Ways to reflect reality in art. Tools of artistic expressiveness (from, MHC)

III. Music in works.

II. Production language.

For works of Eschil, an elevated-mythological, heroic style, a full metaphor from the sphere of war and weapons was characterized. It's not by chance that Eschil himself called his tragedies "unicrase from the head of Homer." Another source of its poetic style was eastern art. This is outlines Euripid:

Scandras are all, and fortresses, and on the panels of ringing

Griffin eagles, copper and glitter speeches of pogs, -

To understand them is the greatest work.

Indeed, the Language of the works of Eshil - an exalted, solemn, not always understandable. The language of Euripid is simple and understandable. His heroes do not "mock and peep are not granted." Leaving, he always speaks of his origin first. However, judging by one of the phrases of Dionysus, said in the first part, and Euripid has a language not too good. It is characterized by naturalistic reduction ("Ether-apartment Zeus") and manners ("paw of time").

Of particular importance to the prologous of the work. So, the Hero says the hero in which two synonyms mean the same thing that, according to Euripid, is a speech redundancy:

Does come back - what's the difference here?

"Hear, to hurt - here the identity is indisputable." Euripide is proud that there are no extra words in his prohibitions. He notices that Eschil is inclined to repetition of the same sustainable revolutions ("Do not we hurry to be tired on the mind?")

Eschil notes, the truth that Euripid's abnists are built in the same ways, so everyone can continue to continue the line "lost a bottle". Of course, this is an exaggeration from Aristophan, not all tragedies are built on the template, but only those that chose it for their work. But many are really similar in their construction:

God Dionis, who, Tirs in his hand

And hiding hiding in the brilliance of torches

Delphs dance ... lost a bottle.

Can not mortal be in all lucky:

One worthy of dying in poverty,

Another unfit ... lost a bottle.

These are excerpts from the incomplete tragedy "Ipsipil" and "Sfenebea".

What kind of music accompanied the tragedies of the authors, we can not say. But Eschil in a comedy parodirs with a tambourine exquisite manners in musical composition Choral songs of Euripid. Euripid introduced in the setting of the monodia, one-haired arias, following the example of di-gravel music

The authors who were working in different epochs inherent and various perception of the world. Eschil wrote soon after the victory of the Greeks in the marathon battle. His works glorify the mythical kings, great acts of people, brave heroes. This cannot be asked by Euripide, who claims that in his tragedies, Eschil brought people of sickly, arrogant empty. And Euripid spoke to simple topics, About the usual, closer life. His hero became the clever Feramen, who was heard from an ancient example of a quirky, but unprincipled policy. He was even given a nickname "Feramen-turntable". Euripid considers merit what entered into the poetry of a common mind. But Eschil believes that the works of Eschila had a bad influence on Athenian. He argues in the comedy Aristophan, that Euripide made intelligent, honest, truthful people with rags. People who read His works were at one time were the heroes, wellms, did not leave Dryazg, won the wars. His works "Seven against FIV" and "Persians" were full of the spirit of war and inspired by the Athenian desire for victory. On his works was raised by the famous commander Lakh, who died in the days of the Sicilian expedition. As for Evripid, he brought, according to Eschil, on the scene "Potascious" Fedra (in the tragedy "Ippolit"). The image of a loving woman is completely alien to the heroic creativity of Eschila. Eschil sees in the image of lovers in the scene the fall of morality in Athens. He believes that they are unworthy of the image. But Euripid created a real psychological drama. He depicts the psychology of each of the characters. In the works of Euripid, godless sayings were frequent, in comedy, he even prays another, not Zeus, gods. In the end, Dionysis enjoys these same sayings, choosing the winner of Eschil.

The comedy of Aristofan "Frog" gives a very subjective characteristic of the two greatest tragics. In fact, this is the criticism of Euripid, whose creativity Aristophaan opposed Eschil. Of course, Aristofan, as a person educated, understood that the new time requires new ideas and funds artistic expressiveness, so he could not not see the progressiveness of Euripid's dramaturgy. On the other hand, the interest of Euripid to the inner world of a person, to the conflict breaking his passions and the tragic outcome of conflicts, to which the incompatibility of conflicting feelings, also destroyed the integrity of moral obscures, on which the Athenian democracy was based, who preference to public before personal, as well as the philosophy of Sofists . Aristophane in Comedy Dana is very detailed feature them creative principles, their poetic style and features of production.

