Nomads are not engaged in grazing. Who is a nomad - a cattle breeder or warrior? Nomadic cattle breeding in Central Asia

25.06.2019

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The history of ancient Russia is the subject of numerous disputes, since it is a great era, and our knowledge of her, alas, very scarce. Despite the fact that the time distance divided from this pore, everything increases, the opportunities for research from modern historians and archaeologists still appears more. Thanks to the scientific developments and technical means, the remains and artifacts are studied more carefully. Thus, scientists get more information. For example, quite recently, historians undertook to study the foreign policy of Kievan Rus, as well as the role of the ancient nomads played in it. Facts that revealed turned out to be very interesting.

Polovtsy and ancient Russia

What we know from the school program about the representatives of nomadic peoples does not quite respond true. The nomad is not only a representative of the semi-tribal tribe, striving to rob and kill. For example, Polovtsy - a nomadic tribe, who received its name from the yellow color of its representatives - was engaged in cattle breeding, as well as trade.

But they also were also excellent warriors and managed for several centuries to cause a lot of inconvenience to local princes, the point and the case exercising raids on the land of Kievan Rus. A few centuries later, the Polovtsy began to play more possibly, it affected their skill to fight. As a result, the tribes became part of the Golden Horde, lost their originality. Very few exhibits belonging to Polovtsam, you can see by visiting the museum of nomadic culture or looking into private collections.

Pechenegi

There is a hypothesis that Pechenegs arose as an alliance of ancient Turks and Sarmatov. It has occurred in the steppes of the Volga region. Pecheneg - a nomad is a representative of the nationality, which lived in a generic building. The tribes were divided into two branches, each of which had 8 tribes, that is, about 40 genera. They were engaged in the main cattle breeding and trade, Komocha at first between the Urals and Volga.

An interesting feature of this tribe is the practice of leaving the prisoners to live as part of their childbirth, making them the same rights that there were indigenous people. This found a lot of evidence, to see which we can, if we visit the museum of nomadic culture.

It is countless raids of Pechenegs to Kievan Rus forced her rulers to start large-scale construction of defensive structures. When, in 1036, the prince struck the pechenegs crushing defeat, the period of their collapse began. Interaction with other nomadic tribes contributed to this. Historians claim that finally Pechenegs settled on the territory of modern Hungary, mixed with local tribes.

Khazara

In the current South Russia, many centuries ago lived, about the origin of which scientists still break their heads. Beautiful rider, skillful tracker and fearless warrior. It all is said about him, Khazar. In the history of nomadic peoples who lived in the era of ancient Russia, they possessed the largest territories. Their kaganat said from the land of Northerners to the northern part of the Caucasus. Further expansion of Khazar prevented the strengthening of Kiev Rus.

Differences, Vntychi and others

Among the entire variety of tribal studied and recognized as official science is not so much. Unfortunately, most evidence remained to us unavailable. Some tribes did not try to capture the lands from Kievan Rus, but on the contrary - they sought to get rid of its influence. For his independence, for example, the discenters fought, which inhabited the shores of the Dnieper near the Black Sea coast. The "Tale of Bygone Years" still mentions such tribes as Vyatichi, Drevlyan and Volynian. The last two tribes enter the Treastan group and lived in the pool

Useful nomadic neighbors

The nomad is not always a dangerous neighbor, which, if any opportunity, strives to pull a piece of territory or plunder the city, is also a trading partner. Since nomadic tribes moved to huge territories, they are more faced with new products, customers and then carried it to residents of sedentary regions. But huge nomadic empires could significantly influence the course of the life of Kiev Rus and other states.

Ancient Russia and nomads are close trading connections, the exchange of cultural traditions. Also significantly influenced nomadic tribes on the beliefs of the old Slavs of the pre-Christian period. Their influence on sedentary areas was truly huge, but one fact remains indisputable, indicating that the only empire, which has surrendered under the onslaught of nomadic tribes, was Kievan Rus. She not only survived, but also absorbed a lot of tribes. But thanks to this acquisition, they themselves were able to maintain their originality for a long time.

Our ancient ancestors, Turks, Movable, i.e. Nomad, lifestyle, moving out of one place of residence to another. Therefore, they were called nomads. Ancient writing sources are preserved, historical works describing the lifestyle of nomads. In some compounds, they are called bold, brave, cohesive nomadic cattle workers, brave soldiers, and in others, on the contrary, are savages, barbarians, the invaders of other peoples.

Why did the Turks led a nomadic lifestyle? As mentioned above, the basis of their farm was cattle breeding. Mainly they bred horses, held a large and finely horned cattle, as well as camels. Animals all year round were at the foot of the stern. People were forced to move to a new place when old pastures were depleted. Thus, two or three times a year, the places of parking - nomads changed.

To lead such a lifestyle, large expanses were required. Therefore, Turks mastered all new and new lands. A nomadic lifestyle was a peculiar way of protecting nature. If the cattle had been in the same place all the time, the steppe meadows would soon be completely destroyed. For the same reason in the steppe, it was difficult to engage in agriculture, a thin fertile layer quickly collapsed. As a result, the soil swallows did not have time to be exhausted, but on the contrary, to the new return of the meadow again covered a thick grass.

Yurt Kochyevnikov

We all know well that people did not always live, as we are now, in large stone apartment buildings with all the amenities. Turks, leading a nomadic lifestyle, lived in yurts. There was little tree in the steppe, but in the excess of livestock, which gave wool. It is not surprising that the walls of the yurt were made of felt (compressed wool), dressed on a wooden lattice frame. Two or three people could very quickly, in just an hour, collect or disassemble yurt. The disassembled yurt was easily transported on horseback or camels.

