Sentimentalism in the literature. Sentimentalism in Russian literature: Representatives

Russian literature 18th century

(Sentimentalism and classicism)

Students 9A class

Gymnasium School No. 3

Ahmedova Aziza.

Introduction. 3.

1. Literature of Petrovsky time. four

2. The era of classicism. five

3. Epoch sentimentalism. 13

Conclusion. eighteen

On January 1, 1700, by the decree of Peter the First, unexpectedly, the offensive of the New Year and the Town Age was celebrated.

From now on, the Russians were to live on a new calendar. The nobles velated was to wear a German dress and cut the beard. Life, education and even church management acquire a secular character. With the active support of Peter, new secular literature is created.

"Our literature suddenly appeared in the XVIII century," wrote A.S. Pushkin.

Although, by the beginning of this century, Russian literature passed the centuries-old way of development, the creators of the new culture - supporters of the innovations of Peter - saw in the past, not a support, and something outdated that they should remake. Petrovsky reforms they understood as the creation of Russia from the darkness of historical non-essential. Opponents of Peter, on the contrary, saw in the transformations of the death of ancient maintenance of the Moscow state. But suddenness, the scale of change, their consequences were felt.

The beginning of the XVIII century was stormy for Russia. Creating your own fleet, war for entering the sea routes, the development of industry, the flourishing of trade, the construction of new cities - all this could not affect the growth of national consciousness. People of Petrovsky times felt their involvement in historical events whose greatness they felt on their destinies. I went to the past Boyarskaya Russia.

Time required cases. Everyone had to work for the benefit of society and the state, imitating the tireless "worker on the throne." Any phenomenon was estimated primarily from the point of view of its utility. The verbost could be useful if she glorified the success of Russia and clarified the Sovereign Sovereign. Therefore, the main qualities of the literature of this era are the topicality, life-affirming pathos and the installation on a general accessibility. So in 1706, the so-called "school drama" appeared, the plays written by teachers of spiritual educational institutions.

School drama could be filled with political content. In the play, written in 1710 on the occasion of victory under Poltava, the biblical king David was straightformed by Peter first: both David defeated the giant Goliath, and Peter defeated the Swedish king Charles XII.

The numerous spiritual estate to reforms was hostile. Peter has repeatedly tried unsuccessfully to attract the church to his side. He was looking for loyal people who would have the gift of words and beliefs and obediently conducted his line among the clergy.

Such a person became Faofan Prokopovich, a church figure and writer. Feofan's sermons - always political performances, a talented presentation of an official point of view. They were printed in state typography and sent on churches. Large journalistic writings of Feofan - "Spiritual Regulations" (1721) and "True will of the monarch" (1722) - written on the instructions of Peter. They are devoted to the rationale for the unlimited power of the monarch over the life of the subjects.

Diverse poetic creativity Prokopovich. He composes spiritual verses, elegances, epigrams. His "Song victorious to the notorious victory Poltava" (1709) marked the beginning of the numerous oots of the eighteenth century on the victory of Russian weapons.

Feofan was not only a practitioner, but also a theorist of literature. He drawn up courses "poetics" and "rhetoric" (1706-1707) on latin. In these works, he defended the literature as art, obeying the stringent rules, bringing "secret and benefits". In verses, he demanded clarity and condemned the "darkness" scholar of poetry of the XVII century. In the "rhetoric" he, after European authors, proposed to distinguish three styles: "high", "medium" and "low", fixing each of them for specific genres. Prokopovich's treatises were not in a timely manner, but the theorists of Russian classicism became known, - Lomonosov studied them in the manuscript.

2. The era of classicism

Petrovsky's literature largely reminded the literature of the past century. New ideas spoke old language - in church sermons, school dramas, handwritten ones. Only in the 30-40s in Russian literature opens at all new page - Classicism. However, as well as the literature of Petrovsky time, the creativity of classicist writers (Cantemir, Sumarokov and others) is closely related to the current political life of the country.

In Russian literature, classicism appeared later than in Western European. It was closely connected with the ideas of European enlightenment, such as: the establishment of solid and fair laws, mandatory for all, education and education of the nation, the desire to penetrate the mystery of the universe, approval of the equality of people of all classes, recognition of the values \u200b\u200bof the human person, regardless of the situation in society.

For Russian classicism, the system of genres is also characteristic, the appeal to the human mind, the convention of artistic images. It was important to recognize the decisive role of an enlightened monarch. The ideal of such a monarch for Russian classicism was Peter the first.

After Peter's death in 1725, the real possibility of coagulation of reforms and return to the old way of life and reign arose. Everything was assigned to the future of Russia: science, education, citizen's debt. That is why for Russian classicism is especially characterized by Satira.

The most prominent of the first figures of the new literary eraWrapping in this genre was Prince Antih Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744 g) His father, an influential Moldovan aristocrat, was a famous writer and historian. Prince Antih himself, although according to the writer modesty, and called his mind the "misappropriate fruit of short science", in fact, was a man formed by the highest European standards. Latin, French and Italian poetry, he knew perfectly. In Russia, his friends were Archbishop Faofan Prokopovich and historian V.N. Tatishchev. The last twelve years of life cantemir was a messenger in London and Paris.

From an early youth, Antioch wanted to see the nobility society surrounded by his formed, free from prejudice. He considered the prejudice to follow the ancient standards and customs.

