The consequences of restructuring policies in the USSR. Who was beneficial to the restructuring in the USSR
In the late 1980s. In the USSR, there was a "singing" transformations, the actual failure in the reform of the economy, the complication of economic and social problems, the growth of discontent in society, the opposition to the "restraint" course from the party-state apparatus.
The older generation recall the times of restructuring the so-called economic crisis, unfortunately, not with a smile on his face, but with bitterness and sadness, since that period of time cannot be called a "life period" to him appropriately the name "Survival time".
I read a lot and heard about this time from various sources, but I did not receive specific answers. And so I had a desire to more inlert to make this issue.
As a future economist, questions are worried about: "How did the government be able to bring Russia to such a terrible state?" And "Why reforms aimed at improving the system led to its collapse?"
According to the memoirs of the people of the older generation, the time was hard tolerant. When the production discipline fell, Raskannancy grew, the contract duties were not fulfilled, the number of unprofitable enterprises grew. Time is a deficit when the shortage of goods was keenly felt, the shopping shelves were allowed, the purchasing weight of the ruble decreased. There was a shortage of not only products, but also all goods consumption.
According to parents' stories, the time of restructuring is associated with huge queues, when people got up early in the morning, and sometimes they had five or more hours from the night, with the inability to buy the necessary goods, but they could have been "getting" injustice, horror for real and fear before the future.
And as a simple grade 9 student, I am interested in the question: "How did people survive in the time of restructuring?"
In the course of the study, I apply to various sources. Newsreel, journalism, archival data helped me present the overall picture of events. Of particular interest was the sources of personal origin. Of course, this work has its own difficulties and features, since such an assessment of the events of events objective is difficult to call. But after all, during the study, I tried to give an objective assessment, despite my negative attitude by then.
II. The reforms of the 1990s through the eyes of my relatives and loved ones.
1. Prehistory "Perestroika"
Before you begin investigating the policy of M. S. Gorbachev and his groups, I was interested in the initial stage of the crisis. Maybe the prerequisites of the crisis began not with M. S. Gorbachev, and earlier?
Turning to sources, I learned very interesting facts.
After the death of L. I. Brezhnev (November 1882) in the highest echelons, the struggle for leadership began. It is evidenced by the fact that twice in a short time as the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee, the Persons were physically impossible and, by virtue of this, "temporary" as heads of the ruling party: from November 1982 - Yu. V. Andropov, and After his death in February 1984 - K. U. Chernenko.
Yu. V. Andropov Communist-Conservative in convictions and many years of the chief KGB, managed to remember the people of the fact that he began an uncompromising struggle against corruption, and to strengthen labor discipline - "from the minister to worker." And immediately, the frightened officials hurried to bring this good thing to the absurdity (for example, in large cities, the days were arranged for people on people to be supposed to check the causes of the lack of workplace) than a lot of discredited the dangerous course of the new Secretary General.
K. U. Chernenko Personal friend and associate L. I. Brezhnev began with the fact that he invited the CPSU Central Committee to the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Again the propaganda fanfares about the unprecedented successes of socialism and the "visible sprouts of communism" sounded across the country.
Immediately emphasize: it is much more complicated to cover this stage than previous decades. Causes are obvious. So far, the sources are not available, allowing rectifying the event of recent years, the true motives of decisions made by public husbands. In addition, many of them continue their political careers today, actively affect public opinion, offering their own version of what happened during the years of "restructuring", and even later. Therefore, inevitable, on the one hand, infidelity and even subjectivism in the assessment of individual historical phenomena and facts, on the other, the ambiguity of the perception of these estimates, the split now, as well as society as a whole, political predensions and interests.
Like each phenomenon, the restructuring had its serious backgrounds.
1. Objective:
Stagnation in the economy, the increase in the scientific and technical lag from the West, the dips in the social sphere;
The political crisis, expressed in the decomposition of the leadership, in its inability to ensure economic progress;
Pushed to the changes of apathy and negative phenomena in the spiritual sphere of society.
2. The subjective prerequisite for the restructuring was the parish in the second half of the 70s and early 80s. to the leadership of the country with respect to young politicians (M. S. Gorbachev, E. K. Ligachev, E. A. Shevardnadze, N. I. Ryzhkov, A. N. Yakovlev), who were striving not only to strengthen his power, but also advocated Update state and society.
Perestroika is caused by a cargo of accumulated problems that are not subject to solutions of cosmetic semi-dimensions. Dissatisfaction with the USSR population with their position and increasing socio-economic and foreign policy difficulties.
People who used to be pleased with the small, now wanted not only to buy high-quality products, but dressing fashionable, and the nervous industry could not keep up with the new needs of people. This was one of the reasons for strengthening the problem of the deficit of goods that people wanted, but could not acquire due to the insufficient number of products produced. The deficit caused dissatisfaction of the population. And one of the reasons for the need for restructuring was the crisis of an authoritarian political system. Soviet people no longer wanted to put up with the role of wordless management facilities, especially since the party documents and decrees stated: in the USSR there is a democracy and the owner of the country is the people. These factors were caused by a whole group of crises faced by the USSR. First of all, it was the crisis of the superpower, which was expressed in the fact that the development of the Soviet economy was hampered by the arms race, which was a consequence of permanent rivalry with the United States and the entire Western world. The population of the country was increasingly disappointed in the achievements of the Soviet economy, comparing them with the achievements of the West countries. As a result, the gradual formation of informal social flows who advocated the democratization of socialism began. In the Soviet society, the premises of genuine revolutionary transformations were assisted. As for all modernization in Russia, the transition to restructuring was forced.
2. The beginning of economic reforms.
From history, it was known that in March 1985 M. S. Gorbachev was elected to the post of Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU. To date, there is no complete clarity regarding the details and circumstances of this election. Be that as it may, the election of M. S. Gorbachev - the most young at that time a member of the highest political leadership - testified to the desire of the part of the party preparation somewhat modify the flushing totalitarian system. And the beginning of radical reforms in the field of public administration, broad socio-political, economic transformation is associated with the decisions of the April Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, where it was stated, on the basis of the beginning of the restructuring policy.
M. S. Gorbachev decided on the reforms that were to withdraw the USSR from the pre-crisis state: to stop the decline in the growth rate of the industry, to ensure the modernization of the economy, stop the diligence of the country's natural wealth, which she lived in 1970-1980, to prevent the loss of the Soviet Union of Status Great Power, having a military-strategic parity with NATO block.
In the course of his research, I noticed that inherently started transformations did not affect the foundations not a political, nor economic mechanism, but rather pursued the task of giving them a more liberal nature. Also proclaimed course from the very beginning was not supported by a well-developed transformation program. Of course, the country's leadership understood that public relations should be changed. But the direction of change was unclear even for the reformers themselves.
I believe that one of the reasons for the need for restructuring was the crisis of an authoritarian political system. Soviet people no longer wanted to put up with the role of wordless management facilities, especially since the party documents and decrees stated: in the USSR there is a democracy and the owner of the country is the people. Universal indignation caused nomenclature privileges, the ineffectiveness of the work of the bureaucratic apparatus, the arbitrariness and irresponsibility of officials, corruption. As a result, the gradual formation of informal social flows who advocated the democratization of socialism began. In the Soviet society, the premises of genuine revolutionary transformations were assisted.
And on April 23, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee took the course to "restructuring and acceleration". Thus, it was supposed to increase the growth rate of national income and intensify social policy. One of the main tasks was the reconstruction of industrial production, its translation into new scientific and technological bases.
Reserves "Acceleration" Steel:
Improving product quality;
Rationalization and mechanization of production;
Activation of "Human Factor".
But new measures were supposed to be introduced within the old system.
The first years of restructuring showed that radical change it is impossible to achieve without deep transformations of the economy and the political system. I believe that there were two alternatives to the USSR development:
1) Experience based on the reception of China, where, in the absence of political freedoms, the economic reform was widely unfolded;
2) Implementation of democratization and economic reforms at the same time.
But the Gorbachev and his closest surroundings were elected a second development option. Realizing the importance of economic issues, Gorbachev convened in June 1987, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which proposed a reform program in the economy.
In June 1987, a law on the state enterprise was adopted, providing great independence to plants and factories. Labor teams could choose the director (later refused this idea). The village was recognized as equality of five forms of management: state farms, collective farms, agro-furnaces, rental groups and farms. Despite all the measures taken, the planned tasks in the field of national economy were not carried out in most indicators. Moreover, the shortage of food and consumer goods intensified. The budget deficit increased, which partly contributes to the reduction of oil exports. Many familiar facts that in the mid-80s. Two administrative campaigns were deployed across the country: the fight against alcoholism and with "easy-to-income". And again in these, it seemed, the blessing initiatives prevailed the branches and excitement. Having determined that this evil is destructively acting on the situation in the country, on the socio-psychological state of society, having met at first a significant support of the population, political leadership has not decided that the bureaucratic style of conducting outlined activities can lead to side effects that will not improve the situation . And indeed, the cutting of vineyards, a sharp reduction in the sale of alcoholic beverages, the increase in prices for them without saturation of the market with products on which it would be possible to spend the funds liberated in families led to an increase in the speculation of alcohol, moonshine, the "sugar" boom. In the struggle, with unearned incomes, it was actually a layer of people growing and selling their products in the markets, while the "shadow economy" rattles associated with the corrupt part of the apparatus were still flourishing. I can say that initial market reforms revived the economic life of the country. Many people worked with enthusiasm, hoping to get a higher salary. On the shelves appeared more expensive, but also better cooperative goods.