The method of location and the inner structure of the yurts were strictly defined by traditions. Yurt was always installed on an even outdoor sunny place. She served Turks not only by the housing, but also a peculiar sunny clock. For this purpose of the ancient Turks oriented the door to the east. With this location, the doors served as an additional source of light. The fact is that in the yurts there were no windows and in the warm days of the door of the dwelling were open.

Internal decoration of the yurt of nomads

The inner space of the yurt was conditionally divided into two parts. Usually the left side of the party was considered a male. The owner's things were kept here, his weapons and tools, horse harness. The opposite side was considered female, dishes and other home apparers, female and children's things were stored there. This division was observed and during the feast. In some yurts, to separate the female part of the men's, used special curtains.

In the very center of Yurt, there was a hearth. In the center of the arch right above the hearth was the smoke (chymnik), which was the only "window" of the nomadic housing. The walls of the yurt were decorated with felt and woolen carpets, multicolored fabrics. In rich and wealthy families, silk fabrics hung. The floor was earthen, so it was covered with felt bedding and animal skins.

Part of the yurt opposite the entrance was considered the honorary. Family relics were exhibited there; Old people and especially honorable guests were invited to this part. The owners usually sat down, prying their legs, and guests were offered small stools or sit down directly on the floor, on the bedding skins or felt bedding. Low tables could also be in yurts.

Rules of behavior in yurt

Ancient Turks had their own customs and traditions related to the rules of behavior in Yurt, and each in the family tried to observe them. Their violation was considered a bad tone, a sign of non-competitance, and sometimes it could even insult the owners. For example, at the entrance it was impossible to step on the threshold, sit on it. The guest, deliberately coming to the threshold, was considered the enemy announced the owner of his evil intentions. Turks tried to raise in their children a respectful attitude towards the fire of a homemade spot. It was forbidden to pour water, and even more so spit into the fire, it was impossible to stall a knife into the hearth, touch the fire with a knife or sharp object, throw garbage, rags into it. It was believed that it insults the spirit of a homemade hearth. It was forbidden to transfer fire focus to another yurt. It was believed that then happiness could leave the house.

Transition to sedental life

Over time, when the ancient Turks besides cattle breeding began to engage in other types of economic activities, their livelihoods change. Many of them begin to lead a settling lifestyle. Now they have already been not enough for themselves. Other types of dwellings appear, more relevant to a settled lifestyle. Using the reed or tree, they begin to build dugouts delved to the ground for one meter.

The house led the steps from stone or tree. If the doorway was small, it was covered with a wooden door. Wide pastes walked animal skin or felt coat. In the hut was made by Nara and the polls, traditionally located along the front of the hut. The floors were earthen. They braided the woven from the Lyk Rogozh. On top of the roges put felt bedding. Shelves served to storing dishes and other home utensils. The dugouts were illuminated by fat and oil lamps made of clay. As a rule, there were no heating in the dugouts, traces of the hearth are very rarely found in them. Perhaps their inhabitants warmly warmed the heat of fry.

Such a dwelling required constant cleaning and ventilation to protect it from dampness, dust and soot. Our ancestors sought to keep clean not only their dwellings, but also the surrounding house territory. In Bulgar, archaeologists found small streets covered with wooden flooring.

The first wooden houses of nomads

Gradually, the houses begin to build from oak or pine login in the form of a church. As a rule, people of one profession settled next door, the masters lived near their workshops. So there were Slobods of Goncharov, Kozhevnikov, Kuznetsov, etc., the Bulgarians engaged in agriculture almost in every farm were cellar (grain pitfalls) and manual mills. Bread and other flour products they baked themselves. Archaeologists are found on the excavations of the Bulgarian villages traces of semicircular stoves, in which they prepared food, which heated the dwelling.

The tradition of dividing the dwellings into two parts, common from nomadic peoples, remained at this time. The main part of the house occupied the front of the house with the "Tour Yak" stove. The basis of the situation was Nara (wide agraid platform) located along the anterior wall. At night they slept on them, during the day, removing bedding, they were covered with a table. Perins, large pillows and steady blankets were a stack on one side of the Nar side wall. If there was a table, it was usually put on the side wall at the window or in the simpleness between the windows. At this time, the tables tend to use only for the storage of clean dishes.

Chests served to store festive clothing and decorations. They were put near the oven. These chests are usually planted guests. Behind the furnace there was a female half, where there were also layers. Day here was preparing food, and women and children slept at night. The entrance to this part of the house was forbidden. From men, only her husband and cooler could come here, as well as, in special cases, Mullah and doctors.

Dishes. The ancient Turks used mainly wooden or clay dishes, and in more prosperous families - and metallic. Clay and wooden dishes Most families did with their own hands. But gradually, with the development of the craft, there were masters engaged in the manufacture of dishes for sale. They met both in large cities and in the villages. The clay dishes were originally sculpted manually, but then began to use a potted circle. The masters used local raw materials - clean, well-screened clay. Clay made jugs, kumgans, piggy banks, dishes and even water pipes. The dishes burned in special furnaces was decorated with extruded ornaments, painted with bright colors.

Palaces of Khanov

When Turks led a half-blood lifestyle, Khan had two dwellings. Winter Palace of Stone and Summer Yurt. Of course, the Khan Palace was distinguished by its large sizes and inner decoration. There were many rooms and a throne room.

