In the lesson about the concept of verb, you learned that the action can have the most different properties and thinking completely differently. And the verb all this diversity expresses its forms. In this lesson, you will learn what properties of the verb can express with the help of an inclination.

1. Academic observation

Consider different forms of verbs and try to determine when these actions are performed:

hodul

walk

will go

walked

go

So, hodul. What did? - The action takes place in the past.

Walk. Now. What are you doing? - This is the present time. The action is done now, at the moment when we spend this word.

Will go. He will walk in the future, after we say these words. T. E. action only will be .

Would go. When is this action takes place? Would you go to us more often. Is this action performed at all? Not! Someone just wants it to be done. And time we can not determine here!

Go! When is the action takes place? In present time? In the past? In future? And in no time! The action is presented as a request, order. And again it is unknown, it will make it or not.

2. Three leaps of verb

With the help of an inclusion, the attitude of the action to reality is expressed. In Russian, the verb has three inclination.

Expansioning: The action is represented as a reality in the present, which has passed or the future: i read, read, I will read.

The conditional (subjunctive) inclination stands out of time, it means the desired, possible action, i.e. the action that did not occur, does not occur, but may occur under certain conditions: i would read, read, read.

The imperative ignition also stands out of time, and the verbs in this ignition denote the action that, in accordance with the order, the wishes or request of the speaker can occur (and may not happen): read, read.

Cleaning the verb is a non-permanent sign.

3. Verbs in conditional (subsequent) inclinations

Education of the formal (subjunctive) inclination

Took + if (b)

Conditional inclination is an analytical form.

The verbs in the conditional inclination vary in numbers, and in the singular - by childbirth.

Time and face in the verbs in the subjunctive inclination do not stand out!

Shades of conditional ignition:

If you had come before, we would have done all by time. (Condition, possible action)

I would love to eat ice cream now. (desirability)

As it were, the thunderstorm began ... (fear, doubt)

4. Verbs in a masterliness

The value of the forms of the imperative ignition:

1. Order : Stand in place! (Attention: To stand! - This is not an imperative inclination, but an uncertain form of verb)

2. Request: Come to us more often.

3. Simple urge Listen carefully that I will tell you now.

4. Resolution, permission: Well, okay, go take a walk.

5. Warning: Look, do not yaw, and then you miss everything!

6. Molver: Pomeri!

7. Ironic motivation: Hold your pocket wider!

The formation of forms of imperative ignition:

Suffix and+ (those): Come, come, learn, learn

- Let (let him go), yes, let's + Form of this / future time: let'swe'll see, yeslearn, let becomes.

The verb in the imperative ignition varies in numbers and on persons and does not change in times and childbirth.

Note!

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Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others. - M.: Enlightenment, 2008.
2. Babeitseva V.V., Chesnokova LD. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 CL. - M.: Drop, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cl. / Ed. MM Razumovskaya, P.A. Redeante. - M.: Drop, 2010.

1. Edu.glavsprav.ru ().
2. Gramsma.ru ().

1. Gouping the verbs by inclination:

tell me, you would say, throw away, I would ask, I'll throw it, I worked, I would care, I would go, I will go, I will walk, scattering, breathing, a slightness-ka, adhering, blind.

2. How to change the ignition of verbs without changing any letter?

wide, hold, wear, stop.

3. Forward the impertling of verbs:

carry out, go, lie down.

4. In the title of which old children's toy, the imperative linting of the verb is written picked with a particle - ka ?

5. Give examples of consideration of the conditional ignition in the value of the imperative.

Moodthe verb expresses the attitude of the action indicated by the verb, to reality. Tilt is three types:

1. Expansioningwhich is also called "Indicatives". This form means that the action happened, occurs or does it actually happen. The verbs in the zealing challenge change at times. And for the verbs of the imperfect species, there is all three time: the past, present and complex future.

eg: i thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do it - I will do, I was looking for - looking for - I will look for

And for the perfect species - only two: the last and simple future.

eg: invented - I will come up with made - I will do, found - I will find.

In the future and present times, the vowel, standing at the end of the infinitive base in some cases disappears.

eg: hear - I hear, see - I see.

2. Mandrellablewhich is also called the "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order or prompting to action. The verbs in the imperative lifestyle are most often used in the 2nd face. In this case, they have a zero ending in the singular and the ending "-t" in the multiple. They also do not change at times. An imperative inclination is formed using the Foundation of the verb in the present or simple future, to which the suffix "-" or in some cases zero suffix is \u200b\u200badded.

