Orthodox cross in a circle. Konstantinov monogram cross. Cross in the form of the letter "T"
In the Old Testament Church, consisting mainly of the Jews, the crucifix, as it is known, was not applied, and executed, according to custom, in three ways: they broke the stones, they coited alive and hung on the tree. Therefore, "And they are written about the Handsticks:" Damn everyone hanging on the tree "(Dev. 21:23)", explains the saint Dimitri Rostov (wanted list, part 2, ch. 24). The fourth penalty is the truncation of the head with a sword - they added them in the era of kingdoms.
And the cross execution was then the pagan Greek-Roman tradition, and the Jewish people knew her only for several decades to the Nativity of Christ, when the Romans crucified their last legitimate king of Antigone. Therefore, in the Old Testament texts there is no and there can be no similarity of the cross as an instrument of execution: both from the name and on the part of the form; But, on the contrary, there are a lot of evidence: 1) about the acts of human, the image of the Cross of the Lord of the prophetic procurement, 2) about the subjects of the famous, strength and tree of the cross mysteriously preventing and 3) on visions and revelations, the most suffering of the Lord of the prevoretors.
For example, visualize your divine awareness, climbing and installing, like the sun, with the center of the cross as the focus of the balance. What about the vertical crossbar? It can be good to represent the past and the future with a central point representing the present. Celtic species set the West direction with reflective quality and direct quality to the East. We can quantify it, watching the setting sun as a farewell on the day. Similarly, the Dawn Sun will be a predicuned novelty, welcome to the next day.
The same Cross like a terrible gun shameful executionChosen by Satan Meaning of deadlyness caused an insurmountable fear and horror, but thanks to the Winner Christ, he became welcome trophy, causing joyful feelings. Therefore, the Holy Ippolit Roman - the husband of the apostolic - exclaimed: "And the church has its own trophy over death - this is the cross of Christ, which she is on Himself," and St. Paul - the apostle languages \u200b\u200b- wrote in his message: "I wish to boil (...) Only the cross of the Lord of our Jesus Christ" (Gal. 6:14). "Look how the desired and durable (shameful - Slavic.) In ancient times, the sign of the most severe executions," the saint John Zlatoust testified in ancient times. And the Apostolic Husband - Holy Justin Philosopher - argued: "The cross, as the prophet predicted, is the greatest symbol of the power and power of Christ" (apology, § 55).
The word about circles around the cross. This added element of the Celtic Cross brings the meaning of combining, integrity, integrity and inclusion. With all the powerful considerations discussed in this article, it makes a good spiritual meaning Include all this virtue. This inclusion can be symbolically represented by the environment of the cross.
This is just a few comments on the value of the Celtic Cross value. Symbolism is an expression of personal power at several levels. The Celtic Cross can be a source of great strength, but only when you make it personal. The Latin cross with two rays instead of one is known as the cross of Lorraine, the Patriarchal Cross, the Archeupical Cross. This sign is also a cross of the Greek Orthodox Church. It was used, for example, in Belarus in the Middle Ages, and still distributed there.
In general, the "symbol" is a Greek "compound", and means either a means that performs the compound or the detection of invisible reality through visible naturalness, or the expressibility of the concept of the image.
In the New Testament Church, which arose in Palestine, mostly from the former Jews, first the advent of symbolic images was difficult because of their adherence to their former legends, strictly forbidden images and thus the old-plane church from the influence of pagan idolobesia. However, as it is known, the fishing of God has already given her many lessons of the symbolic and iconographic language. For example: God, forboving the prophet, Ezekiva to talk, commanded him to draw the image of the siege of Jerusalem in the "sign of the Sons of Israel" on the brick (Iz. 4: 3). And it is clear that over time, with an increase in the number of Christians from other peoples, where the images were traditionally allowed, such a unilateral influence of the Jewish element, of course, weakened and gradually disappeared at all.
Already from the first centuries of Christianity, due to the persecution of followers of a crucified Redeemer, Christians were forced to hide, fulfilling their rites in secret. And the lack of Christian statehood is the external fence of the church and the duration of such an oppressed state affected the development of worship and symbolism.
To this day, the precautionary measures have been preserved in the church to escape the exercise and shrine from the malicious curiosity of the enemies of Christ. For example, iconostasis - the generation of the mysteriousness of communion to be processed; Or the Diaconian exclamation: "Elics announced to be treated" between the liturgies of announced and loyal, undoubtedly reminds us that "we make a sacrament, damaging the doors, and prohibit the uninitiated to be at one," writes a malicious (conversation 24, MF.).
Let us recall how the famous Roman Hydfield and Mime Hennesia on the orders of Emperor Diocletian in 268 exhibited the sacrament of baptism in the circus. What a wonderful action was put on him uttered words, we see from the live of the Blessed Martyr Hennesia: Raying, he took the baptism and together with the Christians prepared for the public execution "was the first truncated." This is far from single fact The rules of the shrines are an example of the fact that much of the Christian secrets has become famous to the famous pagans for a long time.
"This world - According to the word of John, - all lying in evil " (1 John 5:19), and there is the aggressive environment in which the church is fighting for the salvation of people and which forced Christians from the first centuries to use a conditional symbolic language: abbreviations, monograms, symbolic images and signs.
This new Language The church helps to devote a convert to the secret of the cross gradually, of course, taking into account his spiritual age. After all, the need (as the voluntary condition) of graduality in the disclosure of dogmas announced, preparing for baptism, is based on the words of the Savior himself (see MF. 7; 6I1 Cor. 3: 1). That is why the St. Cyril Jerusalemsky divided his sermons into two parts: the first-inspiration of 18 publishing, where there is a word about the sacraments, and the second - out of 5 confidence, explaining all church sacraments. In the preface, he convincessed not to transmit the heard persistent: "When experiences you have experienced the height of those taught, then you learn that the announcements are unworthy to hear it." And St. John Zlatoust wrote: "I would wish to openly talk about it, but I fear the uninitiated. For they make it difficult for our conversation, forcing us to speak unclear and sticks. " (Conversation 40, 1 Cor.). The same is also said in the blissful feudorette, Bishop Kirirsky: "O divine Myshai, because of the uninitiated, talking incent on; Upon removal of those who have been involved in the rest of those learned clearly "(15 questions. Numbers.).
Thus, the visual symbols enclosing the verbal formulas of dogmas and sacraments not only improved the method of expression, but also, being a new sacred language, was even more reliable to defend the church teachings from aggressive profanity. We until now, as the Apostle Paul taught, "We preach the wisdom of God, the secret, intimate" (1 Cor. 2: 7).
This is the eight-pointed cross, representing eight parts or the dynamics of life through which every person seeks to survive. These parts are: the desire for existence as a person, as a person; The desire to survive through creativity, including the family division and raising children; the desire to survive through a group of persons or group; The desire for survival through all humanity and as all of humanity; the desire to survive both forms of life and with the help of life forms, such as animals, birds, insects, fish and vegetation; The desire to survive from the physical universe, the most physical universe and with the help of the physical universe and each of her component parts; The desire to survive as spiritual creatures or the desire for life itself to survive; The desire for existence as infinity.
Cross T-shaped "Antonievsky"
In the southern and eastern parts of the Roman Empire for the execution of criminals, an instrument was used, called the Moses "Egypt" cross and resembling the letter "T" in European languages. "Greek letter T, - wrote Count A. S. Uvarov, - one of the forms of the cross used for crucifixes" (Christian symbolism, M., 1908, p. 76)
"The number 300, expressed in Greek through the letter T, also served since the time of the Apostolic to designate the cross, - reports the famous liturgist Archimandrite Gabriel. - This Greek letter T is found in the inscription of the tomb of the III century, open in the catacombs of St. Callista. (...) Such an image of the letter t is found on one carnelian engraved in the second century "(Lighting Guide, Tver, 1886, p. 344)
Saint Dimitri Rostovsky and the Saint Dimitri Rostovsky and Saint: "The Greek Image," Tav "called the angel of the Lord made "Sign on cheakhi" (Jes. 9: 4) The God's God in Jerusalem, to limit the impending death, saw the prophet in the revelation of St. Ezekiel. (...)
In order to live happily in relation to each of these areas of existence, syntsized by the Cross of Scientology. The cross of Scientology symbolizes the ability to live happily in all eight speakers and the triumph of the Spirit. Interestingly, the cross as a symbol precedes Christianity.