However, in 1988 crisis broke out. Production in a number of industries has fallen. The deficit of goods has aggravated. And the translation of the economy on the economy began - the provision of limited economic independence to enterprises. Of course, it was assumed that the funds previously given to the enterprise in the budget and was infrequently used by the state, the enterprise themselves will be used rational. However, if noted, the provision of financial resources to enterprises was not supplemented with the creation of a wholesale trade; Material and technical resources were still distributed mainly centrally. It was their centralized distribution that was the source of the power of the average control layer - ministries and departments, and they could not part with it. As a result, the uniqueness of the use of enterprises was the stimulation of employees.
In the late 80s. Most economists, business executives, party leaders recognized the need for widespread market relations.
1 Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decided to begin the transition to a new model of economic development.
At the turn of the 80-90s. Individual labor activity and the creation of cooperatives for the production of several types of goods were allowed. Enterprises have the opportunity to sell independently superplan products. However, the lack of market mechanisms in the economy created difficulties in the way of implementing this provision.
The next step in economic reform was noted by adopting in June 1990 by the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the Concept of Transition to the Adjustable Market Economy". The gradual decentralization and the denationalization of property, the establishment of joint-stock companies and banks, the development of private entrepreneurship was envisaged. However, the deadlines for the implementation of government measures were outlined in software documents approximately non-specific. The weak place was the study of the necessary issues of pricing policy needed to optimize the production of enterprises and wholesale trade equipment, raw materials, energy carriers.
At the same time, the public was offered an alternative "500 days" program, prepared by a group of economists. It was planned to carry out the cardinal phased privatization of state enterprises with orientation into a direct transition to free market prices, significantly limit the economic power of the Center. But the government rejected it.
In my opinion, the government conducted fairly competent and "useful" reform for society, but, these reforms differed in inconsistency and half the world, which only increased the crisis of the national economy and did not lead to significant positive results.
3. Perestroika eyes of eyewitnesses.
In the Tver region, in which I live, the restructuring also affected the national economy and in enterprises.
According to the memoirs of their dad, I learned about the development of restructuring in enterprises. In 1986, the restructuring in the national economy was gaining strength, improved. Are the processes of updating our company touched? To some extent yes. People began to work in a conscientious thing, most had a sense of responsibility, the discipline became stronger. But much remained, as it was. The factory showed a timidity, influenced the state of affairs. From the stands of the meetings often sounded calls for work in a new way, and in fact showed inertia and indifference. The trade uniform took little about the development of the enterprise and its improvement. Not enough attention was paid to the working conditions of workers. Drafts, no good lighting.
But there was a time when the factory produced excellent furniture, occupied classrooms in the republican competition. And for the eleventh five-year plan, she never took the classroom in this competition. All these years, permanent satellites in the work were Abral from month to month, from year to year. And after work I had to stay, and Saturday to grab. You look, albeit with big sweats, and the plan is made. But at the expense of what? Due to Abrals and relaxation in quality.
From the memories of my parents about how people still survived during the restructuring, I learned a lot of interesting things.
My parents went constantly to Moscow, the benefit of our city Konakovo, is not far from her. Permanent crowds in the train, people drove with huge backpacks and bags, gained food for a whole week ahead. Muscovites visits because of this were called bags. Even the anecdote remembered: green, long, sausage smells, then so people joked over the electric train.
And in the stores the deficit of goods. People were recorded in the queue, they wrote a number on her hand, and everyone waited for her turn, and every two hours a roll was carried out. I am amazed, people were so tolerant that they even had to stand in a day, sometimes they had to change each other, but they stood, and what a disappointment was waiting for them when they approached their turn, but the goods needed no longer, and took everything left. It is difficult to imagine what stresses experienced people.
Only Muscovites lived well, who had a blobe or acquaintances, and relatives worked in the store. All goods from cities went to Moscow. For example, there was a meat processing plant in Torzhok, and only on the shelves there were no sausages or other meat products. That time you can call the "time of entrepreneurship and sellers", they were so joined until the easiest people were looking for a way to survive. In stores, the right and deficient goods, then sold with a non-indispensable or overdue goods, and then with large margins. The hardest time was then.
Starting with restructuring.
Perestroika directly touched on all sectors of the national economy, all parties to our life. For folk controllers, the restructuring was to raise the work of committees and groups to the level of new tasks, it is much more effective to ensure that the contribution of popular control in the general case was weighty. Each person has its own opinion about the time of restructuring, about economic changes and transformations. Letters and articles helped me present the overall picture of the time. Here, for example, from the memories of the Chairman of the Group of People's Control of the collective farm "For World" Sandovsky district N. A. Solovyova. She gladly noticed the first steps of restructuring. I believed that the collective farm was more about, people began to work more fun. The collective farm has significantly exceeded the plans for selling flax, grain, potatoes. People's controllers were noticeably rebuilt. Checks began to spend not only by signals, not from the case towards the case, but systematically, the work began to endure to the end. And yet the restructuring was not so vigorously as the people wanted. Someone pulled into the old rut, did not want to turn himself, look at her job in a new way. It concerned and folk controllers. They were not satisfied with business in animal husbandry. Products began to produce more, and the quality of it? Many milk sold the second variety, spoiled especially in the summer, lost money, undermined the collective farm economy. Not everyone was active, some executives of posts and sectors did not want to exacerbate relations, acted only on the task yes in a pointer.
But the chairman of the People's Control Group of Selijar Lespromhoz L. N. Batazov remembers that the restructuring at the enterprise, unfortunately, did not really feel. Little, which was done to improve the organization and working conditions, the strengthening of discipline. There were no cases of a negligence attitude towards their duties, abuses.
All disadvantages, folk controllers, attributed to their own expense, because they were also rebuilt slowly. However, they understood their responsibility to the team and tried every day to act more actively, faster rebuilt their work in accordance with the requirements of the party. By a clear distribution of responsibilities, it was possible to activate the sentigues, conduct a number of effective inspections on the quality of products, a rational cutting of wood, the storage of finished products, the expenditure of flammable materials.
L. N. Batazova remembers that the main thing as it seemed to them are that they became hard, to demand from officials in principle. They conducted an inspection, made decisions, determined the deadlines, brought to the administration. And then they tried from their not to retreat.
At the request of the folk controllers, the premiums for the production of complete containers were deprived of the premium, since there were a lot of flaws in their work.
Very little received assistance from the part of the Farcoma and the trade union committee. The administration is not always in a timely manner and, as expected, responded to signals of folk controllers, often the acts of inspections were out of attention. But the restructuring touched everyone and everyone. It was just necessary to understand that the restructuring took irreversible character, and that there would be no return to the old.
The current situation, as it seems to me, quite convincingly indicates what the long-term practice of working extensively can lead to, without taking into account the main acceleration factors.
4. The result of restructuring.
After reviewing the opinions of historians about the crisis of restructuring, I support some points of view.
I noticed that the course for restructuring, proclaimed by the Gorbachev leadership, was accompanied by slogans to accelerate the economic development of the country and publicity, freedom of speech in the field of public life of the USSR population. But the economic freedom of the enterprises, the expansion of their independence and the revival of the private sector turned into a majority of the country's population growth, the shortage of the main goods and the fall in the standard of living. And of course, the policy of publicity, at first, perceived as a healthy criticism of all the negative phenomena of the Soviet society, led to an unmanaged process of disincinction of the entire past country, the emergence of new ideological and political flows and parties, alternative courses of the CPSU.
I believe that the decomposition of the administrative-command system, generated by restructuring processes in the USSR, the abolition of the previous levers of the country's management and its economies only worsened the life of Soviet people and radically affected the further deterioration of the economic situation. Moscow could no longer sustain the situation in the country. Market reforms, proclaimed in a number of decisions of the country's leadership, could not be understood by simple people, as they have deteriorated even more and without the low level of the well-being of the people. Inflation increased, prices grew in the "black market", lacked goods and products. Frequent phenomena were strikes of workers, interethnic conflicts.
According to memories of my parents, the beginning of the autumn of 1990 was marked, on the one hand, the increase in mass discontent caused by the deterioration of the material and social situation, and on the other, the rallying of the conservative and party groups. By March 1991, the situation sharpened even more. The old center, and with him and the unitary Unitary Union of the SSR collapsed. The country was on the verge of robustness and anarchy. Gorbachev finally lost both personal influence and real control levers. The failure of August 1991 posts showed the impossibility of reanimizing the previous political system. Personally, my opinion is that the fact of the population attempts itself became the result of the inconsistent and ill-impaired policy of Gorbachev, leading the country to collapse.
On December 25, M. Gorbachev signed a decree on the removal of the functions of the Supreme Commander and announced his departure from the post of President of the USSR. On the same evening, the Red Flag of the USSR was launched from the flagpole over the large Kremlin Palace and raised the restored white-blue-red Russian stamp.
