - philosophical tale coupled with the "mystical tale" of the fatal shot and the "mysterious incident".

But all of these genre forms, individual narratives became Lermontov's parts of a single whole - research the spiritual world modern hero, whose personality and destiny unite the whole story. The prehistory of Pechorin is deliberately excluded, which gives his biography a trait of mystery.

It is interesting to know what is the second person in Pechorin who thinks and condemns himself first of all. In "Pechorin's Journal" the character of the hero is revealed, as it were, "from the inside", it reveals the motives of his strange actions, his attitude towards himself, self-esteem.

For Lermontov, not only the actions of a person were always important, but their motivation, which, for one reason or another, could not be realized.

Pechorin compares favorably with the rest of the characters in that he is disturbed by questions of conscious human existence - about the purpose and meaning of human life, about its purpose. He is worried that his only purpose is to destroy other people's hopes. He is indifferent even to his life. Only curiosity, the expectation of something new excites him.

However, asserting its human dignity Pechorin actively acts, resists circumstances throughout the entire novel. Pechorin judges and executes himself, and this is his right is emphasized by the composition, in which the last narrator is Pechorin. Everything important that was hidden from the people around him, who lived next to him, who loved him, was conveyed by Pechorin himself.

By creating the novel "A Hero of Our Time" Lermontov made a huge contribution to the development of Russian literature, continuing Pushkin's realistic traditions. Like his great predecessor, Lermontov generalized in the image of Pechorin typical features young generation his era, creating vivid image man of the 30s 19th century. The main problem the novel became the fate of an extraordinary human personality in an era of timelessness, the hopelessness of the situation of gifted, intelligent, educated young nobles.

The main idea of Lermontov's novel is associated with its central image - Pechorin; everything is subordinated to the task of a comprehensive and deep disclosure of the character of this hero. Belinsky very accurately noticed the originality of the author's description of Pechorin. Lermontov, but the expression of the critic, depicted " the inner person", acting as a deep psychologist and realist artist. This means that Lermontov was the first in Russian literature to use psychological analysis as a means to reveal the character of the hero, his inner world. A deep penetration into the psychology of Pechorin helps to better understand the acuity social problems set in the novel. This gave Belinsky a reason to call Lermontov "the solver of important contemporary issues."

Attention is drawn to the unusual composition of the novel. It consists of individual works, in which there is not a single plot, no permanent characters, not a single storyteller. These five stories are united only by the image of the main character - Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin. They are located in such a way that the chronology of the hero's life is clearly violated. In this case, it was important for the author to show Pechorin in a different setting in communication with the most by different people, choose to describe the most important, significant episodes of his life. In each story, the author places his hero in a new environment, where he encounters people of a different social status and mental make-up: mountaineers, smugglers, officers, noble "water society". And each time Pechorin opens up to the reader from a new side, revealing new facets of character.

Let us remember that in the first story "Bela" we are introduced to Pechorin by a man who served with Grigory Alexandrovich in the fortress and was an unwitting witness to the story of Bela's abduction. The elderly officer is sincerely attached to Pechorin, takes his actions to heart. He draws attention to the external strangeness of the character of the "thin ensign" and cannot understand how a person who can easily endure both rain and cold, who walked one-on-one on a wild boar, can shudder and turn pale from the accidental knock of the shutter. In the story with Bela, Pechorin's character appears to be unusual and mysterious. The old officer cannot comprehend the motives of his behavior, since he is unable to comprehend the depths of his experiences.

The next meeting with the hero takes place in the story "Maxim Maksimych", where we see him through the eyes of the author-narrator. He no longer acts as a hero of some story, says a few nothing meaningful phrases, but we have the opportunity to look closely at Pechorin's bright, original appearance. The author's sharp-sighted, penetrating look notes the contradictions of his appearance: a combination of blond hair and black mustache and eyebrows, broad shoulders and pale thin fingers. The narrator's attention is drawn to his gaze, the strangeness of which is manifested in the fact that his eyes did not laugh when he laughed. "This is a sign of either an evil disposition, or deep constant sadness," the author notes, revealing the complexity and contradictory character of the hero.