In former times, Mexicans worshiped the cross as a total. This practice of handling a piece of wood with the name "Father" is also mentioned in the Bible. When Israelis mixed idolatry with his religion, they said in the reserve: "You are my father," but this contradicts the sacred scriptures to call a piece of wood by the name "Father".
If we decide to this image at the top of the Title of Christ in this way, immediately the Quarter cross of Christ see. Consequently, I saw Ezekiel in conversion of the fourth round cross "(Search Engine, M., 1855, KN. 2, Ch. 24, p. 458).
The same approves the TERTULLYAN: "The Greek letter of Tav and our Latin tons make a real shape of the cross, which, according to the prophecy, will have to be depicted on our cheakhi in True Jerusalem."
"If the letter t is in the Christian monograms, then this letter is thus located in order to apply it to all others, since T was considered not only a symbol, but even the very image of the cross. An example of such a monogram is in the sarcophage III century "(gr. Uvarov, p. 81). According to the church legend, the Holy Anthony of the Great wore the cross-Tau on his clothes. Or, for example, Saint Zenon, the Bishop of the city of Verona, put on the roof of the Basilica of the Cross in the form of T.
In the past century in Italy, before people knew anything about civilization of civilization, they believed in the cross as religious symbol. He was considered a defender and placed in the tomb. West Virgin Worship of the Sun Rome wore a cross, detached from their necklaces, as the nuns of Roman catholic church. 
The Catholic Encyclopedia recognizes that the sign of the cross, presented in its simplest form by the intersection of two lines at right angles, is very exaggerating both in the east and in the west, the introduction of Christianity.
Cross "Egyptian hieroglyph anch"
Jesus Christ - the winner of death - the mouth of Raspororok Solomon announced: "Who found me, he found life" (Prov. 8:35), and on the embodiment I eased: "I'm seven risks and life" (John 11:25). Already from the first centuries of Christianity for the symbolic image of the cross of the lively, it was used, resembling it in shape, Egyptian hieroglyph "Anch", denoting the concept of "life."
It goes back to a very distant period of human civilization. "But because Jesus died on the cross, he asked, - Did that mean that it christian symbol? " It is true that in most minds the cross now began to be associated with Christ. But those who know their history and superstitious ways to use it, especially in past centuries, can see the other side of the coin. Although it sounds rude, someone asked: "Suppose that Jesus was killed by a shotgun, would it be a reason for having a gun hanging from the neck or on the roof of the church?" It comes down to the following: it is not important that, but who is who it was, that he died, not a tool of death.
Cross "letter"
And other letters (from different languages) The following are also used by the first Christians as the symbols of the cross. Such an image of the cross did not scare the pagans, being familiar for them. "And indeed, as can be seen from the inscriptions of Sinai, - reports Count A. S. Uvarov, - the letter was taken for the symbol and for the present image of the cross" (Christian symbolism, part 1, p. 81). In the first centuries, Christianity was important, of course, not the art side of the symbolic image, but the convenience of its use to the insertion concept.
Ambrose made the right answer, saying: "Let's adore Christ, our king, who hung on a tree, and not on the tree." Tradition is attributed to the invention of punishment of the Cross woman, the Queen of Semiramid! Christ died on one cross - whatever it was - and yet in the Catholic religion, many types of crosses are used. Here are several different types. Page in the "Catholic Encyclopedia" shows forty crosses! If the Catholic use of the cross began just from the Cross of Christ - and the worship service of the sun was not affected - why so much different types Crosses?
Cross "Anchor"
Initially, this symbol was caught by archaeologists at the Solun inscription III century, in Rome - in the 230th, and in Gaul - in 474. And from the "Christian symbolism" we learn that "there were plates in the caves of the pretextat, with one image" Anchor "(gr. Uvarov, p. 114).
In his message, the Apostle Paul says that Christians have the opportunity "Take on the preconceal hope (i.e. cross), which for the soul is like anchor safe and strong " (Heb. 6: 18-19). This, according to the word apostle, "anchor", Symbolically covered cross from the cringe of incorrect, and correctly opening his genuine meaning, as a deliverance from the consequences of sin, and there is our strong hope.
He speaks famous writer: Of the several varieties of the cross, still in fashion, as national and church emblems, distinguished by the familiar names of Andrei, Maltese, Greek, Latin, etc. There is no one among their existence of which cannot be attributed to the most remote antiquity!
The cross, known as the Tau Cross, was widely used in Egypt. In later times, Egyptian Christians attracted by his form and, possibly, with their symbolism, accepted it as a cross. The Greek Cross was also found on Egyptian monuments. This shape of the cross was used in Frigia, where she decorated the tomb of Midas. Among the ruins of Nineveh, the king is depicted in the Maltese cross on his chest. The shape of the cross, which today is known as the Latin Cross, was used by Etrusca, as can be seen on the ancient grave of worship of the sun with the wounded angels on both sides of her.
The church ship, figuratively speaking, in the waves of turbulent time life delivers everyone to the quiet marina of the eternal life. Therefore, "anchor", being cruciform, became a symbol of hope for the steady fruit of the Cross of Christ, the kingdom of Heaven, although the Greeks and Romans, also using this sign, assimilated him the meaning of the strength of the earth only.
Among Kumov B. South America What was called Cross Andrei First Called, was considered a defender from evil spirits. The cross, which we show here today is called a cross of Calvary, but this drawing is ancient inscription In Fessiona, which is dated to a period of Christian era! Jesus died on one cross - what was his form? Some believe that it was just a painful package without any cross. English word The "Cross" automatically transmits the meaning that the two parts of the tree crosses each other at some point or at an angle.
But greek wordFrom which the "cross" is translated in the New Testament, Stauro, does not require this value. The word itself simply means a vertical rate or post. If the tool on which Jesus died, was no more, it was not "cross" at all! This would clearly show the stupidity of many types of crosses, which are "Christianized". On the other hand, Tomas's approval about the press of nails in the hands of Jesus could indicate that the cross was included on the fire, because on one share of his hands, they would probably be punched by one nail.
Cross Monogram "Preconstantinovsky"
The famous specialist in liturgical theology - Archimandrite Gabriel writes that "in a monogram, drawn on the tombstone (III century) and having the shape of the St. Andrew's Cross, vertically crossed lard (Fig. 8), there is a preparing image of a cross" (RUN. P. 343) .
This monogram was composed of Greek initial letters The name of Jesus Christ, by crossing them alignment: namely the letters "1" (iot) and the letters "x" (hee).
This, in combination with the fact that there was space above his head, will be inclined to what was called the Latin Cross. Crosses having a form T or x can be eliminated, as they probably will not allow space above the head of the inscription above their heads.
As for the exact form of the Cross of Christ, we do not need to worry too much. All such arguments disappear in the insignificance compared to the real meaning of the cross - not a piece of wood, but by the eternal redemption, perfect by the death of Christ on the cross. In this world really does not matter what your personal religious beliefs, but what happens in modern worldIt has everything connected with the worship of the sun.
This monogram is often found in the postal station; For example, we can see its image in a mosaic design on the arches of the Archbishop Capella of the end of the V century in Ravenna.
Cross Monogram "Pastor Staff"
Propering the Shepherd Christ, the Lord told the Moses Stroach miraculous force (Ex. 4: 2-5) as a sign of pastoral power over the verbal sheep of the Old Testament Church, then Aaron's Staff (Ex. 2: 8-10). The Divine Father, the mouth of the Prophet Mihea, speaks the only beggar son: "Pasi People Your Wand Your Heritage Heritage" (Mih. 7:14). "I am a good shepherd: a good shepherd believes his life for sheep" (John 10:11) - answers the Heavenly Father Beloved Son.
Count A. S. Uvarov, describing the findings of the catabolic period, reported that: "The clay lamp, found in the Roman caves, shows us very clear how the bellped staff was painted instead of the whole shepherd symbol. At the bottom of this lamp, the staff is depicted by crossing the letter X, the first letter of the name of Christ, that in the aggregate forms the monogram of the Savior "(Christ. Six. P. 184).
Initially, the form of the Egyptian rod was similar to the shepherd staff, the upper part of which is bent down. All the bishops of the Byzantium were awarded the "Stand Stash" only from the hands of the emperors, and in the XVII century, all Russian patriarchs received their primitive rod from the hands of the royal self-containers.
Production of crosses, their purchase or their presentation on clothes or walls and the like are one of the forbidden things that Muslim can not commit. He is not allowed to create them or help them. Rather, he must be afraid of Allah, an elevated he, and beware of the symbols of disbelief, which Christians made from their religion.
Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Timiya, yes, he raves his Allah, said: the cross cannot be made against payment or even without payment, and can not be sold. "Of course, Allah banned the sale of alcohol, dead, pigs and statues of idols." He can pardon Allah, asked in the "Lika" in Al-Bad al-Mafthah we are in the building in one of our countries that consists of ten floors, and in which all windows have the shape of the crosses, and they look just like those Which design the inhabitants of the West for their homes.
Cross "Burgundy", or "Andreevsky"
Holy Martyr Martyr Justin Philosopher, explaining the question of where the cruciform symbols began to be known from the Nativity before Christmas, claimed: "The fact that the Plato speaks in Timea (...) about the Son of God (...) that God placed him in the universe like the letter X, he also borrowed from Moses!. For in Moses Scriptures, it was told that (...) Moses on inspiration and the action of God took copper and made the image of the cross (...) and told the people: if you look at this image and tell you, you will be saved through it (Numbers. 21: 8) ( John 3:14). (...) Plato read it and, not knowing accurately and without realizing that it was an image (vertical) cross, but seeing only a figure of the letter X, said that the power closest to the first God was in the Universe like the letter X "(apology 1, § 60).
The letter "X" of the Greek alphabet has already served as the basis for monogram symbols, and not only because she hid the name of Christ; After all, as you know, "the ancient writers find the shape of the cross in the letter X, which is called Andreevsky, because by legend, on such a cross, the apostle Andrey finished his life," wrote Archimandrite Gabriel (ru. p. 345).
Around 1700, the Askannik of God Peter the Great, wanting to express a religious difference orthodox Russia From the recent West, placed the image of the Andreevsky Cross on state coat of arms, on your hand-made seal, on the naval flag of I.T.D. His own explanation says that: "The Cross of St. Andrew (adopted) for the sake of the sacred baptism of Russia from this Apostle."
He replied: Oh, my brother, Allah, it requires a visiting skyscraper. Not everything that has a cross shape, is also a cross, because otherwise we would say that the addition sign is prohibited or that the construction that people in the West are used to irrigate their fields is prohibited because it is known that he has two crossed wooden boards, the cross has its own special formAnd he also has its own connections or tips, indicating that this is a cross. Accordingly, visiting buildings is required.
The main dimensions of beautiful horizontal religiosity. It represents and commented on some simple frequencies in relation to beliefs, involvement and religious forces, as well as some transitions of religious affiliation with structural variables. Module of religion studies of the metropolitan region Belo Horizonte.
Cross "Monogram Constantine"
The Holy Equal-Apostles King Konstantin "In a dream, Christ was the Son of God with the sign on the sky and commanded, making a banner like this seen in the sky, to use him to protect against the attacks of enemies," tells the church historian of Esvest Pamphil in his "Book of the first of the life of the Blessed King Constantine "(ch. 29). "This banner happened to see us with their own eyes," continues Eusevius (Ch. 30). - It was the following type: on a long, covered with a golden spear was a transverse record, which formed a sign of the cross (...) with a spear, and on it a symbol of the saving name: two letters showed the name of Christ (...), from the middle of which the letter "R" came out. These letters king later had the custom to wear on the helmet "(ch. 31).
"The combination (combined) letters, known as the monogram of Constantine, composed of the two first letters of the word Christ -" Hee "and" RO, "Liturgist writes Archimandrite Gabriel, - this Konstantinovsky monogram is found on the coins of Emperor Konstantin" (p. 344) .
Each group was responsible for the thematic module of the questionnaire, being religion the main goal Our reasoning. In addition, we use basic, racial and stratification modules for some transitions. The design of the religion module was designed in such a way that small quantity questions he brought not only data on the religious affiliation of the people, but also on their institutional relations with "professional" churches and magicians, as well as in the universe of magic and religious beliefs and even magic abilitiesThey allow.
As you know, this monogram has become quite widespread: Okanena was first for the first time on the famous bronze coin of Emperor Trayan Decia (249 -251) in the Lidiorsky city of Meonia; was depicted on a vessel 397; It was carved on the gravestone plates of the first five centuries or, for example, fighterly depicted on the plaster in the caves of St. Sict (gr. Uvarov, p. 85).
The first question, by conviction, straight asked the interlocutor, whether he believed in a series of things defined in accordance with reference in the sociology of religion in Brazil. The second asked if he participated in a number of religious events. The third, if he believed that he had a set of gifts that he were also presented, and only then we asked what religion he belonged, and in this case we presented the options.
This procedure for issues, as well as issues referred to in each of them, was borrowed from the assumption that was widely marked in high-quality research, a strong syncretic mark in Brazilian religiosity. Thus, we wanted to give an interviewed opportunity to specify their ideas and magic and religious actions, and not to give them a definition, reminding them of the possibilities that may remain hidden from a direct and generally accepted approach. As will be seen, this strategy has prepared a data set, which, if, on the one hand, correspond to theoretical assumptions of the study, on the other hand, show rather unusual and pushing measurements, in terms of their cultural meaning, religious life From Belo Horizonte.
Cross Monogram "Postconstantinovsky"
"Sometimes the letter T, - writes Archimandrite Gabriel, - meets in conjunction with the letter R, which can be seen in the tomb of St. Callist in Epitaph" (p. 344). This monogram is also available on Greek plates found in Megara, and on the tombstones of the cemetery of St. Matthew in the city of dash.
In words "CE, King Your" (John 19:14) Pilate first of all pointed to the noble origin of Jesus from the Tsarist David dynasty, unlike the rooted self-strokes, and the thought of this writing outlined "Over his head" (Matt. 27:37), which, of course, caused discontent with the powerful high priests who killed the power of God from the kings. And that is why the apostles, preaching the resurrection of a crucified Christ and openly "honored, - as can be seen from the actions of the apostolic, - the king of Jesus" (Acts 17; 7), suffered from the clergy through the deceived people strong persecution.
The Greek letter "P" (RO) is the first in the word in Latin "PAX", in Roman's "Rex", in Russian, the king, - symbolizing the king of Jesus, is above the letter "T" (Tav), meaning his cross; And together they resemble words from the evangelism of the apostolic, that our whole strength and wisdom in the crucified king (1 Cor. 1:23 - 24).
Thus, "and this monogram, according to the interpretation of St. Justina, served as the sign of the Cross of Christ (...), received such an extensive meaning in symbolism only after the first monogram. (...) In Rome (...), it became commonly used before 355 years, and in Gaul - not before the V century "(gr. Uvarov, p. 77).
Cross monogram "Sun-shaped"
Already on the IV century coins there is a monogram "I" of ISUS "XP" ISTU "Sun-Share", "For the Lord God, - As the Holy Scriptures teaches, - there is sun " (Ps. 84:12).
The most famous, "Konstantinovskaya", "the monogram was subjected to some changes: even the trait or letter" I "was added, crossing the monogram across" (Archim. Gabriel, p. 344).
This "sun-shaped" cross symbolizes the execution of the prophecy about the all-famous and all-standing power of the Cross of Christ: "And for you, who weighs before the name, will go up the sun of the truth and healing of his rays, - graduated from the Holy Spirit of Malachius, - and you will pour the wicked; For they will be ash under the footsteps of your legs " (4:2-3).
Cross Monogram "Trident"
When the Savior took place near the sea of \u200b\u200bGalilean, he saw fishermen throwing networks into the water, the future of his students. "And he says to them: go for me, and I will make you the cathers of the people" (Matt. 4:19). And later, sitting by the sea, he affected the people with their parables: "Like the kingdom of the Heavenly Nevance, thrown into the sea and the capturing fish of all kinds" (Matt. 13:47). "Recognizing in projectiles for fisheries symbolic meaning The kingdoms of heaven, "the" Christian symbolism "says," we can assume that all formulas relating to the same concept, they expressed themselves to these common symbols. To the same projectiles it is necessary to include the trident, who were caught by fish, as they now catch by Bagrami "(gr. Uvarov, 147).
Thus, the troggy monogram of Christ has long been involved in the sacrament of baptism, as a court in the Network of God's kingdom. For example, on ancient monument The sculptor Evtropy was carved inscription, talking about the adoption of baptism and ending with a monogram-trident (gr. Uvarov, p. 99).
