Ancient literature. History of development
Antique literature is the literature of the Mediterranean Cultural Circle of the Epoch of the Workshop: These are the literature of ancient Greece and Rome from the X-IX centuries. BC e. According to IV-V centuries. n. E.LLA antique literature is generally characterized by the same common features as for all ancient literature: mythological themes, the traditionalism of development and the poetic form.
The role of mythology and mythological thinking, the meaning of the myth and rite in the formation of verbal art.
Mythology is the understanding of reality, peculiar to community-generic rank: all the phenomena of nature are spiritualized, and their mutual relations are comprehended as related, similar to the human. For the Greek religion, as for an ancient pavement, politicalism is characteristic.
Mythology, in the sense of naive faith, ended with the primitive formation for which it was the necessary ideology. Class slave society in Greece and the associated appearance of literature actively use mythology for their own purposes, political and artistic. The mythology in the Greek tragedy is particularly widely used.
Antique heritage in European literature.
The historical connection of ancient culture with the cultures of the new Europe gives it a special position. The historical continuity of antique and new European cultures has always remained tangible, and the ancient literature has always been the source and often a model of new literature. Antiquity performed a spiritual support of European culture into decisive and turning points of its development.
The tradition of studying the ancient languages \u200b\u200band the ancient literatures has invariably lying and underlies humanitarian education in Europe. The main concepts of literature and literary creativity that dominated Europe almost until the XIX century, directly proceeded from the concepts of Aristotle and Plato.
The origin and formation of the main types of ancient Greek literature.
In the era, transitional from the community-generic system, there was no written literature at all; The carrier of verbal art was a singer (AEE or Rhapsod), wringing his songs for peers and folk holidays.
In the era of the polis, written literature appears; And the poems of epics, and songs of lyrics, and tragedy of playwrights, and the treatises of philosophers are still stored in the recorded form, but spread even orally. In the era of Hellenism and Roman rule, written literature becomes the main form of literature. Literary works are written and distributed as books.
The system of genres in the ancient literature was distinct and stable. The genres differed higher and lower: the highest was considered the heroic epic, although Aristotle in the "poetics" and put the tragedy above it.
The system of styles in the ancient literature was completely subordinated to the genre system.
Questions for self-control.
What is antique literature?
What is mythology?
Where was the mythology in ancient Greek literature?
What does the historical continuity of antique and new European crops appear?
When did written literature appear?
What was the genres system in the ancient literature?
Lecture 2. Ancient Greek heroic epos, its origin and export, plots, heroes, style.
Homer and "Homer's question".
Scientists still argue about whether the brilliant Creator of "Iliad" and "Odyssey" really existed, or each poem had his own author, or these were fragmented songs, made together by any editor. Grek believed that epic The poets "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were folded by the blind poet Homer. Seven Greek cities claimed to be considered a poet's homeland. At the same time, there are no significant certificates of Homere, and in general it is impossible to be considered proven that both poems were created by the same person.
The poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are samples of ancient heroic epic.
The works of Homer, the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are the first to the time known to us by the monuments of ancient Greek literature and at the same time the first monuments of literature in Europe. These works were for the first time in the second half of the 6th century. BC. Consequently, folk materials for these poems were created even earlier, at least for two or three centuries before this first record.
Mythological and historical foundations of poems.
The cause of the Trojan war was the abduction of Elena, the spouses of Tsar Mellaya Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priama. The offended Menelia called on the rescue of other kings. The main content of "Odyssey" are the legends on the return of Odyssey to Itha after the end of the war with Troy. It continued this return for a very long time and took 10 years.
The plot of Homer's poems are the different episodes of the Trojan War. The Greeks for many centuries carried war in Malaya Asia. However, it was the war with Troy that was especially imprinted in the memory of the ancient Greeks, and a lot of different literary works were devoted to her.
Idean and artistic features of the Homerovsky epic.
In Iliad in bright features, phenomena of real life and life of an ancient Greek tribes are reproduced. Prevails, of course, a description of the life of wartime. But the feats of heroes, so colorfully described by Homer, do not obscure all the horrors of war from the gaze of the poet.
There is no doubt that "Odyssey" a much more complex product of ancient literature than "Iliad". Studies "Odyssey" from a literary point of view and from the point of view of possible authorships are being conducted to this day.
The poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey", attributed to the blind senior to Homer, had a huge, nothing to do with a comparable effect on the entire history of ancient culture, and later on the culture of the new time. Huge skill of the category of these poems, their epochableness, colorfulness, color attracts the reader and today, despite the huge temporary abyss lying between them.
Questions for self-control.
What is the essence of the "Homeric Question"?
What poems are traditionally considered to be owned by Homer?
What is the mythological basis of "Iliad"?
What historical facts underlie it?
What legends are the content of "Odyssey"?
What is the ideological and artistic features of the Homerovsky epic?
Lecture 3. Didactic EPOS.
Gesiod: "Theogony" and "Works and Days".
From the Greek literature of the archaic period, two independent works belonging to the genre of the didactic epic are preserved. Their author is Hesiod (end VIII - the beginning of the VII century. BC er), about which we get quite some information from his own poem "Proceedings and Days".
Gesiod began to create "work and days", already having experience in working on its early work - the "Theogony" poem ("The origin of the gods"). "Theogony" tells about the origin of various gods and deified elements from the original chaos and land.
"Works and days" are divided by the content of several parts related to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for people to be honest, to comply with justice and maintain faithfulness to the original moral norms of good neighborliness. According to the Hesiod, the behavior of people is under the unrepreneurous control of Zeus, who in this poem acts as the guard of justice and the judge over its violators. This arguments are joined by a number of advice on individual and public behavior, and then follow the actual instructions on the economy: when it is best to harm, mow, sow how to prepare utensils, what to hire a barrack, etc. The final part of the poem is another set prescriptions and prohibitions, as well as a list of days, comfortable or uncomfortable for all kinds of undertakings.
The birth of the genre of philosophical literature.
In general, the genre of the didactic epic, first introduced in the European literature by the poems of the Gesiod, but not without the influence of similar poetic teachings in the ancient Egyptian and Middle Eastern literature, in turn, in turn, continued in the "scientist" of the Greek poetry of the Alexandria, and in " Georgic "Virgil.
Questions for self-control.
Ancient Greek didactic epic and his creator.
What are the structure and the main idea of \u200b\u200b"work and days"?
The functions of Zeus in the representation of the Hesiod.
"Works and days" as the origins of the late genre of philosophical literature.
Lecture 4. Ancient Greek drama, formation of tragedy and comedy.
Socio-aesthetic functions and organization of the ancient theater.
The tragedy in the attic was first put in 534 BC. e. With the Tirana of the Piscistrate. The establishment of the state cult of Dionysus Athenian ruler sought to strengthen his position among the demos. Since then, the celebration of the Great Dionysius, which came to the end of March - the beginning of April, the mandatory execution of tragedies was included. Every year three playwrights were performed on the Great Dionisions in the artistic competition, which was completed by the award of honorary awards to the winners. Together with the poet and - afterwards, the first actor awards also honored the ferret - a rich citizen, but the instruction of the state that struggled material costs associated with the production of tragedies.
Tragedy; Her structure and evolution: Eschil, Sofokl, Euripid.
The decisive step towards the drama action was made by Eschil: he introduced the second actor and put a dialogue in first place, respectively, reducing the party of the choir, although the latter still remained very significant in him in terms of volume and in content. Further, the Sophokl went further, which introduced the third actor and moved to the dialogical parties the main plot and ideological load of the tragedy. Nevertheless, throughout the V B, BC. e. The choir was an indispensable participant of the ancient Greek tragedy: He consisted of twelve people, Sophokl increased this number to fifteen.
The participation of the choir determined the main features in building an ancient Greek tragedy. The yield of the choir (the so-called parel) on the stage platform (orchestra) in the early tragedies of Eschila marked their beginning; In most of the tragedies of Eschil and always in Sophokla and Euripid, the Paroda is preceded by an introductory monologue or a whole scene containing the presentation of the initial situation of the plot or gives it a string. This part of the tragedy receives the name of the prolobe (i.e. the preface). The next course of the tragedy occurs in alternating choral and dialogic scenes (episeiodies).
Questions for self-control.
How did they arise and how were the production of tragedies in ancient Greece organized?
What is the structure of an ancient Greek tragedy?
Lecture 5. Comedy; Its origin and art specificity.
Stages of development of an ancient Greek comedy.
Along with the tragedy and the Satirov drama, the equal participant of theatrical ideas in honor of Dionysis was starting from 487/486 BC. comedy.
The origin of the comedy is just as difficult as the origin of the tragedy. In its development, the lateant criticism has already allocated three periods, referring to them, respectively, as an ancient, medium and new one.
Novoattical comedy: Menander.
The circle of reality depicted in the new comedy is the life of the average, the most apolitical layer of the polis society. The best of the masters of the new comedy was considered the Athenian Menandr. The strongest side of Menandra's creativity is its image of characters.
Psychologist and humanism of his creativity.
Unusually for the Athenian Comedy ATTENTION, DRAGE ATTENTION DRAGEMENT The inner world of a girl or a young woman who is given the right to solve his fate. Another characteristic feature of Menandra is his attitude to abandoned illegal children - he is convinced of the right to their right. It is precisely in this clear sympathy that Menandrom feeds to all the wrong (as an old poisonmon), to all offended fate, to all weak, and is that genuine humanism of Menandra, who rushes into the eyes of everyone, especially modern readers.
Questions for self-control.
What periods are allocated in the development of ancient Greek comedy?
What are the features of an ancient attic comedy?
Novoattic comedy and her prominent representative.
What features are characteristic of Menandra comedies?
What is the psychologism and humanism of his creativity manifest?
Lecture 7. The origin and development of Greek prose.
Greek novel: the origins of the Great Genre.
The first fragments of Greek novels go back to the III-II centuries. BC e. Only from the II-III century. We have non-fragmented papyrus fragments, but the first fully preserved Greek novels. All of them are built on the same storyline. The young man and the girl of extraordinary beauty and nobility are ignited by mutual love at first sight, but fate lies them; In the separation, they undergo many misfortunes, finally they meet, recognize each other and acquire long-awaited happiness. Recovery of the entire adventure chain is quite conditional - the game of fate or the will of the gods. Characters are clearly divided into positive and negative. The composition is usually based on parallelism - the hero's misfortunes are deployed parallel to the misfortunes of the heroine. All Greek novels are combined with one general basis: they depict the world of exotic places, dramatic events and perfectly sublime feelings, the world, consciously opposed to real life, leading the thought from everyday prose.
Questions for self-control.
What is the general storyline of Greek novels?
What is their overall sign?
Ancient literature (from lat. Antiquus - Ancient) - literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans, which developed in the Mediterranean basin (on the Balkan and Apennine Peninsula and on the adjacent islands and coasts). Her written monuments created on the dialects of the Greek language and Latin belong to the I millennium BC. e. and the beginning of the first millennium N. e. Antique literature consists of two national literature: ancient Greek and ancient Roman. Historically, Greek literature preceded Roman.
Traditionalism Ancient literature was a consequence of the general slowness of the development of a slave-owned society. It is not by chance that the least traditional and the most innovative era of ancient literature, when all the main ancient genres have developed, was the time of the turbulent socio-economic coup VI-V centuries. BC e.
In the rest of the century, the changes in the public life were almost never felt, and when they were felt, they were perceived mainly as degeneration and decline: the era of the formation of the polis building to the era of community-generic (hence the Homeric Epos, created as the deployed idealization of "heroic" times) , and the era of big states - by the era of the Polis (hence - the idealization of the heroes of the early Rome in Tita Libya, from here - the idealization of "freedom fighters" of Demosphen and Cicero in the Epoch of the Empire). All these ideas were transferred to literature.
The literature system seemed unchanged, and the poets of subsequent generations tried to go in the footsteps of the previous ones. Each genre had the founder who had finished his sample: Homer - for the epic, archives - for Yamba, Pindar or AnacreonT - for the respective lyrical genres, Eschyl, Sofokl and Euripid - for the tragedy, etc. The degree of perfection of each new work or poet. It was measured by the degree of its approximation to these samples.
Of particular importance, such a system of ideal samples had for Roman literature: essentially, the whole history of Roman literature can be divided into two periods - the first, when the ideal for Roman writers was Greek classics, homer or demosphen, and the second, when it was decided that Roman literature was already Compared with Greek perfectly, and the ideal for Roman writers has already become the Roman classics, Vergil and Cicero.
Of course, there were such epochs when the tradition was felt as a burden and innovation was appreciated high: this, for example, was early Hellenism. But in these epochs, the literary innovation was manifested not so much in attempts to reform old genres, but in appeal to later genres, in which the tradition was not yet sufficiently authoritative: to idyll, epillio, epigram, mime, etc.
Therefore, it is easy to understand why in those rare cases when the poet stated that the "Delos of unheard of Songs" (Horace, "Oda", III, 1, 3) are found, pride expressed so hyperbolic: he was proud not only for himself, but also For all poets of the future that should follow him as the founder of a new genre. However, in the mouth of the Latin poet, such words often mean only the fact that he first moved to the Roman soil of one or another Greek genre.