In the front corner of the throne room there was a luxurious royal throne covered by expensive overseas fabrics. The left side of the royal throne was considered honorable, so during the ceremony's wife Khan and the most expensive guests sat down on the left hand from Khan. The leaders of the tribes were located on the right hand from Khan. Guests, entering the throne room, as a sign of respect, had to shoot hats and kneel, welcoming the ruler.
During the feasts, the ruler himself was to try the first to try dishes, and then take turns to treat his guests. He poured himself on a piece of meat to each of the guests, on seniority.

Only after that it was possible to start a feast. Festive feasts at the Bulgarian nobility continued for a long time. Here they read poems, competed in eloquence, sang, danced and played on different musical instruments. Thus, the turks could adapt to a variety of living conditions. With a change in habitat, a lifestyle changed, and even the types of dwellings. The love of the work and loyalty to the customs and traditions of the ancestors remained unchanged.

"Move, do not be settled,stripping on spring, summer and winter pastures and lands by the sea, not knowing the shortage. Let you have no milk, sour cream, samran.
Ogz-Khan.

It is usually believed that everyone who leads the moving lifestyle is nomads. Such a point of view refers to the nomads of Australian aborigines, hunters and collectors, American horse hunters on bison. This is not entirely true. Only cattle breeders can be attributed to nomadam, the basis of the farm - production, and not assigning.

Nomadic cattle breeding - This is a special kind of producing economy, in which rolling cattle breeding is the prevailing occupation, and most of the population is involved in periodic swinging. In Kazakhstan, residents have been engaged in the territory of Kazakhstan. The constancy of the swinging routes is described by ancient Greek scientists. Geographed StraBon wrote: "They follow their herds, choosing always terrain with good pastures; In winter in the swamps near Meotida, and in the summer on the plains. "

After 2,000 years, Carpini's plan argues that "they all go down to the sea in winter, and in the summer they climb the mountains on the shores of these rivers." Thus, more than 2,000 years of these routes remain constant.

At 2 millennia BC. In the Eurasian steppes there are so-called "cultures of steppe bronze". Cattlers led the mobile lifestyle, followed the carts harvested by horses behind their herds.
Nomadic cattle breeding is also characteristic for more harsh places. Low-book reindeer herding in the north of Russia existed together with assigning farm (hunting, fisheries). Deer were used as a vehicle. Saama raged deer back in the VII century. Nenets, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Enzi, Kets, Yukagira, Koryaki, Chukchi, Nganasans engaged in reindeer herding along with hunting and fisheries.

The birth of nomadic cattle breeding in the steppe cannot be explained by one reason. There are many reasons and factors. Shepherd cattle breeding, in the presence of certain conditions, could be the initial form for semi-courtyard and nomadic economy. The impetus, which prompted the cattle breeders is finally thrown farming and move to the nomadicity, it was the onset of dry climate of 2 millennia to our era.
Already in the ancient period, the nomadic economic and cultural type of activity was widespread throughout the area of \u200b\u200bthe steppe, semi-desert and desert zones of Eurasia. . The lifestyle depends largely on the habitat and geographical conditions.

Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is a steppe and semi-desert zone with a weakly flooded surface. Short hot summer with sukhov and long-term, harsh winter with tamans make it difficult to conduct agriculture. Therefore, nomadic cattle breeding is becoming a dominant way of doing the economy.

Nomadic cattle breeding in the most pure form in Kazakhstan existed in the West. For the south, the semi-bed cattle breeding is characterized. Here, agriculture performed as a secondary and auxiliary classes.

Semi-bed cattle breeding is represented by many options. Semi-seed cattle breeding differs from half-inhabited by the fact that agriculture in the balance sheet becomes the predominant. In the Eurasian steppes, the Scythians, Gunns, the Gold-Horde Tatars had half groups. Semi-seated cattle breeding implies the presence of seasonal swinging of individual cattle breeding groups and families in this society.
The shepherd or distant pasture cattle breeding is characterized by the fact that most of the population lives asked and engaged in agriculture, and the livestock is on a free grazing.
Sewaged cattle breeding had options: a carbon alone, when part of the livestock is on pastures, part-in stalls, bed-settled with a free grazing, sometimes with minimal feeding.

What are the features of nomadic cattle breeding? Cattle breeding was the predominant type of economic activity.

Nomads were barbarians, according to the unanimous opinion of researchers of sedentary civilizations, both medieval European authors and representatives of settlement civilizations of Asia, from ancient rank, Sina (China) to Persia and the Iranian world.

A similar, but not identical importance is the word nomadic, nomadism, and it is because of this similarity of the values, in the Russian-language and possibly other lingvo-cultural unrestricted societies (Persian, Sino-Chinese, and many others who have historically suffering from military expansions of nomadic peoples) There is a sedentary phenomenon of a drastic historical dislike, which led to an obviously intentional terminological confusion "nomad-catoter", "Nomad Traveler", Irish-English-Scottish Travel-Traveler, etc.

The nomadic lifestyle is historically leading the Turkic and Mongolian ethnic groups, and other peoples of the Ural-Altai language family who were in the area of \u200b\u200bnomadic civilizations. Based on the genetic language proximity to the Ural-Altai family, the ancestors of modern Japanese, the ancient horse-archery warriors who won the Japanese Islands, followed from the Ural Altai nomadic environment, also the Koreans of historians and genetics are considered separable from the Protoaltaya peoples.

