Historical cities of the Moscow region: recent history. Moscow Region: History of the Moscow Region

According to archeological data, the territory of the modern Moscow region was inhabited by humans about 20 thousand years ago and since then has been actively used by humans. This is confirmed by archaeological finds: Zaraiskaya site - the oldest monument of the Upper Paleolithic era (early Stone Age); Neolithic parking in the village. Fishermen of the Dmitrovsky district, the village of Zhabki, Yegoryevsky district, the village of Belivo, Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, the village of Nikolskoye, Ruzsky district, etc .; burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture of the Bronze Age (middle of the 2nd millennium BC); Shcherbinskoe settlement in Domodedovo on the right bank of the Pakhra River (Iron Age, late II - early I millennium BC).

The history of the Moscow region at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD rich and varied. On the territory of Podolsk, in the bend of the Pakhra river, a monument of federal significance Lukovnya settlement was discovered. There were settlements here from the 5th century BC. NS. to the 17th century A.D. NS. Not far from Domodedovo, on the left bank of the Pakhra River, there is the Starosyanovskoye settlement of the 6th – 15th centuries. The cultural layer of the settlement contains ceramics of the Dyakovsk culture - the ancestors of the Meri and Vesi tribes. It is worth noting the Vyatichi burial mound of the 12th – 13th centuries. near the estate "Gorki Leninskiye"; archeological monument of federal significance Akatovskaya kurgan group of XII-XIII centuries. near Balashikha, associated with the settlement of the Pekhorka valley; the disappeared city of the XI-XII centuries of Iskona, inhabited by the Krivichi, stood on the river of the same name on the territory of the modern Mozhaisk region.

Until the 9th-10th centuries, the lands of the future Moscow region were inhabited mainly by the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Meryane and Meschera. The Slavs began to penetrate into this territory from the Dnieper region from the 4th-6th centuries, the active development of these lands by the Slavs began only in the 10th century (Odintsovo kurgans, Akatovskaya kurgan group). The population was engaged in hunting, beekeeping, fishing, agriculture and cattle breeding.

Moscow region during the formation and development of statehood

The history of the formation of the state in Russia is inextricably linked with the lands of the modern Moscow region. So, from the middle of the XIII century they were part of the great Vladimir-Suzdal principality. In 1236, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich allocated the Moscow principality to his son Vladimir. The center of the principality was the city of Moscow, formed by Yuri Dolgoruky presumably in 1147. The founding of other first cities of the lands of the future Moscow principality dates back to this time: Volokolamsk - 1135, Zvenigorod - 1152, Dmitrov - 1154. Crafts and trade were concentrated in the cities, they became strongholds of the princely power.

In the first half of the XIII century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands near Moscow, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; during the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Of the appanage principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land during the years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Moscow one was the most advanced; it became the center of the unification of Russian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries and a stronghold of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It should be noted that the territories of the present southern (Zaoksky) districts of the Moscow region were part of the Ryazan principality, which was finally annexed to Moscow only in 1520.

In 1238, Northeastern Russia was devastated by the invasion of Khan Batu, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Against the background of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Moscow princes fought for power with neighboring principalities.

It was Moscow of the specific principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land that became the head of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the center of the unification of Russian lands and received the greatest development. At the beginning of the XIV century, the Moscow principality expanded to include Kolomna, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Mozhaisk. Under Dmitry Donskoy, in 1376, the principality established its influence in the Volga-Kama Bulgaria.

And in 1380, the troops of the already united Russian lands, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy, set out to meet the army of Mamai and then won a victory at the Kulikovo field. The Battle of Kulikovo (September 8, 1380) ended with the defeat of the Horde, which became a turning point in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars.

The cities of Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Zaraysk and other cities of the present Moscow region became fortress cities in the fight against the Horde, Lithuania and the Crimean Tatars. In addition to the cities, the monasteries near Moscow played a significant defensive role - Iosifo-Volotsky near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevsky in Zvenigorod and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

The defense of the Moscow principality on the southern borders was also carried out by the fortresses in Zaraisk and Serpukhov; the fortresses in Vereya and Mozhaisk were called upon to receive the attacks of the Poles and Lithuanians from the west (in 1600, near Mozhaisk, by order of Boris Godunov, the fortress Borisov Gorodok was also erected, which has not survived to this day.

The cities retained a defensive function until the 18th century.

The protracted internecine war in the principality in the second quarter of the 15th century ended with the victory of Grand Duke Vasily the Dark. Then the territory of the Moscow principality was 430 thousand square meters. km. with a population of 3 million people.

In the 15th – 16th centuries under Ivan III and Vasily III on the lands of Rus, with the exception of those who fell under the rule of the prince of Lithuania and the king of Poland, a single Russian state was formed, including the Yaroslavl, Rostov, Tver principality and the Novgorod and Pskov republics. At this time, agriculture continued to develop on the Moscow lands, especially the three-field crop rotation. The importance of feudal, landlord landownership also increased, and corvee economy developed. Non-agricultural pursuits are also undergoing positive changes, and trade is flourishing. The towns near Moscow have been known since that time for their crafts, for example, Serpukhov - leather production and metalworking, Kolomna - brick production.