Last wave of literary innovation rolled in antiquity around i c. n. e., and since then, the conscious domination of tradition has become undivided. The ancient poets adopted the themes and the motives (the manufacture of the shield for the hero we find first in Iliad, then in Eneida, then in the "Pooner" the power of Italik, and the logical connection of the episode with the context is increasingly weak), and the language, and the style (the Homeric dialect was obligatory for all subsequent works of Greek epic, the dialect of the oldest lyrics - for choral poetry, etc.), and even individual semi-lies and poems (insert a line from the former poet to a new poem so that it naturally sounded and In a new way, it was understood in this context, was considered the highest poetic achievement).
And the adolescence in front of the ancient poets was reached by the fact that lessons and military affairs, medicine, and philosophy, etc. Vergiliy, was removed from the Homer in Late Antiquity, and Avrigiil's outcome on the outcome of antiquity.
Third feature of ancient literature - the domination of the poetic form - The result of an ancient, complementary attitude to verse as to the only means to maintain a genuine verbal form of oral tradition. Even philosophical writings in the early season of Greek literature were written in verses (Parmenid, Empedocl), and still Aristotle at the beginning of "poetics" had to explain that it was poected from non-use not so much a metric shape as a fictional content.
However, this connection of the fictional content and metric form remained very close in the ancient consciousness. Neither prosaic epic - novel, nor prosaic drama in the classic era did not exist. The antique prose from his own origin was and remained the property of literature, persecuted not artistic, but practical goals, - scientific and journalistic. (It is not by chance "poetics" and "rhetoric", the theory of poetry and the theory of prose in the ancient literature differed very sharply.)
Moreover, the more this prose sought to artistic, the more she absorbed specifically poetic techniques: the rhythmic membership of phrases, parallelism and consonance. Such was the oratoritarian prose as she received in Greece in the V-IV centuries. And in Rome in II-I century. BC e. And he retained to the end of antiquity, having a powerful impact on the historical and philosophical, and scientific prose. Belletristics in our sense of the word - Prose Literature with a fictional content - appears in antiquity only in the Hellenistic and Roman era: these are the so-called antique novels. But it is interesting that they have grown genetically from scientific prose - a novel history, the spread was infinitely more limited than in a new time, served mainly the bottom of the reading public and they were highly neglected by representatives of "genuine", traditional literature.
Mythological arsenal, inherited from the era, when mythology was still a consistentness, allowed the ancient literature to symbolically embody in his images the highest ideological generalizations. Traditionalism, forcing perceiving every image of an artistic work against the background of all previous use, surrounded these images by a halo of literary associations and thus endlessly enriched its content. The poetic form gave a huge means of rhythmic and stylistic expressiveness at the disposal of a writer, which was deprived of prose.
Such is the ancient literature IV c. BC e., the era of Plato and Isocrat, or II-III centuries. n. E., Epoch "Second Sophistic." However, these periods brought with them another valuable quality: the attention went to the faces and objects of everyday life, the truthful sketches of human life and human relations appeared in the literature, and the comedy of Menander or Roman Petronia, with all the conventions of their plot schemes turned out to be saturated with life details more than it was Perhaps for the poetic epic or for Aristophan Comedy. However, whether it is possible to talk about realism in the ancient literature and which is more suitable for the concept of realism - the philosophical depth of Eschil and Sophoclas or the life of Pocronia and Marcial, - still remains controversial.
The listed basic features of the ancient literature were manifested in different ways in the literature system, but ultimately they determined the appearance and genres, and styles, and languages, and verse in the literature of Greece and Rome.
Antique Literature Genps System
The system of genres in the ancient literature was distinct and stable. The ancient literary thinking was genre: taking a poem, how oldally individual in content and mood, the poet nevertheless could always say in advance to which genre it would belong to and what an an ancient pattern to strive to strive.
Genres differed more ancient and later (Epos and tragedy, on the one hand, idyll and satire - on the other); If the genre changed very much in his historical development, the ancient, medium and new ones were distinguished (so shared by the attic comedy). The genres differed higher and lower: the highest was considered the heroic epic, although Aristotle in the "poetics" and put the tragedy above it. Vergil's path from idyll ("bucolic") through the didactic epic ("Georgic") to the heroic epic ("Aneida") was clearly realized by both the poet, and his contemporaries as a way from the "lower" genres to "Higher".
Each genre had its traditional topics and the topic, usually very unwarked: Aristotle noted that even mythological topics are not fully used by the tragedy, some favorite plots processed many times, while others are rarely used. Power Italik, writing in i c. n. e. The historic epic on the Punic war, considered the necessary price of any tensiones to include there prompted by homomer and versic motives: prophetic dreams, list of ships, farewell to the commander with a wife, competition, making shield, descent to aid, etc.
The system of styles in the ancient literature was completely subordinated to the genre system. Low genre was characterized by a low style, relatively close to the conversational, high - high style, formable artificially. High-style formation tools were developed by rhetoric: among them the selection of words, a combination of words and stylistic figures (metaphors, metonimia, etc.) were distinguished. Thus, the teaching on the selection of words prescribed to avoid words, the use of which is not consecrated by the preceding samples of high genres.
Therefore, even historians like Libya or Tacitis, describing the war, avoid military terms and geographical names by all means, so it is almost impossible to present a specific course of hostilities for such descriptions. The doctrine of a combination of words prescribed to rearrange words and staging phrases to achieve rhythmic pronuncia. Late antiquity reaches this to such extremes that rhetorical prose far exceeds even poetry by the strife of verbal constructions. Similarly, the use of figures was changed.
Aesthetics of ancient literature
Mythological
For antique literature, as for each literature, originating from the generic society, specific features are characterized by sharply distinguish it from contemporary art.
The most ancient forms of literature are connected with myth, magic, religious cult, ritual. The remnants of this connection can be observed in the literature of antiquity until the time of its decline.
Publicity
Antique literature inherent public forms of existence. Her highest flourishing falls on a docting era. Therefore, the name "literature" applies to it with a certain element of historical convention. However, it was this circumstance that determined the tradition of achieving the theater in the literary sphere. Only at the end of the antiquity appears such a "book" genre, like a novel intended for personal reading. Then the first traditions of the design of the book are laid (first in the form of a scroll, and then notebooks), including illustrations.
Musicality
Antique literature was closely related to musicThat in the original sources, of course, can be explained through communication with magic and religious cult. Homer's poems and other epic works sang a melodic recitative accompanied by musical instruments and simple rhythmic movements. Setting tragedies and comedies in Athenian theaters were issued as luxurious "opera" performances. Lyrical poems sang authors, which thus performed at the same time as composers and singers. Unfortunately, several broken fragments came from all the ancient music. The presentation of late ancient music can give Gregorian Choral (singing).
Poetic form
A definite communication with magic can be explained by emergency prevalence poetic formwhich literally reigned in all the ancient literature. The Epos produced the traditional non-refinery size of a hexameter, a large rhythmic diversity was distinguished by lyric poems; Tragedies and comedies were also written by verses. Even the commander and lawmakers in Greece could contact the people with speeches in poetic form. Rhymes antiquity did not know. At the end of the antiquity arises "Roman" as a sample of prosaic genre.
Traditional
Traditional Ancient literature was a consequence of the total slowdown in the development of the then society. The most innovative era of ancient literature, when all the main ancient genres have developed, there was the time of the socio-economic lift of the VI - V century BC. e. In other centuries, the changes were not felt, or perceived as a degeneration and decline: the era of the formation of the plant was missed by the community-generic (hence the Homer Epos, created as the discrepanied idealization of "heroic" times), and the era of large states - in the polis times (hence the idealization of heroes Early Rome in Libya title, idealization of "freedom fighters" of demosphen and cicero during the Empire period).
The literature system seemed unchanged, and the poets of subsequent generations tried to go through the previous ones. Each genre was the founder who gave his perfect sample: Homer - for the epic, archives - for the Yamba, Pindar or AnaCreonT - for the respective lyrical genres, Eschyl, sofokl and Euripid - for the tragedy, etc. The degree of perfection of each new work or writer was determined The degree of approximation to these samples.
Genrowness
From traditionality follows strict genre system Antique literature, which was imbued with subsequent European literature and literary criticism. Genres were black and resistant. Antique literary thinking was genre: when the poet was taken to write verse, then no matter how individual in content it was, the author knew from the very beginning to which genre the work would belong to which an ancient pattern should strive for.
The genres shared on more ancient and newer (Epos and tragedy - idyll and satire). If the genre varied noticeably in his historical development, then his long-standing, medium and new forms were distinguished (so divided into three stages of the attic comedy). Genres differed at higher and lower: the highest considered heroic epic and tragedy. Vergil's path from idylli ("bucolic") through the didactic epos ("Georgic") to the heroic epic ("Aneida") was clearly realized by the poet and his contemporaries as the path from the "lower" genres to "higher". Each genre had its traditional topics and the topic, usually quite unintently.
Features style
Style system In the ancient literature completely obeyed the genre system. For low genres, a low style close to the conversational, high - a high style, which was formed artificially was characterized. High-style formation facilities were developed by rhetoric: among them the selection of words, a combination of words and stylistic figures (metaphors, metonimia, so) were distinguished. For example, the teaching on the selection of words recommended avoiding words that have not been used in previous samples of high genres. The doctrine of the combination of words recommended to rearrange the words and sharing phrases to achieve rhythmic prowance.
Worldview features
Antique literature retained close connection with worldview features Generic, polis, state system and reflected them. Greek and partly Roman literature demonstrates close relationship with religion, philosophy, politics, morality, oratory, legal proceedings, without which their existence in the classical era lost its entire meaning. At the time of his classic heyday, they were far from entertainment, only at the end of the antiquity became part of leisure. The modern service in the Christian church inherited some of the features of the ancient Greek theatrical presentation and religious mysteries - a completely serious nature, the presence of all members of the community and their symbolic participation in the action, high topics, musical accompaniment and spectacular effects, the high-level goal of spiritual purification ( catharsisa According to Aristotle) \u200b\u200bman.
The term "antique" denote the literature of ancient Greece and Rome with the IX century. BC. v in. AD It occupies its place among antiquity literature: Middle Eastern, Indian, Chinese. The ancient literature has always been the source and a sample of new literature and cultures (a huge contribution to the policies, rights, science, art) of Europe, the study of ancient languages \u200b\u200band ancient literatures was at the heart of humanitarian education in Europe since revival. Many European theories of literature, literary creativity proceeded from the concepts of Aristotle and Plato. The monuments of ancient literature were samples for poets and writers over the centuries. The system of genres of European literature developed from the antique literature genres system. European literature styles system with its classification of techniques, distinction of metaphor, metonymium, etc. developed by an ancient rhetoric.
Throughout the history of ancient culture, the situation in the Society of the Writer and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe value of the literature changed significantly.
In the history of ancient culture, three stages can be distinguished; for the first archaic It is characteristic of the transition from community-generic building to slave-owned, it ended up by the VIII century. BC e. The literary monument of this period remained Epos Homer. At this time, written literature has not yet existed; The carrier of verbal art was a singer (AED or Rapcode), wringing his songs for the peys and folk holidays, his work was comparable to a carpenter's craft or a blacksmith.
The basis of the second period classic , Cities - states (policies) with the Republican Form of Management are becoming. In the literature, this is the heyday of the Attic Drama V c. BC e. and attic prose IV century. BC e. Written literature appears in this epoch. And the poems of epics, and songs of lyrics, and tragedy of playwrights, and the treatises of philosophers are still stored in the recorded form, but spread even orally. The poems are declamored by rails, songs are played in friendly circles, tragedies are played out on nationwide festivities. Literary creativity is still one of the minor forms of public activities of a citizen.
Third period - ellinism era . The leading role in this period is played by Hellenistic monarchies first, and then the Roman Empire. At this time, written literature becomes the main form of literature. Literary works are written and distributed as books; A standard type of book is created - a papyrus scroll or a pack of parchment notebooks with a total volume of about a thousand lines, a system of book publishing and bookcore is created; The book becomes more accessible. Books read, even prose, still loud (hence the exceptional importance of rhetoric in ancient culture).
For the ancient literature, as well as for all the literatures of antiquity, characteristic:
1) mythological subjects, compared to which any other retreating into the background;
2) the traditionalism of development;
3) Poetic form.
Mythology It becomes the main material of literature and art.
Traditionalism development associated with the presentation of the presence of samples of each genre; The degree of perfection of each new product was measured by the degree of its approximation to these samples. For each genre was the founder who had finished his sample: Homer - for epic, pinedar or anacreonte - for the respective lyrical genres, eschyl, sofokl and euripide - for tragedy, etc.
Third feature of ancient literature - the domination of the poetic form - the result of an oldest, complementary attitude to verse as to the only means to save
in the memory of the genuine verbal form of oral tradition. Even philosophical essays in the early season of Greek literature were written in verses. Neither prosaic epic - novel, nor prosaic drama in the classic era did not exist. The antique prose from its very birth was and remained the property of scientific and journalistic literature, persecuted not artistic, and practical goals, such as, for example, a spectacular prose. The fiction in the current sense of the word appears only in the Hellenistic and Roman era: these are the so-called antique novels.