The contribution, and ancient, and medieval, and relatively recent, nomads to the North and South Sinsky (the ancient name), the Han or Chinese ethnogenesis is probably large enough.

The last dynasty of Qing was nomadic, manchurian origin.

China's national currency yuan is named after the nomadic dynasty of the Yuan, which was founded by Genghisid Kubilai Khan.

The means of existence of nomads could receive from a variety of sources - nomadic cattle breeding, trade, various crafts, fishing, hunting, various types of art (Roma), hired work or even military robbery, or "military conquests". The usual theft was unworthy of the nomadic warrior, including a child or a woman, since all members of the nomadic society were warriors of a kind or ala, and even more so a nomadic aristocrat. Like the others who were considered unworthy, like theft, the features of the settled civilization were unthinkable for any nomad. For example, in the nomads environment, prostitution would be absurd, that is, absolutely unacceptable. This is not so much a consequence of the rhodesmal military system of society and the state, how many moral principles of the nomadic society.

If you adhere to a settling look, "every family and the people one or another moves from place to place," lead a "nomadic" lifestyle, that is, can be classified in a modern Russian-speaking sense as nomadics (in the order of traditional terminological confusion), or nomada, if Avoid this confusion. [ ]

Nomadic peoples

Distant animal husbandry Based on seasonal distillations of livestock for relatively short distances. Cattle is usually distilled in alpine pastures in the summer and in the valley of Nillya in winter. Ravers have permanent dwellings, usually in the valleys.

Life of many nations traditionally attributed to kochye , for example, the Altai ancient Turks, in fact, can be characterized precisely as distant animal husbandry, since their channels were sealed and were carried out within a clearly defined area belonging to the family; Often they had permanent structures that served to prepare the hay for the winter for livestock and housing of the disabled elderly members of the group, while the youth on the summer had converged together with his cattle in the foothills (Jaileau). In particular, the rhythms of seasonal vertical nomadic are common in rural areas in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey.

In the scientific sense, nomadicism (nomadism, from Greek. νομάδες , nomádes. - Nomads) - a special type of economic activity and related sociocultural characteristics, in which the majority of the population is engaged in extensive nomadic cattle breeding. In some cases, nomads are called all who leads a moving lifestyle (stray hunters-collectors, a number of covered farmers and the naval peoples of Southeast Asia, migratory groups of the population, such as Roma, etc.).

Etymology words

The term "Koshevaya Ataman" and Ukrainian (T. N. Kozatskaya) and South Russian (T. Kozatskaya) Surname Koshevaya is called.

Definition

Not all the cattlemen are nomads (although, first of all, it was necessary to delimitate in Russian, the use of the term nomad and nomad, in other words, nomads are far from the same thing that ordinary nomads, and not all the nomadic peoples are nomads, and a cultural phenomenon is interesting , consisting in the fact that any attempt to eliminate the intentional terminological confusion is "Nomad" and "nomad", traditionally existing in modern Russian, stumps on the traditional ignoring). It is advisable to connect nomadicism with three main signs:

extensive cattle breeding (pastoralism) as a major type of economic activity;
periodic swinging of most of the population and livestock;
special material culture and the worldview of steppe societies.

Nomads lived in arid steppes and semi-deserts [dubious information] or high-mountainous areas where cattle breeding is the most optimal type of economic activity (in Mongolia, for example, land suitable for agriculture are 2% [dubious information], in Turkmenistan - 3%, in Kazakhstan - 13% [dubious information], etc.). The main food of Nomadov was various types of dairy products, animal meat, hunting mining, agricultural products and gathering. Drought, snow buran, frost, epizootia and other natural disasters could quickly deprive the nomad of all means of existence. To counteract natural attacks, the cattle desires developed an effective system of mutual assistance - each of the tribesmen supplied the victims of several cattle heads.

Life and culture of nomads

Since new pastures were constantly needed animals, the cattle was forced several times a year to move from one place to another. The most common type of dwelling at nomads had various options for collapsible, lung structures covered, usually wool or skin (yurt, tent or tent). Homemade utensils and dishes are most often made of unbreakable materials (wood, leather). Clothes and shoes sewed, as a rule, leather, wool and fur, but also from silk, and other expensive and rare tissues and materials. The phenomenon of "serving" (that is, the presence of a large number of horses or camels) gave nomads significant advantages in military affairs. Nomads did not exist isolated from the agricultural world, but did not particularly need agricultural products. For nomads, a special mentality is characterized, which involves the specific perception of space and time, customs of hospitality, unpretentiousness and endurance, the presence of the ancient and medieval nomads of the cults of war, the rider warrior, heroiced ancestors, which, in turn, is reflected, as in oral creativity ( Heroic Epos) and in the visual arts (animal style), a cult attitude to a cattle is the main source of nomad. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that the so-called "clean" nomads (worst constantly) a little (part of the nomads of Arabia and Sahara, Mongols and some other erazi steppes).

The origin of nomadicity

The question of the origin of nomadicity so far has no one-to-one interpretation. In a new time, the concept of the origin of cattle breeding in the societies of hunters was put forward. According to another, more popular view, the point of view, the nomadicism was formed as an alternative to agriculture in the unfavorable zones of the old world, where part of the population with producing economy was supplemented. The latter were forced to adapt to new conditions and specialize in cattle breeding. There are other points of view. No less discusional question of the addition of nomadicity. Part of the researchers of the slopes to believe that the nomadicism was in the Middle East on the periphery of the first civilizations in the IV-III thousand to n. e. Some even tend to note the traces of nomadism in Levante at the turn of the IX-VIII thousand to N. e. Others believe that it is too early to talk about this nomadic. Even the horse domestic (IV thousand BC) and the appearance of chariots (II thousand BC) do not yet talk about the transition from a complex agricultural economy to real nominity. According to this group of scientists, the transition to Nomadizm has occurred not earlier than the border II-I thousand BC. e. in the Eurasian steppes.

