The concept of the art method and its various interpretations. Artistic method

The concept of the literary direction is recognized not all. L.I. Timofeyev instead of direction present the concept of "type of creativity". At the same time, the argument acts fear of identifying the direction with the method, especially since the terminologically they often coincide: classicism, romanticism, realism. In the pre-revolutionary literary criticism of the concept of "method" and "direction" did not distinguish. Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, the term "direction" was used in relation to both the direction and to the method. IN wide sense The term "syllable" was used.

It is also proposed to replace the term "direction" by the term "literary school", although for most literary criticism the last term is.

On the other hand, researchers rejecting the typological importance of the direction, do not consider the definition of romanticism as a method, believing that romanticism is only a literary direction. At the same time, these researchers realism are considered only as a method, and not as a direction.

Ways to study the problems of the literary direction

In the 1920s, this problem is not yet placed, it arises in the late 1930s - early 1940s. At first, the direction was considered only in terms of the specifically historical, as the community of the main ideological and artistic trends, informed by writers and formulated by them in literary programs And manifestos.

But aesthetic program or manifesto do not determine artistic originality, and are the result, the result of artistic practice, which, in turn, is due to creative prerequisites. In this case, the direction is only an applied theory of creativity and closer to the concept of "literary flow". At the same time, many writers are derived from the literary process: Pushkin is out of direction, since it did not share any program. Gogol is beyond the realistic direction, since it has not been adjacent to the program of a natural school, and so on. It is more correct to consider the direction of both in the typological and specifically historical aspect, but necessarily due to the method.

General Definition: the direction is the leading ideological and aesthetic tendency, expressed in artistic creativity.The direction is comparable to Paphos.

Romanticism as a direction reflects the transition period from feudalism to capitalism. The main trend: ambiguity, uncertainty, instability, affection for feelings, moods. In the structure - the visibility of images (conceaable and being). Two directions of romanticism are distinguished early XIX. in. In Russia - active and passive-contemplative: on the one hand, Pushkin and Decembrists, on the other - Zhukovsky.

Realism as a direction expresses the period of the crisis of the feudal-bourgeois system. The main tendency is a critical-satirical attitude to reality (critical realism).

If the method is manifested in the generality of the principles of selection, image and evaluation, then in the direction of these properties of the method are complemented by the force of its pathoral trend. Various focus, as the main trend, characterizes realism (Critical, educational, socialist), Romanticism (passive, active).

In concrete national conditions, these trends were embodied with a greater or less power. The concept of "direction" is the concept of "method". The method is specified in artistic directions. On the other hand, the unity (similarity) of writers in the literary direction is provided by their artistic practice - by the method. The direction does not exist outside the method: it is largely a carrier of signs of the method and is specified in the method and style.

The direction is manifested, in addition to Paphos, in the categories of content - in the subject matter of the problem, ideas.

Literary current

Artistic method (creative) method - This is the combination of the most common principles of aesthetic development of reality, which is steadily repeated in the work of a group of writers, forming the direction, a course or school.

O.I. Fedotov notes that "the concept of" creative method "is not enough than the" artistic method generated by the concept of it, although it was tried to adapt to an expression of a larger value - as a study path of socially existence or as the basic principles (styles) of entire areas. "

The concept of the artistic method appears in 1920, when the critics of the "Russian Association of Proletarian Writers" (PAPP) borrow a given category from philosophy, thereby striving to theoretically substantiate the development of its literary flow and depth creative thinking "Proletarian" writers.

The art method has aesthetic natureHe represents the historically determined common forms of emotionally painted figurative thinking.