43. Household drama Menandra "Arbitration Court" and its use in
Roman literature ("mother-in-law" Terentation).

Short retelling comedy Menander "Ground". [Before the story began, but was of great importance. A rich young man named Charions in the holiday of Taurisa raped the girl unknown to him. In fact, he had to marry this girl, but everything happened at night, he did not remember anything, and they did not recognize each other. Soon he married Pamphile, who was that appointed, but he and she did not remember. The husband went somewhere, and she gave birth to an extramarital child. What to do? The husband will throw her after that! She decides to throw a child. This recognizes the slave of her husband Onyim. He says everything to the owner. According to the laws of Athens Harius, he had the right to return to Pamphil to parents, because he was deceived about the fact that she was a girl. But he does not decide to do it, but just goes to his neighbor, a friend of herecatt drink and having fun]. From this the comedy begins. Charions is having fun with a flotist named Gabrotonon, but she herself claims that he does not let her. Father Pamphil, Smikrin, knowing nothing about childbirth, comes to pick up the daughter from the wrong son-in-law, which only spends the dowry and does not pay attention to it. But Pamphila is a girl with character. She does not want to leave her husband. At this time, the shepherd found a thrust child. With the child there were rich gifts and a ring. He took the child, but soon realized that he was not feeding him. He left the gifts at home, and the child wanted to give someone. He met his friend, Cyrus Sirisk. Sirisk was a slave of Harestrate and thus stunned to give him a child. He gave. But here Sirisk began to ask him to give rich things so that if the parents are found, they were able to identify it. He does not want. Then they ask the Smickrina to judge them. Smikrin, after hearing, what's the matter, leaves the gifts and the child Sirisk. At this time, Onyim sees the ring in the hands of Sirisk. He states that this is the ring of his host Charia, and he lost it at the celebration of the Taurisa. Picks the ring, but it does not decide to show Haria, because then it will have to recognize paternity over an unknown child. Homeger Gabr comes from the house of Harerate abouttonon and sees Onysima with a ring. That she is dissolving everything, and she remembers that in the Tauropolia, where she was, one girl was raped. She knows her face, but does not know by name. She proposed to test Charia at first: it was to embark on that this girl in Tauropolya was she, and then, when he confesses to paternity, and the mother find. So she does. Then she together with the child is coming And meets Pamphil, in which the mother recognizes. Smikrine is trying to pick up the daughter from the son-in-law, which, it turns out, also came to himself a child from the hetera, but she answers that he will not throw her husband in trouble. Harius overhears and, dying, understands that unworthy of his wife. Here Gabrotonon announces to him who is a child's mother. There is a general relief. Gabroton, as a savory, give freedom. Skirt retelling comedy TERENCE "SWELL". Recently married Pamphil and Philman are forced to part for a while. During their marriage Pamphil, still in love with his former girl Vacuum, does not touch his wife. Pamphil leaving on Imbros, And the philumen has a child ahead of time. A returned husband makes childbirth in the wife of his wife's parents, to whom she returned, allegedly not relying with mother-in-law. Pamphil suspects his wife in treason and no longer wants to see her, and he himself returns to his old girlfriend, the rometer of the boat. He does not give anyone the secrets of his wife and says that he is angry with her, because she does not respect the mother-in-law Sostrah. Sostrah is ready to go to the village, just that young were happy. Pamphil's father laht and the father of the bride FIDIPP also try to settle conflict. This is also achieved by the Hometer of the Vachide, which it manages to establish that the ring that the philumen wears was given to her Pamphil, who committed violence over her to marriage, during the holiday, when he was drunk. Comedy ends happily, the child acquires his father, and all the heroes, not excluding the heterhares, are good and noble.

Menandr -the last poet, whom Attica gave birth. He was born in Athens in 342 BC. and lived long life Until 293, he worked in an Hellenistic era. This playwright has become the creator of a noviate comedy (IV-III centuries. BC). In essence, this genre can be described as a domestic drama with elements of tragedy and comedy. Menander put more than a hundred such comedies, but the contemporaries did not love him. He belonged to the highest aristocracy, was the ancestor of Solon. After the fall of the Athenian democracy his close friend Demetrius Falersky He became the governor of the Macedonian in Greece.

Menandr created the plays of a conciliatory character. The comedy no longer expressed social problems as it was with Aristofane. The author worried about the care of private life, he promoted the principles of humanity - denied cruel treatment with slaves. It was a soft, humane, intelligent position. He reflected what happened in the attic. People were no longer interested in politics and deepened in privacy. Menander was a follower of Falez, who conducted the idea of \u200b\u200bequality of all citizens in the state.

Menandra's playwriter - Heire ancient comedy And the tragedy of Euripid. His comedies largely continue the traditions of urban cheerful Game At the festival of Dionysus, as despite all the tests, lumping heroes, the end of the play is always happy. Permanent motifs of Menandra - violence against the girl, throwing up children, recognition - used already euripide. But Euripid has these motifs related to life, and Menandra was transferred to life.

Menandra household characters, which he was so masterfully described in his comedy, were due to phenomena public Life. People are tired of wars, stripping and shocks. His characters are also without high requests. Their ideal is calm family life in abundance. In his works was not purely comic, there was a mixing of comic and tragic. The monologue and the author's dialogue represents a household speech. There are no archaic expressions. From the comedy gradually leaves the choir. Thus, in the "Arbitration Court" choral scenes are only at the end of actions, between acts.

Comedy "Arbitration court". It has been preserved for about two thirds. The date of its production is unknown, but psychological characteristics Scientists put it at the end of Menander's creativity. First of all, this comedy is distinguished by the workshop of the face of characters. Menander created a whole gallery of types, which were then actively used in world literature. But what is important, he managed to enrich typical imagesMake them alive and reliable. These are images like:

Old man.Lean, griming father girl. Zhaden. In the "Arbitration Court" the role of this play Smikrin, Father Pamphil. Having learned about the adventures of the son-in-law, he decides to pick up the daughter home, because it is afraid that Harius is spent by all the giving to passion and heter.