Classification of nomadicity

There are a large number of different nomadic classifications. The most common schemes are based on identifying the degree of settling and economic activity:

nomad
semi-soul, semi-seed (when farming already prevails) farm,
distant
Zhailau, Kystau (Turks.) "- Winter and summer pasture).

Some other constructions also take into account the type of nagination:

vertical (mountains, plains),
horizontal, which can be latitudinal, meridional, circular, etc.

In the geographical context, you can talk about six large areas where the nomadic is spread.

eurasian steppes, where the so-called "five types of livestock" (horse, cattle, sheep, goat, camel) are bred, but the most important animal is the horse (Turks, Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and others). Nomads of this zone created powerful steppe empires (Scythians, Hongna, Turks, Mongols, etc.);
Middle East, where nomads are breeding small horned cattle, and horses, camels and donkeys (bachti, rosters, kurds, pulse, etc.) use as vehicles.
Arabian desert and sugar, where camels prevail (Bedouins, Tuaregg, etc.);
East Africa, Savannah south of Sahara, where peoples live, spreading cattle (nouerea, dink, Masai, etc.);
alpine Plateau of Inner Asia (Tibet, Pamir) and South America (Andes), where the local population specializes in breeding such animals as Yak (Asia), Lama, Alpaca (South America) et al.;
northern, mostly subarctic zones, where the population is engaged in reindeer herding (Saama, Chukchi, Evenki, etc.).

Flooring of nomadicity

In Hunn, direct contacts between China and Rome were installed. Mongolian conquests played a particularly important role. As a result, a single chain of international trade, technological and cultural exchanges was formed. Apparently, as a result of these processes, a gunpowder, compass and a typography fell into Western Europe. In some works, this period is called "medieval globalization".

Modernization and decay

With the beginning of modernization, nomads were unable to compete with the industrial economy. The appearance of multipage firearms and artillery gradually put an end to their military power. Nomads began to be involved in modernization processes as a subordinate side. As a result, the nomadic economy began to change, a public organization was deformed, painful accounting processes began. In the XX century In socialist countries, attempts were made to conduct violent collectivization and sevencycling, which ended in failure. After the collapse of the socialist system, in many countries there was nomadization of the lifestyle of the cattle breeders, return to the semi-human methods of conducting the economy. In countries with a market economy, the processes of adaptation of nomads also occur very painfully, accompanied by the ruin of cattle breeders, pasture erosion, the growth of unemployment and poverty. Currently approximately 35-40 million people. continues to engage in nomadic cattle breeding (North, Central and Inner Asia, Middle East, Africa). In countries such as Niger, Somalia, Mauritania, etc. Nomadic cattle products constitute a majority of the population.

In everyday consciousness, the point of view prevails that nomads were only a source of aggression and robbery. In reality, there was a wide range of various forms of contact between the settled and steppe world, from military confrontation and conquest to peaceful trading contacts. Nomads played an important role in the history of mankind. They contributed to the development of little territories suitable for housing. Thanks to their intermediary, trade relations were established between civilizations, technological, cultural and other innovations were distributed. Many Society Nomadov contributed to the treasury of world culture, the ethnic history of the world. However, possessing a huge military potential, Nomada also had a significant destructive impact on the historical process, as a result of their destructive invasions, many cultural values, peoples and civilizations were destroyed. The roots of a number of modern cultures go into nomadic traditions, but the nomadic lifestyle gradually disappears - even in developing countries. Many of the nomadic peoples today are under threat of assimilation and the loss of originality, since in the rights to use the lands, they can barely withstand sedentary neighbors.

Nomadic and settling

However, a settling lifestyle, of course, has its advantages in front of the nomads, and the emergence of cities - fortresses and other cultural centers, and first of all - the creation of regular armies, often built on a nomadic model: Iranian and Roman kataphractories taken over in Parfian; Chinese shell cavalry, built on the sample of Gunnskaya and Turkutskaya; Russian noble cavalry, which has absorbed the traditions of the Tatar host, together with the emigrants from the Troubles of the Golden Horde; etc., over time, it made it possible to successfully confront the raids of nomads, who have never sought to completely destroy the settles, since they could not fully exist without the dependent settled population and exchange with him, voluntary or forced, farming products, cattle breeding and crafts, . Omelian Prince gives such an explanation to the permanent raids of nomads for sedentary territory:

"The reasons for this phenomenon should be seen not in the congenital tendency of nomads to robbery and blood. Rather, it's about a clearly thoughtful economic policy "

Meanwhile, in the era of internal weakening, even highly developed civilizations often squeezed or significantly weakened as a result of the massive raids of nomads. Although for the most part, the aggression of the nomadic tribes was aimed at the side of its neighbors of nomads, often raids on sedentary tribes ended with the statement of the domination of the nomadic nobility over the peoples of farmers. For example, the domination of nomads over the individual parts of China, and sometimes over all China, repeated many times in his history.