Cross Monogram "Konstantinovsky"
From the church archeology and history, it is known that on ancient monuments of writing and architecture, and the option of combining the letters "hee" and "RO" in the monogram of the Holy Tsar Konstantin, the God-loved successor of Christ-Lord on the throne of David.
Only from the IV century, the cross-depicted cross began to be released from the monogram shell, lose its symbolic color, approaching a real form, which resembles the letter "I", the letter "X".
These changes in the image of the cross occurred due to the emergence of Christian statehood based on its open reverence and glorification.
Cross Round "T-shirt"
According to the ancient way, as evidenced by Horace and Martzial, the Christians scared the baked bread crucifably to make it easier to break it. But long before Jesus Christ, this was in the east with a symbolic transformation: the cut-off cross separating the whole on the part connects them to the used, heals the separation.
Such round breads are depicted, for example, on the syntrophion inscriptions separated into four parts of the cross, and on the tombstone from the Holy Lukin cave separated by six parts of the monogram III century.
In direct connection with the sacrament of communion on the pit, the peelones and other things were depicted by bread as a symbol of the Body of Christ, refractable for our sins.
The Circle itself before the Nativity of Christ was depicted as the absence of another idea of \u200b\u200bimmortality and eternity. Now I think we understand that the Son of God is an endless circle, - according to the word of the Holy Clement Alexandria, - in which all the forces agree. "
Catacomb cross, or "Victory Sign"
"In the catacombs and in general, on the ancient monuments, the Crosses quarterly are more often found than any other form," Archimandrite Gabriel said. This image of the cross especially became important for Christians since God himself showed the sign of the fourth round cross "(ru. P. 345).
About how it all happened, thoroughly narrates the famous historian Eusevei Pamfal in his "Book of the first about the life of the Blessed Tsar Constantine".
"Once, at the midday clock of the day, when the sun began to lean to the West," said the king, "I saw my own eyes made out of the light and lying in the sun sign of the cross with the inscription" SIM WAR! " This spectacle was horrified as his own and all the army, which followed him and continued to contemplate the miracle (ch. 28).
It was on the 28th day of October 312, when Konstantin with a troops came against Maksenia, concluded in Rome. This wonderful phenomenon of the Cross among the White Day is witnessed and many modern writers According to eyewitnesses.
Especially important is the testimony of the student of Artemia before Julian Apostame, which, at interrogation, said Artemy:
"Christ called Constantine when he led the war against Maksenia, showing him at noon the sign of the cross, radiantly shining over the sun and star-like Roman letters who predicted his victory in the war. Formerly there, we saw his sign and read the letters, saw him and all the army: a lot of witnesses to this and in your troops, if you want to ask them "(ch. 29).
"The power of God's Saint Emperor Konstantin won a brilliant victory over Tiran Maxentius, who was doing the wicked and villainous deeds in Rome" (Ch. 39).
Thus, the cross, formerly before the pagans, a gentleman's gentleman, became the Emperor Konstantin a great sign of the victory - the celebration of Christianity over the paganism and the subject of the deepest reverence.
For example, according to the novels of the Holy Emperor of Justinian, such crosses were supposed to be put on contracts and mean a signature, "worthy of all confidence" (KN. 73, Ch. 8). An acts (solutions) of cathedrals also fastened the image of the cross. In one of the imperial resolutions it is said: "We command any of the Cathedral Act, which is approved by the sign of the Holy Cross of Christ, so to store and so it be as it is."
In general, this shape of the cross is most often used in ornaments.
For decorating temples, icons, priestly purposes and other church utensils.
Cross in Russia "Patriarch", or in the West "Lorensky"
The fact that the so-called "Patriarchal Cross" from the middle of the past millennium has already been confirmed by numerous data from the field of church archeology. It was this shape of a six-pointed cross was depicted on the press of the governor of the Byzantine emperor in the city of Corsun.
The same type of the Cross was widespread and in the west called "Lorensky".
For an example from the Russian tradition, we point out at least the Big Copper Cross of St. Auriam Rostov XVIII century, which is stored in the Old Russian Art Museum of the Old Russian Art, cast on the iconographic samples of the XI century.
Four-stented cross, or Latin "Immissa"
In the textbook "Temple of God and church Services"It is reported that" a strong motive for reading the direct image of the cross, and not a monogram, it was the acquisition of honest and Life-giving cross Mother of the Holy Tsar Constantine, equivalent to Elena. As the direct image of the cross is distributed, it acquires gradually the crucifix form "(SP., 1912, p. 46).
In the West, the most commonly used is the Cross "Immissa", which splitters - the admirers of imaginary antiquity - are negligiously called (for some reason in Polish) "Latin's roof" or "Rymski", which means Roman cross. For these loyers of the quarter-headed Cross and Eastic admirers, seemingly, it is necessary to recall that, according to the Gospel, the Experience of the Cross was spread through the Empire precisely by the Romans and, of course, Roman was considered.
"And not in terms of the number of woods, the cross of Christ is worshiped by us, but according to Christ himself, whose blood has known for the blood, - Dimitric Rostovsky's crucible. - And, showing a wonderful strength, any cross does not act by himself, but by the power of the crucifier of Christ and the calling of the Most Holy name "(wanted list, book 2, ch. 24).
Adopted by the Universal Church in Eating "Canon Honest cross"- Creation of St. Gregory Sinaita - Heats the Divine Power of the Cross, containing all the heavenly, earthly and underwriter:" Cross all-way, fourth-end strength, the apostle of the wellpie "(song 1)," CE Fourth-stone cross, having a height, depth and latitude "(song . four).
Starting from the III century, when, for the first time, such crosses appeared in Roman catacombs, the entire Orthodox East and today uses this shape of the cross as even to all others.
Cross "Papal"
This shape of the cross is most often used in the bishops and papal worship services of the Roman Church in the XIII-XV centuries and therefore got the name of the "Papal Cross".
On the question of the foot shown at the right angle to the cross, we will answer the words of St. Dimitri Rostovsky, who said: "I love the foot of the godfather, thereby obliquely, it is not oblique, and the custom of the cereals and stencils, like the churches that the churches, do not challenge, ... kN. 2, ch. 24).
Cross Stone "Russian Orthodox"
The question of the reason for the drawing of the lower crossbar of inclined is quite convincingly explained by the liturgical text of the 9th hour of service of the Cross of the Lord: "Through the two robber, the righteous robberry cross the cross is yours: Owl Removant to Hell of Hugs, the other one is mesmer than the limits for the knowledge of theology". In other words, both in Calvary for two robbers, and in life for each person, the cross serves as Meril, as if the weights of its inner state.
One robber, noted to hell "Huggy"he uttered by Christ, he became as if crosswise scales leaning down under this terrible weight; another robber released by repentance and the words of the Savior: "You can go with me in paradise" (Luke 23:43), the cross assumes the kingdom of heaven.
This shape of the cross in Russia was used since ancient times: for example, the Poklonnaya Cross, arranged in 1161 by the reverertic effrosion of Prince Polotsk, was six-pointed.
The six-pointed Orthodox cross, along with others, was used in Russian heraldry: for example, on the coat of arms of Kherson province, as explained in the "Russian Hercob" (p. 193), a "silver Russian cross" is depicted.
The eighthist - most corresponds to the historically reliable form of the cross, on which Christ is already crucified, as they testify to the Terertullian, the Holy Irina Lyon, St. Justin philosopher and others. "And when the Christ, the Lord on his shoulders wearing a cross, then the cross was still four-spin; Because there was no Title on it, nor foot. (...) There was no foot, because Christ was not raised on the cross and warriors, not knowing, to what place the legs of Christ were getting, did not attach the foot, finished it already on Calvary, "Oklitsa Rasovsky Saint Dimitri Rostov (wanted list, KN . 2, ch. 24). There was also no Title on the cross before the crucifixion of Christ, because, as the Gospel reports, first "Crucified it" (John 19:18), and then only "Pilate wrote an inscription and put (by their order) on the cross " (John 19:19). It is first to share the lot "His clothes" warriors "Cave it" (Matt. 27:35), and only then "They put on his head his inscription, meaning the guilt of him: This is Jesus, the king of the Jewish" (MF. 27: 3.7).
So, the Quartwear Cross of Christ, who was romant to Calvary, who, who fell into the lack of a split, call the seal of the Antichrist, is referred to as the Holy Gospel, still "His Cross" (Matt. 27:32, MK. 15:21, Lux 23:26 , John 19:17), that is, as well as with a sign and fit after the crucifixion (John 19:25). In Russia, the cross of this form was used more often than others.