The system of genres in the ancient literature was distinct and stable. Antique literary thinking was genre: Taking writing a poem, how oldally individual in terms of content and mood, the poet, however, could always say in advance to which genre it will belong to what an ancient pattern to strive to strive. Genres differed: on more ancient and later (Epos and tragedy, on the one hand, idyll and satire - on the other); Higher and lower (the highest was considered heroic EPOS). The system of styles in the ancient literature was completely subordinated to the genre system. Low genre was characterized by a low style, relatively close to the conversational, high - high style, formable artificially. High-style formation tools were developed by rhetoric: among them the selection of words, a combination of words and stylistic figures (metaphors, metonimia, etc.) were distinguished.
In the era, when poetry has not yet separated from music and singing, the main dimensions of the ancient poetry have developed: a dactilic hexameter in the epic ("Anger, Goddess, Achilles Peleeva, Son Peleeva ..."), Yambic trimeter in Drama ("Oh You, Juni Cadma Ancient ... "), complex combinations of poems and stop in lyrics (stroof alkeyeva, sappific stanza, etc.
d.). But over time, the position has changed. With the transition to the book culture of the Ellinism era, poetry breaks away from music, poems no longer come across, but declamored.
At the head of the genres of ancient literature there is a poem: heroic (Homer "Iliad", Vergil "Eneida", Ovid "Metamorphosis"), Didactic (Hesiod "Proceedings and Days", Vergil "Georgiki", Lucretia "On Nature of Things"). It should be tragedy written in the mythological plot, which is an action commented by a chorus, including dialogues and monologues of acting persons (Eschyl, Sofokl, Euripide). Acquires the popularity of the comedy - old and new. The old chance "on the evil of the day", at the heart of it could be political plots (Aristophane), the new suggested household plots (Menandr, Float).
In the lyrics, the most popular genre - Oda: Anacreontic (Anaconont) - About the fault and love; Goragian (Horace) - about the wise life and common moderation; Pinandrical (Pinnandand) - to the glory of gods and heroes. ODDs were performed to the music and were intended for singing. Elegy has been created for the declamation - reflections on love and death. A short elegy was widely used - epigram, which later became humorous. The purpose of Satira (Juvenal) was the chanting of morality, the branding of vices. Scenes from the life of lovers of shepherds and shepherds were baked in idylls - shepherds (Vergil "bullies").
Antique literature is known to us only in a small extent. From the creativity of most writers, a little was preserved: from Eschyl - 7 drams of 80-90, from sofokla - 7 drams of 12, from Libya - 35 books from 142. A huge number of writers are known to us only by name and scant passages: non-prescribed texts were forgotten and The brittleness of the ancient writing material (papyrus) was doomed to ambulance.
The oldest literature of Greece (Greek and Roman Folklore) is represented by a few songs associated with the rhythm of labor (the song of rowers, pahares); crypts (funeral bales, or praising transformed
later in epitaph), songs-spells from diseases or at the conclusion of the world, proverbs.
The poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" - the first, which came to us a monument of Greek fiction.
From the creativity of the Gesiod - the poet of the end of the VIII century. BC, the representative of the didactic epic, the poems of the "Works and Days" preserved (about the division of the Earth after the death of the Father; with the poetry characteristic of the farmers' poem, distinct morality, abundance of descriptions of nature, with genre scenes, bright images) and "Theogony "(The origin of the world from chaos, fixation of mythological tradition).
Philosophical Epos VI in. BC. Present excerpts from Elegy and verses from the poem "On Nature" of the Greek philosopher Xenophan.
The compilation of Basen Ezopa (the legendary poet, considered by the Basni's attorney) was drawn up in the Middle Ages, so it is difficult to unambiguously establish authorship.
In the VII-VI centuries. BC. Lyrics appear and Melik (vocal lyrics). Alcay and Sappo, representatives of the Lesbos Meliki, aristocrats, expelled, then returned to Lesbos, chanting in verses of wine, love, passion, beauty worship.
Themes of the poetry of Anacreonta, the poet of the second half of the VI century. There were wine, love, joyful to life, he had many imitators, but the original texts were almost preserved.
In the V-IV centuries. BC. Solemn choir lyrics (Simonide, Pininand), tragedy (Eshil, Sofokl, Euripide), comedy (Aristofan) are distributed. Historical texts left us from Herodotus, Fukidid, Xenophon. Examples of spectacular prose Lisia, Demosthene, written philosophical compositions, preserved from the classical period - Pyato Platon, "Poetics" of Aristotle.
In the III-II centuries. BC In Italy, significant events are occurring related to expansion on the Mediterranean. Greece's influence contributed to the formation of Roman literature, already in the III century. BC. Poets appear, greek tragedy and comedy for the Roman scene. The first poet, who translated Odyssey Homer was Libyan Andronic, the other - the Neva, known to the poem about the Punic Wars, the first to consolidate the myth in the literature about the origin of the Romans from the Trojans.
Check questions and tasks
1. Poem: Homer, "Iliad" or "Odyssey".
2. Tragedy: Eschil, "King Edip".
3. Lyrics: Anacreonte, Safo.
Answer the questions:
1. Determination of the heroic epic; Features of the Homerovsky epic.
2. The formation and development of the Greek theater. Laws of theatrical action. Transformation of mythological plot in the tragedy of Eshil. Man and his fate in the Greek tragedy.
3. Types of Greek lyrics. Themes of Greek lyrics.
Antique literature gives many different information about the most ancient poetic works and semi-fine singers, which, according to legend, competed with Homer and remained in popular memory by the wise men, are not enough in the people of Apollo and Muses, the patrons of the arts. The names of famous singers and songwriters are preserved: Orpheus, Lina, Musea, Evmolp, and others, who remembered throughout the antiquity.
Initial poetic forms are associated with the religious and household practice of the ancient Greeks. These are, above all, a variety of songs that are often mentioned in the Homer Epos ..
Types of lyric songs
Pen. - Anthem in honor of Apollo. From the hymns, the gods of Homer mentions this particular Pean. He is mentioned in "Iliad", where the Ahase rates sing him during the sacrifice on the cessation of the plague after the return of Christides, and where Achille suggests Pena's fight over his victory over Hector.
Frank - Greek. Threnos - crying is a funeral or clock song. In Iliad, he is mentioned in the episode of the death of Hector, was performed over his corpse and at the solemn funeral of Achille in Odyssey, where Nine Muses were participating, who sang this frank, and the burial singing of all the gods and people around the body of Achilla continued 17 days.
Goroshem - A song, accompanying dance, may be mentioned in the description of the shield of Achilla in "Iliad", where under the singing of a young man and under his game on the forming a cheerful dance workers on the vineyard are leading.
Sofronistic - Greek. Sophronisma - suggestion - moral song. Such a song is mentioned in Homer. Agamemenon, leaving for Troy, left for supervision for his wife's climes of a singer, who apparently had to inspire her wise instructions. However, this singer was sent by Egisf for a deserted island and died there.
Encomius - A hooked song in honor of glorious husbands, he comes across Achille, who left the battle and weathered in her tent.
Hymen - Wedding song, accompanies the bride and groom in the image of the marriage festival on the shield of Achilla.
Labor song develops earlier than any other types of poetry. Homer, as a singer of military exploits, did not leave the mention of these songs. About them are known from the comedy Aristofan "Peace", which reminds Russian "Eh, Uhhno!", Or the song of the fuzzar on about. Lesbos from the work of Plutarch, "Day of seven wise men."
Music support of the song, as well as her dance accompaniment - the rest of the ancient inseparacy of all arts. Homer talks about solo singing accompanied by kifara or forts. Achill accompanies himself on kifare; So the famous Homeric singers of Demodok in Alkino and femoys on Ithaca are singing and the Apollo and Muses sing.
Heroic ancient epos
From the Dogometer past, not a single whole work reached us. However, they represented a huge, vast work of the Greek people. Like other nations, the songs dedicated to the heroes were originally connected with the funeral crying in the hero. The heroic tombstone is epitaph.
Over time, these crying developed in the whole songs about the life and exploits of the hero, received an artistic completion and in moderation of the socio-political significance of the hero even became traditional. So, the epic poet of Hesiod in the work of "works and days" told about himself, as he traveled to Halkida at the festivities in honor of the Hero of Amphidamant, as he performed there in His honor of the anthem and how he received for this first award.
Gradually, a song in honor of the hero received its independence. No longer necessary at the festivities in honor of the hero to fulfill this kind of heroic songs. They were performed on the feasts and meetings of an ordinary rape or a poet, like Gomeov's demo and a femistry. These "glory of men" could have been performed and unprofessional, as, for example, in the work of Agamemnon Agamemnon, Yuphygenia on the feasts of His Father Agamemnon chants his feats.
Not only positive heroes chased. The singers and listeners began to interest the heroes of the negative, about whose atrocities were also found legends. For example, the Homerovskaya "Odyssey" speaks directly in the songs about the bad fame of the cliques.
Thus, even scarce information about the Dogometer heroic epic makes it possible to name its types:
Epitaphs (tombstone);
Agon (contest on the grave);
- "Glory" Hero, solemnly executed on a specially dedicated festival;
- "Glory" Hero, solemnly executed at the Pears of Military Aristocracy;
Encomius heroes in civil or home life;
Skoli (drinking song) or other outstanding personalities, but no longer ancient heroes, but as a simple passion for pyrants
Similar and in the epic about the gods. Only here the process of the development of the epic begins not from the cult of the deceased Hero, but from the sacrifice of this or another deity, accompanied by verbal statements, rather concise. So, the victim Dionesis was accompanied by shouting one of his names - "Diffiramba". "Homer's hymns" (the first five hymns), representing the developed epic on the gods, are no different from the Gomeov epic on heroes.
Non-German Epos.
By the time of occurrence, older than heroic. As for fairy tales, various kinds of parables, fables, teachings, they were originally not only poetic, but probably pure prosaic or mixed in style. One of the earliest paraders about the nightingale and the hawk is found in the poem of the geoside "Works and Days". For the name of the semi-religious Ezop, the development of fables was associated.
Singers and poets of the Dogometer Time
The names of the poets of Dogometer poetry mostly fictional. The folk tradition never forgot these names and cleaned her fantasy legend about their lives and work.
Orpheus
Among the most famous singers are famous Orpheus. This is the name of an ancient singer, a hero, a magician and priest, received special popularity in the VI century. BC, when the cult of Dionysus was widespread.
It was believed that Orpheus was 10 generations older than Homer. This explains a lot in the mythology of Orpheus. He was born in the Fessel Pieria, under Olympus, where the muses themselves reigned, or, according to another option, in Thrace, where his parents were Muse Calliopa and the Thracian king of Eagr.
Orpheus - an extraordinary singer and a player on Lira. From his singing and music, the trees and rocks come into motion, wild beasts are tamed, and the impregnable Aid himself listens to him. After the death of the Orpheus, his body was buried by muses, and his Lira and his head was sailed to the shores of the Metleta River near Smirna, where Homer, according to legend, composed his poems. A lot of legends and myths are connected with the name of Orpheus: about the magical action of the Orpheus music, on the descent in Aid, about the confusion of Orpheus by Vakhanki.
Other singers
A teacher or a student of Orpheus was considered to be Musa (Musa - from the word "muse"), which is attributed to the transfer of the orphic teachings from Peteria to Middle Greece, on Helicon and at the attic. He was also attributed to theogony, various hymns and sayings.
Some antique authors are the only genuine work of Musea considered the anthem goddess Demeter. The son of Musea Evolpu ("Evmolp" - the beautiful) was attributed to the spread of the writings of his father, the main role in the Eleusinsky mysteries. The Himp Pamph Poet ("Pamf" - all-in) also belong to the Dogometer time.
Along with the Orfect, the singer Philammon was known, a member of the campaign of Argonauts, revered in the Dolphic religion of Apollo. They believe that he first created the choir of girls. Philammon - the son of Apollo and the Nymphs. The son of Philamyon was no less famous Famiride, the winner in high-grade in dolphes, which was boring his art so that he wanted to compete with the muses themselves, for which they were blinded.
Ancient Greek literature
In ancient Greek literature, two periods are distinguished: classic, approximately from 900 BC. To the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), and Alexandria, or Hellenistic (from 323 to 31 BC - date of battle for action and falling the last independent Hellenistic state).
The literature of the classical period is more convenient to consider the genres, in order of their appearance. 9 and 8 centuries. BC. - Epoch epic; 7 and 6 centuries. - time takeoff lyrics; 5 V. BC. marked flowering drama; The rapid development of various prosaic forms began at the end of 5 V. and lasted in 4 c. BC.
Epic poetry
Iliad and Odyssey Homer were folded, according to some scientists, another 9th century. BC. These are the earliest literary works of Europe. Although they are created by one great poet, behind them there is no doubt about the long epic tradition. From their predecessors, Homer perceived both the material and the style of the epic narration. The topic he chose the feats and tests of the Ahasey leaders, devastating Troy at the end of the 12th century. BC.