The events of the Time of Troubles (from 1598 to 1613), the first and second people's militia also unfolded on the territory of the modern Moscow region. It is worth noting the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II, which lasted 16 months - from September 1608 to January 1610. At that time, the monastery had already become an influential religious center and a powerful military fortress of 12 towers.

Another famous monastery dating back to the 17th century is the New Jerusalem Monastery - founded on the territory of present-day Istra in 1656 by Patriarch Nikon. The idea of ​​the monastery was to recreate the complex of the holy places of Palestine near Moscow. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the monastery became a popular pilgrimage center. In 1920, a museum was established in the monastery. In 1991 it was named “New Jerusalem Historical, Architectural and Art Museum”. Today the museum is one of the largest in the Moscow region. The fund collection includes archaeological, historical, ethnographic and art collections and includes more than 180 thousand items.

In the 15th-16th centuries, trade flourished on the Moscow lands, the development of agriculture continued - in particular, a three-field crop rotation spread. The importance of feudal, landlord landownership also increased, and corvee economy developed. There was an increase in non-agricultural activities. Moscow became the center of the emerging all-Russian market. Crafts developed in the cities (for example, in Serpukhov - metalworking and leatherworking, in Kolomna - brick production).

Moscow region during the period of the Russian Empire

In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow province was created, consisting of 50 counties, which, along with the present territory, included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, almost the entire Yaroslavl, parts of Kaluga and Kostroma regions.

In 1719, the Moscow province was administratively divided into 9 provinces, one of which included the modern territory of the Moscow region.

In 1766, with the aim of establishing the exact boundaries of landholdings in the Moscow province, general land surveying was begun; in the second half of the 18th century, the first master plans appeared in the towns near Moscow, which laid the foundation for regular planning.

In 1781, significant changes took place in the administrative division of the Moscow province: from the former territory of the province, the Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma governorships were allocated, and the remaining territory was divided into 15 counties. This scheme existed, without undergoing any special changes, until 1929.

Many important events of the Patriotic War of 1812 took place on the territory of the Moscow province. On September 7, one of the largest battles of the war, the Battle of Borodino, took place on the Borodino field near Mozhaisk. On September 14-18, the Russian army under the command of MI Kutuzov, after leaving Moscow, undertook the famous march; leaving Moscow along the Ryazan road, the army crossed the Moscow River behind the Borovsk ferry and entered the old Kaluga road, blocking the way for the Napoleon army to the southern grain-growing regions of the country. In Moscow, abandoned by residents, a fire raged for six days - the invaders received neither shelter nor food, and after retreating from Moscow, having suffered heavy losses in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, they went through Borovsk and Vereya onto the old Smolensk road.

In the second half of the 19th century, especially after the peasant reform of 1861, the Moscow province experienced a strong economic growth. The formation of the railway network dates back to this time. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1862, traffic on the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened, in 1863 traffic began to Sergiev Posad, in 1866 the Moscow-Ryazan road was put into operation, in 1866-68 a railway was built from Moscow to Kursk, in 1872 it was a railway was opened from Moscow through Smolensk to Warsaw.

The second stage of intensive railway construction fell on the 1890s - 1900s - then the lines were built to Rzhev, Savyolovo, Pavelets, Bryansk. Finally, on the eve of the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow node, Lyubertsy - Arzamas, was put into operation. The settlements located near the railways received a powerful stimulus for development, while the location of settlements away from the railways often contributed to their economic extinction.

The main branch of industry in the province in the second half of the 19th century continued to be the textile industry. Mechanical engineering also developed, the formation of which was greatly facilitated by intensive railway construction. So, in the second half of the 19th century, a large Kolomna machine-building plant was opened, in the same period a carriage-building plant began to operate in Mytishchi. In 1883 the Klimovsk factory of weaving looms was opened; in Lyubertsy, the production of agricultural machinery was developed. At the same time, the size of arable land in the Moscow province decreased (for example, in 1860-1913, the arable area decreased by 37%).

Such branches of agriculture as horticulture, suburban gardening, and dairy farming have risen. The population of the Moscow region has grown noticeably (and if in 1847 there were 1.13 million people in the province, then in 1905 it was already 2.65 million; Moscow, on the eve of the First World War, was a city with a million inhabitants.

Moscow region during the USSR

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the Moscow province. The transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918 contributed to the economic growth of the province. After the Civil War, most of the factories were rebuilt; the sectoral structure of the industry as a whole remained, however, along with the textile industry, the knitwear and clothing industries developed, and heavy industry enterprises appeared.

The electric power industry began to develop - in 1922 the Kashirskaya GRES gave the first current; in the 1920s, a large plant "Elektrostal" was established.