Another famous example of this is the wreck of the Western Roman Empire, which has fallen under the Natius "Varvarov" during the "great resettlement of peoples", mainly in the past sedentary tribes, and not the nomads themselves, from which they flew on the territory of their Roman allies, but the final result It was catastrophic for the Western Roman Empire, which remained under the control of the barbarians, despite all the attempts of the Eastern Roman Empire, return these territories in the 6th century, which for the most part there were also the result of the nomads of nomads (Arabs) to the eastern borders of the Empire.

Nomadicism not related to cattle breeding

In various countries, there are ethnic minorities, leading a nomadic lifestyle, but not engaged in cattle breeding, but by various crafts, trade, fortune investigation, professional performance of songs and dances. These are Gypsies, Yenishi, Irish travelers and others. Such "nomads" travel to bedboards, living usually in vehicles or random premises, often non-residential type. In relation to such citizens, the authorities often used measures aimed at violent assimilation into a "civilized" society. Currently, the authorities of different countries apply measures to observe the execution of parental responsibilities in relation to young children, who, as a result of the lifestyle of their parents, do not always receive beneficial benefits and health care.

In front of the federal bodies of Switzerland, the interests of Yenishe represents founded in 1975 (DE: Radgenossenschaft der Landstrasse), which, along with Yenisha, also represents other "nomadic" peoples - Roma and Sinti. The Company receives subventions (target subsidies) from the state. Since 1979, society is a member of the International Tsygan Union (eng.), Iru. Despite this, the official position of the Company consists in defending the interests of Yenishe as a separate people.

According to the international contracts of Switzerland and the sentence of the federal court, the cantonal authorities are obliged to provide pointed space for parking and moving groups, as well as to provide the opportunity to visit schools for school-age children.

Nomadic peoples include

Australian Aborigines [ ]
Tibetans [ ]
Tuvintsy, in particular, Tajunitsy
Reindeer herbali and tundrov zones Eurasia

Historical nomadic peoples:

Uzbeks [ ]

The main features of the extensive cattle farm have changed little over time. In the rigid environmental conditions of pasture ecosystems, specific methods of adaptation to the natural environment were developed, which were subjected to only some changes over the centuries. Special studies on comparison of the economy of ancient, medieval and later nomads show that the species composition of the herd and the percentage ratio of various types, the length and routes of swinging in many ways are determined by the structure and productivity of the landscape. This can be traced when comparing the medieval population and residents of the recent past North Karakalpakia, the ancient Sarmatians and Kalmykov stage of the new time, early and late nomads of Kazakhstan, the population of Tuva I thousand AD. and heh - the beginning of the XX century, nomads of southern primaria and Kalmykia in various epochs, the Mongols of the period of the empire and modernity [Tsalkin 1966; 1968; Weinstein 1972; Khazanov 1972; Tairov 1993: 15-16; Dienesman, Bodc 1992; Accounts 1998; Shishlin 2000; and etc.].

For this reason, it is possible to attract Isto-Rico-statistical and ethnographic data on the nomads of the new and partially newest time to reconstruct the economic, demographic, socio-political structures and processes from nomads living in a given territory in the era of antiquity and Middle Ages [Khazanov 1972; 1975a; Shilov 1975; Thieves 1980; Khazanov 1984/1994; Gavrilyuk 1989; Kosarev 1989; 1991; GRIBB 1991; Barfield 1992; Tairov 1993; Cake et al. 1994; Ivanov, Vasilyev 1995; Shishlin 1997; 2000; and etc.].

The most common information about the cattle breeding economy of the Hong Company is contained in the first rows of the 110th chapter "Shi Ji"

[Ledai 1958: 3]. Translation of this fragment caused significant differences among researchers. N.Ya. Bichurin translated it like this:

"From livestocks more contain horses, large and small horned cattle; Part of the camels, donkeys, horses and horses of the best breeds "[Bichurin 1950A: 39-40].

N.V. Cuisner offers this fragment to translate somewhat differently: "Most of their livestock - horses, cows and rams. As for their unusual livestock, then [it consists of] camels, donkeys, mules and excellent horses. "

Translated by B.C. Taskina This passage looks like this:

"They have more horses, large and small cattle, and from rare livestock - camels, donkeys, mules, kalrov, Toto and Tana "[Materials 1968: 34].

In the interpretation of de grotto tcamipoe.should be translated as mules, a momy.like horses. Term tanyade grotto does not translate.

B.C. Tasquin dedicated a special article on the role of the names of the last three animals [Tasquin 1968: 29-30]. In his opinion, the word ka / nip.most likely denoted by the "horse", that is, a horses of a horse with a donkey. Term toteapparently, indicated "Pony", the ancient Turkic word tanya- "Kulana".

Thus, from the considered fragment of the chronicle it follows that the Hongna led the traditional image of existence for nomads-cattle breeders. The composition of the herd was classic for nomads-catoteries Eurasian steppes and included all five major types of animal domed by nomads: horses, sheep, goats, camels and cattle (Buryats, for example, called this phenomenon taba Hushuu is smallthose. "Skot five species" [Batuev 1992: 15]). In addition, Hunn had other types of animals.

Of all the types of livestock, the horse had the most important economic and military significance for nomads. It is not by chance that exactly where the so-called "pros-nitness" was distributed (in Eurasia and North Africa; and for African nomadism, the role of the horse performed a camel), nomads played an important role in the military and political history of pre-primitive civilizations.