III. Conclusion
What gave me work on the sketch?
First, I received a good practice in working with various sources, enriching theoretical information about them, the ability to remove the necessary information, to give your own evaluation of events.
Secondly, referring to various sources, I managed to take a look at the problem from the inside, to understand how hard it was to worry about the time. I answered the questions that I was interested. There were difficulties in an objective evaluation of events, but I know for sure that the forces of the people, his limitless patience, faith and hope did not give them the "abyss" and discovered a new way into a happy future.
In March 1985, the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU became M.S. Gorbachev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - N.I. Ryzhkov. The transformation of the Soviet society, which was to be carried out within the Socialist System began.
In April 1985 At the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was proclaimed the course to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country (the policy of "acceleration"). His levers were supposed to be 1) technological re-equipment of production and 2) improving labor productivity. Improved performance was assumed due to employment enthusiasm (socialist competitions were revived), the eradication of alcoholism ( anti-alcohol company - May 1985) and the fight against unearned income.
"Acceleration" led to some revival of the economy, but by 1987 the general reduction in production in agriculture begins, and then in industry. The situation was complicated by huge investments necessary to eliminate the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP (April 1986) and the ongoing war in Afghanistan.
The leadership of the country was forced to go to more radical transformations. Since the summer of 1987, the restructuring itself begins.The program of economic transformations was developed by L. Abalkin, T. Zaslavskaya, P. Bunich. The sample for restructuring was the NEP.
The main content of restructuring:
In the economic sphere:
1. Provides the translation of state enterprises to commercials and self-sufficiency.
2. Communication defense enterprises were not able to act in new conditions, conversion - Translation of production for peaceful rails (demilitarization of the economy).
3. The village was recognized on the equality of five forms of management: state farms, collective farms, agro-furnaces, rental teams and farms.
4. For product quality control was gentlemen introduced.
5.Dypeotic state plan was replaced by Gospaz.
In the political sphere:
1. Increases intrapartery democracy. There is an inseparent oppositionassociated primarily with the failures of economic transformations. On October (1987), the first secretary of the Moscow City Mountain Party B.N. was made by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Central Committee of the CPSU with the criticism of indecision Yeltsin.
2.At the XIX All-Union Conference of the CPSU decided it was decided to ban non-alternative elections.
3. The state apparatus is significantly rebuilt. In accordance with the decisions of the XIX conference (June 1988). Employed the new senior authority of the legislative power - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the corresponding republican congresses. From the number of people's deputies, the permanent Supreme Councils of the USSR and the republics were formed. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. became the chairman of the Supreme Council of the USSR Gorbachev (March 1989), Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR - B.N. Yeltsin (May 1990).
In March 1990, the President was introduced in the USSR. The first president of the USSR became M.S. Gorbachev.
4. Since 1986, the policies of "publicity" and "pluralism", I.e. In the USSR artificially creates a kind of freedom of freedom of speech, involving the possibility of free discussion of a strictly defined part of the circle of issues.
5. In the country begins to develop multi-party system.
In the spiritual sphere:
1. The state weakens ideological control over the spiritual sphere of society. Free literary works prohibited earlier, known to readers only by Samizdat - "Gulag Archipelago" A. Solzhenitsyn, "Children of Arbat" B. Rybakova, etc.
2. In the framework of "publicity" and "pluralism", "round tables" are held on some issues of the history of the USSR. The criticism of the "cult of personality" begins, the relationship to the civil war is revised, etc.
3. Cultural ties with the West are expanding.
By 1990, the idea of \u200b\u200brestructuring almost exhausted itself. Failed to stop the drop in production. Attempts to develop a private initiative - the movements of farmers and co-operators - turned around the flourishing of the "black market" and the deepening of the deficit. "Publicity" and "Pluralism" are the main slogans of restructuring - to the fall of the authority of the CPSU, the development of nationalist movements. Nevertheless, the Gorbachev administration from the spring of 1990 passes to the next stage of political and economic transformations. G. . Yavlinsky and S. Shatalin was prepared by the program "5oo days", providing for relatively radical economic transformations in order to gradually transition to the market. This program was rejected by Gorbachev under the influence of the conservative Wing of the CPSU.
In June 1990, a resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted about the gradual transition to the regulated market economy. The gradual demonopolization, decentralization and the denationalization of property, the establishment of joint-stock companies and banks, the development of private entrepreneurship is envisaged. However, these measures could no longer save the Socialist System and the USSR.
Already from the mid-80s, the collapse of the state is actually scheduled. Powerful nationalist movements occur. In 1986, the pogroms of the Russian population in Kazakhstan occur. Ethnic conflicts arose in Fergana (1989), in the Osh region of Kyrgyzstan (1990). Since 1988, armed Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh begins. In 1988-1989 Out of control of the center of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Georgia, Moldova. In 1990, they officially proclaim their independence.
On June 12, 1990, the Congress of the Soviets of the RSFSR adopts the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
The USSR President enters direct negotiations with the leadership of the republics on the conclusion of the new Union Treaty. To give legitimacy to this process in March 1991, a All-Union referendum was held on the conservation of the USSR. Most of the population commended the preservation of the USSR, but on new conditions. In April 1991, Gorbachev negotiations began with the leadership of the 9th republics in Novo-Ogarev ("Novoyogarevsky Process").
By August 1991, it was possible to prepare a compromise project of the Union Treaty, according to which the republic received significantly greater independence. The signing of the contract was scheduled for August 22.
It is the planned signing of the Union Treaty that provoked speech by the GCCP (August 19, August 21, 1991), who was trying to preserve the USSR in the old form. The State Committee for Emergency Regulations in the country (GCCP) included Vice-President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev, Prime Minister V.S. Pavlov, Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov, Minister of Internal Affairs B.K. Pugo, Chairman of the KGB V.A. Hooks.
GKCP was made orders about arrest B.N. Yeltsin, elected on June 12, 1991 by the president of the RSFSR. Martial law was introduced. However, the majority of the population and servicemen refused to support the GCCP. This predicted his defeat. On August 22, the members were arrested, but the signing of the Agreement has not happened.
As a result of the August Putch, the authority of MS was finally undermined. Gorbachev. Real power in the country has moved to the leaders of the republics. At the end of August, the activities of the CPSU were suspended.
On December 8, 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (B.N. Yeltsin, L.M. Kravchuk, S.S. Shushkevich) announced the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - "Belovezhsky Agreements". On December 21, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan joined the CIS.
In March 1985, the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU was elected M. S. Gorbachev. In April 1985, the new leadership proclaimed a course on accelerating socio-economic development. In society, the words "we are waiting for changes ..." sounded louder. The need for change noted the new Secretary General. No one since the time of Khrushchev communicated so with the people: Gorbachev traveled around the country, easily went to the people, communicated with them in an informal setting.
With the arrival of a new manager, inspired by the plans, the jerk in the economy and restructuring of the whole life of society, people have reborn hopes and enthusiasm.
In the course of the course of the accelerated socio-economic development of the "Verkhi", they concluded that all sectors of the economy should be transferred to new management methods. Gradually, in 1986-1989, laws on the state-owned enterprise, about individual labor activity and cooperatives, as well as the Law on Labor Conflicts, which provided for the rights of workers on strike were entered into force. In the course of economic transformation, germination of products was introduced, hosted and self-financing, election of directors of enterprises.
However, all these measures not only did not contribute to the improvement of the economic situation in the country, but, on the contrast, worsened it through halfness and ill-impact reforms, significant budget expenditures, an increase in the money in the hands of the population. The production relations between enterprises about public supplies of products were disturbed.
Intected a shortage of consumer goods. At the turn of the 80-90s, more and more allowed shelves of stores. On the ground the government began to enter coupons for some products. The country needed deep reforms and before changing the economic model.
Glaznost's policy. Liberalization of public and cultural life
If the "Perestroika" economy began with the formulation of the tasks of "acceleration" of socio-economic development, then in the spiritual and political life, its leitmotif was "publicity". Gorbachev discoveredly stated that "no publicity and there can be no democratism." Under this it was meant that no events of the past and the present should hide from the people. In the speeches of party ideologues and in journalism, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe transition from "barracks of socialism" to socialism "with a human face" was promoted.
The attitude of power to dissidents has changed. Returned to Moscow from Gorky (so called Nizhny Novgorod) Academician A. D. Sakharov, who was there in reference about the performances against the war in Afghanistan. Other dissidents were liberated from the locations of the detention and links, the camps were closed for political prisoners. During the rehabilitation process of the victims of Stalin's repression, I was restored, N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, N. Y. Zinoviev, L. B. Kamenev and other political figures "returned" in our history.
Special scope and sound politics acquires since 1987. There are many literary works of A. Rybakov, V. Dudintseva, D. Gorran, Yu. Trifonov, the legacy of writers of the 30-50s. Returned for the domestic reader of the works of Russian philosophers - N. Berdyaeva, V. Solovyova, V. Rosanov and others. The repertoire of theaters and cinematographers has expanded. The processes of publicity were brightly manifested in newspaper and magazine publications, television programs. The Moscow News Weekly (editor E. V. Yakovlev) and the magazine "Light" (V. A. Korotich) were greatly popularity.