In the 1920s - 1930s, in the course of the anti-church activity of the state, many churches near Moscow were closed, subsequently religious buildings performed various functions that were not related to their original functions (warehouses, garages, vegetable stores, etc.), many were empty and destroyed, some cultural monuments were completely lost; the restoration of most of the damaged churches began only in the 1990s.

On January 14, 1929, the Moscow province was transformed into the Moscow region, consisting of 144 districts united into 10 districts. The capital was transferred to Moscow.

In 1931 the city of Moscow was removed from the Moscow region and acquired administrative and economic independence. The modern borders of the Moscow region were finally formed in the post-war period.

The restructuring of the sectoral structure of the economy of the Moscow Region began in the 1930s. The most developed branches of heavy industry (primarily mechanical engineering). The importance of the chemical industry increased (for example, a large plant for the production of mineral fertilizers and a cement plant "Gigant" were built in Voskresensk). Peat mining developed in the east of the region. Several dozen large enterprises of various profiles were built in Moscow. At the same time, the development of cities proceeded slowly, where even before the revolution, industry was poorly developed. In 1935, for recreational purposes, a forest-park protective belt with an area of ​​35 thousand hectares was allocated around Moscow.

In 1941-1942, one of the most significant military operations of the Great Patriotic War, the Battle of Moscow, took place on the territory of the Moscow region. It began in late September - early October 1941. The Mozhaisk line of defense was put into operation. The evacuation of industrial enterprises to the east was carried out. With particular force, battles near Moscow flared up from mid-October. On October 15, the USSR State Defense Committee decided to evacuate Moscow. On October 18, the German army entered Mozhaisk, on October 19, a state of siege was introduced in Moscow and the surrounding areas by a decree of the State Defense Committee. Tens of thousands of residents of the Moscow region joined the militia. The enemy's advance was halted.

However, already in mid-November, the general offensive of the German troops continued; the battles were accompanied by heavy losses on both sides; these days, near Volokolamsk, a military feat of 28 guardsmen from the division of General Panfilov was performed. On November 23, the German army managed to capture Klin and Solnechnogorsk, battles were going on in the area of ​​Kryukov, Yakhroma, Krasnaya Polyana. On December 5-6, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. During December, most of the occupied cities of the Moscow region were liberated from the fascist troops. The front line was moved 100-250 km from Moscow. The military actions caused significant damage to the population and economy of the region. It took several years to restore the economy. During the war, some cultural monuments were also damaged (for example, significant damage was inflicted on the New Jerusalem Monastery, where, in particular, in 1941, the largest architectural structure, the Resurrection Cathedral, was blown up.

In July 1944, the Kaluga Region was formed, from the Moscow Region the Borovsky, Vysokinichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and Ugodsko-Zavodsky Districts were transferred to it. In the same year, the Vladimir region was formed, from the Moscow region the Petushinsky district was transferred to it. In 1946, the regions transferred from these regions to the Moscow region in 1942 were transferred to the Ryazan region and in 1957 to the Tula region. The last major change during the Soviet era took place in 1960, when a number of territories of the Moscow region were transferred to Moscow.

In the postwar years, the economic potential of the Moscow Region continued to grow; the ties between production and science were strengthened, a number of science cities were founded (Dubna, Troitsk, Pushchino, Chernogolovka). The main industries are chemistry, mechanical engineering, precision instrument making, and power engineering. By the beginning of the 1980s, the leading branches of specialization in the Moscow Region were the manufacturing industry and science.

The development of transport continued: a system of main gas pipelines and high-voltage power transmission lines was created, electrification of main railway lines was carried out, and a network of main roads was being formed (one of the largest projects was the construction of the Moscow Ring Road). The population of the cities grew rapidly; a powerful Moscow urban agglomeration was formed. To provide the growing population of the agglomeration with food products, large poultry farms and livestock complexes were built in the Moscow region; on the Moskovsky state farm in 1969, one of the largest greenhouse complexes in the country was organized.

Moscow region in the Russian Federation

The economy of the Moscow region experienced a deep crisis in the 1990s; in 1996 the volume of industrial production amounted to only 30% of the volume of 1990; the number of employed decreased by almost 500 thousand people; the largest losses were incurred by the manufacturing industries. Science also found itself in a deep crisis.

The economic growth that began in 1997 was stopped by the 1998 crisis. However, in the first half of the 2000s, a rapid economic recovery after the crisis began, the gross regional product grew at a high rate, but at the same time, a complete recovery of industrial production relative to the pre-crisis level did not occur (in 2002, the volume was only 58% of the 1990 level).

In the 2000s, as a result of administrative transformations of the existing urban-type settlements and villages, new cities were formed (Moskovsky, Golitsyno, Kubinka, etc.).

Since July 1, 2012, a significant part of the territory of the Moscow region, including three cities (Troitsk, Moskovsky and Shcherbinka), was transferred to the so-called. New Moscow; as a result of this transfer, the territory of the Moscow region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population - by 230 thousand people. with the corresponding growth in Moscow.