Pechorin's diary, which unites the last three stories of the novel, helps to understand this extraordinary nature. The hero writes about himself sincerely and fearlessly, not afraid to expose his weaknesses and vices. In the preface to the "Pechorin Journal" the author notes that the history of the human soul is almost more useful and more curious than history the whole people. In the first story "Taman", which tells about an accidental collision of a hero with " peaceful smugglers", the complexities and contradictions of Pechorin's nature seem to recede into the background. We see an energetic, courageous, decisive person who is full of interest in the people around him, thirsts for action, tries to unravel the mystery of the people with whom his fate accidentally confronts. But the ending of the story is banal. Pechorin's curiosity ruined a well-ordered life " honest smugglers", dooming the blind boy and the old woman to a beggarly existence. Pechorin himself writes with regret in his diary:" Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calmness. " and insignificant, devoid of a high goal, do not correspond to the rich possibilities of his nature.

Pechorin's uncommon personality, in my opinion, is most clearly manifested in the story "Princess Mary". It is enough to read his apt, precise characteristics given to representatives of the noble "water society" of Pyatigorsk, his original judgments, amazing landscape sketches to understand that he stands out from the people around him by the strength and independence of character, by a deep analytical mind, high culture, erudition, developed aesthetic sense. Pechorin's speech is full of aphorisms and paradoxes. For example, he writes: "After all, nothing worse than death will happen - and death cannot be avoided."

But what does Pechorin spend his spiritual wealth, his immense strength on? On love affairs, intrigues, skirmishes with Grushnitsky and dragoon captains. Yes, he always comes out the winner, as in the story with Grushnitsky and Mary. But this does not bring him either joy or satisfaction. Pechorin feels and understands the inconsistency of his actions with high, noble aspirations. This leads the hero to a split personality. He closes in on his own actions and experiences. Nowhere in his diary do we find even a mention of our homeland, people, political problems of modern reality. Pechorin is only interested in his own inner world. Constant attempts to understand the motives of his actions, eternal merciless introspection, constant doubts lead to the fact that he loses the ability to simply live, to feel joy, fullness and strength of feeling. He made himself an object for observation. He is no longer able to experience excitement, because, as soon as he felt it, he immediately begins to think that he is still capable of worrying. This means that the merciless analysis of his own thoughts and actions kills in Pechorin the immediacy of the perception of life, plunges him into a painful contradiction with himself.

Pechorin in the novel is completely alone, since he himself repels those who are able to love and understand him. But still, some entries in his diary say that he needs close person that he was tired of being alone. Lermontov's novel leads to the conclusion that the tragic discord in the hero's soul is caused by the fact that the rich forces of his soul did not find a worthy application, that the life of this original, extraordinary nature was wasted on trifles and finally devastated.

Thus, the history of Pechorin's soul helps to better understand the tragedy of the fate of the young generation of the 30s of the XIX century, makes one think about the causes of this "disease of the century" and try to find a way out of the moral impasse into which the reaction has brought Russia.

The hero of our time is several frames, embedded in one large frame, which consists of the title of the novel and the unity of the heroes.

V. Belinsky Everyone literary hero(if it comes about great literature) is always the favorite creation of its author. Any writer puts a piece of his soul, his views, convictions, ideals into his hero. And each literary hero invariably carries the features of his era and his environment: he lives in accordance with his own kind or "breaks out" from the generally accepted patterns of social behavior. Thus, in Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin, a young man of the 1920s lives and acts: intelligent, educated, belonging to the highest aristocracy, but dissatisfied with the existing reality, who spent the best years of his life on a meaningless and aimless existence. The appearance of such a hero caused in society and literary circles twenties a storm of passions. They had not yet had time to subside, as was born new hero, but already the hero of the thirties of the XIX century - Grigory Pechorin from the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time".

Why are the disputes about Onegin and Pechorin still very topical, although the way of life is now completely different. Everything else: ideals, goals, thoughts, dreams. In my opinion, the answer to this question is very simple: the meaning of human existence excites everyone, no matter what time we live, what we think and dream about.