Kantemir is more famous as the author of nine satire. Different defects are influenced in them, but the main enemies of the poet - the sacrais and the slacker - Schiegol. They are bred in the strings of the first satire "on the housing teachings". In the second satire "on the envy and pride of the nobility of the grimberous" is presented to anything that is not a suitable loaf of Eugene. He wins the state of ancestors, putting on Camzole worth in a whole village, and when he envies the successes of ordinary people who have achieved high ranks with their merits before the king.

The idea of \u200b\u200bnatural equality of people is one of the most bold ideas of the literature of the time. Kantemir believed that it was necessary to raise the nobility, so as not to give the nobleman to go down to the state of the unenmended man:

"Little uses you to call at least the son of the royal,

If you do not dispense yourself with the vile. "

One of his satire cantemir was specially dedicated to her upbringing:

"The mainly upbringing is the case,

To heart, passion driven, infant ripe

In good nrules, approve, so that it is useful

Your son was the Fatherland, between people are kind and always desirable. "

Kantemir wrote in other genres. Among his works are "high" (OD, Poem), "Average" (satires, poetic letters and songs) and "Low" (Basni). He tried to find in the language of the funds to write differently in different genres. But they still lacked the means. The new Russian literary language has not been established. The "high" syllable differs from "low", it was not quite clear. The style of Kantemir himself Pystro. He writes long phrases built along the Latin pattern, with sharp syntactic transfer, there is no care that the borders of the proposals coincide with the verse border. Reades his works are very difficult.

The next bright representative of Russian classicism, whose name is known to everyone without exception - is M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765). Lomonosov, in contrast to Chanatera, the enemies of enlightenment rarely rarely. In his solemn oodas, the "statement" began the beginning. The poet glorifies Russia's successes on the field of Brahi, in peaceful trade, in science and art.

"Our literature begins with Lomonosov ... He was her father, her Peter Great." So determined the place and importance of creativity Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov for Russian literature V.G. Belinsky.

Born M.V. Lomonosov near the city of Kholmogory, on the shores of the Northern Dvina, in the family of a wealthy, but the illiterate peasant engaged in navalism. The boy felt such a crave for the teachings that in 12 years he went from his native village on foot to Moscow. Poet N. Nekrasov told us, "As an Archangelian man, in his own and God, became a sense and great."

In Moscow, Mikhail entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and, despite the fact that he lived in terrible need, she finished it brilliantly. Among best graduates The Academy of Lomonosov was sent to study in St. Petersburg, and then, in 1736, in Germany. There, Lomonosov passed the course of all sciences, both mathematical and verbal. In 1741, Mikhail Vasilyevich returned to Russia, where he served in the Academy of Sciences until the end of the life. He patronized Count I.I. Shuvalov, favorite Empress Elizabeth. Therefore, Lomonosov himself was in mercy, which allowed him to truly turn around to his talents. He was engaged in many scientific works. In 1755, Moscow University was opened on his proposal and plan. In the official duties of Lomonosov, there was also an essay of poems to court holidays, and most of its OD in such cases is written.

"Arkhangelsk Men", the first of the leaders of Russian culture has won world fame, one of the outstanding enlighteners and the most enlightened person of his time, one of the largest scholars of the eighteenth century, the wonderful poet of Lomonosov became the reformer of the Russian poetry.

In 1757, the scientist writes the preface to the collection of works "On the benefits of church books in the Russian language", which sets out the famous theory "three hundred". In it Lomonosov put forward as the basis literary language National language. In Russian, according to Lomonosov, words on stylistic color can be divided into several clans. By the first one, he took the vocabulary of the Church Slavonic and Russian, to the second - acquaintances on books and understandable church Slavonic words, but rare in spoken language, to the third - the words of living speech, which is not in church books. A separate group was common, which could only be restricted in writings. Almost almost excludes Lomonosov from the literary written speech Outdated church Slavonic words, vulgarisms and inappropriately borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200bof Varvarisms.

Depending on the quantitative mixing of the words of three clans, one or another style is created. So there were "three calm" of Russian poetry: "high" -ckers Slavic words and Russians,

"mediatory" (medium) - Russian words with a small admixture of church Slavonic words, "low" - Russian words of spoken language with the addition of the words of the common and small number of church Slavonic.

Each style corresponds to their genres: "High" - heroic poems, ODD, tragedy, "middle" - dramas, satires, friendly letters, elegances, "lower" - comedies, epigrams, songs, fables. Such a clear distinction, theoretically very simple, in practice led to the separation of high genres.

Lomonosov himself wrote mainly in the "high" genres.

So, "Ode on the day of the adoption is not the throne of the empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1747" written by "high calm" and glorifies the daughter of Peter the first. Having gave tribute to the virtues of the Empress, her "meek," "good and beautiful face," the desire to "expand sciences", the poet starts a speech about her father, whom he calls "a man, what was not the heard from the century." Peter is the ideal of an enlightened monarch, which all the forces gives its people and the state. In Oda Lomonosov, the image of Russia is given with its immense expanses, huge wealth. So the topic of the Motherland and serving is arising to her - leading in the work of Lomonosov. With this theme, the topic of science, knowledge of nature is closely connected. It ends with a hymn science, a call to the young men to hold into the glory of the Russian land. Thus, in the "Oda 1747" found an expression of the educational ideals of the poet.