The subsequent epic tradition is represented by a number of less significant poets - imitators of Homer, who are called "kicking" (by the authors of cycles). Their poems (almost uncontrolled) filled the gaps left in the ledge of Iliaia and Odyssey. So, the Cyprus covered the events from the wedding of Pelle and Fetold until the tenth of the year of the Trojan War (when the oriad's action begins), and Ethiopide, the destruction of the three and return - the interval between the events of Iliad and Odysseas. In addition to the Trojansky, there was still a FVAN cycle - it included endipodium, phivaida and epigions dedicated to the Laya House and the campaigns of Argiwan on the hair.
The birthplace of the heroic epic was, apparently, the ionic coast of Malaya Asia; In Greece itself, the didactic epic, which perceived the language and the size of Homer's poems appeared somewhat later.
It was this form that Gesiod (8th century BC) was used in the works and days - the poem in which the advice on agriculture was interspersed with reflections on social justice and life in labor. If the tone of Homer's poems is always strictly objective and the author does not detect himself, then Hesiod is quite frank with the reader, he tells the first person and informs information about his life. Probably, Hesiod was also the author of the theogonia - the poems on the origin of the gods.
For the first time, Homer's poems were printed in Milan Dmitry Khalkokodilas at the end of the XV century AD. Their first translation to the Latin language made Leoncio Pilate in 1389. Translation manuscript is kept now in Paris. In 1440, Candidio Dembebrio translated 5 or 6 or Iliad books to Latin in prose, and a few years later Lattheskaya prose, Laurenzo Ball, was treated for several years. Translation Ball was printed in 1474.
Lyric poetry
Development of Greece in 8-7 centuries. BC. It was characterized by the occurrence of policies - small independent cities - states - and an increase in the public role of a separate citizen. These changes were reflected in the poetry of the era. By the beginning of the 7th century BC. Lyric poetry - poetry of a subjective feeling became the most important type of literature in Greece. The main genres were:
Choral lyrics;
Monodic, or solo, lyrics, designed, like choral, for execution under the accompaniment of the Lyra;
Elegy poetry;
Jambic poetry.
The choir lyrics include, first of all, the hymns to the gods, diffilaments (songs in honor of God Dionysus), parfony (songs for the choir of girls), wedding and funeral songs and epico (songs in honor of the winners of the competition).
Choral lyrics up to the end of the VI century. BC. It is known only very fragmentary. A large representative of the choral lyrics lived at the end of the VI and at the beginning of the V century BC. - Simonide Keossky (556 - 468 BC). True, only a small number of fragments came from the lyrics of Simonide; Not a single one-piece poem has been preserved. However, the fame of Simonid was founded not only on Horique, he was known and as one of the creators of epigrams.
At about the same time, the classic of the solemn choir lyrics of Pindar from PhiV (518 - 442, BC) lived. There is an opinion that he wrote 17 books, from which 4 books were preserved; A total of 45 poems. Penana Pyndara (hymn in honor of Apollo) was found in the same oxirinch papyrus. Back in the XV century, Lorenzo Polar mentiones Potaine, as a poet, whom he prefers vergilia. Manuscripts of Pyndara works are stored in the Vatican. Until recently, Pindar was the only chori lyrics from which one-piece works were preserved.
There are even fragmentary information about three poets: Even Askalon (V c. BC), Herile (V c. BC) and Pheetess Praxilla (middle V century BC); The latter, they say, was famous for drinking songs, but wrote diffilams and hymns.
If the choral lyrics have been addressed to the whole community of citizens, then solo - to individual groups within the policy (girls on issuing, alliances of sotraznikov, etc.). It prevails such motifs like love, feasts, commemoration of the departed youth, civilian feelings. An exceptional place in the history of this genre belongs to the Lesbic poetess of Sappo (approx. 600 BC).
The first love poet, the Creator of the Erotic Elegy, was Ionian Mimne (the second half of the VII century. BC). Several small poems have been preserved from it. In some fragments that have reached us, political and military topics are also displayed.
At the turn of 600 BC wrote Elegy and Jamba Athenian legislator Solon. He is dominated by political and moral topics.
Elegy poetry covers several different types of poetry, united in one size - Elegic Distich. The Athenian political figure and the legislator of Solon (Archont in 594) enjoyed the Elek formation on political and ethical topics.
On the other hand, elegic distorts from an early time was used for epitaph and initiations, and it was from this tradition that the genre of epigrams appeared (literally "inscriptions")
Yamba (satirical) poetry. For personal attacks in poetic form, jambic dimensions were used. The oldest and most famous Jambic poet was archived from Paros (approx. 650 BC), who had lived a difficult life of mercenary and, according to legend, with his ruthless jambs, brought enemies to suicide. Later, the tradition developed by Yamba poets was perceived by ancient cattle comedy.
Prose ancient Greece
In 6 c. BC. There were writers who set out Greek legends prose. The development of prose contributed to the growth of democracy in the 5th century. BC, accompanied by a flourishing of oratory.
In the development of Greek prose, the works of historians and philosophers contributed.
The narration of herodood (approx. 484 - approx. 424) about Greco-Persian wars possesses all signs of historical essay - there are critical spirit in them, and the desire to find in the events of the past, the total meaning, and artistic style, and composite construction.
His dialogues, especially those where the leading role is assigned to Socrates, are not equal in artistic skills and dramatic strength. A historian and thinker Xenofont also wrote about Socrates - in membabilies (talks of conversations with Socrates) and Pira. Another composition of xenophon is formally adjacent to the philosophical prose - the kiropedy describing the education of Kira the Great.
Socrates were Nosfen, Aristotle, and others. From this circle, Aristotle (384-322 BC) came out of this circle, which also wrote a number of platonic dialogues widely known in antiquity.
The development of rhetoric as an independent genre was associated with Greece with the rise of democracy and the involvement of an increasing number of citizens in political life. Much for the transformation of rhetoric in art made sophists; In particular, Gorgiy Leontinsky and Frasima Khalkedonsky expanded the set of rhetorical figures, introduced fashion on symmetric antithesis and rhythmic periods.
The highest flourishing rhetoric reached in Athens. An anti-pope (mind 411 BC) was the first to publish his speeches, and some of them were purely rhetorical exercises in which fictional cases were dealt with. Thirty-four preserved speeches Lisia is considered a sample of a simple and exquisite attic style; Lysius, not being a native of Athens, earned a living by the work of speeches for citizens who spent in court.
Isochant speech (436-338) were pamphletes for public reading; Elegant, built on antithesis style of these speeches and the original views of the upbringing presented in them provided him in an antique world a huge authority.
But a speaker with a capital letter for the Greeks was demosphen (384-322). Of all the speeches that reached us, 16 he said in the People's Assembly, convincing Athenians oppose Philip Macedonsky. It is in them a passionate, inspiring the eloquence of demosphenus reaches the highest strength.
Alexandrian epoch
Deep changes that occurred in the entire Greek world with the death of Alexander Macedonsky (323 BC), and reflected in the literature. The relationship of a citizen with the life of the policy has weakened, and in art, literature, philosophy prevailed a tendency to individual, personal. But, although art and literature has lost their former socio-political importance, the rulers of newly formed Hellenistic kingdoms willingly encouraged their development, especially in Alexandria.
Ptolemy founded a magnificent library in which lists of all famous works of the past were collected.
Here edited classic texts and wrote comments to them such scientists as Callima, Aristarkh, Aristophane Byzantine.
Reconstruction of the Alexandria Library
As a result of the heyday of philological science in the literature, a strong tendency to scholarships and overload with hidden mythological alluses prevailed. In this atmosphere, it was especially felt that in large forms after Homer, lyrics and tragics of the past, nothing great could not be created. Therefore, in poetry, the interests of Alexandrians focused on small genres - epillia, epigram, idylly, mime. The requirement of perfection of the form resulted in the desire for an external decoration, often to the detriment of the depth of content and moral meaning.
The largest poet of the Alexandrian era was Foocrit from Syracuse (3 in. BC), author of pastoral idylls and other small poetic works.
For the modern reader, the epigrams of such poets like asclepads, a fill, Leonid, etc.; They have been preserved in the Greek (or Palatinskaya) anthology composed in the Byzantine era, in which the collection of Alexandrian time was included - a wreath of the Meleagra (approx. 90 BC).
Alexandrian prose was mainly an area of \u200b\u200bscience and philosophy. Literary interest is the characters of the Feofrast (approx. 370-287 BC), who changed Aristotle at the head of Likeya: These sketches of the typical characters of the Athenians were widely used in a newatical comedy.
From significant historians of this period reached (partially) only the compositions of polybia (approx. 208-125 BC) - the monumental history of the Punic wars of the Roman conquest of Greece.
Alexandrian era includes the birth of biographies and memoirs as independent literary genres.
Eschil was the founder of civilian in his ideological sound of the tragedy, a contemporary and a member of the Greek-Persian wars, the poet of the formation of democracy in Athens. The main motive of his creativity is the glorification of civilian courage, patriotism. One of the most remarkable heroes of the tragedy of Eschila is an irreconcilable Borer Prometheus - the personification of the creative forces of Athenian.
Medea and Jason
A feature of all ancient drams was a choir that singing and dances accompanied all the action. Eschil introduced two actors instead of one, having reduced the part of the choir and focusing on the dialogue, which was a decisive step to transform the tragedy from a purely mimic choir lyrics in a true drama. The game of two actors made it possible to strengthen the strength of action. The appearance of the third actor is the innovation of Sofokla, which made it possible to outlines various lines of behavior in the same conflict.
Euripid.
In their tragedies, Euripid reflected the crisis of traditional polis ideology and the search for the new foundations of the worldview. He sensitively responded to the burning issues of political and social life, and his theater was a kind of encyclopedia of the intellectual movement of Greece in the second half of the V c. BC e. In the works of Euripid, a variety of public problems were set up, new ideas were presented and discussed.
Antique criticism called Euripid "philosopher on stage". The poet was not, however, a supporter of a certain philosophical teaching, and his views did not differ in consistency. Dual was his attitude to Athenian democracy. He glorified her as a system of freedom and equality, at the same time, he was frightened by the poor "crowd" of citizens, which in the people's assembly solved questions under the influence of demagogues. Through thread, through all the work of Euripid passes interest in person with its subjective aspirations. The great playwright depicted people with their attractions and gusts, joys and suffering. Evripid forced the audience to think over her place in society, over his attitude towards life.
The task:
1
.
Make a presentation on the topic "Antique literature".
2. Place it on the channel RU TUBE
· The subject and value of the ancient literature. Specificity of ancient art.
· Antique slave-owner society. Periods of literary history of Greece.
Antique literature chronologically is not the first. The reason that we study her first lies in the fact that the ancient literary monuments opened the opposite, that is, from later to early.
Antique literature is ancient European literature, so it affects the rest of the literature.
Antique literature is the first step in the cultural development of the world, so it affects the entire world culture. This is noticeable even in everyday life. Antique words become ordinary for us, such as the words "audience", "lecturer." The type of lecture itself is classic - the lectures still read in ancient Greece. Many objects are also called antichny words, for example, a tank with a crane for water heating is called "Titan". Most of the architecture can somehow be among the elements of antiquity.
The names of the antique heroes are often used for the names of the ships. Sometimes it looks very symbolically. So, for example, Napoleon was brought to the link to the cruiser "Bellerofont". Bellerfonfu was received to kill the chimera. (Chimera is a monster consisting of a dragon, goat and lion). By the way, the differences between the perception of the ancient Greeks and us are reflected here - it would seek us a terrible monster, and Beslerofont first loved her. Nevertheless, he killed her, and after that he began his victory after his victory, which wanted to raise Olympus to the gods. He was lowered to the ground, he lost his mind and wandered around the ground, while Tanatos was not squeezed over him.
Images of ancient literature are included in modern literature, there is a deep meaning in them. Sometimes they enter the winged expressions. Antique mythological plots are often recycled and used again.
Why is it still "antique culture"? After all, we are studying the ancient Rome and ancient Greece. For the first time, the term "antiquity" consume humanists of the Renaissance. They begin to create a similarity of the system of myths and history, begin to lead the first unprofessional excavations while excavations. The word "antique" happened from the Latin word "antikqus" - ancient, and is used to carp.
Ancient Greek culture has its roots. The forerunner is the Criton-Mina (or Crito-Mycena) culture. Scientists argue about the original inhabitants of Crete - therefore, various names arise. English Archaeologist Arthur Evans opened Cretan culture. Before this excavation on Crete, the famous Henry Schliman tried to lead, but he did not have enough money to buy a territory for excavations. Arthur Evans opened the Knos Palace, and, consequently, the Criton-Mina Civilization, since in this palace there was a lot of evidence of its existence. There are various versions of the death of this civilization, but many scientists agree that the spontaneous cataclysm was.