The central part of the novel, Pechorin's Diary, is characterized by a particularly in-depth psychological analysis. For the first time in Russian literature such a merciless exposure of a hero to his personality appears. The hero's experiences are analyzed by him with the "severity of a judge and a citizen." Pechorin says: "I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feelings are boiling in my chest." The habit of introspection is complemented by the skills of constant observation of others. In essence, all Pechorin's relations with people are a kind of psychological experiments that interest the hero with their complexity and for a while entertain with luck. This is the story with Bela, the story of the victory over Mary. The psychological "game" with Grushnitsky was similar, whom Pechorin was fooling about, saying that Mary was not indifferent to him, so that later he could prove his deplorable mistake. Pechorin argues that "ambition is nothing more than a thirst for power, and happiness is just pompous pride."

If A.S. Pushkin is considered to be the creator of the first realistic novel in verse about modernity, while Lermontov is the author of the first socio-psychological novel in prose. His novel is distinguished by the depth of analysis of the psychological perception of the world. Depicting his era, Lermontov exposes it to a deep critical review without succumbing to any illusion and seduction. Lermontov shows all the most weak sides of his generation: coldness of hearts, selfishness, fruitlessness of activity.

The realism of the "Hero of Our Time" is in many respects different from the realism Pushkin's novel... Pushing aside the everyday elements, the life story of the heroes, Lermontov focuses on their inner world, revealing in detail the motives that prompted one or another hero to do something. The author depicts all kinds of overflows of feelings with such depth, penetration and detail that the literature of his time did not yet know.

The rebellious nature of Pechorin refuses joys and peace of mind... This hero is always "asking for the storm." His nature is too rich in passions and thoughts, too free to be content with little and not demand great feelings, events, sensations from the world. Self-analysis is necessary for a modern person in order to correctly correlate his fate and destiny with real life to understand your place in this world. Lack of conviction is a real tragedy for the hero and his generation. The "Pechorin's Diary" reveals a living, complex, rich, analytical work mind. This proves to us not only that the main character- a typical figure, but also the fact that there are young people in Russia who are tragically lonely. Pechorin ranks himself among the pitiful descendants who wander the earth without conviction. He says: "We are no longer capable of great sacrifices, either for the good of mankind, or even for our own happiness." The same idea is repeated by Lermontov in the poem "Duma":

We are rich, barely from the cradle,

By the mistakes of the fathers and their late minds,

And life weary us, like a straight path without a goal,

Like a feast at a stranger's holiday.

Every truly Russian person feels uneasy at the thought that M.Yu. Lermontov died so early. Solving moral problem the goals of life, the main character of his work, Grigory Pechorin, could not find an application for his abilities. "Why did I live? For what purpose I was born ... But, surely, I had a high purpose, since I feel immense strength in my soul," he writes. In this dissatisfaction with oneself lie the origins of Pechorin's attitude to the people around him. He is indifferent to their experiences, therefore, without hesitation, distorts other people's fates. Pushkin wrote about such young people: "There are millions of two-legged creatures, for them there is only one name."

Using Pushkin's words, we can say about Pechorin that his views on life "reflected a century, and modern man depicted quite correctly, with his immoral soul, selfish and dry. ”This is how Lermontov saw his generation.

17.3 Why is M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is called socio-psychological in the criticism? (based on the novel "A Hero of Our Time")

"A Hero of Our Time" is the first social psychological romance... It is also saturated genre originality... So, in the main character, Pechorin, features appear romantic hero although the generally accepted literary direction"A Hero of Our Time" - realism.

The novel combines multiple features of realism, such as the conscious separation of oneself from the hero, the desire for maximum objectivity of the narrative, with a rich description of the hero's inner world, which is characteristic of romanticism. However, many literary critics emphasized that both Lermontov and Pushkin and Gogol distinguished themselves from the romantics in that for them the inner world of the personality serves for research, and not for the author's self-expression.

In the preface to the novel, Lermontov compares himself to a doctor who diagnoses modern society... He considers Pechorin as an example. The main character is a typical representative of his time. He is endowed with the features of a person of his era and his social circle. It is characterized by coldness, rebellion, passion of nature and opposition to society.