This shape of the cross is quite often found on the icons of the Northern Letter, for example, the Pskov School of the XV century: the image of Saint Parasis Friday with Life - from the Historical Museum, or the image of St. Dimitri Solunsky - from Russian; Or Moscow School: "Crucifixion" of Dionysius work - from the Tretyakov, dated 1500 year.
We see the saddombo cross and on the domes of Russian temples: Let's give, for example, the Wooden Ilinsk Church of 1786 in the village of Vazenza (Holy Rus, St. Petersburg, 1993, Ill. 129), or we can see it over the entrance to the Cathedral of the Resurrection Novoerusalem Monastery, built by Patriarch Nikon .
At one time, the theologians were warmly discussed by the question of what mystical and dogmatical meaning has a fit as part of the redemption cross?
The fact is that the Old Testament Priesthood received, so to speak, the ability to bring victims (as one of the conditions) thanks "Gold down, to the throne attached" (Couple. 9:18), which, as well, from us - Christians, in God's establishment, was consecrated through the world-formation: "And the melting them," said the Lord, - the altar of the burnt offering and all the accessories of him, (...) and the foot of him. And consecrate them, and there will be a great shrine: everything that touches them will heat up " (Ex. 30: 26-29).
Thus, the foot of the godfather is the part of the New Testament altar, who mystically indicates the priesthood ministry of the Savior of the world who voluntarily paid his death for other people's sins: For the Son of God "Our sins by himself ascended by his body on the tree" (1 Pet. 2:24) Cross, "By sacrificing yourself" (Heb. 7:27) and thus "Having done a high priest forever" (Heb. 6:20), approved in his face "Priesthood incredit" (Heb. 7:24).
And it is approved in the "Orthodox confession of the Oriental Patriarchs": "On the cross, he performed the position of the priest, bring himself sacrificing God and the Father for the redemption of the human race" (M., 1900, p. 38).
But we will not confuse the foot of the Holy Cross, which opens up one of the mysterious parties to us, with two other footsteps from Scripture. - explains St. Dmitry Rostovsky.
"David says:" Excuse the Lord, our God, and worship his foot; holy it " (Ps. 99: 5). And Isaiah on behalf of Christ says: (Is. 60:13), - explains the saint Dimitri Rostovsky. There are a foot, which is worshiped by ordered, and there are a foot, which is not specified to worship. God says in Isaino prophecy: "The Sky of the throne is mine, and the Earth - the foot of my legs" (Is. 66: 1): No one should worship the land - the earth, but only God, the Creator of her. And he is written in Psalms: "Lord said (Father) to the Lord (son) to my: Sed the best of me, the talk of your enemies in your foot feet" (PS. 109: 1). And this foot of God, the enemies of God, who will want to worship? What foot worship David commands? " (Wrenching, kN. 2, ch. 24).
To this question, the Word of God itself is answered by the Savior: "And when I will be ascended from the earth" (In. 12:32) - "From the foot of my legs" (Is. 66: 1), then "We will glue my foot" (Is. 60:13) - "Foot of the altar" (Ex. 30:28) New Testament - Holy Cross, low-spirited, as we confess, Lord, "Your enemies in the foot of your feet" (Ps. 109: 1), and therefore "Worship the footHis; Holy It! " (Ps. 99: 5), "Foot, to the throne attached" (2 pairs. 9:18).
Cross "Ternist Crown"
The image of the cross with a ternger crown is used for many centuries among the different peoples who took Christianity. But instead of numerous examples from the ancient Greek-Roman tradition, we present a few cases of its use in later times on sources, which was at hand. Cross with a terns can be seen on the pages of ancient Armenian handwritten books The period of the Cilician Kingdom (Matenadaran, M., 1991, p. 100); on icon "The glorification of the cross" of the XIIth century from the Tretyakov (V. N. Lazarev, Novgorod Icon, M., 1976, p. 11); On Staritsky Mednolitis cross- the XIV century person; on the pokrovka "Golgotha" - the monastic contribution of Queen Anastasia Romanova 1557; on silver dish XVI century (Novodevichy Monastery, M., 1968, Ill. 37), etc.
God said to the sinless Adam that "Cursed the earth for you. Turning and wolf creates you " (Gen. 3: 17-18). And the new sinless Adam - Jesus Christ - voluntarily took over and other people's sins, and death as a consequence of them, and ternary suffering, leading to her the thorny path.
Christ the apostles Matthew (27:29), Mark (15:17) and John (19: 2) they tell that "Warriors, a gossip of a crown from Tern, laid him on his head", "And we were healed by the wounds" (Is. 53: 5). From here it is clear why since then the wreath symbolizes the victory and reward, starting with the books of the New Testament: "Crown of Truth" (2 Tim. 4: 8), "Crown of Glory" (1 Pet. 5: 4), "Crown of Life" (Jac. 1:12 and apoc. 2:10).
Cross "Hanging"
This shape of the cross is very widely used when decorating temples, liturgical objects, saint closures, and in particular, as you can see, bishop omophorms on the icons of the "Three Ecumenical Teachers".
"If anyone tells you, do you worship crucified? You are a bright voice and with a cheerful lion answer: worshiping and not stop worshiping. If you are laughing, you make him aware of it, because it is incurred, "the universal teacher of St. John Zlatoust (conversation 54, on MF, teaches us, shall be concerned.
The cross of any form has unstead beauty and a life-giving force, and everyone who knows this God's wisdom exclaims the apostle: "I (…) i wish to boast (…) only the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ " (Gal. 6:14)!
Cross "Grape Line"
"I am a true grape vine, and my father - grape dress" (John 15: 1). So Jesus Christ called himself, the head of the church planned by him, the only source and guide of the spiritual, holy life for all the Orthodox-believers, which the essence of his body members.
"I am vine, and you branches; Who stays in me, and I am in it, he brings a lot of fetus " (John 15: 5). "These words of the Savior himself laid the foundation of the symbolism of the grape vines," wrote Count A. S. Uvarov in his work "Christian symbolism"; The main importance of the vine for Christians was in a symbolic connection with the mysteriousness of communion "(p. 172 - 173).
Cross "petal"
The manifold of the forms of the cross has always been recognized by the Church is quite natural. According to the expression of the Rev. Feodor, Studit - "The Cross of Every Form is a true cross." Very often found in church fine art The "petal" cross, who, for example, we see on the Omophore of St. Gregory, the mosaic of the XI century of the Cathedral of the Hagia Sophia Kievskaya.
"We are a variety of sensual signs, we are hierarchically erected to a uniform connection with God," explains the famous teacher of the Church of St. John Damaskin. From visible to the invisible, from the temporary to eternity - this is the path of man, the Church of the Sladen to God through the comprehension of fertile symbols. The history of their diversity is inseparable from the history of the salvation of mankind.
Cross "Greek", or ancient Russian "Korsunchik"
Traditional for Byzantium and most often and widely used form of the so-called "Greek Cross". The same cross is considered as well as the oldest "Russian cross", since, according to the church dedicated, the Holy Prince Vladimir brought out of Corsun, where he was baptized, it was such a cross and installed it on the shore of the Dnieper in Kiev. Such a quarter-side cross was preserved and now in the Kiev Sofia Cathedral, carved on the marble board of the Tomb of Prince Yaroslav, the Son of St. Vladimir Equal-Apostles.
Often, for instructions on the universal value of the Cross of Christ, as a microcalaned cross is depicted inscribed in a circle, symbolizing the cosmologically sphere of heavenly.
Cross "rapid" with crescent
It is not surprising that the question of the Cross with the Crescent is often asked, since "rapidly" are located on the very prominent place of the temple. For example, such crosses are decorated with the Dome of the Saint Sophia Vologda Cathedral, built in 1570.
Typical for the Domongolian period, this form of the Dome Cross is often found at the Pskov region, somehow at the dome of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin in the village of Meletovo, erected in 1461.
In general, symbolism orthodox church inexplicable from the point of view of aesthetic (and therefore static) perception, but, on the contrary, it is completely disclosed to understand precisely in liturgical dynamics, since almost all elements of temple symbolism, in different places Worship, assimilate different meanings.