Gometer.Educated woman. She knew how to lead a conversation, was talented, smart, formed, heads above the usual homemade greeks. In the "Arbitration Court" the role of the heterets performs Gabromonon - Fleetist. She is a typical comedy hetera, but its individual features become kindness, honesty and freedom and freedom. She is not only smart, but also the cigarette. She knows how to arrange so that both lovers were together, and she was given freedom. It actively participates in action and contributes to the fastest resolution of the conflict. In relation to Pamphyl, it behaves noble. At first she wanted to take advantage of the thrust for their own purposes, but then restored the family.

"Arbitration Court" was considered classic sample new comedy. In the center of the comedy - an unusual story of a married couple, in front of which the action is played. It happens not far from Athens.

Important ideas:When Pamphila's child picks up Sirisk, he declares the rights of the child to have thrown together with him. For the first time in the comedy, the idea was put forward that the abandoned child had rights. The essence of the comedy is that the happiness of people depends on them themselves, and the fate of a person, not free from accidents, is always due to its character. It also says Baby Onyim, arguing that all the concerns of the gods about people are reduced to the distribution of characters.

Household comedy, although it was realistic, was completely artificial. Greek society has lost power over her destiny. There remained to build air locks, the comedy went further from reality.

Disabled: Aristophane Byzantine said: "Menandr and life, who of you to someone? "

Subsequent use in Roman and european literature . Menandr is the hedge of the household drama, which then passed into Roman literature. For his comedies, 5 acts developed by intrigue with various motifs: the abduction of a girl, a thrusted child, memory loss. A huge role in the comedies of Menandra plays the case. It is the case that helps solve the conflict. Such a solution of the conflict was characteristic of subsequent mass literature.

Roman comedographers widely used the plays of Menandra, especially the terents that received the nickname from Caesar "Semi-Menander". But Roman writers as arbitrarily treated sources that it is absolutely impossible to find out the originality of Greek originals in Latin alterations.

Publists of Terentia (190-159 BC) - He was the free slave of Senator Terentation, brought to Rome from Carthagen. He received education in Rome, where he met a newatical comedy and began to write his plays on her plots. He showed great interest in Menandra's work (4 of his comedies go to the Menandra). He not only scream plots, but also sought to recreate the subtle Menandrovsky characters and the humane orientation of his plays. Terency created a comedy imitative. He handed out not only the plot, but t characters and style of a naughtatical drama. The plot of his "swelling" is not too different from the "Arbitration Court". He just decided to give the works of Menandra vital truth. If the heroes of Menandra are perfect types, then the heroes of the terenation have individuality, closer to reality. So, in the "mother-in-law" there is a scene between the slave of Parmenon and the heteros of the Phyloody, where she asks to tell him about the disorder of Marriage Pamphila, since he former beloved Her friends of Vachid. At first, Parmene refuses, but she says to him: "You yourself want to tell me about it!" And he with a sigh: "Yes, here is my biggest vice." Like the works of Menandra, the plays of the Terentation did not enjoy great popularity.

If in the preceding period, the main thing for the Romans was state activities, now increasing importance in the life of the Romans began to acquire classes in the hours of leisure, literature, philosophy. Cultural affairs were engaged in private, at home, and not on the square, as was customary in Greece. Creativity Terentation was a reflection of such a circle of educated nobility. The traditional Roman moral is subject to revision, the life of the Greeks becomes the ideal.

In the prologue to the work "Svetrov" Terentia tells that the audience twice broke the presentation, leaving the theater in order to look at cable dancers or gladiators games. Although the comedies are terenation and are intended for a few, its achievements in the outfit character are significant and not passed without a trace in the history of literature. Terency tried to convey to the audience the subtlety of the Menandrovsky characters and the elegance of the language of the newlythic comedy. In his plays there are no gross sharpness, expressions, buffonads. His plays belong to the genre of "touching drama", "tear comedy". Unlike Menandra, there are more philosophical moments in the play.

Plots Terentation are drawn from a newatical comedy. In his plays, heroes also serve in love with young men, heterhairs, free girls, strict fathers, helpful slaves, futures. But, like Menander, he seeks to enrich typical images with individual features. One of the central characters of his works is the young man who is in the power of his ardent feelings, choosing a line of behavior and reflecting on what kind of road he should go. The problem of education turns out to be one of the main poet.

Interestingly, the mother-in-law in the comedy is not angry at all. And good and in all seeks to recruit young spouses.

Misha
44. Hellenistic Epos Apollonia Rhodes "Argonavka".