"The science of boys feed,

The old one is served,

In a happy life decorate,

In the accident you caress;

In home difficulties of joy

And in distant wanders not a hindrance.

Sciences are used everywhere,

Among peoples and in the desert

In town noise and alone

Along the sweets and in labor. "

Belief in the human mind, the desire to know the "secrets of many worlds", reach the essence of the phenomena through the "Small Things Sign" - these are themes of poems "Evening thinking", "two astronomers in the feast happened together ...".

In order to bring the country to benefit, you need not only hard work, but also enlightenment, says Lomonosov. He writes about the "beauty and importance of the teaching", which makes man the Creator. "Use your own mind", "he calls in the poem" Listen, I ask "....

In Catherine II, Russian absolutism reached unprecedented power. The nobility received unheard of privileges, Russia became one of the first world powers. The tightening of serfdom was the main cause of the peasant war1773-1775, under the direction of E.I. Pugacheva

Unlike European Russian classicism more closely related to folk traditions and oral folk creativity. It often uses the material of Russian history, and not antiquity.

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was the last in a number of the largest representatives of Russian classicism. He was born on July 3, 1743 in the family of a small -coming Kazan nobleman. The entire state of the Derzhavin family was among the top ten shower. Poverty prevented the future poet to get an education. Only sixteen years later he was able to enter the Kazan gymnasium, and he also studied there for long. In 1762, Gabriel Derzhavin called for military service. Poverty affected it here: unlike most nobility, he was forced to start the service ordinary and only ten years old received an officer rank. In those years, he was already a poet. Is it not true, a strange combination: ordinary royal army and poet? But staying in the soldier, and not in the officerial environment allowed the delay to imbued with what is called the spirit of the Russian people. He was extremely respected by soldiers, sincere conversations with immigrants from Russian peasants taught him the perception of folk need and grief as a state problem. Glory came to the holder only in the forty years, in 1783, when Catherine II read it "ODU to the Kirghiz-Kaisatskaya Prince Felice." Shortly before the Ekaterina in one moral fairy tale brought under the name of the princes of Felitsa themselves. To Tsarevna Felice, and not to the Empress addresses the poet:

One you just do not offend

Do not insult anyone,

Fools through your fingers you see

Only evil do not tolerate one;

Misconduct luxury rules

Like a wolf sheep, people do not give,

You know the price of their price.

The highest praises are expressed by the most common spoken language. The author displays itself as "Lazy Murza." In these mocking stanches, readers distinguished very caustic hints on the strongest nobles:

Then compensating that I am Sultan,

Universal frightening,

Then suddenly, close to the outfit,

Jump to the tail in the caftan.

This describes the almighty pet Catherine - Prince Potemkin. According to the rules of the literary etiquette, all this was unthinkable. Derzhavin himself was afraid of his audacity, but I liked the emperator. The author immediately became famous poet And got into mercy at the court.

Catherine has repeatedly told Derzhavin, which is waiting for new OD in the spirit of "Felitsa." However, Derzhavin was deeply disappointed when he saw the life of the courtyard of Catherine the second near the life of the courtyard. In an allegorical form, the poet shows his feelings he experienced from court life, in a small poem "on the bird".

And well, compress her hand.

Bearing a poor thing instead of whistle,

And she is stitching: "Sing, bird, sing!"

He was overwritten Catherine II - Felitsa - and soon received the appointment to the post of Governor by Olonets Gubernia. But the officials of the career of Derzhavin, despite the fact that he was not left by the monarch of grace and received a non-one position, did not work out. The reason for this was the honesty and straightness of Derzhavin, his real, and not traditionally-feigned aware of the benefits of the Fatherland. For example, Alexander I appointed Derzhavin Minister of Justice, but then removed him from affairs, explaining his decision to the inadmissibility of such a "zealous service". Literary glory and public service made a rich man held by a rich man. He spent the last years in peace and prosperity, living alternately in St. Petersburg, then in his own estate near Novgorod. The brightest work of Derzhavin began to glorify his "Felitsa". Two genres are connected in it: Oda and Satire. This phenomenon was truly revolutionary for the literature of the classicism era, because, according to the classic theory of literary genres, Oda and Satire belonged to different "shines", and their mixing was unacceptable. However, Derzhavin managed to connect not only the subject of these two genres, but also the vocabulary: the words "high calm" were organically combined in the "Felice" and the spacious. Thus, Gabriel Derzhavin, an extremely developed classicism opportunity in his works, became at the same time the first Russian poet, overcoming classic canons.

Over the past half of the eighteenth century, other literary flows were also formed along with classicism. In the period when classicism was leading literary flow, personality showed itself mainly in public service. By the end of the century, a look at the value of a separate person was formed. "The man is rich in his feelings."

3. Epoch sentimentalism

From the sixties of the XVIII century in Russian literature there is a new literary direction, which received sentimentalism.