Socialization of society, liberation from party care, critical assessments of the Soviet state system, which were expressed in the context of publicity, issues of political transformations on the agenda. An important events of domestic political life became the approval by the participants of the XIX all-union party conference (June 1988) of the main provisions of the reform of the state system, the adoption of the Verkhovna Rada amendments to the Constitution, as well as the Election Law of People's Deputies. These decisions opened the way to the deputies' election system on an alternative basis.
The senior authority of the legislative power was the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, from its environment, he put forward members of the Supreme Council. The election of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place in the spring of 1989, at the end of May he began his work. A legal opposition was formed as part of the congress: the Interregional Deputy Group was created. It was headed by the world-famous scientist, the leader of the Human Rights Movement Academician A. D. Sakharov, the former first secretary of the Moscow City Hospital and the Candidate of Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU B. N. Yeltsin, Economist School X. Popov. Publicity, pluralism of opinions caused the ubiquitous creation of various groups and associations, including national.
Changes in foreign policy
"Perestroika" was closely related to the fundamental change in the course of the Soviet foreign policy: a refusal to confrontation with the West, the termination of interference in local conflicts and the revision of relations with socialist countries.
In the new course, a "class approach" dominated, but universal values. Gorbachev believed that international relations should be based on the basis of the balance of national interests, freedom of choice of ways to develop countries, overall responsibility of states for solving global problems of modernity. He performed with the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a pan-European house. M.S. Gorbachev regularly met with US presidents: R. Reagan (in 1985-1988) and J. Bush (since 1989). Soviet-American relations are "frosthed" at these meetings, disarmament issues were discussed.
In 1987, an agreement was signed on the elimination of medium-range missiles and winged missiles, then the contract for pro. In 1990, an agreement was signed on reducing strategic arms. M. S. Gorbachev managed to establish trust relationships with leaders of leading European countries: Great Britain (M. Tatcher), Germany (Kol), France (F. Mitteraran).
In 1990, the participants in the Safety Meeting in Europe signed an agreement on the reduction of conventional weapons in Europe. The USSR began to withdraw his troops from Eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Mongolia.
In 1990-1991, the military and political structures of the Warsaw Agreement were dissolved. This military unit ceased to exist. The result of the policy of "new thinking" was the fundamental change in the international situation - the cold war ended.
Strengthening national movements and exacerbation of political struggle in the USSR
In the USSR, as in any other multinational state, no national contradictions could not exist, which are always most pronounced in the conditions of economic and political crises and radical changes. Soviet power during the construction of socialism did not take into account the historical features of peoples. The government, announcing the formation of the new community "Soviet people", transferred to the actual destruction of the traditional farm and the life of many nations of the country. There was an offensive in Islam, Buddhism, shamanism, etc.
Among the peoples of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine, Moldova, which entered the USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War and suffered "cleaning" from hostile elements, quite strong manifestations of nationalism, the anti-Soviet and anti-socialist moods are common. Chechens, Ingush, Karachai, Balkarians, Kalmyki, Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetians, and DR and more, and outdated historical conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Geornelia and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Geornelia, and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, and Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, Georgia and Abkhazia and others. Publicity and "Perestroika" contributed to the creation of mass national and nationalist public movements. The most significant of these were "Folk Fronts" of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenian Committee "Karabakh", "Ruh" in Ukraine, Russian Society "Memory". In the opposition movement "below" were involved wide masses of the population.
Awakened and the population of Russia. In the 1990 election campaign, when the people's deputies were chosen at all levels, the opposition of the party apparatus and opposition forces was clearly determined. The latter received the organizational center in the person of the Democratic Russia electoral bloc (in the future, it turned into a social movement). February 1990 became a month of mass rallies, whose participants demanded the elimination of the CPSU monopoly on power.
Elections of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus became the first truly democratic elections. About a third of the places in the Supreme Legislative Authority of Russia received deputies of democratic orientation. Elections demonstrated the crisis of the power of the party top. Under the pressure of public opinion, Article 6 of the USSR Constitution was canceled, which proclaimed the leading role of the CPSU in the Soviet society, the formation of a multi-party system began in the country. Supporters of Reforms B. N. Yeltsin and G. X. Popov took high posts: the first one was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the second is the mayor of Moscow.
The most important factor in the "top crisis" was the strengthening of national movements, led the struggle against the Allied (in the terminology of representatives of the imperial) center and the power of the CPSU. Back in 1988, the tragic events unfolded in Nagorno-Karabakh and, as they said, around him. The first from the time of civil war manifestations under nationalist slogans, pogroms (Armenians in the Azerbaijani Sumgait of February 1988 were held (Armenians in Azerbaijani in the Uzbek Fergana - June 1989) and armed clashes (Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia) on national soil. The Supreme Council of Estonia proclaimed the supremacy of republican laws over the Union (November 1988). In Azerbaijan and Armenia, by the end of 1989, the conflicts on national soil were aggravated. The Verkhovna Rada Azerbaijan declared the sovereignty of his republic, and Armenian social movement was created in Armenia, he made independence and separation from the USSR. At the end of 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania declared its independence on the CPSU.
In 1990, national movements developed on ascending. In January, troops were introduced in January in connection with Armenian pogroms in Baku. Military operation, which was accompanied by massive victims, only for a while he took off the issue of independence of Azerbaijan from the agenda. At the same time, the Lithuanian parliament voted for the independence of the republic, and troops entered Vilnius. Following Lithuania, similar solutions were issued by the Parliaments of Estonia and Latvia, the Supreme Council of Russia (June 12) and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (July 12) adopted the summer of the Sovereignty Declaration (June 12), after which the "parade of sovereignty" covered the other republics. In February-March 1991, independence referendums were held in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia.
In the fall of 1990, M. S. Gorbachev, elected by the President of the USSR at the congress of people's deputies, was forced to reorganize the state authorities. The executive bodies now submitted directly to the president. The new advisory body was established - the Federation Council, whose members were the heads of the Union republics. The development and coordination of the project of the new Union Treaty between the Republics of the USSR began, was transferred.
In March 1991, the first referendum was held in the history of the country - citizens of the Soviet Union, it was necessary to express their opinion on the preservation of the Soviet Union as an updated Federation of equal and sovereign republics. It is significant that 6 (Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova) from the 15 Union republics did not participate in the referendum. 76% of those who participated in the voting were in favor of maintaining the Union. In parallel, the All-Russian referendum was conducted - most of his participants voted for the introduction of the post of President of the Republic.
On June 12, 1991, exactly a year later, as declarations on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR were adopted, the National Election of the First In the history of Russia was held. B.N. Heltsin became them, in support of his candidacy, more than 57% of voters spoke. After these elections, Moscow has become the capital of two presidents: the Union and Russian and Russian. The positions of the two leaders agreed to agree difficult, and personal relationships did not differ in mutual attachment.
August 1991
By the summer of 1991, a political explosion was called in the country. In such a situation, the leaders of the Nine republics after acute discussions agreed to sign on August 20, a new Union Agreement, which, in fact, meant the transition to a truly federal state, to eliminate a number of state structures formed in the USSR, and replace them with new ones.
Representatives of party-state leaders who believed that only decisive actions would help preserve the political positions of the CPSU and stop the collapse of the Soviet Union, resorted to power methods. They took advantage of the lack of President of the USSR, who was on vacation in Crimea in Moscow, and on the night of August 18 August 19, the State Committee for Emergency Regulations (GCCP) was formed. It includes 8 people, including Vice-President I. Yanaev, Prime Minister V. S. Pavlov, power ministers. GKCP announced a state of emergency in certain areas of the country; declared disbanded power structures operating contrary to the Constitution 1977; suspended the activities of opposition parties and movements; banned rallies, meetings and demonstrations; established hard control over the media; Entered the troops to Moscow. In fact, the conspirators were supported by the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR A.I. Lukyanov, who, however, did not enter the GKCP.
The resistance of the GCCP was headed by B. N. Yeltsin and the leadership of Russia. In circulation "To citizens of Russia", they called on the population not to obey the illegal decisions of the GCCP, qualifying the actions of its members as an anti-constitutional coup. B.N. Heltsina and Russia's leadership supported more than 70% of Muscovites, individual regions of the country and military units. Tens of thousands of residents of the capital and a significant number of visitors citizens occupied the defense around the White House, expressing support for Yeltsin and the willingness to protect the residence of Russian state power with weapons in their hands.
The GCCP after a three-day confrontation, frightened the unleashing of the civil war, began the conclusion of troops from Moscow. August 21 members of the GCCP were arrested.
The leadership of Russia took advantage of the August couch for the defeat of the CPSU, was the core of the totalitarian system. Yeltsin issued a decree on the suspension of the activities of the CPSU in Russia. The property of the party was nationalized, an arrest was imposed on the CPSU. Liberals who came to power in the center were intercepted from the leadership of the CPSU levers of the army, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the media. President M. Gorbachev, in fact, began to fulfill a decorative role. Most republics after attempting the coup abandoned the signing of an allied contract. The agenda arose about the further existence of the USSR.