In the palace found clay plates with letters of two different types, that is, there was already writing. In addition, there they found an ancient heating and sewer system, as well as a base for many myths, for example, a minotaur labyrinth - underground palace premises. The word "labyrinth", originated from the word "labris" - double-edged seclira, sacrificial weapons of priests. During the sacrifice, the priest dressed a mask of the bull - Minotaur. That is, the myth about the teze, the winning Minotaur, speaks of the overthrow of Athens, Iga Crete.
Why "Miktenskaya"? In Mygeni, Henry Schliman found similar clay plates with letters, which indicated a written message between Greece and Crete.
Antiquity is often called the childhood of humanity. Often, this statement is incorrectly attributed to Karl Marx. The reason for such a name is that antique literature is often naive and descriptive. She addresses the origins of human consciousness, depicts a person outside the classes. And we must not forget that the ancient Greece is a slave-ownership system, which would not be talked about eating democracy. Of the five hundred thousand inhabitants of Athens, there were only one hundred thousand, and only half of them had the right to vote, since the rest were resting from other policies. Pericles - founder of Athenian democracy. He ruled Athens actually 30 years old, but his son from the second marriage never became a full-fledged citizen, since the second Wife of Pericla (the famous aspasia writer) was a native of another city. But in the ancient works, no personality is associated with class regulation, therefore the art of ancient Greece gives a sense of freedom.
In the ancient culture, a spiritualized human image appears for the first time, supplied in the center, since before that the center of all art was not a person. For example, in the drawings of primitive people, the animals were depicted huge and colorful, and people are sketchy. In the ancient Egyptians, the images of Pharaohs were in non-living masks, and the royal army was also strange half-temperature.
There were four ancient Greek adverbs. Various literary genres flashed in various dialects. The ancient adverb - Ahasey (during the time of Homer, this adveria has no longer remained carriers). The aolian adverb existed on Island Greece, a lyrics appeared there for the first time. Ionian adverb was distributed on continental Greece and in colonies on the coast of Malaya Asia, it gave the beginning of epic poetry. Attic adverb appears from the ionic dialect - used in the Athens Policy and in Business Speech. Dorician adverb in southern Greece, it is the basis of choral chants and the basis of the theater.
Periodization:
1. Archaic period (7th century BC - 5th century BC). Characteristic: socially acuity, as the destruction of the generic community and the establishment of the policy is. In the community, the chapter stood the king, then a birth to know, the origin did not matter in the polis. Nietzsche calls this period tragic.
Oral folk creativity develops, but there are no fairy tales in Greek mythology. From the Greek fairy tales only one came to us, and there were disputes about it, there was no later insert. She reached us as part of "Metamorphosis" Apulela - "Fairy Tale of Amur and Psyche". In the Greek art, the fairy tale huses myth, he has the most significant role. It also develops a fable that covers a huge conglomerate. Esop - Bassen's source, he is a leaving from Asia Minor. Epic, archaic, heroic poems appear, from which only Homerovsky reached us. On the rest, we can judge only in passing. A didactic epic of the Hesiod comes to replace the Homer, who wishes to keep old moral norms. In the same period, archaic lyrics appear.
2. Classic (attic) period. At this time, the Center for Cultural Life is in Athens - Attics. After the Greek-Persian war, the development of Athens began, which soon became an example for all Greece. The theater of dramaturgy develops, it is believed that the theater always develops into the tragic era. First, the tragedy appears, then comedy. Lyrics develop and oratory, rhetoric. In the fourth century, prose begins to develop. First, a historical prose appears, then philosophical.
3. Hellenistic period (from the 4th century BC to our era to 1 century BC). During this period, Greece is won first by Philip, then Alexander Macedonian. The polis system has heal herself. Alexandra has a great idea - to bear the Greek culture of Varvaram. The concept of "cosmopolitan" appears. Then Alexander understands that Greek culture is not the only competitive culture in the world. Hellenism is a symbiosis of Greek and other cultures. The cultural center is transferred to Egypt, Alexandria. Humanitarian science arises there.
Characteristic attention to man. Small genres develop, for example, epigram. Loses the value of a high comedy, a new-catty comedy appears about the family, about the house. At the very end of the period, a Greek story or a Greek novel appears.
4. The period of Greek literature of the era of the Roman rule (1 century BC - 476 years of our era). Example: Apule "Golden Donkey (Metamorphosis)". The historical knowledge is developing, for example, the "life level" of Plutarch.
Greek mythology.
· Definition of myth and mythologists. Periodization of mythology.
· Specificity of archaic mythology.
· Plots, cycles of Olympic mythology.
· Mythology of late heroism.
· Post-sense mythology (self-denial of mythology).
In Greek, there are three words to designate the concept of "word" - "Epos", "Logos" and "Mutos \\ myth". Epos - the word spoken, speech, narration. Logos - word in scientific, business speech, rhetoric. Mutos - word-generalization. That is, the myth is a generalization in the word of sensual perception of life.
There is no single definition of myth, since this is a very capacious education. Losev and Tahoe Gudi give a philosophical definition. But there are incorrect definitions. Myth is not a genre, but a form of thought. On this side of myth first drew the attention of Friedrich Wilhelm Shelling. He suggests that mythology is a prerequisite for both Greek and world art.
Everyone has its own language and their mythology, it means that mythology is connected with the word - such a thought is developing sweebnik. Mythology can not be invented specifically - it creates people at a certain stage of their development. Therefore, mythological plots are similar, because they are associated with certain stages of the worldview. Mythology can not be canceled by decret. It was Shelling that spoke about the new mythology - she is constantly changing. New time, mythologizes on the basis of history, politics, social events.
In the generic society, mythology is a universal, uniform and unique unintended form of public consciousness, which reflects the validity of sensual and personalized images.
A very long, mythology remains the only form of public consciousness. Then a religion, art, politics, science appears. The essence of Greek mythology is understandable only when taking into account the features of the primitive-communal system of the Greeks. The Greeks perceived the world as a large generic community, first matriarchal, then patriarchal. Therefore, they do not have any moral doubts when they hear the myth about Hephaeste - when a weak child is thrown away from the cliff.
Allegory differs from the myth in that in the allegory there is no equally meaning, but in myth equals.
Myth is not a religion, because it appeared before the separation of faith and knowledge. Each religion establishes a cult (distance between God and man). This is not a fairy tale, because the fairy tale is always a conscious fiction, they compose, but do not believe. Myth is much ancient. The fairy tale often uses mythological worldview. In a fairy tale, a lot of magical, conditional place of action, and in myth all specifically. This is not a philosophy, since philosophy always seeks to explain, withdraw a certain pattern, and everything is perceived in the myth as an immediate dense - to capture, and not explain.
Periodization:
1. Report Collective (Archaic). (3 millennia to our era).
2. Classical (Olympic).
A) early classics
B) late heroism
(The end of 3 millennia - 2 millennium).
3. Poslastical (self-denial) (end of 2 millennia - the beginning of 1 millennium - 8th century BC).
Report of the Age. (Archaic Epoch).
From the word "Arches" - the beginning. Dooolempic, Dofesali Epoch (Fessiona - an area in ancient Greece, where Olympus is located). The chthonic era, from the word "HTONOS" - the Earth, as the Earth is designed primarily - Gay. Since the head of everything was standing, then this is a matriarchal mythology. They worshiped with phytimorphic beings (vegetable) and zoomorphic (animals), and not anthropomorphic (humanoid). Zeus is an oak, Apollo - Lavr, Dionysis - Vine, ivy. In Rome - fig tree, fig tree. Or Zeus - Bull, Athena ("Sovokaya") - Owl and Snake, Gera ("Wolf") - Cow, Apollo - Swan, Wolf, Mouse. Monsters are teratorphic beings (chimer) and mixantropic beings (sirens, Sphinx, Echidna, Centaur).
Two epochs are distinguished: fetishist and animistic.
Fetish is a subject, a creature, endowed with magical strength, a miracle of eternal existence. Everything can be fetishes - stones, trees, etc. Gera is an unprocessed log. The fetishes are the onions of Hercules and Odyssey - they are subject to only them. Achille's spear subject to him only and pele.
Gamadriada - Tree souls. Formed an idea of \u200b\u200bthe soul, spirit. In the archaic period, the gods have not yet become anthropomorphic to the end.
The aesthetic ideal in that epoch: the element, beating through the edge, not simplicity and harmony.
Cosmogonic myths - myths about the origin of the world and the first gods. The first type of such myths: everything happened from chaos - a huge deplorable yawning mouth. The second myth: Pelasga, first the ocean, then the goddess of Evrinom dances on the surface of the ocean, and all living things are born.
According to one of the cosmogonic myths, Gaya Earth appeared from Chaos, Tartar - the progenitor of all monsters, Uranus - Sky and Eros. From gay and uranium, cyclops and hakatonheira appeared (unbridled strength) - the first generation of gods. The second generation: Titans and Titanides (senior titanium - ocean, junior - crown, chronos (all-consuming time)). The crown of the cunning launched uranium in Tartar - whipped him in the potion. Uranus cursed Crohn, he should have expect the same fate. CZK to avoid this, swallowed five babies of his wife Rei. Ray became sorry for children, she went for advice to Goe and Uranium. Reya instead of a child gave the crown a stone in diapers. Zeus was sent to the creek, there were guarded by the jackets, nymphs and the goat of Amalfi. When he grew up, he whipped Crohn and made him spoil the cobblestone first, then Poseidon, Aida, Demeter, Gesty and Gera.
Titanium - the battle of gods and titans for power over the world. In classical mythology there is a second generation of Olympians.
Classical mythology.(Olympic, Fesseali, Anthropomorphic, Patriarchal).
A) Early classic. There are two topics in it - the struggle against the monsters and the establishment of space (from the word "decorating" - something decorated and ordered). The gods give rise to heroes to help them in the fight against the monsters.
The hero is the progenitor, the child of the gods and people. The hero seeks to make a feat to apply herself immortal glory.
The younger generation of Olympians - Hephaest, Athena (from Zeus's head, mind, wisdom and fair war), Ares (unfair war), Apollo (light, art, progress, illusion), Artemis (Hunting, Moon), Aphrodite. Several versions of the appearance of Aphrodite - her mother of Dion, it appeared from the sea foam or from the blood of uranium. Hermes, Heba, Nick.
Moyry - representations of the Greeks of fate. Three Moira, the eldest straight a thread of human life, the average - with closed eyes, stretches his hand in the jug and pulls out lot. Moires do not carry fatal, but personify the share.
Heroes are divided into several types. There are heroes of the total value: Hercules, Jason, Testa. There are more local. Some heroes made feats of force (archaic heroes - Hercules, Achilles, Teshele). There are cultural - they did something socially useful, created social norms or taught the Greeks of creating. An example is a trioptole that sheltered the demeter, and she taught him to grow bread. Dedal - invented plumbing tools. Intellectual heroes - Oedip, solved the riddles. Odyssey is a border hero, intelligence and power.
First of all, the feats of force are performed during this period - the destruction of monsters. Motivation of actions - Heroes are looking for eternal glory, because they are denied eternal life. But it will appear in later heroism.
B) late heroism. Changes relationship with gods, it is caused by social processes. Hard era, go to the past generic relationship. Previously, the chapter stood the king, a notable person. The chapter stand up due to the mind. There are myths about labor curses to explain. Myths about the wine is a first-end office, with generations of wine accumulates. Greek did not think of himself out of the team, so the genus was understood by him as something indivisible, so all the qualities of all members of the family. Atonement can no longer receive. Example: Tanthalides - Atrides. There is still a curse of Labdakids.
In addition to generic curses, the myths about mortal and immortal competitions. Aware of the value of their personality. Female characters appear. Harmony wins spontaneity, not always fair.
Posklassical period (self-denial).During this period, the myths of the death of the best clans of Eldlas are myths about wars (Trojan, FVAN). Myths about world catastrophes - Atlantis. Myths about Promethea and Dionysis. Old thought: Olympians - focus of justice. New: This is not quite so. The cult of Dionysus appeared late. Grapes became redeemed in 8-7 century BC. Dionysis's fate is consonant with the fate of Ellinov. Dionysis personifies the natural forces of nature. In the figure of Dionysus Greek summarized his idea of \u200b\u200bthe tragedy of life. By origin, Dionys is not God. Born in the philas, mother - seed, on it is a generic curse of Cadma. Dionysis - Middle Class Loves, a collision with a cult of Apollo. Dionysis is a patron of the theater and tragedy.
Gomeov Epos.
· The historical basis and the time of creating Homer's poems. G. Schliman and Troy.
· Mythological foundation and plot of Homer's poems.
· The concept of epic hero and image of warriors in the poem.
· Maltical problems of Homer's poems.
· The originality of the epic worldview and style.
· Homersky question and the main theories of origin of the poems.
Almost all calemen argue about the right to consider himself his homeland. Epic poetry arose in the 10th century BC, Homer's poetry - the border of the 9th and 8th century. These are the first written creations from which European literature began. Most likely, this is not the beginning of the tradition - the author refers to the predecessors and even includes excerpts from the predecessors' poems. "Odyssey" - Democh, Frama Fraki. Then the Homer's poems appear parodies - "Batrachomomakhius" - the struggle of frogs and mice.