What else makes it possible to classify the novel as a socio-psychological one? Definitely a feature of the composition. Its specificity is manifested in the fact that the chapters are not located in chronological order... Thus, the author wanted to gradually reveal to us the character and essence of the protagonist. First, Pechorin is shown to us through the prism of other heroes ("Bela", "Maxim Maksimych"). According to Maksim Maksimych, Pechorin was "a nice guy ... just a little strange." Further, the narrator finds "Pechorin's journal", where the personality of the character is revealed from his side. In these notes, the author finds many interesting situations, which the main character managed to visit. With each story we plunge deeper and deeper into the “essence of the soul” of Pechorin. In each chapter we see many actions of Grigory Alexandrovich, which he tries to analyze independently. And as a result, we find a reasonable explanation for them. Yes, oddly enough, all his actions, no matter how terrible and inhuman they may be, are logically justified. To test Pechorin, Lermontov confronts him with "ordinary" people. It would seem that only Pechorin stands out for his cruelty in the novel. But no, all his entourage also possess cruelty: Bela, who did not notice the captain's affection, Mary, who rejected Grushnitsky, who was in love with her, smugglers who abandoned the poor, blind boy to their fate. This is how Lermontov wanted to portray a cruel generation of people, one of prominent representatives which is Pechorin.

Thus, the novel can reasonably be attributed to the socio-psychological, because in it the author examines the inner world of a person, analyzes his actions and gives them an explanation.

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -

The novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" is considered the first Russian socio-psychological and philosophical novel. In connection with the desire of the author to reveal the "history of the human soul" Lermontov's novel turned out to be rich in deep psychological analysis. The author examines the "soul" not only of the protagonist, but also of all the other characters. Lermontov's psychologism is specific in that he acts not as a form of self-expression of the writer, but as an object of artistic depiction. The external appearance of the hero, and his customs, and his actions, and his feelings are subjected to analysis. Lermontov is attentive to the shades of feelings, the state of a person, his gestures and postures. The author's style can be called psychological and analytical.

Self-analysis of Pechorin is very deep, every state of mind is written out in detail and in detail, his own behavior and psychological reasons, motives and intentions of actions are analyzed. To Doctor Werner Pechorin confesses: “There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him ...” Behind the visible in the work the essential is revealed, behind the external - the internal. Psychologism serves here as a way of discovering and knowing what at first perception seems mysterious, mysterious and strange. An important place in the novel, where the action takes place in different geographical points (by the sea, in the mountains, in the steppe, in the Cossack village), is occupied by the landscape. The perception of nature in the work helps to reveal the inner world of the hero, his condition, his susceptibility to beauty. “I remember,” Pechorin writes in his journal, “this time more than ever before, I loved nature.” The hero of the novel is close to nature with all its diversity, and it acts on his inner world. Pechorin is convinced that the soul depends on nature and its forces. The landscape of each part of the novel is subordinated to the idea that is realized in it. Thus, in "Bela" the Caucasian nature is sketched (rocks, cliffs, Aragva, snowy peaks of the mountains), which is opposed to the northern nature and disharmoniously organized society.

The beautiful and majestic nature contrasts with the petty, unchanging interests of people and their suffering. The restless, capricious element of the sea contributes to the romance in which the smugglers from the Taman chapter appear before us. The morning landscape, full of freshness, including golden clouds, is the exposition of the chapter "Maxim Maksimych". Nature in "Princess Mary" becomes a psychological means of revealing the character of Pechorin. Before the duel - by contrast - the radiance of sunlight is introduced, and after the duel the sun will seem dim to the hero, and its rays no longer warm it. In Fatalist, the cold light of shining stars on a dark blue vault leads Pechorin to philosophical reflections on predestination and fate.

Bela is a work that combines a travel sketch and a short story about the love of a European for a savage.

"Maksim Maksimych" is a story with a central episode given in close-up.

"Taman" is a synthesis of a short story and a travel sketch with an unexpected ending.

"Princess Mary" is a "secular story" of a psychological nature with a hero's diary and a satirical sketch of the mores of a "water society".

"Fatalist" is a philosophical tale combined with a "mystical tale" about a fatal shot and a "mysterious case."

But all these genre forms, individual narratives became, for Lermontov, parts of a single whole - the study of the spiritual world of the modern hero, whose personality and fate unite the entire narrative. The prehistory of Pechorin is deliberately excluded, which gives his biography a trait of mystery.