Collapse of the USSR
The last months of 1991 became the time of the final collapse of the USSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was dissolved, the Supreme Council of the USSR was radically reformed, the majority of the Allied ministries were eliminated, instead of the Cabinet of Ministers, a non-restrained inter-republican economic committee was created. The highest body, which led the internal and foreign policy of the state, was the USSR State Council, which included the President of the USSR and the head of the Union republics. The first decision of the State Council was the recognition of the independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
On December 1, a referendum was held in Ukraine, and the majority, took part in it (more than 80%), expressed the independence of the republic. Under these conditions, the leadership of Ukraine decided not to sign a new Union Agreement.
On December 7-8, 1991, and education as part of the three republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In the future, all former Soviet Union republics entered the CIS, with the exception of Baltic.
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Abstract on the topic:
"Perestroika in the USSR: reasons, stroke, consequences"
Introduction
§one. Reasons for restructuring in the USSR
§2. Perestroika in the USSR
§3. Consequences of restructuring in the USSR
Conclusion
Bibliography
INineating
From the mid-80s. And especially since the beginning of the 90s. In Russia, as in the whole of the USSR, serious changes began to occur. These changes affected all parties to the socio-economic and especially political life of the Soviet society. They proceeded very quickly, they were controversial and had serious consequences for Russia and all the republics entering the Soviet Union.
At the same time, political events that happened in the Soviet Union and its republics were reflected in the process of world political history.
Perestroika is a very loud period in the history of the USSR. The restructuring policy, which begun part of the leadership of the CPSU, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev, led to significant changes in the life of the country and the world as a whole. During the restructuring, the problems have been exposed to decades, especially in the economy and the interethnic sphere. Errors and miscalculations made in the process of reform themselves were added to all. The political confrontation between the forces advocating the socialist path of development, parties and movements, which connect the future of the country with the organization of life on the principles of capitalism, as well as on the future appearance of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the Union and Republican state and government relations, the relationship of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the Soviet Union and the management of the Union and Republican state and management bodies is sharply. By the beginning of the 1990s, the restructuring led to the exacerbation of the crisis in all spheres of life of society and to the further decay of the USSR.
§one. Reasons for restructuring in the USSR
By the beginning of the 80s. The Soviet Union reached a new technical level, developed new industries (electronics, precision instrument making, nuclear industry, etc.). The creation of production, scientific and production, agro-industrial, intercreational associations was the mass phenomenon. A single power system, a transport system, an automatic communication system, oil and gas supply operated and operated. The economic relations of the republics and regions became closer. However, the administrative - command system of management, the practice of planning and guardianship of the directive organs over enterprises remained.
The leadership of the country at the CPSU congresses were repeatedly made decisions aimed at overcoming the dictate of the departmental bureaucracy to develop economic methods of economic management, expanding the independence of the enterprise. However, these decisions remained on paper. The transition from extensive economic development to the intense did not occur. Scientific - technical process acted sluggish. Still progressive changes were constrained by the old control system. Serious deformations have accumulated in planning. Oblosts were allowed in commodity relations. The cooperative forms of management of the economy were underestimated. Economic control over the use of ownership forms. Gross miscalculations were allowed in economic policy.
The course on increasing income of the population, to grow its education and improve housing conditions, contributed to the development of needs, an increase in demand for new, better goods and consumption items. However, the production of consumer goods, the organization of food supply, the development of the service sector, trade, transport, the cultural and recreation industry, the health care was low. In the 60s - the first half of the 80s. There was a deep need for socio-economic update, in developing a new policy, new priorities. However, this need has not been implemented. As a result, deformations in economic and social life became increasing.
1. The systemic socio-economic crisis caused by the arms race in the USSR foreign policy, the financial dependence of the countries of socialism from Soviet subsidies. With the reluctance to change the command and administrative system of management in accordance with the new conditions - in domestic policy ("stagnation").
2. There were also concomitant prerequisites and reasons for restructuring in the USSR: aging of the Soviet elite, the average age of which was within 70 years; Allocature of the nomenclature; tough centralization of production; The deficit of goods both is wide consumption and long-term goods.
All these factors led to the realization of the changes necessary for the further development of the Soviet society. These changes began to personify M. S. Gorbachev, who became the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee in March 1985.
§2.. Perestroika in the USSR
First stage: April 1985-1986 The beginning of him put on the April Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, who proclaimed the course to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country through the intensification of production on the basis of the introduction of scientific and technological progress. In this process, a key role was assigned to mechanical engineering. Priority in development received machine-tooling, computing equipment, microelectronics and instrument making, improvement of management and planning bodies. For this purpose, a number of new managerial structures were created: the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on Mechanical Engineering, the State Committee on Computer Engineering and Informatics, etc. It was decided to create a private monitoring of compliance with standards (in the mid-1980s. Only 29% of machine-building products complied with world standards). The enterprises introduced a state acceptance of manufactured products (GMS), which by the beginning of 1988 existed on 2 thousand enterprises.
Anti-alcohol campaign: On May 7, 1985, a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee was adopted "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism". In accordance with it, in each labor team, it was necessary to create an environment of intolerance to drunkenness and disorders of discipline. Also, to combat drunkenness, it was envisaged annually to reduce the production and implementation of alcoholic beverages and by 1988 to completely stop the production of fruit-berry wines. The anti-alcohol campaign originally had a certain success. Alcohol consumption fell markedly (according to official data in 1984, 8.4 liters were consumed per capita in 1985 - 7.2; 1987 - 3.3). Injuriousness and mortality of people in production has decreased. However, negative consequences were much more significant. The manufacture of a moonshine began everywhere, resulting in a shortage of sugar, and the quality of bread dropped due to the disadvantages of yeast. The lack of alcohol affected the industry and medicine. The consumption of surrogate alcohol has increased. (In 1987, 11 thousand people died from the use of chemical liquids, especially antifreeze and methyl alcohol). Reduced budget revenues. For 1985-87 The state has no difference to more than 37 billion rubles. Under these conditions, in the fall of 1988, the Government was forced to cancel the restriction on the sale of alcoholic beverage products. Increased productivity by strengthening discipline and order in all sectors of the economy. The strengthening of the discipline began with a large-scale anti-alcohol campaign.
In the same direction in May 1986, a resolution was adopted aimed at combating unearned incomes (the details of agricultural products from local markets, the demolition of the greenhouses and other "self-employment objects", etc.). Improving material incentives for labor and intensifying social policy. For this purpose, a number of decisions were adopted to increase the wages of scientists, raising pensions and benefits, introduced new benefits for participants in the Great Patriotic War, etc.
In general, for the first period of reforms, the predominance of an administrative approach to the solution of economic problems was characterized. The basic principles of the Soviet economy remained unchanged.
At the second stage of reforms (1987-1989), the concept of "restructuring" is drawn up and the first attempts of the liberalization of the economy are being taken.
The beginning of this was put on the January (1987) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. It made a decision on the introduction of self-government in production. It should have been carried out through the creation of labor collective councils, which were endowed with decisive powers on a wide range of issues. Plenum recommended introducing the election of managers in the production and reporting of officials before labor collectives.
On January 1, 1988, he entered into force with the law "On the State Enterprise (Association)": instead of the Plan, the "state order" was introduced, after the implementation, which enterprises were allowed to implement it independently implemented products. From now on, the manufacturer was supposed to build its activities on the basis of full germination and self-financing. The income of economic activity is profit (!). Enterprises have received independence in determining the number of labor, making wages, the choice of economic partners. The activity of unprofitable and insolvent enterprises could be discontinued. The role of the center was reduced to the preparation of a general plan and determining the amount of state order.
Some changes occur in foreign economic policy. Since 1987, a number of ministries and departments have received the right to independently carry out export-import operations in the foreign market. The creation of mixed (joint) enterprises and associations with foreign firms was allowed to create in the USSR. (And in the authorized capital, the Soviet part was to exceed 50%, and the USSR citizen was supposed to be the director of the enterprise). By the end of 1988, more than 100 enterprises with joint capital operated in the country. However, their creation went slowly (bureaucratic volume, high tax rates, lack of legislative investment).
On July 1, 1988, the law "On cooperation in the USSR" is introduced. Cooperative enterprises, along with state, were recognized as the main link of the national economy. Cooperatives could act in agriculture, industry, construction, transport, trade, public catering. According to the Soviet leadership, cooperatives were to contribute to the saturation of the consumer market with goods and services. In mid-1988, laws were accepted, which resolved private activities in more than 30 types of production of goods and services.
The village was recognized on the equality of five forms of management: collective farms, state farms, agro-communities, rental cooperatives and peasant (farmer) farms. The collective farms, according to a new position (1988), could independently set the size of individual incidents and the number of livestock in the subsidiary farms. Rural residents received the right to take land for a period of 50 years and fully disposed of manufactured products.
In the late 1980s, state power structures were also undergoing transformations. The beginning of them laid the XIX All-Union Party Conference. It turned out the sharp struggle of the opinions of supporters and opponents of restructuring on the issue of the tasks of the country's development. Most delegates supported the point of view M. Gorbachev on the urgent need for economic reform and the transformation of the political system of society.
The democratization of public life was one of the tasks of restructuring, the most significant characteristic at that time. She permeated all spheres of society, in the sphere of politics, she assumed a change in the very mechanism of power, the transition from the hierarchical management of society for workers through a relatively narrow ruling layer to the self-government of workers. In the economy, democratization was focused on changing the mechanism for the implementation of public and personal property, so that labor collectives and all workers receive the real rights of the owners of social proceedings, and the ability to show an individual labor initiative.