In 2014-2015, the cities of Korolev and Yubileiny, the cities of Balashikha and Zheleznodorozhny, the cities of Podolsk, Klimovsk and the urban-type settlement Lviv were merged, respectively.

The modern appearance of the Moscow region is determined by large industrial centers - Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Dmitrov. The heavy and light industries are well developed, in particular, the chemical and petrochemical industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking, as well as the textile, food, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.

The territory of the modern Moscow region was inhabited for more than 20 thousand years ago. Numerous burial mounds and ancient settlements of the Iron Age are known within the region. Mounds of the X-XII centuries are widespread. Until the 9th-10th centuries, the territory of the Moskva River basin and the adjacent lands were inhabited mainly by the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Meryane and Meschera. The Slavs began to actively develop this territory only in the 10th century.

In the middle of the XII century, the lands of the present Moscow region became part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The active foundation of cities dates back to this time (Volokolamsk, 1135; Moscow, 1147; Zvenigorod, 1152; Dmitrov, 1154). In the first half of the XIII century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands near Moscow, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars.

The history of the Moscow region is inextricably linked with many military events of the Time of Troubles - the Trinity siege, the first and second militias.

Principality of Moscow (1263-1547)

In the 13th century, the lands around Moscow became part of the Moscow principality, which later became the center of the unification of Russian lands and a stronghold of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. In 1380, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy led his troops from Kolomna towards the Tatar-Mongols, and then won a victory at the Kulikovo field.

It should be noted that the territories of the present southern (Zaoksky) districts of the Moscow region were part of the Ryazan principality, which was finally annexed to Moscow only in 1520. The defensive role of the monasteries near Moscow was significant - Iosifo-Volotskiy near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevskiy in Zvenigorod, Trinity-Sergiev monastery.

Russian empire

Moscow district

In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow province was established, which included most of the territory of the present-day Moscow region.

In 1812, the Battle of Borodino took place near Mozhaisk, which became the largest battle of the Patriotic War of 1812.

In the 18th-19th centuries, light industry (especially textile) developed in the Moscow province; its important centers were Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Orekhovo-Zuevo.

In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1862, traffic on the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened.

Geography

Moscow province was located in the center of the European part of the Russian Empire, bordered in the north and north-west with Tverskaya, in the north-east and east - with Vladimirskaya, in the southeast - with Ryazan, in the south - with Tula and Kaluga, in the west - with Smolensk provinces.

The area of ​​the province was 128 600 km² in 1708, 32 436 km² - in 1847, 33 271 km² - in 1905, 44 569 km² - in 1926.

Province before 1917

1712. The province is divided into several chief-commandant provinces (in 1715-1719 they were called Landrat shares), including Serpukhov, Zvenigorod, Kashira, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Rostov.

1719. The province is divided into 9 provinces: Moscow, Pereslavl-Ryazan, Kostroma, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polskaya, Vladimirskaya, Pereslavl-Zalesskaya, Tula, Kaluga. The Moscow province included 16 cities with districts (since 1727 - counties): Moscow, Dmitrov, Klin, Ruza, Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk, Tsarev-Borisov, Maloyaroslavets, Serpukhov, Tarusa, Obolensk, Kashira, Kolomna, Zvenigorod, Vereya, Borovsk.

1727. The Uglitsk and Yaroslavl provinces of the Petersburg province were transferred to the Moscow province.

1760th. The Borisov and Obolensk districts of the Moscow province were liquidated.

1775. The western parts of the province became part of the Smolensk governorship, Bezhetsk and Kashinsky districts - into the Tver governorship.

1776. Borovsky, Maloyaroslavsky, Tarusa districts go to the Kaluga governorship.

1777. The Kashirsky district became part of the Tula governorship, the northern provinces of the province became part of the Yaroslavl governorship.

1778. Vladimirskoe, Ryazan and Kostroma governorships were separated from parts of the Moscow province.

1781. From the fragments of the former Moscow province, mainly within the boundaries of the Moscow province, a new Moscow province is organized, consisting of 15 districts: Volokolamsky district, Mozhaisky district, Vereysky district, Podolsky district, Nikitsky district, Serpukhovsky district, Kolomensky district, Bronnitsky district, Moscow district, Voskresensky district, Klinsky district, Dmitrovsky district, Zvenigorodsky district, Bogorodsky district, Ruzsky district.

1796. Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Podolsky, Nikitsky and Resurrection districts are liquidated.

1802. Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky and Podolsky districts were restored.

1861. Volost division was introduced.

Map of the Moscow province for 1821

Gubernia in 1917-1929

In 1919, the Sergievsky district was formed with the center in the city of Sergiev.

In 1921 Orekhovo-Zuevsky and Resurrection counties were formed, Vereisky and Ruzsky counties were abolished.

In 1922, the Leninsky district was formed with the center in the city of Leninsk.

In 1923, the Yegoryevsky district from the Ryazan province and the Kashirsky district from the Tula province were annexed to the province.