For example: Take care, you should do it! Throw through nonsense! Look at this movie!

3. Conditional or subjunctive moodwhich is also called "SubNighting". This form means that the action in reality has not happened, but is only desired, it is planned in the future, uncommitable or will be implemented when performing some necessary conditions.

For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. A year later I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's thoughts. I would go walk if the rain stops.

The verbs in the present and the future for the formation of conditional inclination are not used. It is compiled exclusively with the help of the verb of the past time (that is, the basics of the infinitive, adding the suffix "-l-"), as well as particles "would" or "b". These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated with it with other words.

For example: I would go to the museum. I went with pleasure in the museum.

The verbs in the conditional challenge are changing among the numbers, and in the only number also by childbirth, but never change on persons and, as already stipulated, at times.

For example: would have looked, I would have looked, I would look.

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Each part of speech has some kind of morphological signs characterizing its grammatical properties. Knowing these distinguishing features will allow not only to competently use wordforms, but also to write them correctly. Characteristics affect, for example, to choose from suffixes of communion and verbalism and personal endings from nouns. To describe the verb, type (perfect and imperfect), repayment, transition, time, number, face, genus, and inclination are used. The last characteristic helps to identify other non-permanent properties of this part of speech and makes it possible to find out if one or another form of verb can be formed. What is the subjunctive, imperative and expressive inclination? What is their role?

Definition

First, you need to figure out what is inclination. If you believe in dictionaries, it is a grammatical category that denotes the attitude of action to reality. In Russian, there are three, as already mentioned above, inclination. Complete wording, right? Let's try easier.

Each of the three outers is responsible for some particular situation. For example, to describe the possibility, unreal, hypothetical action uses a subjunctive inclination ("I would go", "would read", "would draw"), to find out which is possible by a particle "would". In order to order something, there is an imperative ignition ("Tell", "leave", "breathe"). The expressive challenge of the verb allows you to report any action that happened in the past, of the present and the future - it is in this a favorable difference of this type of inclination from others.

More a little theory

We go further to times. As already mentioned a little higher, the expressive inclination may exist in any time of the Russian language, only the form of the verb will change from this ("Read - reads - will read", "wrote - wrote"). But there is one clarification, already in the examples: for the verbs of the imperfect species are also available, and the present, and the future time, while the perfect species forms the forms of the past and the future. Try to form a present for the verb "Slable". And make sure to do it work only when it changes. Thus, the form of expressing inclination makes it possible to understand what kind of this verb has (it's easier to say, he answers the question "What to do?" Or "What to do?").

Other inclination

Useful refinement: not only the expressive challenge allows you to talk about the verb time. In the case of the subjunctive (it, by the way, is also called conditional) Everything is simple: the exceptionally passed, suffling with the Sufifix "L" ("read", "would have lost", "would resist," would "knit"). Consequently, words have only the number and genus, no person. The particle "would be", which serves as a peculiar bearing of this type of inclination, can stand both before and after the verb, and in principle - to be in any part of the sentence.

The expressive and imperative inclination have a person and a number, but in the case of the latter, it is impossible to talk about: for "orders" only the second person is available ("You / You") in a single and multiple number ("refood / refuse", "pour / pour" , "Leave / Leave"). By the way, there is one reservation: with the help of a "let" or "yes" particle, you can translate any verb in the third person ("he, she, it, they") in the imperative inclination ("Let it be back", "Long live").

Nuances

Sometimes it happens that the expressive challenge of the verb can be used in the value of the imperative. Some researchers note that it is possible to talk about the transition of one inclination to another when an order is expressed, not tolerance ("go", "say"), or to refer to the encouragement to joint action ("Let's start", "we will go" ). In the latter case, the particles "Come on" / "Let's" and the intonation selection of the verb are used, explaining its value in the context. Compare: "Tomorrow we will go to the mountains" and "Let's go to ride!" - The same word, but the shades of the value are different.

Reiteration

Now let's try to consolidate information about all types of inclination.

The subjunctive (it is conditional) - hypothetical action, a possible situation. It is formed by adding a particle "would" ("b"), it does not matter, it changes only in numbers and childbirth: "said", "would drop out", "threw."

Mandrel - order or indication. The verbs of the second person of the only and multiple number are used, but sometimes the third person is allowed with the "Let" particle: "Speak", "refuse", "let it sing", "Long live."