In 1988 Performing the decision of the XIX conference, through the constitutional reform, the structure of the supreme authorities and the election system of the country were changed. A new legislature was established - the congress of people's deputies, which was going once a year. He elected from his composition the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Chairman. Similar structures were created in the Union republics.
Also reform was approved by the post of President of the USSR, endowed with broad authority. The President became the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces of the USSR, prescribed and displaced the military command. The President was represented by the USSR Sun, and then the congress of people's deputies for approval and exemption from the post of Chairman of the Government of the USSR, the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the USSR and the personal composition of the Committee of the Constitutional Supervision of the USSR.
As the restructuring develops, it became increasingly obvious that her fate rests on the state of the political system, the political life of society. The increase in public attention to the problems of social development was increasingly showed that without radical changes in public life, it is not possible to decide any economic nor social problems. The initial idea of \u200b\u200breformers about the preservation of the socialist political system and only partial democratization, became more and more utopian.
Very serious were discrepancies between reformers and nasty public movements, primarily new working movements. The Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia was formed, Minerov's congress announced the creation of a new mining trade union, similar steps were taken by workers in a number of other industries. The past congress of the Soviets of labor collectives and workers' committees, expressed readiness to share responsibility for the course of economic transformation in the country, prevent uncontrolled state property sales, transformation, and before all-power ministries to new monopolistic associations, concerns and associations.
By that time, the life support system was in an extremely difficult situation, the domestic food and industrial support was noticeably reduced, serious damage was caused by transport, telecommunications and other systems, accounted for housing and communal services. Beginning, forming an orientation for elite expensive medical care, paid higher education and the provision of benefits to various categories of workers.
Under these conditions, M. Gorbachev with a team of reformers was looking for various ways out of the crisis. And here the important role was played by the restoration of relations of the church and the state. Several Gorbachev meetings with the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church with Pimen and representatives of other religious denominations took place. In 1988 At the state level, jubilee celebrations were held in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Russia. New religious communities have been registered, spiritual educational institutions have been opened, the circulation of the released religious literature increased. Believers returned their previously selected religious buildings. The authorities gave permission to build new temples. Church figures were able to participate in public life along with all citizens, several prominent church hierarchs elected deputies to the Supreme Council of the country.
The economic reform has not improved the situation of affairs in the national economy, the growth rates of industrial production production. The size of the state budget deficit increased, unemployment grew, the mass performances of workers not satisfied with the state's economic policies were activated, powerful miners strikes began.
In relation to agricultural enterprises, party reformers from the very beginning occupied a tough position, the associate M. Gorbachev A. Yakovlev directly proclaimed that it was necessary to destroy the Bolshevik community - the collective farm.
An informational anticolatile company and unfavorable to collective farms reached a maximum in the early 90s. The agrarian policy of reformers based on the destruction of collective farms and state farms, and planting the farming has entered a dead end. The failure of agricultural reforms largely deprived Gorbachev public support, since for many criteria for evaluating its activities, the availability of products in stores.
The reforms conducted in the country were fundamentally touched the armed forces, the reorganization of this institute of the state took place in the situation of a tough ideological campaign against the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Considering them the most conservative part of the Soviet state, the ideologists of restructuring sought them to psychologically disarm. Shares were purposefully carried out to destroy the positive image of all the armed forces in the public consciousness and to undermine the self-esteem of the officer corps.
Following its peace-loving policy, the Soviet government unilaterally declared a moratorium on testing nuclear weapons, the deployment of medium radius rockets in the European part of the country was also suspended. Soviet troops and military equipment from the territory of the GDR, the armed forces were reduced to the detriment of national interests and without apparent need. The conversion of military production and the translation of military factories to the release of civilian products, mainly consumer goods. Under public pressure in February 1989 The conclusion of Soviet troops from Afghanistan was completed, but in two years, Afghanistan was assisted with weapons and ammunition. Without prerequisites, the withdrawn Soviet troops, they were stationed in not prepared by military towns, the moral spirit as a result in the troops rapidly fell.
A real step towards the implementation of political reform and the creation of a legal state was the reform of the USSR law enforcement system. Serious changes that occurred in the psychology of Soviet people could not not affect the activities of the court, the prosecutor's office, state security and police bodies. In the context of building a rule of law, democratization of social life, the harmonization of the legislation varied in the activities of the internal affairs bodies. The restructuring in the political, economic life of the country contributed to the deterioration of the rule of law and the growth of crime, the registration discipline has significantly weakened, the coverage of crimes from accounting and the illegal attraction to criminal liability has flourished. By this time in society, the conditions for the formation of organized crime and banditry have developed.
In 1989-1991 There were externally small, but important changes in all law enforcement agencies (Ministry of Internal Affairs, KGB, court, prosecutor's office), this is a departure from the system of most of the qualified personnel. Objective reasons were encouraged to this: the strong pressure of the press, which discredited these organs, the rapid decrease in the salary, which in these organs it is impossible to compensate for by-road earnings, the inconsistency of social guarantees in the level of life and the main extrusion of the professional core of the Soviet orientation. All this led to a significant increase in crime, violations of public order, reduce the level of public safety of the population and accelerating the collapse of the USSR.
§3.. Consequences of restructuring in the USSR
The consequences of restructuring are extremely ambiguous and multifaceted. Of course, the acquisition by the society of social and political freedoms, publicity and reform of the planning and distribution economy are positive moments. However, the processes occurring in the period of restructuring in the USSR 1985-1991, led to the disintegration of the USSR and the exacerbation of the streaming for a long time of interethnic conflicts. Weakened the authorities, both in the center and in the field, a sharp decrease in the standard of living of the population, undermine the scientific base and to work.
The collapse of the USSR was a consequence of errors in the ruling medium and the impact of external factors. Throughout the history of the Soviet state, an attempt was made to reform the socialist system, but all reforms had an unfinished character. In society, there was a gradual alienation of the people from power, she did not have a social support. Reforms Even extremely temperate, evolutionary confronted real forces, old industrial relations, the established management apparatus, cranked economic thinking.
Reforms were doomed and for another reason. Transformations in the economy of the country were not supported by transformations in political and social spheres, an overwhelming majority of resources were directed to the development of the military-industrial complex.
Although it was necessary to develop high-tech production, implement investments in the field of computer technology. Instead, there was an exorbitant development of heavy industry. In the field of foreign policy, the USSR made tremendous costs of war. Cold War Management took tremendous funds, the United States was aimed at exhausting the Soviet Union of a large-scale armament race.
Attempts by the USSR leadership to make the effectiveness of the bureaucratic system without significant structural changes, the strengthening of demanding and control, the fight against individual defects, did not bring the country from the crisis state.
anti-alcohol Perestroika Publicity Gorbachev
Conclusion
The collapse of the Soviet system was inevitable, since while maintaining the basics of the old system, the democratization of the old government institutions was reduced only to the replacement of externally new, but authoritarian institutions. The democratic Gorbachev regime was never able to overcome the internal conflict with the continuing fundamentals of the previous political system.
Everything that said does not detract from the meaning of the restructuring. The greatness and at the same time the tragedy of perestroika will eventually be estimated and studied. Ultimately, it was another next attempt to the barn, carried out unusual, and therefore ineffective methods.
The history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ended. The many reasons for the death of a mighty country are still becoming subject to the study of historians. Humanity does not know another example of the death of superpowers without external military intervention. Utopia came an end, for the attempt itself to create the perfect state was originally doomed. Many scientists and historians predicted, what a terrible price, many years will have to pay for the experiment started in Russia.
It is naive to believe that Gorbachev or those leaders who gathered in December 1991. In Belovezhskaya, the collapse of the USSR predetermined. The political system has heal herself. This conclusion was made until 1991.
Bibliography
1. Gorbachev, M.S. Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world / M.S. Gorbachev. - M.: Policy, 1989. - 271 p.
2. Gorbachev, M.S. It is aggressively moving forward (performance at the Asset Asset of the Leningrad Party Organization on May 17, 1985) / M.S. Gorbachev. - M.: Policy, 1985.
3. Batalov E. Perestroika and the fate of Russia.
4. Butenko V. "From where and where we go," Lenazdat, 1990.g
5. J. Buffa "History of the Soviet Union"; M: international relations, 1994.g
6. "Perestroika and the modern world", the answer ed. Tt Timofeev; M: international relations, 1989.g
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The need and reasons for restructuring. The course for acceleration, reform the existing system. Softening censorship over the media. Results of economic reform. Disintegration of the USSR and the Communist System. Consequences of restructuring.
examination, added 01/31/2012
Causes and goals of restructuring, course on the socio-economic and political renewal of the country. The main slogans of reforms M.S. Gorbachev: "Glasnost", "Acceleration", "Perestroika". Results and consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Causes of reference to modernization.
abstract, added 10.02.2015
Analysis of the socio-economic and political development of the USSR and Russia in the 80-90s of the twentieth century. The reasons that prompted MS Gorbachev start a process for the introduction of "restructuring". "Sterry and Natiska period" - a new vision of the modern world. Disintegration of the USSR.
thesis, added 18.09.2008
The general concept of restructuring. Characteristics of the initial step of restructuring. Reforming socialism in a democratic spirit during the second stage. The main reasons for the elimination of the power of the CPSU and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The main consequences of restructuring.
presentation, added 01.03.2012
Political struggle around the alternatives to the economic reform in 1985-1991. Soviet and liberal political system models. The essence of the politics of "publicity". National Policy and External USSR during the years of restructuring and its results.
test work, added 01/24/2011
Prerequisites for reforms M.S. Gorbachev. Causes of failures and spontaneity of socio-economic and political reforms in the USSR, the main directions of the foreign policy. Assessment of the consequences of "restructuring" in the context of the modern development of Russia.