By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Presidium of January 14, 1929, the Moscow province and all its counties were abolished, the territory of the province became part of the newly formed Central Industrial Region (from June 3, 1929 - the Moscow Region).

It was formed on December 18, 1708 and existed until the 1929 administrative reform.

It was located in the center of the European part of the Russian Empire, bordered in the north and north-west with Tverskaya, in the north-east and east - with Vladimirskaya, in the southeast - with Ryazan, in the south - with Tula and Kaluga, in the west - with Smolensk provinces ...

History of the Moscow province

Formed in 1708.

In 1712, the Moscow province was divided into several ober-commandant provinces (in 1715-1719 they were called Landrat shares), including Serpukhov, Zvenigorod, Kashira, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Rostov.

In 1719, the Moscow province was divided into 9 provinces: Moscow, Pereslavl-Ryazan, Kostroma, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polskaya, Vladimirskaya, Pereslavl-Zalesskaya, Tula, Kaluga. The Moscow province included 16 cities with districts (since 1727 - counties): Moscow, Dmitrov, Klin, Ruza, Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk, Tsarev-Borisov, Maloyaroslavets, Serpukhov, Tarusa, Obolensk, Kashira, Kolomna, Zvenigorod, Vereya, Borovsk.

In 1727, the Uglitskaya and Rostov provinces of the Petersburg province were transferred to the Moscow province.

In the 1760s. the Borisov and Obolensky districts of the Moscow province were liquidated.

In the 1770s. Borovsky, Maloyaroslavsky, Tarusa districts go to the Kaluga governorship, Kashirsky district - to Tula.

In 1782, within the boundaries of the Moscow province, a new Moscow province was organized, consisting of 15 counties: Volokolamsk district, Mozhaisky district, Vereisky district, Podolsk district, Nikitsky district, Serpukhov district, Kolomensky district, Bronnitsky district, Moskovsky district, Voskresensky district, Klinsky district, Dmitrovsky county, Zvenigorodsky county, Bogorodsky county, Ruzsky county.

In 1796 Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Podolsky, Nikitsky and Resurrection districts were liquidated.

In 1802 Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky and Podolsky districts were restored.

Districts of Moscow province

Part Moscow province Until 1917, there were 13 counties:

In the early 1920s, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Leninsky (center - Leninsk (now Taldom)), Sergievsky (center - Sergiev (now Sergiev Posad)), Resurrection districts were formed, Yegoryevsky and Kashirsky districts were annexed. The center of the Bronnitsky district was moved to Ramenskoye. Vereisky and Ruzsky districts were liquidated.

It existed in this composition until its liquidation in 1929.

the USSR

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the province.

On January 14, 1929, during the consolidation of the units of the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR, the Central Industrial Region was formed. It included the abolished Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Tula, parts of the Vladimir and part of the Kaluga provinces. The region was divided into 10 districts: industrial - Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Kolomensky, Kimrsky, Serpukhovsky, Tula, Tverskoy; agricultural - Ryazan, Bezhetsk and Kaluga. Moscow became the center of the region. A few months after the establishment, on June 3, the region was renamed to Moscow. On July 30, 1930, the districts were abolished, and the districts formed in the districts were transferred to the direct subordination of the Moscow Oblast Executive Committee.

In January 1935, the Kalinin region was formed, 26 districts were transferred from the Moscow region to it.

In September 1937, in the course of downsizing, the Tula and Ryazan regions (77 districts) were separated from the Moscow region.

In 1941-1942. On the territory of the Moscow region, one of the most significant military operations of the Great Patriotic War took place - the battle for Moscow.

In July 1944, the Kaluga Region was formed, from the Moscow Region the Borovsky, Vysokinichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and Ugodsko-Zavodsky Districts were transferred to it. In the same year, the Vladimir region was formed, from the Moscow region the Petushinsky district was transferred to it.

In 1946, the regions transferred from these regions to the Moscow region in 1942 were transferred to the Ryazan region and in 1957 to the Tula region.

The Moscow region, like many other regions, territories, republics of the USSR, was repeatedly awarded the Order of Lenin: January 3, 1934, December 17, 1956, December 5, 1966.

Russian Federation

According to the Constitution adopted in 1993, the Moscow Region is a subject of the Russian Federation.

Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

History Moscow region inseparable from the history of the formation of the Russian state, and then the Russian Empire. The territory of the modern region was inhabited by Slavic tribes at the end of the 1st millennium AD, however, some historical data suggest an earlier period. The first mention of Moscow dates back to 1147, and already from the end of the XIII century. it becomes the center of a separate principality. During the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, Moscow occupied a dominant role in the Russian lands.

In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the province was established, which received the name of Moscow. Then, in the course of the consolidation of the objects of the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR, at first this region was defined as the Central Industrial, and on 06/03/1929 it was renamed the Moscow region.

According to the law "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Moscow region," there are 36 districts, 31 cities of regional subordination, as well as 5 closed administrative-territorial entities.