Art objects are the aesthetic qualities of reality, i.e. "The wide public significance of the phenomena of reality, drawn into public practice and carrying the stifle of the essential forces" (Y. Borev). The subject of art is understood as a historically volatile phenomenon, and the changes will depend on the nature of social practice and the development of the reality itself. The artistic method is an analogue of the object of art. Thus, historical changes in the artistic method, as well as the emergence of a new artistic method, can be explained not only through historical changes in the object of art, but also through the historical change in the aesthetic qualities of reality. In the subject of art, the life of the artistic method is concluded. The artistic method is the result of creative reflection of the art object, which will be perceived through the prism of the general philosophical and political worldview of the artist. "The method always advocates us only in its particular artistic embodiment - in the living matter of the image. This image of the image arises as a result of the personal, intimate interaction of the artist with its surrounding concrete world, determining the entire artistic and thought process necessary for creating an artistic work "(L.I. Timofeev)

The creative method is nothing more than the projection of the image in a certain specifically - historical atmosphere. Only in Ne. fashionable perception life and gets its specific implementation, i.e. Promed to a certain, organically arising system of characters, conflicts, plot lines.

The artistic method is not a distracted principle of selection and generalization of reality phenomena, but historically due to understanding it in the light of the major issues that life puts before the art at every new stage of its development.

The variety of artistic methods in the same era is explained by the role of the worldview, which acts as a significant factor in the formation of the artistic method. In each period of art development, the simultaneous occurrence of various artistic methods is observed, depending on the social situation, since the era of Buda is considered and perceived by artists in different ways. The proximity of aesthetic positions determines the unity of the method of a number of writers, which is associated with the community of aesthetic ideals, kinship of characters, uniformity of conflicts and plots, manner of the letter. For example, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, A. Block is associated with symbolism.

The artist's method is felt through style His works, i.e. Through the individual manifestation of the method. Since the method is a way of artistic thinking, the method is a subjective side of the style, because This method of figurative thinking generates certain ideologically - artistic features art. The concept of the method and individually style of the writer correlated between themselves as the concept of the genus and species.

Interaction Methods and style:

variety of styles within one creative method. This is confirmed by the fact that representatives of one or another method are not adjacent to some one style;

Style unity is possible only within the same method, since even external similarity the works of authors adjacent to one method does not give grounds to assign them to a single style;

Reverse style effect on the method.

The complete use of stylistic techniques of artists, which adjoin one method, is incompatible with the consistent observance of the principles of the new method.

Along with the concept of creative method, the concept arises directions or type of creativitywho are in the most a variety of forms and relations will manifest themselves in any method that occurs in the process of developing the history of literature, since they expressed the general properties of the figurative reflection of life. In their totality, the methods form literary flows (or directions: romanticism, realism, symbolism, etc.).

The method defines only direction creative work The artist, and not its individual properties. The artistic method interacts with the creative personality of the writer

The concept of "style" is not identical to the concept "Creative Individuality of the Writer". The concept of "creative individuality" is wider than what is expressed by the narrow concept of "style". A number of properties are manifested in the style of writers, which in their aggregate characterize the creative individuality of writers. Specific I. real result These properties in the literature is style. The writer produces its individual style on the basis of a particular art method. It can be said that the creative personality of the writer is prerequisite further development Each artistic method. About the new artistic method can be said when new single phenomena created creative individuals Writers, become common and represent new quality in their totality.

16. Literary process - This is a combination of non-profitable changes in literary life (both the work of writers and in the literary consciousness of the Company), i.e. Dynamics of literature in great historical time. Stages of historical development of literature: 1) " archaic period", Where, of course, influential folklore tradition, 2) Mid-Millennium BC. - mid XVIII in. - noted by the predominance of the traditionalism of the artistic consciousness and "style poetics and genre"; 3) In the third stage, which began with the Epoch of Enlightenment and Romanticism, the "Individual Creative Artistic Consciousness" is advanced. In the process historical evolution At certain stages of the development of the Society of Literature of different nations show some kind of common featurescaused by the similarity of social life and at the same time they have national featuresarising from the originality of the culture of every nation.

The literary direction is the works of writers of a country and the epoch who have reached the awareness of the creative principles that have found their reflection in the creation aesthetic programexpressing ideological and creative aspirations of these writers.