For antiquity, the usual definition of "epic" is not characteristic. "Epos" - "Speech, Story". It appears as a form of a domestic story about an important tribe or kind of event. Always poetic reproduction. The subject of the image is the history of the people on the basis of mythological perception. The basis of the artistic ancient epic is the majestic heroic. Heroes of epos personify whole nations (Achilles, Odyssey). The hero is always strong for the power of his people, personifies both the best and worst in his people. Hero of Homer's poems lives in a special world, where the concepts of "all" and "everyone" mean the same thing.
Exploring the language of Homer's poems, scientists came to the conclusion that Homer was a led from the Ionian aristocratic family. Language "Iliada" and "Odyssey" "- an artificial subiapt that in life never spoke. Up to 19th century, the point of view dominated that the content of both poems is poetic fiction. In the 19th century, they started talking about the reality of events, after a Troy was opened by Heinrich Shliman (in the last quarter of the 19th century).
Heinrich Schliman was born in 1822 in Germany in the family of poor pastor. He received the colorful encyclopedia of myths on his seven years and after that he said that he would find Troy. It does not receive education. The history of his youth is very violent: he hires on Schunun Junga, Schooner suffers shipwreck, Shliman hits the uninhabited island. At 19, he falls into Amsterdam and is arranged there to work with a small clerk. It turns out. That he is very susceptible to languages, so he will soon go to St. Petersburg, opens its business - the supply of bread to Europe. In 1864, he closes his work, and all the money uses the opening of the Troy. He goes to those places where she could be. The whole scientist world produced excavations in Bunarbachi in Turkey. But Schliman focused on Gomeov's texts, where it was said that the Trojans could go to the sea several times a day. Bunarbachi was too far from the sea. Schliman found Cape Gissarlyk and found out that the real cause of the Trojan war was the economy - the Trojans charged too much fee for passing through the strait. Schliman conducted an excavation in his own way - did not roll the layer behind the layer, and the layers began to spread at once. At the very bottom (layer 3a), he found gold. But he was afraid that his unprofessional workers detail him, so he ordered them to celebrate, and his wife himself was dragged into a tent. Most of all, Schliman wanted to return Greece for her oldness, respectively, and this gold, which he considered the treasure of King Priama. But according to the laws, the treasure belonged to Turkey. Therefore, his wife - Greek Sofia - hid gold in the cabbage and transported across the border.
Arguing to the whole world that Troy really existed, Shliman actually destroyed it. Later, scientists have proven that the necessary temporary layer was 7a, this layer of Schmeth destroyed, getting gold. Then Shliman led the excavation in Tirinf and dug his homeland Hercules. Then excavation in myxa, where he found a golden gate, the three tombs, which he counted the burials of Agamemnon (Golden Mask Agamemnon), Cassandra and Climetra. He was again mistaken - these burials treated earlier time. But he proved the existence of ancient civilization, as it found clay signs with letters. He also wanted to drive an excavation in Crete, but he did not have enough money to buy a hill. Absolute the death of the Cum of Schlaman. He drove home for Christmas, withered, fell on the street, he was taken to the shelter for the poor, where he froze to death. His magnificently buried, the Greek king himself was behind the coffin.
Similar clay plates were found in Crete. This proves that for a very long time (12th century BC) in Crete and in mycken was writing. Scientists call it a "linear dogmatic dual-infavitory syllable letter", and there are two differences: a and b. And it is not amenable to decoding, B was deciphered. Found signs in 1900, and deciphered after the second world. Franz Zittini decrypted 12 syllables. The breakthrough made Michael Ventris, the Englishman who suggested that it was necessary to take not Cretan, but a Greek dialect. So he deciphered almost all the signs. In front of the scientist, the problem arose: why at the moment of his heyday in Crete wrote in Greek? To determine the date of destroying Troy first, Schliman was attempted - 1200 g BC. He was mistaken for ten years. Modern scientists found that it was destroyed between 1195 and 1185 BC.
With regard to the epic, the concepts of Fabuil and the plot differ greatly. Fabul is a natural direct temporary connection of events that make up the content of the literary work. Fabuli Homer's poems is the Trojan cycle of myths. It is connected almost with all mythology. The plot is local, but the temporary framework is small. Most motivations of the actions of heroes are beyond the framework of the work. The reasons for the Trojan war written the poem "Cyprus".
Causes of the War: Gay appeals to Zeus with a request to clear the Earth from the part of people, since they became too much. Zeus is threatened by the fate of his grandfather and father - to be overthrown with his own son from the goddess. Prometheus calls the goddess Fetid, so Zeus urgently gives her married to the death hero of Pelia. An apple of discord appears at the wedding, and Zeus advise to use Paris Mom - an eloqueal adviser.
Troy otherwise called the kingdom of Dardan or Ilion. Dardan is the founder, then illuminates and bases Ilion. Hence the name of the poem Homer. Troy - from the cable. Sometimes pergamm, by the name of the palace. One of the Troy kings is Lomedont. With it, the walls of three, which cannot be destroyed. Poseidon and Apollo were built this wall, people laugh above them, Lomedontov promised a reward for work. Eak treated the gods well, so he built a skest gate - the only ones that can be destroyed. But Lomedonont did not pay, the gods accepted and cursed the city, so he is doomed to death, despite the fact that this is the favorite city of Zeus. In the war, only Anhiz and Eney, who are not related to the family of Laomedonta, will destroy.
Elena is the granddaughter of Nemesis, the goddess of retaliation. At the age of 12, she kidnapped with temks. Then everyone wanted to take her to his wife, Odyssey advised the father of Elena to give her to choose herself and take an Elena family from the grooms in the event of trouble.
"Iliad" covers a slight period of time as events. Only 50 days of the last year of war. This is the anger of Achilla and his consequences. So poem begins. "Iliad" is a military heroic epic where the central place occupies a story about events. The main thing is the anger of Achilla. Aristotle wrote that Homer was brilliantly chosen the plot. Achilles is a special hero, it replaces a whole army. The task of Homer is to describe all the heroes and life, but Ahill eclipses them. Therefore, Achilla should be removed. Everything is determined by one event: in the earth, everything is determined by the consequences of Achille's wrath, in the heavenly will of Zeus. But his will is not comprehensive. Zeus can not dispose of the fate of the Greeks and Trojans. He uses gold scales of fate - the shares of Ahaz and Troyans.
Composition: alternation of the earth and celestial line of the plot, which are mixed by the end. Homer did not break his poem on the song. For the first time, it was broken by Alexandrian scientists in the third century BC for convenience. Every chapter was called the letter of the Greek alphabet.
What is the reason for anger of Achilla? For 10 years, they ruined many surrounding policies. In one city, they captured two captives - Chryside (got Agamemnon) and Briceida (went to Achillu). The Greeks begin to establish the consciousness of the value of his personality. Homer shows that the generic team goes into the past, a new morality begins to form, where an idea of \u200b\u200bthe value of his own life is coming to the fore.
The poem ends with the Hector's funeral, although in fact the fate of the Troy has already been solved. In terms of Fabuil (mythological sequence of events) Odyssey corresponds to "Iliade". But she narrates not about military events, but about wandering. The scientist call her: "Epic wonderful poem." In it, the narration of a person displaces the story about the events. The fate of Odyssey comes to the fore - the glorification of the mind and the power of will. "Odyssey" corresponds to the mythology of the late heroism. Deals with the last forty days of return Odyssey to their homeland. The fact that the center is returning, testifies the very beginning.
Composition: harder "Iliad". Events in "Iliad" develop progressively and consistently. In the "Odyssey" three storylines: 1) Gods-Olympians. But Odyssey has a goal and no one can stop him. Odyssey is released from everything itself. 2) Actually returns - grave adventures. 3) Ithaka: Two motifs: Actually, the events of the matchmaker and the topic of searching by Telemach Father. Some believe that telemocking is late insert.
Basically, it is still a description of the wanders of Odyssey, and in a retrospective plan. Events are determined by retrospection: the impact of the events of the longtime past. For the first time a female image, equal to the male - Penelope, multiplodge - a decent spouse Odyssey appears. Example: she hides the funeral cover.
The poem is more complicated not only on the composition, but also the stroks of the psychological motivation of actions.
"Iliad" is a favorite product of Lion Tolstoy. The value of Homer's poems is laid in moral values, they represent them. At this time, the ideas about morality were formed. Ratio with materials. Heroism and patriotism are not the main values \u200b\u200bthat are interested in Homer. The main thing is the problem of the meaning of human life, the problem of the values \u200b\u200bof human life. The theme of human debt: in front of the homeland, in front of the tribe, before the ancestors, before the dead. Life in a universal scale is represented as evergreen grove. But death is not a reason for grief - it cannot be avoided, but you need to adequately meet. The ideas about human friendship are formed. Odyssey and Diomed, Achilles and Patrole. They are all balanced. Problems - What is cowardice? Bravery? Loyalty to house, people, spouse? Faithful wives: Penelope, Andromaha.
As mentioned earlier, the generalized features of the whole people were gathered in Homeric heroes, which they represented. Images of warriors were distinguished by variety. Homer had no idea about the character, but, nevertheless, he does not have two identical warriors. It was believed that a person is already born with certain qualities, and during life can not change anything. This view undergoes a change only in the works of Theofrast - a student of Aristotle. The amazing moral integrity of a Homerovsky man. They have no reflection or division - this is in the spirit of Homer's time. Fate is a share. Therefore there is no doom. Acts of heroes are not associated with divine influence. But there is a law of dual motivation of events. How are the feelings born? It is easiest to explain this to the divine intervention of the talent of Homer: a scene with Achille and Priam.
The set of qualities for each warrior is the same, but images are unique. Each of the actors expresses some one side of the National Greek Spirit. The poem has types: elders, wives, etc. The central place occupies the image of Achilla. He is great, but mortal. Homer wanted to portray the poetic apotheosis of heroic Greece. Heroism - conscious choice of Achilla. Epic valor of Achilla: brave, strong, fearless, warlike cry, quick run. So that the characters were different, the number of different qualities is different - individual characteristics. Achille has impulsiveness and impendingness. Homer's characteristic: He knows how to put songs and sings them. The second strength of the warrior is Ajax big. He has an overly much ambition. Achilles Figure, Ajax is slow, slow. Third - Diomed. The main thing is complete selflessness, so the Domeda is given a victory over the gods. Epitts: Achilles and Odyssey more than 40. In the battle, Domeda does not forget about the economy. The leaders of the hike are depicted in contradiction with epic laws. The authors of the epic write objectively. But Homer has many epithets from their favorite heroes. Atrigations of epithets are not enough. Diomed reproaches Agamemnon "Valit I did not give you (zeus)." Another attitude to Northor, hector and Odyssey. Hector is one of the favorite heroes of Homer, he is intelligent and peaceful. Hector and Odyssey do not hope for the gods, so the hector is inherent in fear, but this fear does not affect his actions, since Hector has an epic valor that includes an epic shame. He feels responsibility to the protected people.
The glorious of wisdom. Elders: Acceptance and Nestor. Nestor survived three generations of people for thirty years. New wisdom: intelligence Odyssey. This is not an experience, but the flexibility of the mind. Odyssey is still distinguished: all heroes are striving for immortality - it is proposed for him twice, but he changes him home.
Homer for the first time gives us the experience of comparative characteristics. 3 Iliad song: Elena talks about heroes. Compared mennel and Odyssey.
The image of Elena in Iliad is demonic. In Odyssey, she is a housewife. It is not described its appearance. And the reaction of the elders to it. We know very little about her feelings. In Odyssey, she is different - there is nothing mysterious.
Features of the epic worldview and style.
The first is the volume of epic poems is always significant. The volume depends not on the desire of the author, but from the tasks supplied by the author, which in this case require a large volume. Second feature - multifunctionality. Epos in ancient society performed many functions. Entertaining - last time. Epos - wisdom storage, educational function, examples how to behave. Epos - storage of information on history, keeps the presentation of the people about history. Scientific functions, since scientific information were transferred in epic poems: Astronomy, geography, craft, medicine, life. Lastly, entertainment feature. All this is called epic syncretism.
Homer's poems always narrate about the distant past. Greek pessimistically looked into the future. These poems are designed to capture the golden time.
Monumentality of images of epic poems.
Images are raised over ordinary people, they are almost monuments. All of them are elevated, more beautiful, smarter than ordinary people are idealization. This is epic monumentality.
Epic thing is associated with the task of describing everything in full. Homer fixes attention to the most common things: stool, carnations. All things necessarily have color. Some believe that then the world was described by two paints - white and gold. But this refuted Wilkelman, he was engaged in architecture. In fact, paints are many, and the statues are lowered by time. Statues dressed up, painted, decorated - everything was very bright. Even Titanoachea on Parfenone was painted. In Homer's poems, all color: goddesses, berries. The sea has more than 40 shades in color.
The objectivity of the tone of Gomeov's poems. The creators of the poems were to be extremely fair. Homer is not worn only in epithets. Nozample, Torsit Description. Trysit is absolutely deprived of epic valor.