Short retelling:
The poem begins with a list of heroes, whom Jason collects from all over Greece for a hike for the Golden Runa - Golden Baran Schoo, which once fled from Greece Tsarevich Freex (he ran from the people excited to the murder of Fricca's stepmother). Heroes gathered, Arg built a ship in 50 cheerful, sat down and swam in the Aegean Sea. We got to the island of Lemnos, where the tribe of the Amazon type lives. Some time lived there, then passed to the marble sea and made there the first parking lot. Hercules Gilas went to the coastal forest, bent to the stream and was dragged into the nymphs. Hercules ran it to save. The rest thought what to do, here the huge head seemed from the sea and said to leave Hercules and sail on. On the second parking lot in the Marmara Sea of \u200b\u200bDioskur Phalidhev, the son of Zeus and Argonaut, came up with the local chief and the son of Poseidon, who loved to wet aliens in a fistboard. The leader lost, his tribe broke and swam further. The third parking was also in the marble sea, and there they saved from Garpius of the old king, the studio of the Finney, the collapse of them (Garpius) of some winged Boread. The forthy explained to them how to sail on. Then it turned out that now called the Bosphorus strait, and then it was a slit between two wandering cliffs. On the council, the Finney, they launched the gorgeon, and she managed to slip, having lost several feathers from the tail. It means that we will pass, the argonauts decided, they put there and not without the help of Athena passed, leaving several boats from the stern. The cliffs were frozen and became the shores of the Bosphorus Strait. In the Black Sea, they meet different lands (Amazon tribes, Apollo residence and Artemis, nests of copper birds ETC). In Colchide, they ask for help Aphrodit, and she says Erota to fall in love with the daughter of the local king Medea in Jason. Jason performs impracticable tests from the king eetya, with the help of coping the golden fleece guarded by the dragon, loads it (and at the same time) on the ship and sails. On the way, they are overtaken by the son of eet with their people, they kill him and float to the cereal (Western part of the Mediterranean Sea) to atone for sin. Then they swim almost with the Odyssey route (jump over Scylla and Haribda on the sea wave, the mother of Achilles Fetida helps them, and the sirens drown out with his music Argonaut Orpheus), and in Feaakia they overtake them the second chase from Kolkhid. The king of Feakov decides that Medea needs to give, if she is not yet a wife of Jason, - and at night in the cave secretly coping the wedding. Under the end of the storm puts them stranded in Africa, they take the ship in hand and 12 days and nights go through the desert. Then they fall into the oasis and along the dead snake and destroyed rocks understand that Hercules here already visited. Finally come to the starting point and diverge home. On this, the action of the poem ends.

The opinion is widespread that there is no principal differences between ways of image reality in folklore and in artistic literature. And there and here the reality is depicted equally true and truthfully. So, for example, M. M. Plisetsky in his book dedicated to the historicism of Russian epics, does not agree with those who claim that the episodas depicts not the events of a era, but its aspirations.

Why, he asks, historical events For example, in the songs of taking Kazan, about Stepan Razane, why "the word about the regiment of Igor" can correctly depict the campaign against Russians, why L. N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" or A. N. Tolstoy in the novel "Peter the first" could portray many historical persons and events, and there can be no one? "Why is it not allowed to havenes?" - exclaims the author. So, there is no fundamental difference in the image of the reality between the epics, historical songs, "The word about the regiment of Igor" and historical novels XIX-XX century.

This is an opinion in which the author is not considered either artistic means of genres of folklore and literature, nor with a social medium that creates art, nor with centuries historical Development People, despite its explicit and several primitive anti-historicality, is quite typical for a variety of modern work. The same truthful image of reality, as for the epic, is allowed even for a fairy tale.

In fairy tales, for example, looking for reflections of those forms of class struggle, which took place in the XIX century. So, E. A. Tudorskaya writes about the magic fairy tale the following: "Truthfully demonstrated the original class entry between the oppressors and the oppressed people." But when it comes to examples, the following is: "Baba Yaga," The Mistress "of the Forest and Beasts, is depicted as a real exploiter, depressing his servants ...". According to E. A. Tudorskoy, the class struggle in the fairy tale acquires the "type of fiction". "This somewhat limits the realism of the magic fairy tale."

Thus, the magic fairy tale is realistic, but it has one disadvantage in it there is fiction, and it reduces it limits its realism with a logical consequence of such an opinion that there is no fiction in the fairy tale, it would be better.

We would not be worth mentioning about such curious opinions if the point of view E. A. Tudorov was one. But it is separated by others. So, V. P. Anikin writes: "The direct life social and historical experience is the source of the truthful image of reality in the oral creativity of the people." Anikin sees the class struggle in fairy tales about animals.

He declares them allegories. "Social allegorism is essential property folk fairy tales about animals and without it allegorical meaning The fairy tale would not need people. " Thus, the fairy tale as such people is not needed.

We need only allegorical social sense. The author is trying to prove that the wolf is a "folk oppressant." The bear belongs to the same oppressants. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe magic fairy tale, the womb and other antagonists of the hero are attributed to the people's oppressants of the social order.

Justice requires to note that in the book of V.P. Anikina a lot of faithful observations. But in the years when this book was written, such concepts were considered to be compulsory and about gressed.

We will not go into further controversy, but we will try to approach the question of how in folklore the reality is depicted, what means it has for this and what the specific differences between the folklore from the literature of realism, not by abstract speculation, but by studying the material itself.

We will see that folklore has specific laws of its poetics, different from the methods of professional artistic creativity. The question should be put historically; However, before do it, it is necessary to understand the picture of what is currently available.

Folklore monuments we will consider according to the records of the XVIII-XX centuries, pushing the historical study of the process of addition and development for the future. We will consider only Russian folklore. Such a descriptive study must be made earlier than to start learning historical and comparative.

There are regularities common to all or many genres of folklore, and there are patterns specific only for individual genres. We will look at the issue of genres, by no means striving for an exhaustive characteristic of them, but limited by the framework of the problem of the ratio of folklore to reality.

We will start your study from the fairy tale as a genre in which the question of the attitude of the reality is relatively simple. However, the fairy tale allows you to open and some general laws Narrative genres in general.

Speaking of a fairy tale, it is necessary to remember the statement of V. I. Lenin: "In any fairy tale there are elements of reality ..." The most quick glance at the fairy tale to make sure that this approval is correct. IN magic fairy tales These elements are less, in other types of it - more.