We are waiting for changes...". These words from the song of the leader popular in the 80s. Movie groups V. Tsoi reflected the mood of people in the early years of the Perestroika policy. She was proclaimed by the new Secretary General, 54-year-old M. S. Gorbachev, who accepted the relevance of power after the death of K. U. Chernenko in March 1985. The elegantly dressed, who spoke "without a papers", the Secretary-General won the popularity of external democraticness, the desire for transformations in the "stagnant" country and, of course, promises (for example, each family by 2000 was promised a separate landscaped apartment), no one since the time of Khrushchev Communicating so with the people: Gorbachev traveled around the country, easily went to the people, talked in an informal setting with workers, collective farmers, intelligentsia. With the arrival of a new manager, inspired by the plans, the roaring in the economy and restructuring in the life of society, people have reborn hopes and enthusiasm.
The course was proclaimed at the "acceleration" of the country's socio-economic development. It was assumed that in the industry of the core of this process will be the update of mechanical engineering. However, already in 1986 Gorbachev and other members of the Politburo faced the fact that "acceleration" does not occur. The course on the priority development of mechanical engineering failed due to financial difficulties. The budget deficit increased sharply (in 1986 3 times compared with 1985, when it was 17-18 billion rubles.). This phenomenon was caused by a number of reasons: "delayed" supply of the population for goods (money did not return to the treasury, and part of them appeared in the black market), a pa-money of prices for exported oil (income into the treasury decreased by a third), income loss as a result Anti-alcohol campaign.
In this situation, the "tops" concluded that all sectors of the economy need to be transferred to new management methods. Gradually, in 1986 - 1989, During the economic transformation, germ of products were introduced, and self-financing, election of directors of enterprises; The laws on the state enterprise, about individual labor activities and cooperatives, as well as the Law on Labor Conflict, which provided for the rights of workers on strike were entered into force.
However, all these measures not only have not led to an improvement in the economic situation in the country, but, on the contrary, worsened it by half of the half, non-ordordinization and ill-impact reforms, large budget expenditures, increasing the money in the hands of the population. The production relations between enterprises under state-owned products were disturbed. Intected shortage of consumption goods. At the turn of the 80-90s. More and more allowed shopping shelves. In place of the government began to enter coupons for some products.
Publicity and evolution of the state system. Soviet society has covered the democratization process. In the ideological sphere, Gorbachev was put forward by the slogan of publicity. Under this it was meant that no events of the past and the present should be hidden from the people. In the speeches of party ideologues and journalism, the idea of \u200b\u200btransition from "barren socialism" to socialism "with a human face" was promoted. The attitude of the authorities to dissidents has changed. Returned to Moscow from Gorky (so called Nizhny Novgorod) Academician A. D. Sakharov, referred to the critical statements about the war in Afghanistan. Other dissidents were liberated from the locations of the detention and links, the camps were closed for political prisoners. During the resumed process of rehabilitation of the victims of Stalinist repression in our history, N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, G. E. Zinoviev, L. B. Kamenev and other political figures, not honored with N. S. Khrushchev. 
The processes of publicity and detonation were brightly manifested in newspaper and magazine publications, television shows. The Moscow News Weekly (editor E. V. Yakovlev) and the magazine "Light" (V. A. Korotich) were greatly popularity. Criticism of the dark sides of the Soviet reality, the desire to find a way out for society from the crisis situation permed with many works of literature and art, both new and those that were previously prohibited by the authorities, and now have become the wealth of a wide audience. Incredible Public Resonance received novels A. N. Rybakov "Children of Arbat", V. S. Grossman "Life and Fate", published on the home of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn ("Archipelag Gulag", etc.), films T. E. Abuladay "Repentance", M. E. Goldovskaya "Power Solovetskaya", S. S. Govorukhina "So it is impossible to live."
Society of Society from party care, which expressed in the context of publicity, critical assessments of the Soviet state system set the issue of political transformations on the agenda. An important events of domestic political life was the approval by the XIX All-Union Part conference (June 1998) of the main provisions of the reform of the state system, the adoption of the Supreme Council amendments to the Constitution, as well as the Election Law of People's Deputies. The essence of these solutions was reduced to the transition from the nomination of one candidate to the deputies to one place in the authorities to the election system on an alternative basis. The highest authority of the legislative power was the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which from its Environment nagged members of the Supreme Council. However, only two thirds of the congress deputies were elected on the basis of universal voting, another third was put forward by public organizations, primarily the CPSU. The election of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in two rounds took place in the spring of 1989, at the end of May he began his work. A legal opposition was formed as part of the congress: the Interregional Deputy Group was created. It was headed by the world-famous scientist, the leader of the right-protective movement of Academician A. D. Sakharov, the former first secretary of the Moscow City Mountain Council and the Candidate of Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU B. N. Yeltsin, School-economist X. Popov.
In conditions of political pluralism, simultaneously with the emergence of active opposition in the Supreme Council, there was a birth of various socio-political movements, almost all representatives of which at first were under the slogans of "Socialism renewal". At the same time, the trends for the communist government have emerged in their activities. They were primarily associated with the growing social displeasement and nationalist sentiment.
In the USSR, as in any other multi-ethnic state, no national contradictions could not exist, which are always the most pronounced in the conditions of economic and political crises and radical changes. In the Soviet Union, these contradictions aggravated by a number of circumstances. Firstly, building socialism, the Soviet government was not considered with the historical features of peoples - the destruction of traditional farm and life took place, there was an offensive on Islam, Buddhism, shamanism, etc. Secondly, in the territories that were attached to the USSR on the eve of the Great The Patriotic War and which twice (immediately after joining and after liberation from the Nazi occupation) were "cleaning" from hostile elements, the manifestations of nationalism were very strong, the anti-Soviet and anti-socialist sentiment (Baltic States, Western Ukraine, to some extent of Moldova) were common. Thirdly, there were still resentment of the peoples deported during the great feoot, the peoples returned to their native places (Chechens, Ingush, Karachai, Balkarians, Kalmyks), and the more not returned (Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetians and DR. .). Fourthly, there were soased historical conflicts and claims of various kinds (for example, Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh sought to get out of the Azerbaijan SSR, Abkhazi talked for the transfer of autonomy from the Georgian SSR to the structure of the RSFSR, etc.). During the years of "Perestroika" there were massive national and nationalist social movements, the most significant of which appeared "People's Fronts" of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenian Committee "Karabakh", "Ruh" in Ukraine, Russian society "Memory". 
"New thinking" and the end of the "Cold War". "Perestroika" was closely related to a fundamental change in the course of the Soviet foreign policy - a refusal of confrontation with the West, the termination of interference in local conflicts and the revision of relations with socio-leaf countries. In the new course, a "class approach" dominated, but universal values. This approach was received by this approach in the book M. S. Gorbachev "Perestroika and new thinking for our country and for the whole world." It said the need to create a new international order, designed to change post-war international relations. It should be based on the balance of national interests, freedom of choice of development paths, joint responsibility to keeps the decision of the global problems of modernity. Gorbachev spoke for the concept of a "pan-European house", in which there would be a place and can-nutropeistic, and socialist countries.
M. S. Gorbachev regularly met with US presidents: with R. Reagan (in 1985 - 1988) and J. Bush (since 1989). At these meetings, Soviet-American relations were "frosthed", discrepancies were discussed. Gorbachev led negotiations from the standpoint of reasonable sufficiency in defense issues and nominated by the program of the nuclear-free world.
On 8 1987, an agreement was signed on the liquidation of rockets of the average radius of action - Soviet SS-20 and American "Persing-2" and winged missiles. The American and Soviet parties promised to comply with the contract on about the form in which he was signed in 1972. In 1990, an agreement was signed on reducing strategic arms.
In order to strengthen confidence from Eastern European countries, 500 tactical nuclear warheads were unilaterally exported.
On November 9, 1989, the residents of Berlin, confident that the USSR would not intervene in the communal business, destroyed the Berlin Wall - a symbol of separated Germany and Europe. After the unification of Germany, the USSR gave consent to the entry into this, already a single state in NATO. In 1990, the participants in the Security and Cooperation Meeting in Europe signed an agreement on the reduction of conventional weapons in Europe.