Like classicists, Sentimentalist writers relied on the idea of \u200b\u200benlightenment that the value of a person does not depend on his belonging to the highest classes, but from his personal advantages. But if there was a state and public interest for classicists in the first place, then for sentimentalists - a specific person with his feelings and experiences. Classicists all subordinate to the mind, sentimentalists - feelings, mood. Sentimentalists believed that a man by nature is kind, deprived of hatred, cunning, cruelty, that, on the basis of congenital virtues, public and social instincts are developing, uniting people to society. From here, Vera Sentimentalists in what exactly the natural sensitivity and good challenges of people are the key to the perfect society. In the works of that time, the main place was given to the upbringing of the soul, moral cultivation. The primary source of the virtues of the sentimentalists considered sensitivity, so they were filled with compassion, longing and sadness. They also changed the genres that preferences were given. Elegy, messages, songs and romances came to first place.

Main hero - a common personseeking to merge with nature, find peaceful silence in it and gain happiness. Sentimentalism, as well as classicism, also suffered a certain limitation and last sides. In the works of this direction, sensitivity develops into melancholy, accompanied by sighs and tears.

The ideal of sensitivity has greatly influenced the whole generation. educated people And in Europe and in Russia, for many, determining the lifestyle. The reading of sentimental novels was part of the behavior of the educated person. Pushkinskaya Tatiana Larina, who "fell in love" in deceptions and Richardson, and Rousseau, thus received the same upbringing as all the youngsters in all European capitals. Literary heroes They sympathized as real people, imitated them. In general, sentimental education brought a lot of good.

In recent years, the Board of Catherine II (approximately from 1790 and before its death in 1796) in Russia, there was something that usually occurs in the end of the long reigns: in state affairs began stagnation, the top places were occupied by old dignitaries, the young people did not see the opportunity Applications of their forces in the service of Fatherland. Then, sentimental sentiments entered the fashion - not only in the literature, but also in life.

Nicholas Mikhailovich Karamzin became the ruler of the Dumum of the 90s of the 90s - a writer, with the name of which and it is customary to relate the concept of "Russian sentimentalism". Born 1 (12) .12.1766 in p. Mikhaylovka symbirsk province. Education received in private pensions in Simbirsk and Moscow. Sounded lectures at Moscow University. He knew several new and ancient languages.

In 1789 - 1790. The writer took a journey through Europe. I visited Germany, Switzerland, France, England, and in Paris witnessed the events of the French revolution, I saw and heard almost all of her figures. The trip gave Karamzin material for his famous "letters of the Russian traveler", which are not track notes, but an artistic work that continues the tradition of the European Genre "Travel" and "Romanov of Education".

Returning to Russia in the summer of 1790, Karamzin develops rapid activities by collecting young writers around him. In 1791, he begins to publish the "Moscow Journal", where he publishes his "letters of the Russian traveler" and the story, which started the beginning of Russian sentimentalism: " Poor Lisa"," Natalia, Boyarskaya Daughter. "

The main task of the magazine Karamzin saw the re-education of "evil hearts" by art forces. For this, it was necessary, on the one hand, make the art of understandable people, to release the language of artistic works from high polity, and on the other hand, to educate taste to elegant, to portray life not in all its manifestations (sometimes gross and ugly), and in those that approach ideal state.

In 1803 N.M. Karamzin began working on the "history of the Russian State" and requested on the official appointment of his historiogram. Having received this position, he studies numerous sources - the annals, diplomas, other documents and books, writes a number of historical works. Eight volumes of the "History of the Russian State" were issued in January 1818 by a circulation of 3000 copies. And immediately separated, so it took the second edition. In St. Petersburg, where Karamzin moved to the publication of "History ...", he continued to work on the last four volumes. 19, Tom came out in 1824, and the 12th - already posthumously.

Latest Toma Reflected a change in the views of the author to the historical process: from the apology of a "strong personality" he proceeds to estimates of historical events from a moral point of view of the meaning of the "History ..." Karamzin is difficult to overestimate: she awakened interest in Russia's past in the wide ranges of the noble society, brought up in Mainly on antique Story and literature, and about the ancient Greeks and the Romans knew more than their ancestors.

N.M. Karamzin died 22.5 (3.6) .1826

The work of Nicholas Mikhailovich Karamzin played a huge and ambiguous role in Russian culture. Karamzin writer acted as a reformer of the Russian literary language, becoming the predecessor of Pushkin; The founder of Russian sentimentalism, he created absolutely perfect and having nothing to do with the reality of the people. Since the time of Karamzin, the language of literature has increasingly began to converge with a conversational speech - first the nobles, and then folk; However, at the same time, increasingly marked and increased the gap in the worldview of these two layers of Russian society. As a journalist, Karamzin showed samples of a variety of types of periodic editions and techniques of the trendy supply of material. As a historian and a public figure, he was a convinced "Western" and influenced the whole generation of the Creators of Patriotic Culture who came to replace him, but became a real enlightener of the nobility, forcing him (especially women) to read Russian and opening peace to him russian history.

Thus, in the literature of the 18th century there were two currents: classicism and sentimentalism. The ideal of classicist writers is a citizen and a patriot seeking to work for the benefit of the Fatherland. He must become active creative personality, Fight with public defects, with all the manifestations of "worship and tyranny" such a person needs to abandon the desire for personal happiness, subordinate his senses to debt. Sentimentalists all submitted to feelings, all sorts of shades of moods. The language of their works becomes emphasized emotional. Heroes of works - representatives of the middle and lower classes. From the eighteenth century, the process of democratization of literature begins.