Such animals like fox, wolf, bear, hare, rooster, goat and others, there are those animals with which a peasant deal; From life, men and women, old men and old women, stepmother and fever, soldiers, gypsies, bars, priests and landowners were switched from life.

The fairy tale is reflected both reality prehistoric and medieval customs and morals and social relations of feudal times and the times of capitalism. All these elements are reality carefully studied by Soviet and foreign science, and there are already very significant literature about them.

However, looking at the words of Lenin, we see that Lenin does not at all claim that the fairy tale consists entirely of elements of reality. He speaks only that they are in it "there." As soon as we turn to the question, what are these realistic men, women, soldiers or other characters in a fairy tale, i.e. turn to the plots, as we immediately plunge into the world of the impossible and fictional.

It is enough to take a pointer of fabulous plots of Aarn-Andreev and reveal there at least the section "Novelistic fairy tales" to make sure it is so. Where in life these jesters, fooling everyone in the world and never defeated? Are there such clever thieves in life that steal eggs from under duck or a sheet from under the landlord and his wife? Is there a challenge wives in life, as in a fairy tale, is there any fools that look in the blow of a gun to see how the bullet crashes? In a Russian fairy tale there is not a single plausible plot.

We will not go into details, but we will dwell as a sample only on one typical example. This is a fairy tale of the ill-fated dead. IN general features The case is as follows. The fool is inappropriate kills his mother: she falls into the trap or falls into the pit that the fool dug in front of the house.

Sometimes, however, he kills her intentionally; She hides in the chest to find out what a fool speaks with his family, and he knows it and fills the chest boiling water. The corpse of the mother he puts in Sani, gives her a hoop into his hands or a dona, comb and spindle and rides. The Barskaya Troika rushes towards. He does not turn off the road, and he overturns.

The fool shouts that he killed his mother, royal gold master. He is given a hundred rubles from the aputs. He goes on and now puts the corpse into the cellar to the ass; In hand, he gives his dead mother jug \u200b\u200bwith sour cream and spoon. Popal thinks that this is a thief, and hits it with a stick on the head. The fool again receives a hundred rubles from the aputs. After that, he puts her into the boat and descends her along the river. The boat runs on the fishermen networks.

Fishermen hit the corpse of the paddle, it falls into the water and sinks. The fool screams that his mother drowned. From the fishermen, he also gets a hundred rubles. With money, he comes home and speaks to his brothers, that he sold Mother in the city in the Bazaar. The brothers kill their wives and bring them to sell. The gendarmes take them to jail, and the property of the brothers gets fool. With this property and delivered money, he begins to live.

There is another version of this fairy tale, which, however, can be considered another fairy tale. It happens somewhat differently. The man's wife treats his lover. Husband peers.

While she goes to the cellar over the oil, the husband kills the lover, and in his mouth shoves him damn to think he was fed. Then begin the trumpets, which can partially coincide with the previous version, are partially different.

In this case, it is necessary to get rid of the corpse to dump a suspicion of murder. A man leans the corpse to the house where the wedding feast is happening, and starts swearing. Guests pop up, think that the man was cursed, leaning against the wall, and beat him on his head. Seeing him dead, scared and to get rid of the dead man, tie him to horse riding and let go.

The horse runs into the forest and spoils the hunter trap. The hunter hits the dead man and thinks that he killed him. He puts the corpse into a boat, and the action ends, as in the previous version: the ill-fated dead man from the blow of the fisherman falls into the water, and the corpse disappears.

If the modern Soviet writer decided to write a story about how the mother was killed and how then the killer took advantage of the corpse to extract the money, then no publisher would prove such a story, and if he was printed, then caused a fair perturbation of readers.

Meanwhile, the fairy tale does not cause any perturbation to the people, despite the fact that the peasants treat the deceased with some special reverence. This fairy tale is popular not only among the Russians, but many european peoples. She penetrated even to North America Indians.

Why could such a perturbing plot be popular? It became possible only because this fairy tale is a cheerful farce. Neither the narrator nor the listener believes the story to reality. By reality, he can include a researcher and determine which parties to life caused this plot to life, but this applies to the region not artistic perception, and scientific. This is not reduced, not limited or fabulous realism, it is not an allegory and not a fable, it is a fairy tale.

We still stopped in such detail on this example that for the question of the attitude of the fairy tale to reality it is indicative and typical.

The tale is deliberate and poetic fiction. She is never issued for reality. "The fairy tale is a fold, a song", "says the proverb. "Fairy tale by a warehouse, a song Ladron Red." After graduating the story, they say: "The fairy tale is all impossible to lie." In modern language, the word "fairy tale" is synonymous with the words "lie".

But what then attracts a fairy tale if the image of reality does not constitute its purpose? First of all, it attracts an extraordinaryness of his narration. Missing reality, fiction How such gives a special pleasure.

In fairy tales, the reality is deliberately intimidated inside out, and this is all their charm for the people. True, the extraordinary takes place in the artistic literature.

In a romantic prose, it is stronger (Walter Scott, Hugo's novels, in realistic - weaker (Chekhov). In the literature, an extraordinary is depicted as a possible, causing horror emotions, or admiration, or wonder, and we believe the possibility of depicted.

In the folk prose, the extraordination is such that in fact it would be impossible in life. True, in the fairy tales of household in most cases there is no violation of the laws of nature. Everything that tells, actually might be. But still the events of which are described are so extraordinary that they could never happen in reality, and they initiate interest.