The first literary direction was in France in late XVII - early XVIII centuries, when, for the first time in history, a group of writers raised to aware of their creative principles. This direction was called "Classicism". In the XIX century (especially in his first third) the development of literature went under the sign of romanticism, who opposed the classic and educational rationalism. In the XIX century A new literary and artistic community has strengthened, designated by the word realism. In the last third of the XX century. The literature appeared such an artistic phenomenon as postmodernism, in whose culture was, according to V. Kuritsyn, "the classical dependence of meaning from meant" is broken.

The stages of the literary process are familiar to thinking as corresponding to those stages of the history of mankind, which, with the greatest discrimination and completeness, appeared in Western European countries and especially brightly in Romanesque. In this regard, literature ancient, medieval and - literature of the new time with their own stages are distinguished (following the revival - Baroque, classicism, enlightenment with his sentimentalist branch, romanticism, finally, the realism with which in the XX century coexists and successfully competes modernism) .
The differences between the literature of the new time and the writing preceding them are most clearly understood by scientists. It is more difficult to deal with the distinction of the literatures of ancient and medieval. It does not constitute problems in relation to Western Europe (The ancient Greek and ancient Roman antiquity fundamentally different from medieval culture More "northern" countries), but causes doubts and disputes when contacting the literature of other, regions, primarily eastern. Yes, and the so-called old Russian literature It was essentially a medieval type written.
Scientists depart from the usual apologetic assessment western European Renaissance, detect his duality. On the one hand, Renaissance enriched the culture with the concept of complete freedom and independence of the person, the idea of \u200b\u200bunconditional confidence in the creative possibilities of a person, on the other side - the revived "Fortune philosophy<…> Spirit of adventurism and amoralism. "
In the 1994 Collective Article, "Poetics categories in the change of literary eras" are allocated and three stages are isolated and characterized. world Literature.
The first stage is the archaic period, where the folklore tradition is definitely influential. Here, mythopoetical artistic consciousness prevails and there is still no reflection on verbal art, and therefore there is neither literary criticsnor theoretical studios or artistic and creative programs. All this appears only in the second stage of the literary process, the beginning of which put literary life Ancient Greece mid i millennium BC And which lasted until the middle of the XVIII century. This is very a long period It was awarded the predominance of the traditionalism of the artistic consciousness and "style poetics and genre": writers were focused on pre-prepared forms of speech, which responded to the requirements of rhetoric (see it. 261-262), and were dependent on genre canons. Within the framework of this second stage, in turn, two stages are distinguished, the frontier between which was rebirth (here, we note, we are talking Advantage of European artistic culture). At the second of these stages, which came to the change of Middle Ages, the literary consciousness takes a step from an impersonal beginning to personal (although in traditionalism); Literature is more becoming secular.
And finally, in the third stage, which began with the era of enlightenment and romanticism, the "Individual Creative Art Consciousness" is advanced on the foressen. From now on, the "Poetics of the Author", freed from the All-Russian Rhetoric genre-style prescriptions. Here, the literature, more than ever, "it extremely brings together with the direct and concrete being of a person, penetrates his concerns, thoughts, feelings, is created by his measurement"; the era of individual-copyright styles comes; The literary process is closely conjured "simultaneously with the identity of the writer and the reality surrounding it." All this takes place in romanticism and in realism XIX century, and though in modernism of the recently completed century. We turn to these phenomena of the literary process.

Comprehensive goal

know

• The concept of the artistic method as a totality of principles artistic image;
• category of the literary direction as a leading ideological and aesthetic trend of creativity;
• literary flows and schools;
• Artistic style information as a set of sustainable elements of the artistic form and the content of creativity, styled factors, language stylistics and speech, historical development style theory;

be able to

Analyze the literature both at the level of writer's creativity as a whole and individual works;

own

• terminology and conceptual apparatus of this problem;
• skills to determine the style, figurative and methodological specificity of creativity of a separate author.

Artistic method

It should be clearly represented in which relations and relationships are such categories of the literary process as the artistic method, the literary direction and the course, art style.