"And a great sign was in the sky: a wife clothed in the sun, - Studies in Revelation John the Theologian, - under the legs of her moon " (Apoc. 12; 1), and the solemnoe wisdom explains: this moon marks the font, in which the church, having broken in Christ, is taught in him, in the sun truth. Crescents - this is also the cradle of the Bethlehem, who accepted the God of Christ; Crescent - this is the Eucharistic bowl, in which the body of Christ is located; Crescent is a church ship, driven by the Feed of Christ; Crescents - this is an anchor of hope, the godfather of Christ; Crescents - this is the ancient sniy, trapped by a cross and assumes as the enemy of God under Christ's feet.
Cross "Trilispe
In Russia, this shape of the cross is used more often than others for the manufacture of hand-drawed crosses. But, however, we can see her and on state symbols. "The Golden Russian Trilding Cross, standing on the silver tipper crescent," was reported in the "Russian Hercob", depicted on the coat of arms of Tiflis province.
The golden "tribal" (Fig. 39) is also on the coat of arms of the Orenburg province, on the coat of arms of the city of Troitsk Penza province, the city of Akhtyrki Kharkiv and the city of Spassk, Tambov province, on the coat of arms gubern city Chernigov, etc.
Cross "Maltese", or "Georgievsky"
Patriarch Jacob prophetically honored the cross when "I walked faith, - As the Apostle Paul says, - to the top of the rod of your " (Heb. 11.21), "Wand," explains Saint John Damaskin, who served the image of the cross "(about holy icons, 3 ate.). That's why there is a cross on the handle of the bishop's rod today, "For the cross we," writes Saint Simeon Solunsky, "we care and passion, we are imprinted, detecting and, after killing passions, attracted to Christ" (ch. 80).
In addition to the ever-widespread church use, this form of the cross, for example, was officially accepted by the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, formed on Malta Island and openly fought against Masonry, who organized, as you know, murder Russian emperor Pavel Petrovich is a patron of Maltesers. So the name appeared - "Maltese Cross".
According to Russian heraldikThe golden "Maltese" crosses had some cities on their coat of arms, for example: Zolotonosha, Mirgorod and Zenkov of Poltava province; Pogar, Bonza and Konotop Chernihiv province; Kovel Volynskaya,
Perm and Elizavypol province and others. Pavlovsk St. Petersburg, Window Kurland, Belozersk Novgorod provinces,
Perm and Elizavypol province and others.
All those who were awarded the crosses of St. George the victorious of all four degrees were called, as you know, "Georgievsky Cavaliers."
Cross "Refractory-Konstantinovsky"
For the first time, these words in Greek "ic.xp.nika", which means - "Jesus Christ - the winner", were written with gold on three large crosses in the Tsargrada himself equivalent to the emperor Konstantin.
"Winning the ladies sit down with me on the throne, as I won, and I sat down with my father on his throne" (Apoc. 3:21), "says the Savior, the winner of hell and death.
By ancient traditionThe image of the cross is printed on the prosforas with the addition of words, meaning this cross victory to Christ: "IS.HS.nik." This "promsion" seal means the redemption of sinners from sinful captivity, or, otherwise, the great price of our redemption.
Cross Stainer "Braided"
"This weaves received from the ancient Christian art," Professor V. N. Shchepkin is authoritative, - where it is known in the thread and mosaic. Byzantine weaving in turn moves to the Slavs, in which it is in ancient era Especially common in verbal manuscripts "(textbook of Russian Paleography, M., 1920, p. 51).
The most frequent images of the "wicker" crosses are found like decorations of Bulgarian and Russian old-line books.
Cross Quartwear "Doodle"
Raporing the godfather, the blood drops of Christ forever informed the cross of his strength.
Greek gospel of II century from state Public Library It opens with a sheet with a beautiful "drowned" fourth round cross (Byzantine miniature, M., 1977, Table 30).
And also, for example, we recall that among the copper ones, cast in the first centuries of the second millennium, as you know, are often found "drop-shaped" Encolpions ( greek. - "Breast").
At the beginning of Christ "Blood drops falling on the ground" (Luke 22:44), became a lesson to combat sin even "till blood" (Heb. 12: 4); When on the cross from it "Blood and water expired" (John 19:34), then an example was taught to fight evil even to death.
"His (Savior), having loved us and washed us from our sins of our blood " (Apoc. 1: 5) who saved us "blood of his cross" (count. 1:20), - Glory forever!
Cross "Crucifixion"
One of the first images of the Crucifier of Crucifying Jesus Christ applies only to the V century, on the doors of the Church of Saint Sabina in Rome. From the V century, the Savior began to be depicted in a long robe of the collussia - as if leaning to a cross. This image of Christ can be seen in the early bronze and silver crosses Byzantine and Syrian origin of the VII-IX centuries.
Holy VI century Anastasius Sinait wrote apologetic ( greek. - "Protection") an essay "against the akefals" - the heretical sect, denying the compound in Christ of two natives. To this essay, he put an image of the Crucifixion of the Savior as an argument against the monophimitis. He spells the correspondencers of his work together with the text to transfer inviolable and attached image to it, as, however, can and see on the manuscript of the Vienna Library.
Another, even more ancient of the preserved, the crucifixion is located on the miniature of the gospel of Raves from the Publone Monastery. This manuscript of 586 belongs to the Florentine Library of St. Lawrence.
Until the IX century inclusive Christ was depicted on the cross not only alive, resurrected, but also triumphant, and only in the century appeared images of dead Christ (Fig. 54).
From the oldest times of crushes, both in the east and in the West, had a crossbar to stop the feet of the crucifier, and his legs were portrayed by their nail separately. The image of Christ with crossed feet, naught one nail, first appeared, as an innovation, in the West in the second half of the XIII century.
On the cross of the Savior Savior, the Greek letters of the UN, meaning - "True," because "God said Moses: I am aware" (Ex. 3:14), discovering its own name, expressing selfishness, eternity and immutability of the beings of God.
From the Orthodox dogma of the cross (or atonement) undoubtedly implies the idea that the death of the Lord is the redemption of everyone, the vocation of all nations. Only a cross, unlike other executions, gave the opportunity to Jesus Christ to die with open hands calling "All Ends of Earth" (Is. 45:22).
Therefore, in the tradition of Orthodoxy - to depict the Savior of the Almighty as already the resurrected cruster holding and calling in its arms of the entire Universe and carrying Novokavtaya altar - a cross. The prophet Jeremiah from the face of Chrishtonnavitnikov also spoke about this: "Include a tree in his bread" (11:19), that is, the Tree of the godfather we leave the body of Christ, the bread of the celestially called (Svet. Dimitri growth. Quot. Cit.).
And traditionally the Catholic image of the crucifix, with the hands of Christ, on the contrary, has a task to show how it all happened, to portray the death sufferings and death, and not at all that essentially there is an eternal fruit of the cross - his celebration.
Cross Skimnic, or "Calvary"
Inscriptions and cryptograms on Russian crosses have always been much more diverse than in Greek.
From the XI century under the bottom braid crossbar eight-pointed cross A symbolic image of Adam's head, buried by legend on Calvary ( heb. - "Frontal place"), where Christ was crucified. These words are clarified by the prevailing in Russia XVI century Tradition to produce near the image "Calvary" The following notation: "M.L.R.B." - Lob's place crucified, "G.G." - Golgotha \u200b\u200bMountain, "G.A." - Head of Adamova; And the bones of the hands lying before the head are depicted: right on the left, as when burial or communion.
The letters "K" and "T" mean a copy of the warrior and a cane with a sponge depicted along the cross.
Above the middle crossbar is placed on the inscriptions: "IC" "xs" - the name of Jesus Christ; And under it: "Nika" - winner; On the title or near it, the inscription: "SN" BJI "- the Son of God is sometimes - but more often there is no" I.N.S. "- Jesus Nazi Tsar Jews; The inspection above the title: "CPC" "PLAY" - the king of glory.
Such crosses are made to embroider on the pleasures of the Great and Angelic Shima; Three crosses on Paramana and five on the catwalk: on the brow, on the chest, on both shoulders and back.
The Cross "Calvary" is also depicted on the burial Savane, which marks the preservation of vows, data during baptism, like the white Savan of the newcomers, meaning the cleansing from sin. With the consecration of temples and houses depicted on the four walls of the building.
Unlike the image of the cross depicting directly crucified Christ, the sign of the cross transmits it spiritual value, I depicts his real meaning, but does not show himself.
"Cross keeper of the whole universe. The cross is the beauty of the church, the cross of the kings of the Power, the cross is faithful to the statement, cross the angel of Glory, the cross of the demons of the ulcer, "says the absolute truth of the holiday of the exaltive cross.