V.Ya. Proppage Folklore poetics - M., 1998

Origin of art.

The most ancient isthe artistic works of our friends refer to the era of the late Paleolithic (twenty thousand years ago BC). Aspiration to realize his place in the surrounding world is honored in those images that engraved and picturesque images on the stone are brought to us. These stones were mainly in Bardelle, El Parnaullo, Exterior. Paleolithic painting and petroglyphs (images embraced, scratched or carved on the stone) caves, Altamira, Nio, Raskal Art of North Africa and Sahara, are widely known. Before in 1879, the nobleman of Marselin de Southwall opened the painting in the Spanish cave of Altamira among ethnographers, archaeologists existed that the primitive person was completely devoid of spirituality, he was only looking for food. Separate scientists until today are quite simplified to assess the images of primitive artistic creativity. However, at the beginning of the century, in England, the researcher primitive art Henri Breilel spoke about the true "stone-century civilization". He was able to trace the evolution of primitive art from the simplest spirals and fingerprints on clay through the engraved images of animals on the bones, stone and rog to multicolor paintings in the caves on huge spaces Europe and Asia. Henri Brelie is a supporter of a magical theory, according to which all the frescoes, figurines and engraving should be perceived as the objects of the cult, directly merging them with the need to lure animals in hunting grounds.

About 4 thousand years ago, another turning point occurred in the evolutionary development of a person - the opening of the metals, the beginning of their processing. Copper has become the first metal using a person for the manufacture of workers of labor, as it was easier to get it. Later, the person began to extract and extract other metals from ore, among whom were Tin and Lead. Fullating copper with Tin, a person created the first metal-insisting in nature - bronze. Celtic cultures dominated in Europe to Roman conquest, widely used bronze and other metals, creating their decorative traditions with their help.

The emergence of art is directly related to the development of society and human living conditions. Society developed, culture developed, more and more new arts, inextricably associated with the way of life of a person.

Ways to reflect reality in art.

Art in itself is a way to reflect reality. There are two main ways of reflection of reality in art - realistic and conditional. In art, these ways of displaying reality are always present. May exist either in parallel, or one of them will be considered the lead. Realistic art is not just an ordinary cast with reality. Artistic images of a realistic way are of life as if concentrated, focusing significant characters, events, feelings, ideas, problems for this cultural era. Conditional art gives more opportunities to expand and interpret the content of artistic images. Such art can be symbolic.

In European culture, the art of Middle Ages was more conditional, symbolic: picturesque and sculptural images, far from believing, served as religious ideas, the celebration of the Spirit over the body. Thanks to this, the sculptures of the gothic cathedrals are so conditional, the figures are usually hidden behind the folds of clothing.

Realistic art is well read in skatal painting Primitive man, it seems to transmit the reality of the modern world, in which there is a person. Reveals his present, without embelling, and not imagging.

Art is mastering and expresses validity in artistic and figuratively, it allows it to allocate it from all other types of human activity. Artistic image - It is not simple external similarity With reality, and the manifestation of a creative attitude to reality, a way to add real life with certain colors.

Modern photo has the richest possibilities of reflection and knowledge of the reality around us. But at first, the photo was prone to only the technical method of fixing the vital material, which is covered by an angle of view of the lens of the shooting apparatus or, as they say, "enters the frame" and is reproduced on a photosensitive layer.

This photo assessment was based on the fact that photographic image is created using a mechanical tool - a camera, painted with an optical system - lens, and further undergoes chemical treatment with a developer, fixer and other solutions.

Thus, in determining the possibilities of photographs, the technical means of obtaining photographic images were considered a decisive moment.

But technical means exist not only in the field of technology. IN specific video They are in art: a painter artist, for example, creates an image on a canvas with a brush, with the help of paints that are bred by oil. But what does it mean? And what does this in itself determine? Using the same devices, the artisan will write a signboard, and the artist will create a work of art.

Using photographic appliances, the photographer-artisan with its help copies reality. Often it fixes random momentstend to get dry, inexpressive pictures and, everything, by opposing technique, really replaces creative process - technical.

The artist photographer does not copy life, but creates artistic paintings of reality. His creativity begins with the search for the topic, the bright plot revealing the typical phenomena of modernity. Since the artist can achieve the completeness of his work only in the unity of its ideological-thematic content and the visual form, the photographer is looking for a composite and light frame solution, strengthening the artistic expressiveness of the picture. And only after this big is done creative workPhotographic technique comes into operation: an exposure calculation is performed, a laying is carried out to sharpness, the division of the lens diaphragm is established, etc. This technique is not a moment determining: two photographers, working on the same topic, being in the same conditions, even if they are armed with the same equipment, can get completely different pictures. Everything will depend on creative Individuality Each of these photographers and to a lesser extent on which technical means were used, to the greater degree from how these funds were used.

Such a look at the photo opened wide ways for her comprehensive development and improvement.

Soviet photography - the heiress of the best thing in the Russian and foreign photography of the end of the past and start of this century. The Russian photography developed in an independent way, and one can safely say that Russian photographers among the first rose on the path of realism, opened a photo as a new kind of visual art and showed its artistic and visual capabilities.