The Soviet leadership realized the need to bring troops from Afghanistan (more than 100 thousand) and in 1988 pledged to do this for 9 months. In mid-February 1989, the last Soviet military units left the Afghan land. In addition to Afghanistan, Soviet troops were derived from Mongolia. After the "velvet revolutions" in Eastern European countries, negotiations began to withdraw the Soviet troops from Hungary and Czechoslovakia, they were conclusion from the GDR. In 1990-1991 There was a dissolution of the military and political structures of the Warsaw Treaty. This military unit ceased to exist. The result of the policy of "new thinking" was a fundamental change in the international situation - the "Cold War" ended. At the same time, many concessions to Western states who went to Gorbachev, were not quite thought out (mainly in their specific implementation), and this did not comply with the national interests of the country. 
The crisis of power. After publishing in the summer of 1988, mass mining strikes began in the background of the assembly, rallies, processions and demonstrations against the background of a sharp deterioration in the country. Gradually in society increased discontent too slow themes of transformations; In the eyes of society, the conservative wing in the manual of the CPSU was presented in the eyes of the Society.
After the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the opposition's hopes for the implementation of radical transformations in the Soviet Union have increased. If the opposition "Verchah" consisted of the interregional deputy group and democratically-minded intellectual circles, then the "bottom" opposition movement turned out to be involved broad masses of residents of large cities, the population of a number of allied republics in the Baltic States, Transcaucasia, and Moldova and Ukraine. The political awakening of Russia contributed to the elections of the people's deputies of all levels on March 1990. In the election campaign, it was clearly marked by the continuation of the party apparatus and opposition forces. The latter received the organizational center in the person of the Democratic Russia electoral bloc (in the future, he was transformed into a social movement). February 1990 became the month of mass rallies, the participants of which demanded the elimination of the CPSU monopoly on power.
The election of People's Deputies of the RSFSR became the first truly democratic - after the election campaign in the Constituent Assembly of 1917. As a result, about a third of places in the highest legislative body of the republic received deputies of democratic orientation. The results of the elections in Russia, in Ukraine, in Belarus showed the crisis of the power of the party top. Under pressure from public opinion, the 6th article of the USSR Constitution was canceled, proclaiming the leading role of the CPSU in the Soviet society, the development of a multi-party system began in the country. Supporters of Reforms B. N. Yeltsin and G. X. Popov took high posts: the first one was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the second is the mayor of Moscow.
The most important factor in the crisis of "tops" was the strengthening of national movements, led by the struggle against the Allied (in the terminology of their representatives - the imperial) center and the power of the CPSU. Back in 1988, the tragic events unfolded in Nagorno-Karabakh and, as they said, around him. The first since the Civil War of Manifestations under Nationalist slogans, pogroms (Armenians in Azerbaijan Sumgait - February 1988, Meskhetians in Uzbek Fergana - June 1989) and armed clashes (Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia) on national soil are occurred. The Supreme Council of Estonia proclaimed the supremacy of republican laws over the Union (November 1988). And in Azerbaijan, and in Armenia by the end of 1989, passions on national soil were punished. The Supreme Council of Azerbaijan declared the sovereignty of his republic, and the Armenian social movement was created in Armenia, who spoke for independence and separation from the USSR. At the very end of 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania declared its independence towards the CPSU. 
In 1990, national movements developed on ascending. In January, troops were introduced in January in connection with Armenian pogroms in Baku. Military operation accompanied by mass victims only took the issue of independence of Azerbaijan from the agenda. At the same time, the Lithuanian parliament voted for the independence of the republic, and troops entered Vilnius. Following Lithuania, similar solutions were issued by the Parliaments of Estonia and Latvia, the Supreme Soviet Councils of Russia (June 12) and Ukraine (July 16) adopted in the summer of the Declaration on sovereignty (July 16), after which the "parade of sovereignty" covered the other republics. In February-March 1991, independence referendums were held in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia.
Two presidents. In the fall of 1990, M. S. Gorbachev, the President of the USSR, elected by the Congress of People's Deputies, was forced to reorganize the state authorities. The executive bodies now began to obey directly the president. The new advisory body was established - the Federation Council, whose members were the heads of the Union republics. The development of the project of the new Union Treaty between the Republics of the USSR began began with great difficulty.
In March 1991, the first referendum was held in the history of the country - the USSR citizens had to express their opinion on the conservation of the Soviet Union as an updated Federation of equal and sovereign republics. It is significant that 6 (Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova) from the 15 Union republics did not participate in the referendum. No less significant and the fact that 76% of the participants in the voting spoke for the preservation of the Union. In parallel, the All-Russian referendum was conducted - most of his participants voted for the introduction of the post of President of the Republic.
On June 12, 1991, exactly a year later after the adoption of the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, the national elections of the first in the history of Russia of the President took place. B. N. Yeltsin became them, in support of which more than 57% of those who participated in the voting. After these elections, Moscow turned into the capital of two presidents - the Union and Russian. The positions of the two leaders were difficult to coordinate, and personal relationships between them were not distinguished by a conformity.
Both presidents advocated reforms, but at the same time they looked differently on targets and paths of transformations. One of them, M. S. Gorbachev, relied on the Communist Party, which was experiencing a split process to a conservative and reformist part. In addition, the party ranks began to melt - the CPSU left about a third of her members. Supporting another president, B. N. Yeltsin, were opposition in relation to the CPSU of Power. It is natural that in July 1991, Yeltsin signed a decree prohibiting the activities of party organizations at state-owned enterprises and in institutions. The events unfolding in the country showed that the process of weakening the power of the CPSU and the collapse of the Soviet Union acquired irreversible.
August 1991: a revolutionary turn of history. By August 1991, projects of two most important documents were developed - the new Allied Treaty and the CPSU Program. It was assumed that the ruling party would fall on social democratic positions. The United Agreement project provided for the creation of the Union of Sovereign States on the new foundations. He was approved by the heads of the 9th republics and the President of the USSR Gorbachev. It was planned that the program would be approved at the upcoming CPSU Congress, and the signing of the Allied Treaty will occur on August 20. However, the draft treaty could not satisfy neither supporters closed to the Federation Center, nor supporters of the further sovereignty of the republics, primarily Russian radical democrats.
Representatives of party-state tops that were considered that only decisive actions would help preserve the political positions of the CPSU and stop the collapse of the Soviet Union, resorted to power methods. They decided to take advantage of the lack of president of the USSR, who was on vacation in the Crimea.
Early on the morning of August 19, television and radio reported to citizens that due to the disease M. S. Gorbachev, the fulfillment of the duties of the President of the USSR was temporarily assigned to Vice President G. I. Yanaev and that "for the management of the country and effective implementation of the state of emergency" is formed by the state Emergency Committee (GCCP). This Committee included 8 people, including Vice-President, Prime Minister V. S. Pavlov, Power Ministers. Gorbachev turned out to be isolated on the state dacha. Military units and tanks were introduced into Moscow, the curfew was announced. 
The GKCP resistance center was the House of Soviets of the RSFSR - the so-called white house. In circulation "To the citizens of Russia", President of the RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin and the Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR R. I. Khassbulatov called on the population not to obey the illegal decisions of the GCCP, qualifying the actions of its members as an anti-constitutional coup. Muscovites support attached resistance and determination to the management of Russia. Tens of thousands of residents of the capital and a considerable number of visitors came to the White House, expressing support for Yeltsin and the willingness to protect the residence of Russian state power with weapons in their hands.
The confrontation between the GCCP and the White House continued for three days. The expression of the unleashing of civil war, Yanaev and his associates did not solve the storm at the House of Soviets. On the third day, demoralized representatives of the GCCP began the conclusion of troops from Moscow and flew into the Crimea, hoping to negotiate with Gorbachev. However, the USSR President managed to return to Moscow together with the vice-president of the RSFSR A. V. Rutsky, who arrived at the revenue. The members of the GCCP were arrested.
Yeltsin signed decrees to suspend the activities of the CPSU and CP RSFSR and publication of the communist orientation newspapers. Gorbachev declared that the powers of the Secretary-General of the CPSU Central Committee of the CPSU, and then issued decrees, which actually ceased to the activities of the party and transferred its property to the state's property.
The collapse of the USSR and the creation of the CIS. The last months of 1991 became the time of the final collapse of the USSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR was dissolved, the Supreme Council of the USSR was radically reformed, the majority of the Allied ministries were liquidated, instead of the Cabinet of Ministers, a non-free Interrepublician Economic Committee was created. The highest authority, who managed the internal and foreign policy of the state, was the USSR State Council, which included the President of the USSR and the head of the Union republics. The first decision of the State Council was the recognition of the independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Meanwhile, in the field, the Republican authorities began to stream themselves earlier in the jurisdiction of the Federal Center for the Industry of the National Economy and State Structures.
It was assumed to sign a new Union Agreement and to create no longer a federation, but a confederation of sovereign republics. But these plans were not destined to come true. On December 1, a referendum was held in Ukraine, and most of the participation of participation (more than 80%) spoke in favor of the independence of the republic. Under these conditions, the leadership of Ukraine decided not to sign a new Union Agreement.
On December 7-8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine B. N. Yeltsin and L. M. Kravchuk and Chairman of the Supreme Council of Belarus S. S. Shushkevich, having met in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, not far from the border Brest, announced the cessation of the existence of the USSR and Education As part of the three republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In the future, all former Soviet Union republics entered the CIS, with the exception of Baltic.