The concept of the literary process is the most common, initial to determine all categories characterizing various directions of literature relating to different aspects.

Artistic method - This is a way to master and display the world, a set of basic creative principles of figurative reflection of life. The method can be said about the structure of the artistic thinking of a writer, which determines its approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal.

The method is embodied in the content of the literary work. Through the method, we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, assessment, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment of characters, life phenomena in historical refraction.

The method is manifested in strictly thoughts and feelings of the heroes of the literary work, in motivation of their behavior, actions, in the ratio of characters and events, in accordance with the life path, fate of the characteristics of the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The artistic method is a system of the principles of the selection of life material, its assessment, principles and prevailing forms of artistic generalization and rethinking. It characterizes the complex of factors: a holistic ideological, appraisal, individually unique, social attitude of the artist to reality, to consciously or spontaneously reflected needs, ideological and artistic traditions. The artistic method largely determines the specifics of the artistic image.

The concept of "artistic style" is closely connected with the concept of "artistic method". The method is implemented in style, i.e. The general properties of the method receive their national historical specificity in the style of the writer.

The concept of "method" (from Greek - the path of the study) is denoted by "the general principle of the creative attitude of the artist to a reasonable reality, i.e. its re-creation." This is a kind of ways to know the life that changed in different historical and literary epochs. According to some scientists, the method underlies the flows and directions, represents the method of aesthetic development of reality, which is inherent in the works of some direction. The method is the category aesthetic and deeply meaningful. "He gets an embodiment of both ideological works, as well as in the principle of building the image, plot, composition, language. The method is an understanding and reproduction of reality in accordance with the features of artistic thinking and aesthetic ideal."

The problem of the image of reality was first realized in antiquity and received the completed embodiment in the work of Aristotle "Poetics" under the name "theory of imitation". Imitation, but Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal - to recreate the world look like real or, more precisely, as he could be. The authority of this theory was preserved up to the end of the XVIII century, when romantics offered a different approach (also having his roots in antiquity, more precisely in Ellinism) - re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of "Universe". These two concepts, in the opinion of domestic literary studies of the middle of the last century, underlie two "types of creativity" - "realistic" and "romantic", in the framework of which "methods" classicism, romanticism, different types of realism, modernism are stacked. It should be said that many theorists of literature and writers were used by the concept of "method": A. Watto, D. Didro, E. Lessing, I. V. Götte, S. T. Kalridge, writing a treatise "On the method" (1818) .

The theory of imitation served as the basis for the development of naturalism. "Working on the" Teresa Raken, "- wrote E. Zola, - I forgot about everything in the world, I deepened in the painstaking copying of life, giving out entirely to study the human body ...". Often a feature of this method of reflection of reality is the complete dependence of the creator of the work from the object of the image, the artistic knowledge turns into copying. Another model can lead to the arbitrary of subjectivity. For example, F. Schiller claimed that the artist, resting the reality ("Material"), "... it stops little before violence over it ... The material that he treats, he respects as little as a mechanic; he is only It will try to deceive the seemingly fascinating eye that protects the freedom of this material. " In a number of works, scientists are invited to supplement the concept of a method of a concept of creativity, such as artistic thinking. At the same time, two types of creativity - re-creating and recreation - cover all the wealth of the principles of artistic reflection.

Referring to the problem of the ratio of the method and directions, it is necessary to take into account that the method as the general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from the direction as the phenomenon is historically concrete. Consequently, if one or another direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a wide category of the literary process, can be repeated in the work of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore different directions and flows. For example, elements of the realistic principle of reflection of reality we meet already in the directions of classicism, sentimentalism, i.e. Even before the achievement of the realistic method, as well as the current realism later penetrates into the work of modernism.

• Glyaev N. A. Theory of literature. M., 1985. P. 174.
• Literary manifests of French realists. L., 1935. P. 98.
• Schiller F. Collected Works: In 8 τ. T. 6. M.; L., 1950. P. 296.