The famous Russian photographer S. L. Levitsky (1819-1898) has repeatedly received a medal at Russian and international photographic exhibitions for the artistic dignity of their portrait and landscape pictures. Group portrait of pots, Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, Grigorovich, Ostrovsky and portraits of others are widely known. outstanding figures Russian literature and art work S. L. Levitsky.

Outstanding masters of photographs A. O. Karelin (1837-1906), M. P. Dmitriev (1853-1938), S. A. Lobovikov (1870-1941) and many others highly raised the art of Russian photography, revealed its capabilities, found and We developed it fine remedies.

S. L. Levitsky conducts his experiments on the use of electric lighting for shooting portraits and achieves interesting light patterns and a big softness of lighting. It also studies the possibility of using electric and sunlight at the same time, in their diverse combinations.

A. O. Karelin is looking for expressive effects of lighting and introduces real light sources in the form of its group portraits in the composition of its group portraits in the form of windows, direct sunlight, etc. Light becomes an active element of its pictures, and the distribution of lighting in the frame it subordinates reproducible to real effects. Karelin also works on improving photographic optics and uses nozzle lenses and other optical adaptations for artistic purposes. Thin artist, A. O. Karelin is achieving extremely interesting compositional constructions of its pictures and, in particular, develops new ones for that time the principles of depth, multi-faceted compositions in the photo.

M. P. Dmitriev, who is rightfully considered the founder of a journalistic photo report in Russia, discloses the power of the photographic image. Penetrated and highly artistic genre pictures S. A. Lobovikov are saturated with great social truth, full of sympathy for heavy destinies ordinary people in tsarist Russia.

Associated with progressive public, with the work of artists-mobileians, Russian photographers-artists not only gave the portrait gallery famous writers, artists and artists, but also in a number of interesting photographic pictures managed to display the lives of the Russian people. Top works Masters of the Russian photography, for example, "Milosnya" A. O. Karelina (photo 1), "Domovnitsa" S. A. Lobovikova (photo 2) and many others, entered the art and Soviet artistic fund.

Photo 1. A. Karelin. Alms

Photo 2. S. Lobovikov. Domovnitsa

Already in those days it became apparent that the photo could be art, with its help, genuine artworks can be created. "The photo is continuously doing all new and new successes, - in the magazine" Art News "in 1884. - This, in essence, the technical method of reproduction and transmission of images has been erected now to the degree of special industry. Other from modern photographic pictures are not deprived of true Aesthetic beauty, preserve the harmony of the tones and are generally distinguished by large, purely artistic advantages. "

Later, K. A. Timiryazev, who used a photo in his scientific activityFavoring her and perfectly knew her strength and opportunities, in one of his public lectures, read on April 18, 1897, puts forward a brilliant argument in defense of photographs as realistic art. "As the artist in a close sense, the artist-creator can be seen in the artist, the artist, so because of the impersonal photographer's technique, a person should be; in it, it should see not one nature, but also a person who admits her. Photography, freeing it from the technology, From all that the artist is given by the school, years of hard work, does not relieve it from this, by the advantage of the human element of art.

Of course, if the photographer will click to the right and left with his coded, removing resembling " interesting places"The result will be only a tiring of a motley inventory of living and inanimate objects ... Is the true artist refer to their task?

Looking at the path of art, the photo has developed its specific visual forms, its work technique over the theme and plot, and now a full-fledged photographic picture shows typical phenomena and events around us are generalized, truthfully, expressive, artistic and impressive. Such a perfect shot corresponds to all the requirements for the artistic picture, to art.

Classic Heritage Art Photos gives excellent examples artistic use Pictures of photography. But the figures of the Soviet photography are not limited to the study of the perfect works of only the most photographs, its best samples, the development of the work of Russian and Soviet photomaster and progressive figures of photographic countries; They carefully acquainted with the peculiarities and patterns of other visual arts, and first of all painting.

Composition, lighting effects and flavoring in painting works give the richest material for photographers. We are talking Here is not about copying, imitation or simple reproduction of the compositions of the best painter masters, but about continuity, understanding of Russian picturesque culture, perception and creative development best traditions Domestic I. foreign art. Of course, the laws of painting cannot be mechanically transferred to the photo and "painting" should be completely new to photographic compositions.

Fine culture Painting, her richest experience in colorful solutions of colorful canvases help the development and improvement of black and white and color photography.

Socialist realism marking the highest stage of development soviet artIs the creative method of each artist, including the photographer when he means photographs a photo shot.

Socialist realism means truthful, historically-specific image of reality in its revolutionary development in order to communist care. This is the synthesis of all the best, advanced, progressive, which was accumulated in the process of developing realistic art.

Socialist realism developed in a decisive struggle against formalism, naturalism and other reaction trends in art.

Formalism takes off art from public life and form artistic work From its content, considering the uniform element in art. Having crossed out the main thing, for which there is a work of art, - content, formalists brought unjustified perspectives into a photo, arbitrary light construction, contrived composite techniques, tricky. And the more unusable looks a picture, the "artistic" it seemed to formalists. In fact, such photographic pictures led to direct distortion of reality, they were often rebusions, riddles, did not enriched the viewer, did not develop his ideas about life, his artistic taste.

In portrait photography, the formalists refused to obtain the similarity of the image with the original and here were resorted to the use of unusual angles distorting plastic faces, to the contrived lighting effects, affecting the viewer with their paradox, compositional constructionFounded on the show in the frame of only part of the person of a person, etc. So beautiful in art gradually supposed to be ugly and ugly.