Cross Card "Visitnik", Copy, Sponge and Nail
The motives of the outrageous desecration and saint of the holy cross conscious crusading and crosses are quite explained. But when we see Christians drawn into this vigilant thing, it is impossible to be silent, because - according to the word of St. Vasily the Great - "God aroused" silence "!
So called " playing cards"Available, unfortunately, in many homes, there is an instrument of belligent communication, through which a person certainly comes into contact with the demons - the enemies of God. All four cartoon "suit" mean nothing but the cross of Christians together with other Christians with the sacred objects: a spear, sponge and nails, that is, all that was the tools of suffering and the death of the Divine Redeemer.
And by ignorance, many people throwing "in the fool", allow themselves to be the gentlemen of the Lord, taking, for example, a map with the image of the Cross "Trilister", that is, the cross of Christ, who worships polivary, and, by the !) "Trefa", that translated from Yiddish means "bad" or "evil"! Yes, moreover, these cobwebs who won in suicide are essentially believe that the cross this "beats" some brush "trumping six" at all, not at all, that the "trump card" and "kosher" is written, for example, Latin, equally.
It would be time to clarify the true rules for all the cartoon games, in which "in fools" remain all players: they are that the ritual sacrifices, in Jewish-called "kosher" talmudists (that is, "clean"), allegedly have the power over Life-giving cross!
If you know that playing cards can not be used for other purposes, except for bulging christian shrines On the joy of demon, the role of maps and in "fortune telling" will be extremely clear - these nasty quest for demonic revelations. Does it be necessary to prove that any of the maps touched to the deck and who did not bring sincere repentance for confessions in sins of blasphemy and blasphemy is guaranteed to recruit in hell?
So, if "Trephists" is a hula of the fissal gamblers on specifically, the pictured crosses, called them "Krop", what then means - "Vini", "Worms" and "Bubnes"? I will not bother with the transfer and these curses into Russian, since we are not a textbook of Yidisha; I'd better open New Testament For shedding the tribe of God unbearable for them for them.
Saint Ignatius Bryanchaninov in ludial inclination Looks like: "Get acquainted with the spirit of time, learning him to avoid the influence of it."
The cartoon suit "Vini", or otherwise "peaks", hoolitis gospel peak, as the Lord predicted about his run, the mouth of the Prophet Zechariah, that "Review on the one that was pierced" (12:10), and happened: "One of the warriors (Longin) spear pierced him the ribs " (John 19:34).
The lattice of "worms" hoolit is a gospel sponge on canes. As Christ warned about his poisoning, the mouth of Rasporota David, that warriors "I gave me in the food bile, and in my thirst I got me in vinegar" (Ps. 68:22) and came true: "One of them took a sponge, drove away by vinegar and, imposing a cane, gave him to drink" (Matt. 27:48).
Mattter "Bubne" Hulitis Evangelical forged quad quadrid nails, who were nailed by the arms and feet of the Savior to the Tree of the Cross. How did the Lord propheted about his clove puppies, the mouth of the Psalm Pevid, that "Pierced my hands and my feet" (Ps. 22:17), and turned out: the Apostle Thomas said "If I don't see his wounds from nails on the hands of his wounds, and I will not put the fingers of my vandinations from nails, and I will not put my hands in the rib, I will not believe" (John 20:25), "Believed because I saw" (John 20:29); And the apostle Peter, referring to the tribesmen, testified: "Israeli men! - he said, - Jesus Nogorhei (…) you took and, naughty (koki) hands (Romans) flawless, killed; But God resurrected him "(Act. 2:22, 24).
Crucified with Christ an unskilled robber, like the current gamblers, hooling the cross suffering of the Son of God and, in the vicinity, in an unrecognizance, forever went to hell; And the robber is prudent, submitting an example, repented on the cross and thus inherited eternal life with God blessing. Therefore, we will remember firmly that for us, Christians, there can be no other subject of hope and hopes, no other support in life, no other unifying and inspiring the banner, except for the only saving sign of the invincible Cross of the Lord!
This cross is called "gammmatic" because it consists of the Gamma Gamma letter. Already the first Christians in Roman catacombs depicted a gammatic cross. In Byzantium, this form was often used to decorate the gospels, church utensils, temples, embroidered on the venues of the Byzantine saint. In the 9th century, by order, the Empress Theodora was manufactured by the gospel, decorated with a golden ornament from gammatic crosses.
The gammatic cross is very similar to the ancient Indian swastika sign. Sanskrit word Swastavka or Su-asti-ka means higher being or perfect bliss. This is an ancient solar, that is, associated with the Sun, the symbol that appears in the era upper PaleolithicIt gets widespread in the cultures of Ariii, ancient Iranians, occurs in Egypt and China. Of course, the swastika was known and revered in many regions of the Roman Empire in the era of the spread of Christianity. The ancient Slavic Gentiles was familiar with this symbol; The images of the swastika meets on rings, temporal rings and other decorations, as a sign of the sun or fire, notes by the Ieria Mikhail Vorbyev. Christian churchwho has a powerful spiritual potential, was able to rethink, incerence many cultural traditions Pagan antiquity: from antique philosophy to household rites. Perhaps the gammatic cross entered christian culture Like a choking swastika.
And the form of this cross has long been used in Russia. It is depicted on many church subjects of the Domongolian period, in the form of a mosaic under the dome of the Cathedral of St. Sophia Kiev, in the ornament of the doors of Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral. Hammatic crosses are embroidered on the Feloni of the Moscow Temple of Nikola, which in puffs.
Articles
04.04.2017
The simplest of the symbols came to us from the depths of centuries. In this article, we will look at what the crosses are that they symbolize and when appeared.
Any symbol, whether it is a circle, square, line or cross, who would be when they were not inscribed for the first time, did not appear so. From the beginning of his life, people were looking for answers to questions - this is exactly what they differed from animals existing for the continuation of the kind and living instincts. Each letter of any people was created with meaning, so you can only guess - opinions on many issues do not just diverge, but change over time and, alas, many facts are rewriting: it comes to only what is preserved in manuscripts or is successfully light during Archaeological excavations. One thing is only quite obvious: with simplicity of the outlines, it is difficult to find a more "universe" symbol than the cross. Most likely, he appeared much earlier than you can imagine, and almost everywhere I was revered as the highest sign or occupied one of the honorary places among the most important designations.
You can try to abstract from those knowledge about the cross that everyone has, to imagine themselves for a short child who knows the world, and with these feelings to look at the cross - I wonder what it looks like? The shape of the cross resembles a schematic of a person's outline: head, outstretched hands, legs. That is how, in childish, many ancient peoples were very deeply imminent and at the same time, and in their writing, the cross indicated both a person and God. It was near the indigenous population of the American continent - Indians, in China, in the ancient Greeks and not only.
Greek Cross
Most simple form The cross, which is similar to the mathematical sign "+", is called "Greek Cross" (by the way, he is taken as the basis of the medical "Red Cross"). In many ancient peoples, this symbol indicated the sun, it was often concluded in a circle (the cross in the circle is called "Sunny"). The symbol of the Sun is also a more complex cross-swastika, with eight identical and dead ends directed clockwise or against it. "Past" fascists, the reputation in no way detracts its initial positive value. The swastika was widely used in the culture of ancient ary, Hindus and other peoples. The direction in one or the other side was distinguished as one of possible options, male and female symbols.
Orthodox Serbian Cross
From the base of the cross with the same components, the Orthodox Serbian comes out - only four stylized images of the fire are added to it. The cross of Egyptian Christians, Copts, is also based on the "Greek" form. Each of its ends is three beams, symbolizing the Holy Trinity. In general, the forms from the Greek Cross are a lot - this is Maltese, and the cross hammer (Pottansky), and the Teutonic (crosslet), as well as many other configurations.
Jerusalem Cross
The Jerusalem Cross, applied to the Georgian flag, is also Greek, only its ends remind the letters "t", and four small cross-shaped crosses are located in sectors. On the robe of the priests of the Orthodox Church, "Gammadion" is quite often found - a cross in the form of the Gamma Gamma Letter.
The cross with the same lines turned 50 ° and resembling the letter X, by the way, the first in the name of Christ, is "Andreevsky", named the Apostle Andrei First Called. Holy Andrei, a former fisherman, like a blood brother, his apostle Peter was a student of Jesus. The Apostle Andrei was convicted by the resurrection and ascension of Jesus and was, according to legend, crucified on the cross of such a form in the Greek city of Patras.