Expansioning - a description of the event that happened at any time. There is in the past, present and future of time, in all persons, numbers and childbirth (for the verbs of the imperfect species, for the perfect - only in the past and the future). Under certain conditions, it can proceed to other types of inclination. To repeat, use the table in which all forms of verb "read" are shown.

As you can see, everything is very simple. In fact, the tealing of verbs is one of the simplest topics of the Russian language, so you will not be difficult to remember all its nuances.

Therefore, it is so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other part of speech, it has its morphological signs that can be permanent and non-permanent. So, the permanent morphological features include face, genus, time, number. We will deal with such a concept as the ignition of the verb in Russian. How to determine it? All these questions can be found to find answers in this article.

In contact with

What is a weakening?

This is a grammar sign of the verb that helps change the word. This category is necessary in order to express the ratio of the processwhich just calls this word, to reality.

Important! The verb shapes are expressive, imperative and conditional inclination

Depending on how words are expressed related to the processes that occur in reality, there are inclination from the verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

Under the direct meant the display, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched the movie.

Indirect is imperative or imperative inclination. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.

Reflection on the definition of verb

Views

The basics of classification lie features and features of the lexic value of verbs.

There are three types in modern:

1. Remitable.
2. Conditional.
3. Mandatory.

The first form usually refers to the action that proceeds in reality And it could happen in the past, it can occur in the present and can take place in the future. For example: I will do lessons on Thursday.

The second form refers to the act that will be fulfilled in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would have done the lessons on Thursday, but I go to the theater.

The third type is either the orders to do something or request. For example: tomorrow I will definitely learn the lessons.

Three types of leakage of verb

How to determine the ignition of the verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. Thus, the verbs in the zealing show a real act, so this word will be changed at times.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it action will be committed in some other person. Such words usually encourage any activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but the required. Most often, to get an imperative verb form, use a certain time, for example, the future or present to which it is necessary to add suffix-and. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, shouthes, die. If it is used in the plural, then even more respected by the end of such a word is added to those. For example, catch, shout, die.

Conditional inclination refers to the actions that could occur if there were all the necessary conditions. By the way, conditional is also called and subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle or b. For example, I would jumped into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in the direct value, but also in portable. Usually, the figurative value completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category changes.

Explicitive

The most common verb wordform in Russian is considered to be expurative, as it suggests that what happens in reality with man, subject or any person. Only the display can be determined by the time, and on what it will depend on how this action is performed: in reality or it will be in the future.

Another feature of such a form is a change in persons and numbers. If the verb of the perfect species, then it can change at times:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Every time it is formed here in its own way. So, the future is formed with the help of the word "to be", which is added to the verb that is worthy of indefinitely. But this is a complex form of a real time, and a simple form is. For example: I'm cleaned in the apartment for all days. (NAS. BP). I was removed in the apartment for all days. (POST. BP). I will get out in the apartment for all day. (Bud. BP).

The expressive inclination can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations such verb shapes are the most consumed.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form indicate the actions that may occur, but for this require some conditions. For example: I would have passed this test if I was helped. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past time and attach a particle or b. The particle can stand in a sentence anywhere. It is necessary in order to allocate a word that can be any part of speech.

Supportable, or conditional, has its own features of consumption. It allows not only to express some action that can occur if special possibilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

Supporting inclination in Russian helps express shades of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea, if I hadn't kept work. Would not happen trouble!

Imperative

The verbs of the imperative challenge encourage those who are listening to some action. These words, a variety of emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request and order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

N. R. Dobrushina, 2014

Mood - the video importing grammatical category of the verb, expressing the attitude of the speaking of the statement and / or the attitude of the situation to the real world (its reality, irradiance, desirability), that is, various modal values (cm. Modality).

Test is grammatical The means of designation of modal values. The same values \u200b\u200bcan be expressed and lexically (for example, using modal verbs): cf. The expression of the desired value using the subjunctive inclination ( Halfing in the sun!) or with the help of the verb want (I want to lie down in the sun).

1) expressive inclination (indicative);

2) subjunctive inclination (conditional, continiantialis, subjective, sub-competition, conjunctive), see the relevant article of this collection;

3) insecurity (imperative), see the relevant article of this collection.

The expressive inclination is sometimes called direct, Unlike indirect - subjunctive and imperative.