Examples of such formalistic images can be served by photo 3, where all common sense is lost; Photo 4, where the maximum increasing visual form is found to develop a "rainy day" theme, the entire characteristic of which is reduced to the showing of a strange form of water droplets, which the viewer does not immediately recognize.

Photo 3. Example of a formalistic photo

Photo 4. Example of formalistic photos

And it is not by chance that ultimately the formalists came to full abstractions in which the photographic image real objects Replaced with incomprehensible combinations of tonal stains and lines (photo 5).

Photo 5. Example of formalistic photos

The above images clearly show that the refusal of the content and passion for the so-called "clean form", the gap of the dialectical connection of the form and content in the work of art inevitably lead the formalists to the destruction of the form itself.

One of the main provisions of the Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, her teachings on the form and content in the artistic work: there is no universal form, the artistic form can only exist as a carrier of a certain content, a certain idea; In other words, the content is the necessary condition for the existence of the artistic form In the work of art.

Another false direction in the art of photography was naturalism.

Most often, the determining sign of naturalism is considered the abundance and discharge of parts, that is, the transmission of the smallest details of the image of the object and purely protocol copying reality without any selection of the material, without dividing the image elements to the main and secondary. However, it is only the external manifestations of naturalism, the essence of it is in the desire to put in the center of attention of art small, private, insignificant, which leads to attempts to impose this small and insignificant importance to him.

Naturalism believes that art should neither to propaganda, nor condemn the phenomena of reality, nor select, nor comprehend them in their works, but is designed only to state, that is, blindly fix what falls in the field of view of the artist. Naturalism, therefore, is peculiar to the passive attitude to reality, ignoring the typical phenomena of life.

Naturalism, as well as formalism, alien and hostile to Soviet photo art, as it accumulates reality, gives it only one-sided performance about it and often leads to its distortion.

Formalism and naturalism oppose ideological content of art, but formalism leads this struggle openly, and naturalism is often trying to act under the guise of realism, looking at the fact that it allegedly seeks to achieve the "complete similarity" of the object shown on a canvas or a photograph with a real object. However, the exact copying, the blindness of nature is not a prerequisite for creating an artistic work, since with this approach to the tasks of art it becomes loony, loses the strength of the generalization, leaves against comprehending reality.

What is the difference between naturalism and realism, which also does not deny the need to detail the image, individualization of the image?

In the work of realistic art, the part is used only for specifying, developing and refining common. It is consequently assumed that for the full and comprehensive expression of the idea, the artist resorts to a detailed show of what is happening, concrete people, a specific situation with the sole purpose of their expressive image with the means of art.

The founders of Marxism are taught that only an understanding of the social sense of events can help the artist portray the reality in its most significant, important manifestations, but they strongly fought against such an individualization of the image, "... which comes down to small immunity and is a significant sign of exhausted epigal literature."

The realistic direction of the Soviet photo is alien to naturalistic trends. The main principle is - showing the main, leading, typical features of reality.

However, naturalistic in photography is sometimes manifested not as a conscious creative installation, but as a result of weak ownership of skill: ignorance of the basics of building a photographic picture, the principles of the selection of the material, the composition of the frame, primitive use of lighting.

Inability to take out essential features of reality, find a bright and expressive episode that reveals the creature of what is happening, to properly arrange accents, clearly build a picture, expressively light the shooting object, use a linear and tonal perspective to disclose the topic often leads to the fact that the photographer only mechanically copies the reality and fixes the photographer In the photograph, everything falls into the field of view of the lens.

An ill-faced point of shooting, inexpressive lighting conditions, an arbitrary frame of a frame make such a snapshot in many respects, and in connection with this, and in low-rise.

Said confirmed photo 6 and 7. Both are devoted to the same topic and have common name "Creek", but in the first of these, the theme resolved finely badly, and in the second the graphics and expressive features of the photographs are used correctly.

Photo 6. Creek (example of naturalistic photo)

Photo 7. N. Danshin (VGIK). Creek

In the first case, the author did not select the material for his future compositionAnd with indifference fixed everything that got into the field of view of the lens: the main thing here is not allocated, the secondary material loads the frame, and the snapshot with the same naturalistic reproduces the necessary and random. The frame is clogged with a plurality of unnecessary parts, the scattered light evenly illuminates the entire shooting object. As a result, the snapshot turned out to be a motley and at the same time dull and uninteresting. It can be seen that mechanical copying of reality, naturalistic fixation of the object of shooting is far from genuine art.

The second shot indicates the creative attitude of the author to solving a given topic. The correctly selected point of shooting and the high horizon in the frame allows you to see the winding stream of the stream, the line of which is successfully inscribed in the frame frame. The size of the plan is correct. Lighting conditions have successfully selected: the content light expresses expressive the texture of the water surface, the sun is closed by a translucent layer of clouds, and therefore glare on the water are soft, harmoniously combined with a total slightly muted picture tonality. For composite solution The frame author combined his semantic and auditorium: the main thing - the stream - it takes the central part of the picture, and there is also a light accent.

Thanks to this construction of the frame, the viewer's attention is immediately attracted to the main object of the image, and the secondary elements of the landscape, although they participate in the overall decision of the topic, but occupy the corresponding place.

Thus, its expressiveness, and absurrence, and degree of persuasiveness depend on the visual solution of the picture.