Epic style: three laws.
1) The law of retardation is a deliberate stop of action. Retardation, firstly, helps to expand the framework of its image. Refrontation is a retreat, a pledge of the poem. Talks about the former or outlines the views of the Greeks. The poots were performed orally and during the returation, the author and the performer tries to initiate additional attention to the situation: for example, a description of Agamemnon's rod, description of the shield of Achille (this description shows how the Greeks were represented by the universe). Stregnated grandfather Odyssey. In the family, Odyssey has always been one heir. Odyssey - angry, experiencing the wrath of the gods.
2) the law of dual motivation of events.
Epic poems are replete with repetitions. Up to a third of the text accounts for repetitions. Several reasons: due to the perception of poems, repetitions are the properties of oral folk creativity, the folklore description includes constant formulas, most often this is the phenomena of nature, the equipment of the chariots, the Greeks armament, the Troyans are screening formulas. Decorating epithets, firmly fixed behind the heroes, objects, gods (hera hero, Zeus-Techegano). The gods as perfect creatures deserve the "Golden" epithet. Most of all with gold is associated Aphrodite - aesthetic sphere, in the geery is a state of detention. The darkest is Zeus. All the gods must be smart, omniscient. Spriverler is only Zeus, although others too. Athena: intercession, protector, irresistible, uncomplicable. Ares: an insatiable war, the descent of people, stained with blood, shutter of the walls. Often epithets are so growing so that they contradict the position: noble grooms in Odyssey's house. Aegise that kills Agamemnon is a befreaty. These are all folk formulas.
Epic comparisons. In an effort to visibility, the poet seeks every description to translate into a language of comparison, which develops into an independent picture. All comparisons of the gomer from the household sphere: fighting for ships, the Greeks are troyans, the Greeks fought as neighbors for meri in neighboring sites. The rage of Achilla is a comparison with threshing, when the oxa grain grains.
Homer often uses a description and narration through the listing. Does not describe the picture in all integrity, and draws episodes - the killing of the Diomeda.
Combination of fiction with the details of realistic reality. The line between reality and fiction is erased: a description of the Cyclop cave. First, everything is very realistic, but then a terrible monster appears. The illusion of objectivity is created.
The poems are written by a hexameter - a six-storey dactyl. And the last foot is truncated. In the middle there is a cesura - a pause, which divides verse for two semi-second and gives him the dimension. The entire ancient poem is based on a strictly ordered alternation of long and short syllables, and the quantitative ratio of shock and unstressed syllables 2: 1, but the emphasis is not powerful, but musical, based on increasing and decreasing tone.
- Mesod and problems of the didactic epic.
Gomeov Epos is a product of patriarchal relations. This is the worldview of the community member. "Iliad" begins the Agamemnon and Achilla quarrel - the ideology of the community goes into the past, a new idea of \u200b\u200bthe world appears. Ethics of relationship will soon go to the past. End 8 - early 7th century BC - Stormy development of the policy. Private life is a citizen - agriculture. There are other economic relations in the city, classes and money appear, the city dweller becomes different. The work that was valued in the community, in the city becomes a lot of slaves - something humiliating. In the city, classic slavery, man is a thing, a way to mining money. The city is prestigious crafts. Some people take a new ideology, and a part of people, including the Gesiod, tries to keep the past. First of all, it is Northern Greece - Boeyti, the agricultural edge, there people tried to keep the golden age. Didactic epic instructs.
From the point of view of the form, it looks like Gomeov Epos. But the author pressures over everything, he says, so it is boring for a modern person. Homer and Hesiod - two poles in an artistic look at the Life of the Greeks. Homer aristocratic from the point of view of the heroic archaic - chasing the kings and heroes, Geesiod Patriarchalen, expresses the patriarchal peasant point of view.
8 - 7th century BC - Begins a turn from the mythological perception of the world to scientific interpretation. Poems Gesiod - just the moment of transition. Chief Representative - Hesiod. There was a backward ancient Boeotia, the son of a wealthy peasant. He retained patriarchal ideas about life. Got a good education - we know the biography of the Gesiod unlike Gomer. Hesiod talks about himself as an example. Homer would not have given questions on his example. Gesiod - Rhapsod. His village at the foot of Helicon Mountain. Hesiod emphasizes that he received his talent from the music. Works "Theogony" and "Works and Days". He is attributed to a few more works.
The personality of the Gesiod can be recognized from the works. The personality of the bile, Misanthrop, a proud person, does not recognize someone else's opinion, always considers himself right, does not suffer objections - therefore he is alone.
"Theogony" is the first attempt to understand all the existing, understanding of what is happening and the history of the world. The Hesiod was first delivered to the task that mythology is not peculiar - the task of explaining the surrounding world, the actions of the forces faced by a person. In the poem about the origin of the gods there is nothing about praising gods. Gods and people are two unequal opposing forces. The concept of "envy of the gods" introduces Gesiod. He gives it an explanation.
Observations of the Gesiod over the life are pessimistic. Homer has a beautiful, bright life. Hesiod has a disaster. One of the topics is the rivalry of people and gods, in the "works and days" also their place. It is this that Gesiod is trying to explain the origin of all misfortunes. Gesiod retells myths about Promethea, and assesses them negatively. All this goes into a conversation about the five centuries of human life. In the "Theogonia" he has set up a systematic mythology. In the "writings and days" he is trying to systematize human life. The first century - the Golden Age, the Board of Crown, people lived freely, did not know old age and diseases, instead of death - sleep. The second century - silver, people caught up, stopped bringing victims to the gods, the age of people cut - Zeus stared up this generation under the ground. The third century is copper, everything is created by Zeus. People are very unattractive, fierce, huge, suspicious, eventually killed each other. The fourth century - only there is no regression, the age of heroes, strong, beautiful - Trojan and FVAN wars. The fifth century is iron, the age of violence and inappropriate, labor, misfortunes - Hesiod ranks her time here. Not only physically, but also morally the people. What to do? Gesiod advises to work, and under his leadership. There is a legend about the competition of Homer and Hesiod - won Hesiod. The text of his poems was carved on the stone and put in front of the temple.
- Ancient Greek lyrics VII - VI centuries.
· Social processes of VII - VI centuries. And the emergence of archaic lyrics.
· Genre classification of ancient Greek lyrics.
· Elegy and Yamba poetry.
· Monodile poetry (alka and sappo).
· Choral Melika.
Birth and types in literature and poetry developed consistently. Each genres is in demand with certain social and social processes. Archaica - Epos, then didactics, then - lyrics.
The island Greece lived a particularly stormy life. 7 - 6 centuries. - century of the social revolution. The occurrence of policies destroyed patriarchal. The man began to look at him otherwise. Also influenced sea expansion. New people began to come to power - tyranans who came to power from the bottom. They held power thanks to ideology - supported art, trade.
The proceedings are a struggle for written laws. In communities were oral laws, and here you need a personal attitude. There should have been legislation. The first legislation introduced Likurg, Spartan. Then the tyranans are introduced. Tyrant Dracon in written legislation writes that for all crimes the only punishment is death.
Epos went into the past, Epos could not regulate a new life, could not express feelings. Therefore, a lyrics appear, which is directed to the inner world. Confronting epic. Losev: "Lyrical poetry is based on the richer development of the spiritual world of the individual. In lyrics, the harmony of the generic world dies, and the differentiated moral world arises. " Lyrics - poetry for hearing, she was not recorded. There were no poems. Melody was always. Text and melody have the same value. The reading for the eyes appeared only in the Alexandrovsk era of 3-1 centuries. To the end of the melody were not free, it happened only in Rome. Melody is associated only with certain philosophical and psychological theories. Aristotle and Plato - "Lyrics soothes a psyche of man." "Soothes a person's strict Dorian Lad, the passion personifies the Frigian Lad, the Lidi Lada is a sorrowful way." Pythagoras wrote about the magical therapeutic properties of lyrics. Melody occupies a great place in the philosophical system. Philosopher Pythagoras argued that the whole world was built on music.
The term "lyrics" appears very late - among the scholars of the third century to our era. This is what is performed under the liru or kifar. Sometimes Flute, Avlin. It is always a song poetry. Until the third century, the Greeks were called all poetry - Melika (from "Melos" - melody). The presence of the melody is based on poetry classification. All poetry was divided into actually Melos (solo (monodium) and choral) and declamation lyrics. It is divided into Elegy and Jamb.
Elegy comes from the word "Elegos" - the value is interpreted in different ways. Some believe that this is the name of the reed flute, the second is what is the Asian word, crying on the dead man. In ancient times there were no love, sorrowful genres - the first elegances are military marching songs. Elegy varies like military, civil, philosophical, didactic. And only in the last place is the love elegy, which tells about the generalized situation. The elegy usual to us will appear only in Rome.
It is not known where the name of the Yamba appears. For a long time, he was explained by the myth about the servant Yamba or the verb "throw". Jamba wrote and enemies. The first author and the first reached poem - April 6, 648 - archives. A bright poet, an interesting person, wrote and Elegy, and Jamba. His life was severe, he grew up on Paros, father - Aristocrat, mother - slave. Father acknowledged him, but society is not. Becomes a hired soldier. Worked instinctively. Unhappy love - a description of the love situation. He was in love with Niobulu, launched, but his father refused. Archite wants to dormant, composes such jambs, such epithets that even a legend appears that he committed suicide from shame. In verses, it is clearly seen how ethics of relationships change: for example, poems about escape.
Archlook - Poet multivalued. He begins to think, philosophice, trying to see the life rhythm, speaks of black and white stripes.
Twenty-one stitch from Valina reached us. Treadi - the second creator of military elegions. He is a Spartan. Patriotic elegances sang during the war. The main theme of these elegions is the old Homeric standards, a short word coward for him, instead of him, who drove into battle. Higher happiness - death for their homeland. Fucking - shame for the whole genus. Ideal orientation - Civil Courage. Competitions of military elegium were held. The winner received a piece of meat. Art is very simple. In Elegia: First, the topic, then figurative development, a stormy call to fight for the homeland.
Athens Poet Solon Athens. It was ranked seven sages. 638-558 BC. It took from the ancient royal kind of coder. One of the founders of Athenian democracy. I wandered a lot. In Athens could not take the city of Salamin. Athens thoughts, because all the riches were in their hands in several people. People or gave their lands or sold into slavery. Solon snuck into the square, stood up at the temple and read the Elegality about Salamine. Oracle told him to manage the state. At first he cancels debt stones, books, citizens become free again. All his views Solon describes in the elegs. They are political, patriotic, civil, moral. Hesiod did not tolerate someone else's opinion, and Solon listened to the crowd. Aphorism was attributed to him: "Anything over measures." Solon itself goes from control. Also known is the story with a cross.
Feognid - lived in the city of Migrands. 1400 poems Feognis reached us. Reflection of social processes. Aristocrat, is expelled from the city. Humanity he divides on demos and know. Know - Well, Demos is bad. Very embittered. The tone of the collection is pessimistic. He is inhibited that bad reign, which grows the breed of people. The usual stratification of society disappears. In political elegions there is an image of a ship-state causing. The crew expels the valiant feed, and now he does not know what to do, and the ship is sinking. For the first time, a poem "Monument" appears (then at Horace, Derzhavin, Pushkin).
Melik Monodion and choral.
Lyrical poetry existed primarily as a melody-rhythm complex. Share on the monody and choral. Meliac poetry gets spreading not on the continent, but on the islands. The center becomes the city of Methylene. At the turn of the VI - VII centuries. There is a class struggle, it is heated by the fact that the aristocrats lead their own from Agamemnon. Militil, farmer comes to power. When he died, the alkay composes two-weeks. Pittile came to change. Alkea is all given to the fight. The main heritage is the songs of the rebellion, struggle. The topic continues the topic of the Feognide, the topic of the state ship. Until the 50s of the XX century, only the beginning and the end were known, but then they found the middle. Alcay writes his songs for male communities. Alkese and sappo competition. Real sappo was born about 600 g. Early married. Long lived. Even Plato, who did not like poets, calls her the tenth muse. It is at the Sappo that the soul landscape comes to poetry, he becomes a way to convey his feelings. Amazing multicolored. In the poetry of Sappo female look. The main genre is epithala, wedding hymns for school pupils. One of the best epithalands is considered the "Hector and Andromah Wedding".
Close on the subject to poetry Alkeya and Sappo stands the poetry of Anacreonta. This is a wandering poet. One of the most famous tyranans was a polycrate, he supported art, patronized Anacreonta. Very many images of anacreonta on vases. In the history of literature, he enters as the creator of light songs about love-flirting, the game. He belongs to both philosophical poems. Anaconta language is deprived of jewelry. It seems that the string itself is born under his pen.