The Moscow region got its name from the name of the city of Moscow. However, the capital of Russia has a separate status and is an independent subject of the Russian Federation and is not part of the region of the same name. State authorities are located on the territory of the capital and the region.

Today, there are 77 cities in the Moscow region, 19 of which have a population exceeding 100,000.

According to the 2002 census, the following results were obtained for the ethnic composition of the region (data are given as a percentage of the total population).

Russians accounted for 91%, Ukrainians - 2.23%, Tatars - 0.8%, Belarusians - 0.64%, Armenians - 0.6%, Jews - 0.15%, and 2.6% - persons who are not indicated their nationality.

Kolomensky district, Moscow region. Bobrenev monastery

There are many defense research centers in the Moscow region: Zhukovsky (aircraft engineering), Reutov (rocket engineering), Klimovsk (development of small arms), Korolev (space technology). And also the centers of fundamental sciences are located - Chernogolovka and Troitsk (chemistry and physics), Protvino and Dubna (nuclear physics). The city of Pushchino is the most important center for biological research. It also houses the control centers for military satellites (Krasnoznamensk) and spacecraft (Korolev).

The centuries-old history has left a huge number of different sights that cannot be visited in one visit. There are 22 ancient unique cities in the region, with their own history, architectural structures and cultural heritage. The most popular among tourists are Sergiev Posad, Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod, Dmitrov and Serpukhov.

The largest metropolis and the main business center of the country is actively developing and expanding every year. In the next 2019 and 2020. the city of Moscow will continue to expand its territory beyond the MKAD, adding new areas at the expense of the Moscow region.

It is expected that the project of expanding the borders of Moscow will be beneficial not only for the development of the metropolis, but will also be beneficial for the annexed cities and towns. Thanks to large investments, the transport situation in the districts will improve, there will be less traffic jams, while it is planned to preserve green areas and develop modern infrastructure.

What territories will be included in the boundaries of the metropolis and how will the map of Moscow change in the coming years? We will talk about all this in this article.

Why is the expansion of Moscow a necessary measure?

The need to annex new territories is caused not only by population growth, but also by a noticeably increased inflow of capital to the capital. The capital is now more attractive than ever for investment, due to stable economic and social development. The same cannot be said about the regions ...

The development of districts and cities in the Moscow region is proceeding at a noticeably slower pace than in Moscow due to a shortage of jobs, a difficult transport situation, and an underdeveloped infrastructure. In recent years, it has become unprofitable for small and small developers to engage in the construction of new microdistricts with multi-storey new buildings in the suburbs of Moscow - the cost of apartments barely covers the prime cost, and the risks of “not selling” are quite high, especially if these are new districts built “in the field”. Mainly large players remained on the market - PIK, MIC, A101 and others.

At the same time, there is a demand for suburban housing in the Moscow region. Many Muscovites are ready to change their apartment for a more spacious one, in a new building outside the Moscow Ring Road. Even giving up the prestigious area. The fact is that for all its advantages, the capital's "concrete cages", eternal traffic jams and overcrowding are already fed up with many people - they want to be closer to nature, live in ecologically clean areas, quietly park, walk near their home, etc. ...

About 3 million people living in the Moscow region go to work in the capital every day, but they are actually migrants. The same can be said about Muscovites going on vacation or living in cottages purchased outside the city. By expanding the territory, it will be possible not to worry about registration, issues of support and management.

Moscow is obviously overpopulated. The building density is several times higher than in London, Paris and other European capitals. For a comfortable life, every resident should have places for a car, recreation, utility sites, but this is impossible in a metropolis. The accession of new territories will help to solve many problems, raise the standard of living, and make it convenient to move along motorways.

And of course, the city authorities have a “selfish interest”. Since many large trading floors (Auchan, Metro, Ikea, Grand, OBI and others), many markets located along the Moscow Ring Road from the region, and having a huge trade turnover, pay taxes to the budget of the Moscow region, not Moscow.

What are the pros and cons of joining new territories?

There are many more pluses than minuses in expanding Moscow's borders. The main thing is to create the correct concept for the development of the annexed territories.

Pros:

1. Ecology... It is planned to set up new parks in the new territories. Conservation and restoration of green spaces - at the moment there are less than 10% of the area of ​​the entire city. Relocation of landfills is also planned;
2. Registration... All residents of the annexed territories will be able to use the privileges of Moscow residence permit;
3. Transport development... Construction of new transport interchanges, as well as the ability to use local services, which will significantly relieve the highways and highways.

Minuses:

1. Loss of independent status and independence of management among the annexed cities and towns;
2. Corruption is possible in the distribution of the budget, and therefore the territories may not receive proper development.

What are you planning to do?

Create satellite cities that will develop together with the capital and form a single system with it. They will operate the same tariffs for housing and communal services (HCS), the same system of social and medical services as in Moscow.