And again, the Russian reality invaded the world of literature and showed that only in the unity of common and personal, and a citizen and a person can take place when subordinating a personal person. But in poetry of the late XVIII century, the concept of "Russian man" was identified only with the concept of "Russian nobleman". Derzhavin and other poets and writers of the 18th century did only the first step in the understanding of the national nature, showing the nobleman and in the service of Fatherland, and at home. The integrity and fullness of the internal life of a person have not yet been disclosed.

Paul I managed to live only 40 days. In the second half of the XVIII century. The real flourishing of the Russian sculpture begins. She developed slowly, but Russian educational idea and Russian classicism were the greatest incentives for the development of the art of large civil ideas, large-scale problems, ...

Material changing the appearance of Russian literature XVIII century, created by once bourgeois researchers. Revolutionary fermentation among the peasantry, who directly not found his reflection in the written literature, still affected her. Even at the beginning of the century, the peasantry protest against ...

Freedom-loving characters of the tragedy of Sumarokov, who did not converge from the scene at the time. EntimentalismClacialism was not the only course of noble culture in the age of enlightenment. Sentimentalism came to replace him. He brought attention to the feelings and interests of a simple person, mainly from "...

Landscape and architecture. The folding of the city landscape in the art of the second half of the XVIII century ended with writing this picture. 4. New principles of construction of St. Petersburg in the Epoch of Enlightenment. Architecture of classicism 4.1 Old city at the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, writes M. ...

The origin and the first steps of domestic engineering - all these phenomena, determined the level of material culture, arose only in XIX century, they did not know the preceding age. Fastener during this period was a huge obstacle to socio-economic and cultural development ...

1739). The new phenomenon in Russian culture was spread sculptural compositions. Since B. orthodox Russia Traditionally, sculpture did not develop, the statues for palace and Park Ensembles Purchased abroad, mainly in Italy. The first quarter of the XVIII century became the transformation time ...

Its from classicism. Without giving up with the enlightenment, Sentimentalism remained faithful to the ideal of a regulatory personality, but the condition of its implementation was not the "reasonable" reorganization of the world, but the release and improvement of the "natural" feelings. Hero of educational literature in sentimentalism more ...

In man, dignity and respect for their forces, abilities, experiences regardless of the situation in society. M. V. Lomonosov (1711 - 1765) "With Lomonosov, our literature begins ... He was her father, her Peter Great." So determined the place and importance of creativity Mikhail Vasilyevich ...

Russian sentimentalism. Features of formation and development.

The Russian sentimentalism was part of the pan-European literary movement and, at the same time, a natural continuation of national traditions that were in the era of classicism. The works of the largest European writers associated with the sentimental area ("New Eloise" Rousseau, "the suffering of a young vertery" Goethe, "Sentimental Journey" and "Life and Opinions of the Tristram Shender" Stern, "Nights" Jung, etc.) very soon after their appearance Homeland become well known in Russia; They are read, translated, quoted; The names of the main characters are acquired by popularity, they become kinda identifiable signs: the Russian intellectual of the end of the 18th century could not help but know who Verter and Charlotte, Saint-Prev and Julia, Jorich and Tristram Shender.

At the same time, in the second half of the 18th century, Russian translations of numerous minor and even third-track authors appear. Some writings who left the not very noticeable trace in the history of their domestic literature were perceived sometimes with great interest in Russia, if problems were affected by the problems, relevant to the Russian reader, and were rethought in accordance with the submissions already established on the basis of national traditions. Thus, the period of formation and the heyday of Russian sentimentalism was distinguished by the extreme creative activity of the perception of European culture. At the same time, Russian translators were preferentially paid to the modern literature, today's literature (see about this in detail: Stennik Yu.V., Kochetkova N.D., P.727 and Next)

Chronological framework:

Sentimental works for the first time arise in England in the late 1720s - early 1730s (as a reaction to the revolution of 1688-1689, exit to the arena of the third estate and turning it into influential political and public strength). This works of J. Thomson "Seasons" (1726-1730), Greek "Elegy, written in a rural cemetery" (1751), S. Richardson "Pamela" (1740), "Clarissa" (1747-1748), " The story of Sir Charles Grandison "(1754).

As an independent literary direction, sentimentalism is issued in the 1760-1770s in England, France and Germany. From 1764 to 1774, the works were published here that created aesthetic foundation methods and determined his poetics; They can be considered a peculiar aesthetic treatises of a sentimental direction (these are already mentioned novels J.-Zh. Rousseau "Julia, or New Eloise" 1761; L. Sister "Sentimental Journey in France and Italy" 1768; I.-V. Goethe "suffering Young Verter "1774).

Chronological framework of Russian sentimentalism Determined more or less approximately. P.A. Eorlov, for example, highlights 4 stages:

1760-1775.1760 - the date of the appearance of the Journal "Useful Fatherland", which blinked around himself a whole group of young poets led by M. Horaskov. The continuation of "useful fun" was the magazines "Free Watch" (1763) and "Good Intention" (1764), in which the same authors were mainly cooperating.

In poetry, preferential attention was paid to love, friendly and family issues. Genres have so far be borrowed from previous classic literature (anacreontic sample, idyll), ready-made European samples were also used. The prosenament is presented by the novels F. Emina "Letters of Ernest and Doravra" and V.A. Levshina "Matinees in love".

Dramaturgy - "tear plays" M. Kharaskova.