Choral lyrics ancient lyrics solo. It is directly related to religious and wedding rites. "Choir" meant, above all, a place for a dance. From here it is seen in which inseparable communication dance and choral lyrics. Several types of songs depending on the content and dedication to their gods. Hymns: in honor of Dionysus - Diffiramba, this is a passionate song telling about the tragic events in the life of God Dionysus. Feature - Diffirb was performed as a dialogue. Apollon and Artemide dedicated to Peaana. Parfation or PARTENDS are anthem in honor of Athens, fifteen years of specially trained girls. Epicoves are hymns dedicated to the winners of the Olympic Games. Enkomi - hymns dedicated to influential persons. OD - songs, master of Oda Pindar, the 17 of his books reached us. These ODDs are outundable dark incomprehensible places. Pindar loved to encrypt its contents of his OD. He was translated by Lomonosov. The vachilid wrote the diffilaments, closely approaches the art of the tragedy. Almost preserved DiffiraB "Teze".
- The overall characteristics of the ancient theater and ancient tragedy.
· The origin of the drama. The main types of ancient Greek drama.
· Antique theater. Public role and organization of ideas.
· Structure of an ancient Greek tragedy.
The classic period of ancient Greek literature. A new complex literary form with a special role in the spiritual life of humanity is generally drama. Belinsky: "The drama is the highest level of the development of poetry." The term "drama" translated from Greek means "action". The meaning is not accidental. This term reflects the essential side of the phenomenon. The dramatic work is qualitatively different from other literary forms. Life events are disclosed not through the story of the author, but through the actions and speech of the heroes. Life is reproduced by action, not a story. Drama is a very complex synthetic unity consisting of a number of elements. The main elements in the drama are the action and dialogue, through which events, characters, thoughts and feelings are directly revealed.
An integral part of the drama was a choir. He sang to the music and danced. Ancient Greek drama resembled Opera or oral. The playwright himself wrote music. In the drama to the fore (in contrast to the epic), a hero, a person, not an event, was put forward. The drama is built on a tense clash of forces, on sharp conflicts. The hero of the ancient tragedy enters the conflict with fate, with the gods, with himself like, is planned conflict with society - 5 century BC.
Theater is always developing into the acute social moments of the era. The assertion of the policy, the Greek-Persian war, where the Greeks won, because the system of their life was more progressive. Although the plots were mainly mythological, but current events were also reflected. In the theater discussed all events. Tirana contributed to the development of the theater, as they thus attracted people to their side.
The theater was preceded by the semblance of scenes in Epos (Agamemnon's quarrel with Achille, Hector and Androma). But this is not the roots of the tragedy. Roots lie in cults (religious and mythological) in honor of God Dionysus: Diffirams and Eleusinsky Mystery. Cora - IPOSTE of the grain - Eleusinsky Mysteries, all settled very magnificently. There are a lot of mysticism in rituals. In the first ritual level, all, in the temple participation in the ceremony took the chosen, and the third level in the underground premises of the temple is generally unknown to us. The main god - the keeper of the theater was Dionysis. It symbolizes not only the cult of wine, but also the non-refining principle of the life and the principle of the tragic existence of a person and the universe. Dionysus is crawling the cult of Apollo - the cult of aristocrats. Theatrical ideas themselves are born from Diffiram. Aristotle noted it.
According to legend, the first Diffirb came up with Orion. But only the Diffirable Vacchilde came to us. The anthropomorphism of the gods gave great opportunities for the theater. Seven tragedies of Esha, seven sofokla and seventeen euripides came to us. But to us reached the lists of the tragedies. What is interesting, not a single piece is written about Dionysis. This fact tried to explain to Friedrich Nietzsche, the German philosopher: Once for the ancient Greeks, Dionysis is a generalized tragic principle, erected into the absolute, then all the plays are thus obtained about Dionysis - all this is a torment in different incarnations.
Theater was not everyday life. Representations went only three times a year in the festival of Dionysus. The holiday of Antesteria (holiday flowers) began. This is the end of February - the beginning of March. They sang not only tragic songs, but also fun. The crowd of those who performed such songs was called the Commos. There was another genre - the Satirov drama. The ancient Greeks took care of the educational function of the theater. The end of March - the beginning of April is the great donisians, the core, theatrical competitions. Greek contests - agon. All life in ancient Greece was subordinate to the agonial principle. Theatrical performances walked on the principle of agons - three tragic competed. They appear on the verge of 7-6 centuries, are regularly introduced in the 6th century. The first present competition occurred in 64 Olympics, between 536 and 532 BC. On the Great Dionisians, premieres were usually given or the best plays. The second agon is small (rural) donisia. This is the end of October - November. The prime minister was not given in them, but they repeated what was already. The third agon is the most gloomy time, January - the beginning of February, hungry time. These ideas called Lenei - this is one of the epithets of Dionysus, which means "freight".
Theater was a state institution. Those who prepared his material side were called Khorogi. Sometimes they ruined, as the theater was a matter of dear, but never refused this honorary position. The time of presentation is special, life in the policy then flowed quite differently: the office work was stopped, the prisoners were released, debtors were released. At first they did not take money for the theater, then they began to charge a little on property census (the richer man, the more expensive). The money was given to the theater (theory).
The circle of ideas began to circle - brought victims to Dionysus, initially even human. Then the choirs were displayed. Each tragic should have been represented by the tetralogy: the tragic trilogy and the Satirov drama. Competitions went three days. There were judges, the central place among which was occupied by Priest Dionysus. The first place was awarded a wreath from Ivy. Tragics and actors enjoyed extraordinary wrench. Sofoklu, for example, was raised to honor as a hero.
The word "theater" from the verb "I look". The oldest theater consisted of a round drowning platform, in the center of which was the altar of Dionysus, the choir went around him. This platform was called "Orhestra", from the verb to "dance". The venues for the audience went under the semicircle, shared the passage into two parts. Horseshoe divided into wedges for the passage. At the orhestra, Skena was located (translated - a tent), changed in it, stored props, created noises. Gradually, Sken became small, the parashens attached to it. The front of Spen was decorated, the passes were called parades.
At first they were built by wooden on the wastehouses, then began to do on the slopes. In the Greek Theater, the main thing - acoustics. All actors play masks. The mask is of great importance. The content of the work is always a myth, and known to everyone. But the Greeks were not interested in the result, but a motivation of action. The motives changed. Tragics were supposed to be inventive. The mask performed two functions: immediately introduced into the course of the case and created the effect of unusualness. The actor played on high wooden sandals - cats. The mask gave the type - the victim, the king, the killer. Another feature is an increase in voice and its modification. The choir in the tragedy - 12-15 people, performed as something indivisible as a collective hero. Choir - narrator, commentator, held a central place in the narration. The actors could have been only three, and at first alone - the protagonist (the first responding), which was separated from the soveling of the choir. The second responding is a Detergentist, His entered by Eschil. They could conflict. Sophokl introduced the third actor - a tritagonist, this is the top of the grinding tragedy. Bartha is impossible due to educational purposes - the audience could dispersed their attention. The number of actors acts is not more regulated - no more than six.
What did the Greeks achieve? The main task of the theater - Qatarsis (cleansing). Cleansing from human passion. He had to marry a tragedy. The death of the hero should not have been meaningless. The highest meaning is a clash of subjective circumstances and objective patterns. The first is the heroes, three times - the highest law of the Olympic gods, fate. Fate always wins, although the hero and noble. The Greeks believed that the harmony should have been everywhere, and the speech of the hero violates harmony, the payout for this is life. The hero most often dies, and the audience is compassioned. Live always remain calm, passive.
The tragedies began the parade - the song of the choir, walking on the orchestra. In the later time, he was replaced by a prologue - it's all before the first song of the choir, usually a story, exposition. Then she walked Stasim - the song of standing choir. Then the episeodi - the protagonist barn. Then there was an alternation of stamimov and epise. Eppodia ended with Commos - a joint song Hero and Choir. The whole tragedy ends with exode (leaving) - a song in general.
According to legend, the first playwright was Fespid, then Frini, but they did not reach us. The trilogy was written, because the action was difficult, they tried to preserve the plausibility.
- Creativity of Eshil.
· Evolution of Eshil-playwater. The structure of early creativity.
· Processing the mythical plot in the "Prometheus chained".
· Trelogy "Orestea" and processing in it ancient myths.
· The question of fate and personality in the tragedies of Eshil.
Years of life: 525-456 BC. Eschil is trendy. He is famous for the origin of the Allenian democracy, Ellen's statehood. The era of victory in the Greek-Persian War - the victory was brought unity, not a state-owned, and the spiritual - Hellenic spirit. Eschil is famous for Ellinsky spirit in his works. The idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom, the superiority of the polis lifestyle over the life of the barbarians. Eschil - Morning of Allen Democratic. Posted by 120 plays. Eschil is related to the Eleusinsky Priests and Mysteries. Espafia Eschil wrote for himself in advance. The perfect Greek, citizen, playwright and poet. Theme of patriotic debt. Eschil is the only tragic whose plays stood after his death. The tragedy of "racer" is based on the myths about Danaidah - on this example, he masters the problem of marriage and family. Every detail of the tragedy of Eschila is famous for the laws of the Greek policy. A reliably imperfect play. Parks and choirs that change each other are sharply contrasting, the viewer from this in tension. Excerpt from the trilogy "Persians" 472 year. The middle part is a giant crying of Persian princes for the fallen Persians. Persians - a worthy opponent. But they lost, as they violated the measure, wanted too much Dani from the Greeks, tried to undermine their freedom. The tragedy ends with a powerful plan - Trenos.
"Prometheus-Firemen" is the first part.
"Prometheus chained" is the second part.
"Prometheus released" - 3 part.
Prometheus from Eschila personifies the creative abilities of a person in the fight against nature. The benefits of civilization are fraught with victims on the way.
Heroes of Eschil are silent so long as it is possible. Prometheus brings people a fire of knowledge.
The faith in the Olympic gods in Eschila was questioned: Zeus is unfairly coming with Promethem, IO.
The center of gravity was transferred to the hero, but the hero is not individualized.
"FVAN TRILOGY", "Seven Five" - \u200b\u200bthe struggle between the sons of Edip for power over the philas. An attempt to create a character.
"Orestea" - 458 BC BC. Each of the drum included in the trilogy is an integral part of the whole. The fate of the kind of tantalide - atrides. Rod is an indivisible whole. The first tragedy is "Agamemnon" - return from under Troy. The second tragedy - "Hoophoods" - women bringing gravestone. The third tragedy is "Evmenia". Between actions in the first and second tragedy - 7 years. "Evmenda" - Court over Oreste. Erinnia according to the laws of the matriarchate is punishable. Athena is a patriarchal goddess.
Eschila occupy large-scale events and phenomena. The characters of Eschila are monumental. No everyday life. Peripetia is the transition from existing to the opposite. Eschal was difficult to have an action - reception - review from the wall.
- Creativity of Sofokla.
· Sofokl and pericles.
· Characteristic features of sofokla drama.
· Peripetia and tragic irony. Tragedy "King Edip".
· Essence of the conflict of the tragedy "Antigone".
· Lines and fates in the tragedies of Sofokla.
1496-1406 BC.
The life of Sofokla is between Greco-Persian and Peloponess (internecine) wars. Pericles - strategist. Thirty years of Athenian life - the "Century Pericla". Sophoclate time is associated with pericla activity. Pericles: the idea of \u200b\u200b"Ellinsky Spirit", the spirit should be brought up. Archaic Commission on the Reinforcement of Athens - Fidi. Erected Acropolis. The view of Athens was to be amazed from the sea. Propilenes (16-12 centuries) - covered galleries to rise to the Acropolis. At the pericale of Athens is the most educated city, all the free residents of the city were literate. Another commission was engaged in the aesthetic education of citizens - "Theatrical".
Ethico-aesthetic Credo Creative Greece is formulated by Pericl - the tombstone of the fallen warriors: "We love the beauty connected to the simplicity, and love education, not suffering from the weakness of the spirit." Everything should be natural. Easy is associated with harmony, symmetry.
Greks are not peculiar to reflection. Ellin is a whole creature. The Greek of the Pericla era believed in one single objective truth - in the gods.
Equilibrium of the Spirit - a short moment in the history of Greece. Sophokl is not engaged in the art, the work of Sofokla is to contribute to the creation of the ideal of a harmonious personality (the person is beautiful and physically and mentally). 120 plays came to us. 24 victories in theatrical agona. 468 BC - The first victory over Eshil.
Sofokl: the chorus ceases to be a hero, he expressed general opinion. Sophocles introduces the third actor (the action is already shown, and not described). Sophokl shows action. Destroying the principle of the trilogy.
Creativity Sofokla is a high-quality leap compared to the drama of Eschil. For Eschil, the saged individual person means nothing, only the genus. The man of Eschila is only a representative of the family.
Sophocles - attention to the fate of a separate person. Sofokl: the collision of heroes implies a clash of certain public forces. The collision comes to such a heat, which leads to the death of one of the parties. Heroes of Sofokla - "People, what they should be" (Aristotle), noble, raised.
In connection with the tragedies of Sophokla, Aristotle introduces the concept of a "tragic hero" (embodies essentials for the development of the society, always acts for the benefit of society, but may be mistaken in his tragic ignorance, good goals of the tragic hero can lead it, and others to death).