One of the successful examples is the city of Zelenograd. Here the population is fully provided with jobs, the infrastructure is well developed, and a very favorable environmental situation. The creation of satellite cities will help to move government agencies out of the Moscow Ring Road, evenly distributing them across the Moscow Region districts.

Why is the old General Plan of Moscow development no longer relevant?

According to forecasts, 12 million people should have lived in Moscow by 2025, but the number of residents has already reached this figure. Add to this another 5.5 million cars. The General Development Plan, approved in 2010, did not provide for such development in any way, and was not coordinated with the authorities of the Moscow Region, where, in turn, rapid construction flourished in those years, which influenced migration.

Real estate

According to the latest land use project, in 2019-2020. it is planned to cancel the construction of 20 million square meters. m. of housing in those areas where it would worsen the transport situation. The construction of new real estate within a radius of 40 km beyond the MKAD and more will be noticeably reduced. This is mainly caused by a problem with the sewerage system (you cannot pull up from Moscow, and there is no point in building new treatment facilities - there is nowhere to dump). In general, the issue of communications and garbage, it is sore and quite acute in recent years, and will be resolved after the problems with transport are resolved.

Another innovation of the PPZ is to finally deal with wastelands. For this, it is planned to start mass construction in industrial zones, to facilitate obtaining building permits for investors if they create new enterprises or offices in these territories.

Of course, real estate will be built outside the Moscow Ring Road, the demand for it is consistently very high. Here it is worth considering the cost per square meter in the near Moscow region, which is an order of magnitude cheaper than real estate located inside the Moscow Ring Road:

Parking and transport

The authorities promise to solve problems with parking spaces. This is not an easy task in a crowded metropolis, as one car covers between 18 and 35 square meters. m. precious area. According to the old General Plan: there should be 2 parking spaces for one car. But this is unrealistic, since 30% of all new territories will have to be given for parking.

That is why the optimal solution is the development of public transport in the Moscow region, primarily the subway. The construction of the metro is one of the most labor-intensive and expensive infrastructure projects, but at the same time, it is fast transport and profitable in all economic indicators.

Now there are 22 metro stations outside the Moscow Ring Road:

• Bohr highway;
• Dmitry Donskoy Boulevard;
• Buninskaya Alley;
• Volokolamskaya;
• Vykhino;
• Govorovo;
• Zhulebino;
• Kotelniki;
• Kosino;
• Lermontovsky prospect;
• Mitino;
• Myakinino;
• Novokosino;
• Novoperedelkino;
• Pyatnitskoe highway;
• Storytelling;
• Rumyantsevo;
• Salaryevo;
• Solntsevo;
• Gorchakova Street;
• Skobelevskaya Street;
• Starokachalovskaya street.

In 2019-2020, the following metro stations are planned to open outside the Moscow Ring Road:

• Olkhovo;
• Filatov meadow;
• Kosino;
• Lukhmanovskaya;
• Nekrasovka;
• Dmitrievsky Street;
• Sheremetyevskaya.

Obviously, the list of new metro stations will grow. In addition, a metro line will finally appear in Mytishchi, which has become a de facto district of Moscow for a long time. A total of 15 new stations are planned to be opened.

Also, the authorities are planning to reconstruct the railways. First of all, we are talking about the project of the Moscow Central Ring (MCC). The North-East and North-West Expressways and the South Road will be built. Transport interchange hubs (TPU) are under construction, 56 facilities are to be commissioned by 2020.

In the old General Plan of Moscow, the indicator of the walking distance of transport was absolutely not taken into account. Now, when planning residential and transport infrastructure, the authorities must take into account the distance between them.

Social facilities

The primary task of the authorities is to provide the population of the annexed territories with a modern social infrastructure.

In the coming years, it is planned:

1. Build a modern hospital in Rasskazovka, with an ambulance department;
2. a large shopping center will appear in the Ryazanovskoye settlement;
3. a food processing plant will open in New Moscow.

The authorities promise that thanks to the agreements reached with large developers, the shortage of kindergartens, schools, children's entertainment centers will be overcome. Since the accession, New Moscow has received 10 educational institutions, 30 preschool institutions. Also built a huge school for 1775 places in Kommunarka, a kindergarten in the city of Moskovsky.

How will the borders of Moscow change in 2019 - 2020?

It is planned to expand the metropolis by 21 municipalities and 2 urban formations (Troitsk, Shcherbinka), 19 rural settlements located in Podolsk, Leninsky, Naro-Fominsk districts, annex some lands of Krasnogorsky and Odintsovsky districts.

In the coming years, the following urban and rural settlements will become new districts of Moscow:

1. JV Vnukovskoe;
2. State Enterprise Kievskoe;
3. Kokoshkino;
4. Mosrentgen;
5. Ryazanovskoe;
6. Shchapovskoe;
7. Novofedorovskoe;
8. Krasnopakharskoe;
9. Voskresenskoe;
10. Pervomaiskoe
11. Desenovskoe;
12. Rogovskoe;
13. Mikhailovo-Yartsevskoe;
14. Filimonkovskoe;
15. Voronovskoe and others.