It should be noted that it is from Heraskov that the history of Russian sentimentalism begins. It is characterized by a new attitude to the genre hierarchy: high and low not only equal, but, moreover, preference is given to low genres (for example, a song). The term "Low Genre" becomes unacceptable: Heraskov in this case opposes the "loud" poetry - "quiet", "pleasant". Poet and playwright, he focuses on a separate, private person. In this regard, chamber genres begin to attract special attractiveness. Singing and dancing cowgirl for Heraskova "Miley of the Choir".

Representatives of the first stage, the criterion of public and spiritual values \u200b\u200bis already recognized as nature and as one of its manifestations - sensitivity.

Masonry is played in a major role in the public thought of this time (N.Novikov, A.M. Kutuzov, IPTUREGEN, A.A.Petrov et al.). In this number of serious attention, it is primarily the creative activity of A.M. Kutuzov. Analysis of its poetic works, private correspondence, translations indicates a negative attitude of the artist to the rationalistic art of classicists, attention to the European procubulant movement, preferably orientation on the tradition of English and German literature and ignoring French, interest in the inner world and psychologism. A.M. Kutuzov wrote: "Not an outdoor of the inhabitants, not kaftans and Reading them, not the houses in which they live, not the language they say, not the mountains, not the sea, not the ascending or the setting sun of our attention, but Man and its properties ... "

In the mid-70s. There is also a flourishing of giving M.N. Muravyev. In the lyrics, it gradually becomes determining the autobiographical principle. Addresses of works are friends and close, the main genre - the message. Hero Muravyov - a man with a "sensitive soul", his ideal is a modest, but an active life that benefits society and satisfaction to itself. Muravyov draws attention to the need to penetrate into the inner world of man. The poet must comprehend "hearty sacraments", "Soul Life" with its contradictions and transitions from one state to another. In the consciousness of the poet, the category of time is also presented. Every moment is unique, and the task of the artist is to catch and capture it. New artistic tasks predetermined the new attitude of the poet to the language. G. Bukovsky noted: "Words begin to sound not so much with their usual vocabulary as their overtones, aesthetic-emotional associations and haloes." Epitts characteristic and for later lyrics of sentimentalism appear in the poetry of Muravyov: "Sweet Current conversation", "sweetheart", "sweet peace", "meek beam", "Shameful Moon", "Cute Dream"; The epithet "quiet" (previously antonym to the epithet "loud") acquires new nuances - "pleasant", "gentle", "serene" ("Silent Sleep", "Quiet thrill", "quiet lightness").

An important fact of this period was the exit in 1776 by the comic opera N. N. N. Rosana and Love. According to P. Orlova, it is in this genre that the social beginning of Russian sentimentalism is further developed: the conflict of such plays is the facts of landlord arbitrariness over the virtuous, "sensitive" peasants who first serve as the main characters superior to the spiritual development of their offenders.

The third stage 1789-1796. This is the most bright and fruitful period in the history of Russian sentimentalism. At this time, the best works of N. Karamzin were created. The period as a whole is characterized by the predominance of prosaic works: novel, story, sentimental journey, epistolar genres (samples of almost all known sentimentalism of prose genres are proposed by Karamzin); From the poetic genres, preference is given to the song (Dmitriev, Kopnis, Nejninsky-molec, Lviv), satirian fairy tale and Basna (Dmitriev).

Since 1791, the best sentimental periodic magazines - "Moscow Journal", "Enjoyable and Useful Transportation of Time" appear. They discusses questions about the extrallinary value of human, the laws of nature and state construction.

4 period: 1789-1811 The period of crisis of Russian sentimentalism. Former glory of the direction supports only N.Karamzin, but he gradually leaves artistic creativity and tries himself as a researcher of the history of Russia

The philosophical basis of sentimentalism - sensualism.Its founder English philosopher J. Lok (1632-1704), the main work is "the experience of the human mind" (1690). According to the philosopher, the external world is given to man in his physiological sensations - vision, hearing, smell, tanging; General ideas arise on the basis of the emotional experience of these sensations and analytical activities of the mind, which compares, combines and abstracts the properties of things that are susceptible.

The ideas of the student of Locke A.E.K.Sheftsbury (1671-1713) were very popular among sentimentalists. In the center of his attention - moral categories. Schaftsbury argued that the moral beginning was laid in the very nature of man and is not connected with the mind, but with a special moral sense, which one may indicate the path to happiness. It is morally a person prompts not awareness of debt, but the bearer of the heart. Happiness, therefore, lies not in a pull to sensual pleasures, but in a pull to virtue. Thus, the "naturalness" of nature is interpreted by Scheftbury, and after him, the sentimentalists, not as its "scandalivity", but as the need and the possibility of virtuous behavior, and the heart becomes a special individual authority of the senses connecting a particular person with a common harmonious and moral -Pravened device of the universe.

On the question of the essence of sentimentalism as an artistic direction

It is primarily necessary to note that not all researchers consider sentimentalism by an independent scientific direction. The English-speaking scientists still remain in the go mainly such concepts as "sentimental novel". "Sentimental Drama", "Sentimental Poetry". French and German critics are rapidly "sentimentality" rather than a special category, in one way or another inherent in artworks of various eras and directions.