1. Morphology

1.1. Methods of expressing chance

Indicative It is expressed by a special set of indicators with the value of the number and face / kind. For example, in the form goes away (he leaves in an hour) ending -Et. It has the following meanings: Expansioning, present, 3rd face, single.

Imperative mood It is expressed with the help of indicators that join the basis of the Presentation: -and(those) (care-I./ care-and-those) or -Ø (those) (pey-Ø./ Pey-Ø-te). Separate verbs also have a special form of calling to joint action with indicators -Te. or -I-Th. (gidth-ee). There are also a number of forms and structures with the meaning of encouraging to joint action ( come on(those) let's go to, Let's walk) and prompting to the 3rd face ( let be/ Let go out). .

1.2. Other grammatical categories

1.2.1. Time

Grammatical opposition to of time There are only in the forms of reference. The imperative and subjunctive inclination does not distinguish times. The situation, denoted by the subjunctive inclination, in meaning may also relate to the past, and to this, and the future. The shape of the ignition does not change: if I had yesterday/ Today/ Tomorrow offered a million, I would refuse. The situation denoted by the imperative inclination is always refer to the future.

1.2.2. Face, number and genus

IN expressive challenge In the present and the future, facial and numbers are expressed ( i'm leaving/ are you going/ He's leaving, I'm leaving/ We are leaving), in the past - kind and numbers ( i left/ She is gone/ It is gone/ they leave).

IN withdrawal challenge on the - l. (as in the last time indicative) values \u200b\u200bare expressedgenus and numbers (i would gone/ She would leave/ It would be left/ they would gone).

IN ludial inclination Forms are expressednumbers ((you) yield/ (you) Go away). In fact, the imperative inclusion is expressed by the prompting of the 2nd face, some verbs also have a special form of encouraging to jointly: come, Uydemte (This form is sometimes referred to as the 7th face of the multiple number). Other persons of the imperative are expressed by non-specialized forms and various structures that relate to analytical imperative forms:

a) 1st face of a plural: sPOO, come on(those) SPOO and come on(those) sing;

b) 3rd face of the sole and plural numbers: let it be good, Let sing.

1.2.3. Finnish

Inclination, in contrast to times, more characteristic for finite Forms of verb. TOthe detaspania, however, can also include combinations of particles would be with non-infinite forms: with infinitive ( Would soon be leg), with predictives, noun, communion and verbalism (see the subjunctive inclination).

1.2.4. Semantics

1.3. Values \u200b\u200bexpressed by the withdrawal

IndicativeAs a rule, describes the situation as belonging to the real world.

Past time The expressive inclination describes the situation as the occurrence before speech:

(1) I arrived he is in place shortly before dinner, set In the corner of the banner stripped off Shinel and, ringing orders, gone With gifts for a neighbor. [IN. Worn. Monumental Propaganda (2000)]

Present The expressive track describes the situation as having a place at the time of speech:

(2) - And I do not worried- he said quickly. [IN. Aksenov. Mysterious Passion (2007)]

Future tense An expressive ignition describes the situation as such that will occur after the moment of speech. Since the future situation fundamentally cannot belong to reality, the future time is sometimes considered as belonging to the indirect ignition system, and not to the expressive (about the special status of the future time, see modality / p.2.3. Remitting inclination and referenced appruteness).

(3) I will walk until the morning, and when night will be finish, i'll goon the slide I. meeting Dawn ... [S. Kozlov. True, we will always be? (1969-1981)]

The expurative inclination may be of a figurative value, for example, to act as a imperative lintage:

(4) in the freezer fish / pull out / let off / then Barsika give. [Home conversation // From the materials of Ulyanovsk University (2007)]

1.4. Values \u200b\u200bexpressed by a subjunctive

Subjunctive mood Indicates a situation that does not belong to the real world. The value of the subjunctive inclination greatly depends on whether it is used in independent predication or in the appropriate sentence. In independent predication, the subjunctive inclination has either a counterfatient value, that is, denotes a situation that, according to the speaker, belongs to an alternative, imaginary world, or the desired value. In the apparent proposals, the value of the subjunctive track depends on the semantics of the Union, relations between the main proposal and subordinate and other factors.

The subjunctive inclination has thus three main types of use:contractive (For more information, see the subjunctive inclination / p. 2.1),desirable (For details, see the subjunctive inclination / p. 2.2) and consumption in subordinate predication. In the portable value, the subjunctive inclination can be used in pragmatic purposesIn order to soften the message about the communicative intentions of the speaker (for moreSupporting challenge / p. 2.3).

a) counterfacitable meaning Supporting ignition: The situation, from the point of view of the speaker, is obviously belonging not to the real, but to an alternative world.