Andreevsky cross crossed by one vertical line carries information about the first letters of the Savior. Two Greek letters Hee (x) and iot (I) with the intersection form the so-called "Preconstaninovsky" monogramal cross. His image was found at one of the tombstones of the III century of our era, but met at a later time - for example, in Ravenna, on the Archbishop Capel, the construction of the end of the V century. Andreevsky cross, having one of the upper tips in the form of all the same Greek letter "Ro", is referred to as Konstantinov monogram.
Konstantinovsky Monogram Cross
According to legend, King Konstantin received somehow a sign: he appeared in his dream of Christ and, pointing out the cross shining in the sky, commanded to portray him on the banner for enemies. It looked like a combination of letters "x" (hee) and "p" (RO), which are the first in the Greek writing name of the Savior. The emperor was not limited to applying a monogram on the flags, and also ordered coins with its image.
There is a monogram "Sun-shaped" - the image of the famous Konstantinovskaya is supplemented by a horizontal line that intersects the connection site "X" and "P". The meaning is concluded in words from the Holy Scriptures, where it is indicated that the Lord God is the sun and all believers will heal in his rays when it goes. There is also a monogram based on the T-shaped cross-shaped cross with the top-end "RO", also symbolizing the Cross of Jesus and spreading in different places in Europe, where in IV, and where in the V century of our era.
Cross in the form of the letter "T"
Anthony Cross
The cross, which reminds its outlines the letter "T" (Tau), is indicated as "Tau-Cross" or "Antoniyevsky" in honor of the reverend devotee of Anthony of the Great, who lived for some more than a hundred years (if more precisely - 105). The last four dozen years of Anthony, born in the family of Copts, held an unpriment of the Red Sea, leading the lifestyle of the hermit on the Mount Kizm. Previously, he refused to lean her inheritance left by his parents, in favor of the distinguished residents of the terrain, where he was born. In connection with his feat of the desert, it is considered the founder of herchloric monastics.
Tau-Cross with the above-mentioned circle is anne, or ank (anch). This symbol, referred to as the "Cross with the handle", "Anaat" and "Croans", had a very serious importance among the ancient Egyptians. He combines two the most important concepts: Life marked with the cross himself, and eternity concluded in the circle. The union of life and eternity is the essence of immortality. Also, the combination of a circle and cross indicated the unification of the female and male hat. Amulets with Ancho Egyptians were worn to increase the duration of their earthly life, and portrayed it on the burial subjects for confidence that the deceased would acquire eternal life in the other world. The ancient Egyptians represented themselves the key, calling the diplomas, precisely in the form of Anchi. Copt, early Christians of Egypt, Anh was a symbol afterlife. IN egyptian hieroglyphs This sign is interpreted as "Life", and also enters the words "happiness" and "welfare". In the sixties of the last century, when the motion of peace-loving hippies was popular, the anne symbolized the world and the truth.
Cross "Latin", "Roman" or "Korsun"
The most popular shape of the cross, including in modern Orthodoxy, is considered to be the outline, referred to as the "Latin Cross", or "Roman". This name was not entrenched from any ideological or religious considerations, but most likely, for the simplicity of the designation of the form itself. The same name "Roman" is explained by the fact that it was during the time of the Roman Empire that the "godfather" execution, or crucifixion spread.
The Latin Cross schematically resembles a human figure and was used not only for execution by the ancient Romans: as already mentioned above, in some nations in writing he indicated the word "man" or "God." In the pagan beliefs of the ancient Greeks, this symbol was used to refer to the Sun God of Apollo, the son of the Roman Zeus. On some ancient Greek coins, you can also detect the depicted Roman cross. It consists of a long vertical line and a shorter horizontal, the point of their intersection is not in the center of the vertical, but shifted up. Cross with four ends expanding to the edges, called "Byzantine".
The Latin cross approved as a symbol of Christianity from the third to the fourth century of our era, it is also called the crucifix, sometimes called a "long cross". It was from such a cross that the Savior was removed, executed by the Romans, but not deceased, and the resurrected and ascended to his father. On this cross, he took flour for all people of the planet Earth. This form is the basis for symbolizing the Orthodox Christian faith.
The Latin Cross installed on a three-stage platform is called "Cross of Calvary", as well as a cross of ascent and descent. Present in the church altar, it is the most concise. Three steps on which it costs, denotes Christian virtues: the lower, the widest stage - mercy, the average - hope, and the highest step is faith.
The straight four-spin cross is also used as the main symbol of the Catholic Church. He has varieties - for example, "papal", having his shape a long vertical and a shortened horizontal, crossing the vertical in the center. In total, horizontals in this cross are three, and they like a vertical line into four equal parts. Two horizontal additional lines shorter than central twice. There is another form of a papal cross - two more, two, descending length, are located from the central horizontal. There is also a form of vertical and two isometric horizontals located closer to the edges of the standing line: this is "Dagger", or the Lithuanian Catholic cross.
On the walls of Catacombs, the times of the first Christians can be found the image of the cross of the Latin shape with a circle that finishes the vertical from above, and the lying crescent, which is worth it all. He is called "anchor", some of his images were added hanging two fish or dolphin. In Christianity, anchor is considered a symbol of reliability and security.
A long cross with a crescent in the lower part of it often can be seen on the domes of churches. What only "guessing" does not cause this symbol in people who are unstring! Association of crescents with a Muslim religion, they attribute a similar image to the meaningless to him: whether the victory over Islam is, whether some connection with Muslim. In fact, the crescent, depicted at the base of the Orthodox Cross, has many values \u200b\u200bthat are not related to Islam. The main thing is that the crescent ("zata") is considered a symbol of the Virgin Mary, from whose body a baby Jesus was born. Crescents interpreted and as a symbolic boat that delivers all Christian believers in a quiet harbor.
Orthodox cross
In terms of Orthodox canons, crosses are correct, having the basis of the "long" cross. At the same time, they can be both four-spin and have six, eight, twelve and more expirations. They are used to wear by Orthodox Christians as a native, clergymen carry them on top of church clothing. Crucifixes are depicted inside the temples, installed on the graves of the deceased believers and head church dome.
The four-spin cross having a laconic shape, in Christianity symbolizes crucified Jesus. The line, which runs the horizontally terrestrial surface, carries the meaning of the Savior's earthly life, his human appearance. The vertical is his divine essence, binding the whole human flock with the Almighty.
There is a Latin cross, all four lines of which end the leaves of clover. In Heraldry, he is called "Cross Botton", in Orthodoxy, he is called "Trilisnikov". Clover leaf symbolizes the trinity, which is one of the meanings of this cross. Use it as well as the designation of the resurrection of the Savior.
The most proper form of the Orthodox Cross is the eight-pointed one. He is also called "Russian", which in essence does not have any national population. Another name is "Cross of Saint Lazar". Two more were added to the "based" of two intersecting lines: one - a short horizontal from above, the other is also short, but oblique, at the bottom of the vertical. The upper part is called "Title", or "Titulus". Her presence is explained by the fact that during the execution of Jesus Pontius Pilate commanded a sign of Christ's head, where the name of the Savior and his title was written: "Jesus Nazhai, Tsar Judaian." Such a sign is present on six-pointed cross, Called "Patriarchal."
The lower slanting crossbind is used not only in the eight-pointed, but also in the six-pointed orthodox Cross. This component of the cross was "foot" for the receiving flour of Jesus. Moreover, the bevel of this line is chosen not just like this: it symbolically shows the imstabilities of the support, which should not alleviate the treasured critic and not to be "support" as such, but on the contrary - to extend and strengthen and so unbearable suffering.
The six-pointed cross is used by Orthodox believers no less often than the eight-spin. It differs only on the lack of upper shortened crossbar. Russian Orthodox Church Allows wearing crosses with any number of endings, the main thing is that they match the canons.
The view of the cross is very simple: one line crosses the other. The intersection is a connection at one point, common. Also this confrontation is one line horizontal, another vertical. Opposites that found in general, also constitute a whole. How many epithets such a simple figure, but the most deep meaning just contained in the most elementary things. The horizontal is the material entity, the land, the foundation, the vertical - spiritual, which has always been based on the confrontation of hell and paradise, the lowest and higher, struggle of a person with evil in itself and the surrounding world, aspiring to God. Probably will not be too pappy assumption that the shape of the cross is perfect.