AD Masanov notes other positive quality of the horse: the reflex of the studies, the ability to tebenevka, mobility,

strength and endurance, the ability of thermoregulation, self-relief, the option of overnight stay. At the same time, he records a number of features complicating the expanded use of a horse in a cattle breeding: the need for a large number of pastures and frequent swing, slowed down cycle of reproduction (seasonality of breeding, pregnancy 48-50 weeks, late sexual age (5-6 years) and physical 6-7 years) ripening, low (only up to 30%) percentage of expenditures, selectivity in water and feed, etc..

Studies of paleofunistic remains show that the Hong Horses (Equus Cabalus) in their exterior properties are close to the horses of Mongolian type. The height in the withers of those and others was 136-144 cm [Harrut, Yuriev 1959: 81-82]. Mongolian horses were slightly growth, unpretentious, hardy and well adapted in local harsh natural and climatic conditions. The horse was used for riding, cargo transportation, and Buryat - additionally in work in the hay. An important role was performed by a horse in the pasting of livestock in winter. In the case of the formation of snow cover, the horses were first staged to the pasture, so that they smash their hooves with their hooves and got to herbs (Tebenevka). For this reason, for the normal grazing of sheep and cattle, the ratio of the horse in the herd should be at least 1: 6. In general, the horse played the most important place in the economic and cultural life of Nomadov, which was reflected in folklore and ritual life. It is not by chance that the wealth of Mongols, Buryat, like other nomadic peoples, was determined by their number of horses [MCC 13: 2-7, 105-113; Hooks on. 1895: 80-83; 1896: 89; Murzaev 1952: 46-48; Batuev 1986: 10-11; 1992: 17-20; Sitnyansky 1998: 129; et al.], and in the eyes of civilized residents of cities and sedentary villages, the mythologized image of a militant nomad associated with a fierce centaur: half a person is half a horse.

Some additional data can be obtained based on information about cattle breeding in Transbaikalia. It is known that the Buryat horse belonged to a Mongolian horse. In Transbaikalia, the horse was used to work from 4 years with a medium life expectancy about 25 years. The horse could carry the cargo weighing 200-400 kg, under the saddle to slip 50 versts without rest, and some - up to 120 versts per day [MKK 13: 2-7; Narz, f. 129, OP. 1, d. 2400: 19-22; Hooks on. 1896: 89].

It can be assumed that the Hong ELITA used in addition to the usual Mongolian type of the famous Central Asian horses of the Mongolian type of the famous Central Asian horses "with bloody later" (for example, Akhaltelli). In any case, on the drape of the 6th Kurgan from Noin-Uli, purebred horses are depicted, excellent in their exterior signs from small squat Mongolian horses [Rudenko 1962: Table. LXIII].

Cattle Hongna also treated Mongolian type. This is evidenced by measurements of osteological materials from the collections of the Ivolginsky settlement [Harrut, Yuriev 1959: 81]. His height in the withers was about cm, the weight is about 340-380 kg. Yud. Talco-Gryntsevich, defining osteological collections from the burial ground Ilm Pad, suggested that this is a mixture of a homemade bull (Bos Taurus) with PoEphagus GRUNNIENIS L.).

Comparing these data with information on modern animals of Mongolia and Buryatia, it is not difficult to notice their similarity. In general, the cattle of later nomads of Transbaikalia was well adapted to harsh local conditions. However, he gave much less milk than with animal stalls, and was distinguished by a smaller weight, as well as worse tolerated the swing for long distances than sheep and goats. It is characterized by a very low speed of movement, the uneconomic development of pastures, weakly pronounced reflexes tebenvki and herds. For cattle, a slow motion cycle (pregnancy is 9 months, fertility to 75 calves for 100 modules) [RGIA, F. 1265, op. 12, d. 104a: 100 vol.-101 about.; MKK 13: 7-9, 113-124; Kryukov N.A. 1895: 80-82; Murzaev 1952: 44-46; Balkov 1962; Mironov 1962; Bonitization 1995; Batueva 1986: 10; Masanov 1995A: 71; Tyshin, Lhasaranov 1997; and etc.].

On the Hong monuments also met the remains of sheep (OVIS Aries) [Talco-Gryntsevich 1899: 15; 1902: 22; Konovalov 1976: 43, 47, 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 77, 92, 209; Danilov 1990: 11-12]. Sheep did not require special care, rather quickly reproduced, easier than other breeds, transferred to the devil. Unlike other types of livestock, they are more unpretentious to pasture conditions. Of the more than 600 types of plants growing in the arid zones of the northern hemisphere, the sheep eaten up to 570, while the horses are about 80, and cattle is only 55 varieties of herbs [Tisin, Lhasaranov 1997: 14].

Sheep can graze on the foot of the feed all year round, drink dirty water with high mineralization, and in the winter

without water, snacking, it is easier to carry the swing, than a cattle, less weight losing weights and are capable of quickly grunt. Sheep were for nomads the source of basic dairy and meat food. Maranina was considered the best meat in his taste and nutritious qualities. From sheep leather, the main range of clothing was manufactured, and felt irreplaceable for nomadov was rolled out of the wool [RGIA, F. 1265, op. 12, d. 104a: 100; ICC 13: 11-12, 128-133; Hooks on. 1896: 97; Eggenberg 1927; Murzaev 1952: 44-46; Balkov 1962; Mironov 1962; Bonitization 1995; Linchoven 1972: 7-8; Tumunov 1988: 79-80; Tyshin, Lhasaranov 1997; and etc.].