(5) neither stop, nor leave the stone they could not - this would For all disasters. [IN. Bulls. Stone (2002)]

(6) If I did not have a permanent address, I would Vyoul Himself modest. [BUT. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

b) desirable meaning Supporting ignition: The situation does not belong to the real world, but seems to be a speaker desired.

(7) If only is he knewHow hard I have in my soul! [YU. Trifonov. House on the Embankment (1976)]

(8) Lie, look At the sea I. pour Cold wine. [IN. Craid. George Ivanov in Yere (2003)]

c) pragmatic use Supporting ignition: Purpose -softe the message about the intentions of the speaker or reduce categorical of approval.

(9) - I i would like to Contact from one as a request, he said quietly and even somehow his hands pressed against his chest. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of unnecessary things (1978)]

(10) - Yes, of course, - a young man answered, easily meeting with radiant clear eyes mi. With a sleeper suddenly look at the bar. - But now I would recommend George Matveyevich rest. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of unnecessary things (1978)]

(11) Viktor Astafiev wrote: if would be Millions of peasants only spun towards Moscow, her would wash Together with the Kremlin and the Gorisy Monkey. [D. Dragunsky. About slaves and free (2011)]

(12) In short what would bei n. done, my wife always repeats : – God, before what you looks like on the his father! .. [S. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

(13) all on the svetle must take place slow and wrong, to failedfight human, tohuman Wasgusts and confused. [IN. Erofeev. Moscow-Petushki (1970)]

(14) And the polar explosions dragged their belongings, and Mom began to shout, to Aleshka sheltered home dress up. [BUT. F. members. How Aleshka lived in the north (1978)]

(15) If someone praised, the roller immediately searched for the reason that would have done Praise undeserved. [BUT. Aleksin. Signals and hill (1985)]

1.5. Values \u200b\u200bexpressed by imperative

a) Order:

(16) – Despair Tomorrow, at dawn! - ordered Mr. Beluga. [BUT. Dorofeev. Ele-Flight (2003)]

b) Permission:

(17) – Chicken, I allowed the grandfather. - What are you smoking? [IN. Shukshin. Kalina Red (1973)]

c) Tip:

(18) – Dont be upset, Nina, do not waste Your nerves, he advised. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

d) WISHING:

(19) – be happy, Margarita Nikolaevna! "She threw his head to the master and appealed to Margarita again:" I knew everything, where you go. " [M. A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

Insecurity can also have portable useUsing to express conditions (20), concessions (21), must, (22), (23), and others (2), (24), et al. to the 2nd face.

(20) He is a woven from the maternity hospital, she kept the child on the hands, and it seemed to him that livehe is a thousand years - he will not forget this day. [IN. Grossman. All flows (1955-1963)]

(21) Sometimes it grabs that at least lie down and pomiray. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(22) Vasya what will receive, it will drink, and I spruce on your salary. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(23) The dog and the cat lived-lived from the owner and aged. The case is everyday, with every way can happen. And the owner of them take and calculate. [E. L. Schwartz. Two maple (1953)]

(24) ... She walked around the veranda, the woman was passing the flower, casually put him in her hair, and he and come in place! [IN. Astafiev. Cheerful Soldier (1987-1997)]

2. Frequency

In the frequency in the subcortose with the removed omonymy of ignition are distributed as follows:

an expressive inclination - 580 thousand eats;

imperative inclination - 29 thousand consumption;

subjecting (particle would be(b.) + to(s)) – 25.5 thousand uses.

3. Basic literature

• Bondarko A.V., Belyaeva E.I., Biryulin L.A. and others. Theory of functional grammar. Temperature. Modality. L.: Science. 1990.
• Grammar 1980 - Swedov N.Yu. (Ed.) Russian grammar. M.: Science. 1980. PP. 1472-1479.
• Palmer F.r. Mood and modality. 2nd Edition. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
• Plungian V. irrealis and modality in Russian and in Typological Perspective // \u200b\u200bHansen B., Karlik P. (EDS.) Modality in Slavonic Languages. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. 2005. P. 135-146.
• Hansen B. Mood in Russia // Rothstein B., Thieroff R. Mood in The Languages \u200b\u200bof Europe. Amsterdam-Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2010. p. 325-341.