Disputes about the joining of the nearest satellite cities to Moscow do not subside either - many residents already consider themselves Muscovites, working in the capital and sending their children to study in the capital's kindergartens, schools and universities. So far, this issue is not on the agenda of the authorities, but given how quickly the territories of New Moscow were annexed, this may well happen.

Possible scenario for expanding Moscow's borders until 2025.

conclusions

Having considered all the above facts, it is safe to say that expanding the borders of the capital is a necessary measure that will help solve many problems. So, for example, the annexation of the southwestern territories is justified by the solution of transport, urban planning and environmental problems of the region. There is a very low urbanization here, at the same time, many important infrastructural and strategic facilities (airport) are located.

It will be possible to locate a new government center on the annexed lands, the capital will deal with urban issues, and new territories will receive the necessary modern infrastructure, get rid of transport collapses, and create new jobs.

Having correctly implemented the project to expand Moscow, the metropolis will be divided into the historical center, business and educational zones, and will be equipped with modern transport. Developers and investors will have an opportunity to implement the most daring projects aimed at improving the quality of life for everyone living in the capital and the Moscow region.

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Moscow is surrounded by a real ring of ancient fortified cities. We have collected for you all the preserved Kremlin of the Moscow region. You can visit each of them in one day, along the way seeing the city itself - all these places are ancient, interesting, with their own unique history and monuments.

1. Vereya. 14th century Kremlin, with high earthen ramparts. Its walls have always been wooden. The hero of the war of 1812, General Dorokhov, is buried in the Kremlin Nativity of Christ Cathedral. M1 highway, 98 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
   
2. Volokolamsk. Kremlin of the XII century. The city of Volok on the Lama was founded by the Novgorodians, it was besieged more than once by either Moscow or Vladimir troops. The city was fortified: a wooden Kremlin was built on a high hill on earthen ramparts; the total height of the fortifications reached about 25 meters. The ancient Resurrection Cathedral of the 15th century has been preserved in the Kremlin. Highway M9, 100 km from the Moscow Orbital.
   
   
   
3. Dmitrov. 12th century Kremlin... The historic center of the city is the Kremlin, surrounded by a ring of powerful earthen ramparts. At the end of the 16th century, the ramparts along the top were reinforced with a high wooden tynne. During the Time of Troubles, the fortifications burned down and were no longer restored, but the rampart remained and now serves as a favorite walking place for townspeople and tourists. In the center of the Kremlin stands the ancient Assumption Cathedral of the 16th century. Highway А104, 54 km from MKAD.
   
   
   
   
4. Zaraysk. Kremlin of the XVI century... By the decree of the Grand Duke Vasily III, a stone fortress was built in Zaraysk in 1528-1531. Even before her, the city was fortified with ramparts and a wooden fortress - Ostrog. Powerful walls and 7 towers have survived to this day. Highway M5, 140 km from the Moscow Orbital.
   
   
   
5. Zvenigorod. 14th century Kremlin... On the high bank of the Moskva River, Prince Yuri Zvenigorodsky built fortifications - a high rampart and a wooden wall with towers, and inside he erected a cathedral, which has survived to this day. There is a spring at the foot of the hill, where the locals gather delicious water. Highway A107 between M1 and M9, 46 km from the Moscow Orbital.
   
   
6. Kolomna. Kremlin of the 16th century. Initially, Kolomna was fortified with a wooden wall with ramparts. The powerful stone walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, about 2 km long, 4-5 meters wide and up to 20 meters high, were built in 1525-1531 at the behest of Grand Duke Vasily III. This is the largest Kremlin in the Moscow region, containing 2 active monasteries, a cathedral complex and several streets where people still live. Highway M5, 92 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
   
   
7. Mozhaisk. Kremlin of the XIII century. The city on a high hill above the Mozhaika River was fortified partly by a wooden, partly adobe wall, later rebuilt in stone. In 1802, the brick walls were demolished. But the magnificent neo-Gothic St. Nicholas Cathedral remained on the hill, visible from afar. M1 highway, 93 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
   
   
   
8. Ruza. Kremlin of the XV-XVII centuries... Ruza was not an independent principality. The high hill, surrounded on three sides by rivers, and on the fourth - by a moat, was an excellent fortification, on which only in the Time of Troubles, in 1618, a wooden tyn was erected, which allowed the city to repel the attack of the Poles. This fortification can be attributed to the kremlin with a great degree of convention. Highway A108, between M1 and M9, 93 km from MKAD.
   
   
9. Serpukhov. Kremlin of the XIV century. Initially, the Kremlin, as in other cities, was made of wood and earth; fortifications were built under the appanage prince Vladimir the Brave. The stone fortress with wide low sandstone walls was built in 1556. In Soviet times, the walls of the fortress were almost completely dismantled - the stone blocks were used for the construction of the Moscow metro. M2 highway, 85 km from the Moscow Orbital.