Only in Russia, since the late 19th century, attempts are made to comprehend sentimentalism as a holistic historical and cultural phenomenon. For him, the following features are characteristic:

the cult of feelings (or hearts), which in this system of views becomes "Meril of Good and Evil";

in the aesthetics, the "sublime" began is replaced by the category "touching";

it was created by the hero: "Sensitive man", which embodies the humanistic ideal of an era, living in a complex inner life, wonderful not by military exploits or state affairs, but with his mental qualities, the ability to "feel". Personality of personality is found in the new sphere of feelings.

System of Sentimentalism genres

First of all it is necessary to keep in mind the following:

preferential attention is paid to prosaic genres;

genres can be mixed.

In the field of prose in the first place - the novel with the following varieties: Roman in letters (Richardson, Rousseau, Emin), associated with the novel in letters genre of private correspondence (Swift, Voltaire, Didro, Kutuzov, Petrov, Dmitriev, Karamzin); Roman-journey (Stern, Karamzin); Roman of upbringing (Viland, Goethe, Karamzin); Then the story is philosophical in the West and the loving psychological, story-tale, a story-miniature, a philosophical-psychological essay - in Russia (samples of all types of negotia are presented in the works of Karamzin).

In the field of drama - "tear drama" (Didro, Heraskov), a comic opera (Nikolev).

In the field of lyrics - in the West - Philosophical and didactic poem, an elegy, ballad; In Russia - Anacreontic Odi, Idyll, Elegy, Song, Romance, Little Stir, Satirical Tale and Basnie.

Art conquests and discovery. New types of narration (psychological landscape sketches, lyrical meditations, elegances in prose) are open to Sentimentalists. Receptions of the inner world of the hero (lyrical deviations, author's analysis of psychology, internal monologue) were developed; Significantly complicated syntax (periprase, lexical and syntactic repeats, techniques of musical and rhythmic construction, sounding); New trails (psychological epithets) have been introduced.

Writer.Sentimentalism has penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s due to the translations of the novelsVerter I.V.GuetePamela , Clarissa andGrandison S. Ryrhardson,New Eloisa J.-H. RousseauFields and Virginia J.-A. Bernarden de Saint Pierre. ERU of Russian sentimentalism opened Nikolai Mikhailovich KaramzinLetters of the Russian traveler (1791–1792).

His Roman Poor Lisa (1792) is a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose; from hetevskyVerter he inherited the general atmosphere of sensitivity and melancholy and the topic of suicide.

Essays N.M. Karamzin caused a huge number of imitations to life; At the beginning of the 19th century. appearedPoor Masha A.E.Ismailova (1801),Travel to midday Russia (1802), Henrietta, or the celebration of deception over weakness or delusion I.Svechinsky (1802), Numerous Tale G.P. Kamenev (History of poor Maria ; Unhappy Margarita ; Beautiful Tatyana ) etc.

Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev belonged to the Karamzin group, who spent the creation of a new poetic language and fantastic against the archaic high-resistant syllable and outlined genres.

Sentimentalism is marked early creativity Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Publication in 1802 translationsElegy written in a rural cemetery E.Gray became a phenomenon in the russian life of Russia, for he translated the poem "The Sentimentalism language in general, translated the Genre of Elegy, and not an individual product of the English poet, having his special individual style" (E.G. Ektkin). In 1809 Zhukovsky wrote a sentimental story Marina Grove in the spirit of N.M. Karamzin.

Russian sentimentalism by 1820 has exhausted himself.

He was one of the stages of pan-European literary development, which completed the Epoch of Enlightenment and opened the way to romanticism.

In the middle of the 18th century, the process of decomposition of classicism began in Europe (due to the destruction of the absolute monarchy in France and other countries), as a result of which a new literary direction appeared - sentimentalism. His homeland is considered by England, since its typical representatives were english writers. The term "sentimentalism" itself appeared in the literature after the publication of the "sentimental journey in France and Italy" Laurence Stern.

Code of Catherine Great

In the 60s and 1970s, the rapid development of capitalist relations begins in Russia, the result of which the increasing phenomenon of the bourgeoisie becomes. The growth of cities intensified, which resulted in the appearance of the third estate, whose interests reflect Russian sentimentalism in the literature. At this time, the same layer of society begins to form, which is now called an intelligentsia. The growth of the industry turns Russia into a strong power, and numerous military victories contribute to the rise of the national self-consciousness. In 1762, during the reign of Catherine, the second, nobles and peasants received many privileges. The Empress thus tried to create a myth of his board, showing himself in Europe an enlightened monarch.

Ekaterina's second policy largely prevented progressive phenomena in society. So, in 1767, a special commission was convened for the state of new deposits. In his work, the Empress argued that the absolute monarchy is not necessary to exclude freedom in humans, but to achieve the good goal. However, sentimentalism in the literature meant an image of life simple peopleTherefore, no writer mentioned Ekaterina the Great in his works.

The most important event of this period has become peasant War Under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev, after which many nobles stood on the side of the peasants. Already in the 70s, in Russia began to appear mass societieswhose ideas of freedom and equality influenced the formation of a new course. In such conditions, Russian sentimentalism began to form in literature.