< Овцы ягнились обычно в апреле или в мае (беременность 5 месяцев). Чтобы это не происходило ранее, скотоводы применяли методы контроля за случкой животных (использование специальных передников, мешочков, щитов из бересты и пр.). Плодовитость овец составляла примерно 105 ягнят на 100 маток. Чтобы приплод был обеспечен достаточным количеством молока и свежей травы, случка овец производилась в январе-феврале [Линховоин 1972: 8; Бонитировка 1995: 5; Тайшин, Лхасаранов 1997: 65-68].

After the winter hunger strike, the sheep was much faster than their weight and increased almost 40% of the mass [Tisin, Lhasaranov 1997: 38-39] during the summer. The average mass of Mongolian and Aboriginal Buryat Baranans was 55-65, and sheep 40-50 kg [Bonitization 1995: 5, 8; Tyshin, Lhasaranov 1997: 21-23, 42]. Clean yield from one head was 25-30 kg [hooks on. 1896: 97; 1896A: 120]. In addition to meat, the sheep were a source of wool. Sheep Streigly, as a rule, once a year, in the late spring - early summer. Buryats nickname with one sheep 2.5 pound of wool [hooks on. 1896A: 120; Linchoven 1972: 7, 44].

Hunna also bred goats (Saga Hircus). Their bones are found in Zabaikalia grave. In Ilm Paddy, for example, their about 40% is the most representative collection of all types of sacrificial animals [Konovalov 1976: 208]. However, most likely, by analogy with other nomads of Central Asia, it can be assumed that the goats of the Buryat (as well as other nomads of Central Asia and Siberia) was generally a bit (5-10% of the total population of herd). Their breeding was considered less prestigious than the content in the flock of sheep. At this expense, Buryat existed even a special proverb: "Yadapan Hong Yamaa Barich" ("Goats holds the poor") [Batueva 1992: 16].

Camelus Bactrianus (Camelus Bactrianus) meet on the Hong monuments in Transbaikali rarely. They were discovered, in particular, at the Ivolginsky settlement [Harrut, Yuriev 1959: 80-81; Davydova 1995: 47]. Finds of the bones of the camel are known in the Noain-Uh in Mongolia [Rudenko 1962: 197], as well as confirmed by the ancient Chinese written sources [Lydia 1958: 3; Bichurin 1950A: 39-40; Cuner 1961: 308; Materials 1968: 34]. Among the main advantages of the camel should be noted its ability to do for a long time (up to 10 days) without water and food, as well as the ability to drink water with a high degree of mineralization and eat vegetation species, unsuitable for feeding to other domestic domestic animals. No less important advantages of the camel were its powerful force, a high speed of movement (which led to its strategic importance for North African nomads), a large mass (up to 200 kg of pure meat and about 100 kg of bass), a long lactation period (up to 16 months), etc. In particular, in the last century, the Buryat camels contained mainly in rich farms. They were used to transport goods. Under the brother, the camel is able to carry up to 300 kg, and in the sleigh - up to 500 kg at a speed of 7-8 km / h. True, compared to the horse or the will camel more picking towards the road (he is unstable on the ice or in the mud). After three hours of the road, he needs to give time to relax. For camels are also characterized by the absence of reflex tebenivki, the need for large grazing areas, poor transfer of cold weather and damp, slowed down cycle of reproduction (sexual maturity of 3-4 years, low fertility of females - about once every 2-3 years, long period of pregnancy (more than a year), Low birth rate - 35-45 camel by 100 modules. In Transbaikal, meat and milk camels were not used in food [RGIA, F. 1265, OP. 12, d. 104a: 101 OB. -102; MKK 13: 10-11, 124 -127; Linchoven 1972: 7-8; Höfling 1986: 58-65; Batuta 1992: 22; Masanov 1995A: 70-71; and others].

Finally, it is necessary to mention another way of domestic animals - a dog - a permanent assistant and a human satellite since deep antiquity. Collections of dog bones (Canis Domesticus; by definition of V.E. Garrut and K. B. Yuryeva - Canis Familiaris) From the burial, Ilm Pad was identified by Yu.d. Talco Gryntsevich. He suggested that Dogs Hunna Zabaikalia were close to modern Mongolian dogs.

How did the various types of livestock correlate with each other correlate? Regarding Hunna, we have no such information, but we can use the ethnographic parallels with a later time. Horses were considered the most valuable view of the cattle, but the most numerous in the flock in the percentage were sheep [Narz, f. 2, op. 1, d. 1612: 45; f. 129, OP. 1, d. 42: 7 OB. -8; d. 129: 1-2; d. 217: 2-3; d. 342: 2; d. 2110: 7 about.; 3275: 13 vol.; d. 3291: 12 vol., 13; 2355: 140, 142 vol.; d. 3462: 23; d. 3945: 164-164 about., 184, 191 about.; F.131, op. 1, d. 98: 10 OB. -1; D. 488: 234; f. 267, OP. 1, d. 3: 76, 76 vol., 6: 96 vol., 118 vol.; f. 427, OP. 1, 50: 212; ICC 13: 12-15; May 1921; Singers 1951; Krader 1963: 309-317; Khazanov 1975; Shilov 1975: 9-14; Weight 1976: 38, 45; Khazanov 1984/1994; GRIBB 1991: 28-36; Batueva 1986: 8-9; 1992; 1999; Dienesman, Bald 1992: 175-196; Cake et al. 1994; Ivanov, Vasilyev 1995; Masanov 1995a; Shishlin 1997; 2000; and mn. Dr.]. Sheep, in general, occupied 50-60%. Approximately 15-20% of herds were horses and cattle. The rest accounted for goats and camels, which in the structure of herd was the least.