Conditions for the emergence of a new direction

In the second half of the 18th century, the fight against feudal orders in Europe took place. The enlighteners defended the interests of the so-called third class, which often turned out to be oppressed. Classicists glorified the merits to the merits of monarchs in their works, and sending sentimentalism (in Russian literature) in their works as opposed to the direction after several decades. Representatives advocated the equality of people and put forward the concept of a natural society and a natural person. They focused on the criterion of omensity: the feudal system, in their opinion, was unreasonable. This idea is reflected in the novel of Daniel Defo "Robinson Cruzo", and later - in the work of Mikhail Karamzin. In France, the product of Jean-Jacques Rousseau "Julia, or New Eloiza" becomes a bright example and manifesto; In Germany, the "suffering of a young verteter" Johann Goethe. In these books, the tradesman is depicted as an ideal person, in Russia, everything is different.

Sentimentalism in literature: features

The style is born in a fierce ideological combat with classicism. These trends are opposed to each other in all positions. If the state depicted classicism, then a person with all his feelings is sentimentalism.

Representatives in the literature are introduced new genre forms: love romance, psychological story, as well as confessional prose (diary, travel notes, travels). Sentimentalism, in contrast to classicism, was far from poetic forms.

The literary direction approves the contribution value of the human person. In Europe, mothers depicted as perfect manwhereas in Russia the peasants were always oppressed.

Sentimentalists are injected into their works allituration and description of nature. The second reception is used to display psychological state man.

Two directions sentimentalism

In Europe, writers smoothed social conflicts, whereas in works russian authors They, on the contrary, aggravated. As a result, two directions of sentimentalism occurred: noble and revolutionary. The representative of the first - Nikolai Karamzin is known as the author of the story "poor Lisa". Despite the fact that the conflict comes due to the collision of the interests of high and low class, the author at first puts forward a moral conflict, and not social. Noble sentimentalism did not speak for the abolition of serfdom. The author believed that "and the peasants can love."

Revolutionary sentimentalism in the literature performed for the abolition of serfdom. Alexander Radishchev chose as an epigraph to his book "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" only a few words: "Oblos, Ozorno, Charco and Laya." So he imagined collective image serfdom.

Genres in Sentimentalism

In this literary direction, the leading role was given to works written in prose. There were no strict borders here, so genres were often mixed.

A private correspondence was used in their work N. Karamzin, I. Dmitriev, A. Petrov. It is worth noting that not only writers, but also of the individuals who became famous in other areas, were applied to him, such as M. Kutuzov. Roman-journey in his literary heritage I left A. Radishchev, and Roman-upbringing - M. Karamzin. Sentimentalists found their use in the field of drama: M. Heraskov wrote "tear drama", and N. Nikolev - "Comic Opera".

Sentimentalism in the literature of the 18th century was the geniuses who worked in some other genres: a satirical fairy tale and baspe, idyllies, elegances, romance, song.

"Fashion Wife" I. I. Dmitriev

Often, the Sentimentalists writers appealed to the classicism in their work. Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev preferred to work with satirical genres and Odoy, so his fairy tale called "Fashion Wife" is written in poetic form. General Prolazes in old age decides to marry a young girl who is looking for a case to send it to new things. In the absence of her husband, the premium takes the lover of the Milnzor straight in his room. He is young, handsome, ladies, but Salopai and Boltun. The replicas of the heroes of the "fashionable wife" are empty and cynical - this Dmitriev is trying to portray the depraved atmosphere that dominates the noble estate.

"Poor Lisa" N. M. Karamzin

In the story, the author tells about the history of the love of the peasant and a barina. Lisa is a poor girl who has become a victim of treason rich young people. The poor thing lived and breathed only with his lover, but did not forget the simple truth - the wedding between representatives of different social classes cannot take place. A rich peasant is woven to Lisa, but she refuses him, waiting for the feats from his beloved. However, Erast deceives the girl, saying that he was sent to the service, and at that moment he was looking for a rich widowed bride. Soul experiences, gusts of passions, loyalty and treachery - feelings that often depicted sentimentalism in the literature. During the last meeting, the young man offers Lisa a hundred rubles as a sign of gratitude for the love she presented him in the days of dates. Without sustaining the gap, the girl imposes on his hands.

A. N. Radishchev and his "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow"

The writer was born in a wealthy noble family, but despite this, he was interested in the problem of the inequality of social classes. His famous work "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow" in the genre direction can be attributed to popular at that time travel, but the division on the chapter was not simple formality: each of them considered a separate side of reality.

Initially, the book was perceived as travel notes and successfully passed through censors, however, Catherine Second, having familiarized himself with its content personally, called Radishchev "Buntocker worse than Pugachev". In the head "Novgorod" describes the depraved morals of the Company, in "Lyubani" - the problem of the peasantry, in "Chudovo" we are talking On indifference and cruelty of officials.

Sentimentalism in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky

Writer lived at the junction of two centuries. At the end of the 18th century, Sentimentalism was a leading genre in Russian literature, and in 19, realism and romanticism came to replace him. Early works of Vasily Zhukovsky are written in accordance with the traditions of Karamzin. "Maryina Grove" is a beautiful story about love and suffering, and the poem "to poetry" sounds like a heroic call for feats. In its best Elegy, the rural cemetery, Zhukovsky reflects on the meaning of human life. An animated landscape is playing a major role in the emotional color of the work, in which the dormant of Iva, the dubbiva tremble, pale day. Thus, sentimentalism in the literature of the 19th century is represented by the work of few writers, among whom Zhukovsky was, but in 1820 the direction ceased to exist.