Understand yourself, and not just wait for understanding. The first alphabet was not just one of the "divine secrets"

Typical forms of pathology

Typical forms of pathology (TFP) of tissues, individual organs and their physiological systems are also components of individual diseases.

Various TFPs, developing in a specific tissue or organ, are accompanied by a number of specific tissues or organs of pathological and adaptive changes in them. The combination of such interrelated changes is denoted as a typical form of pathology of this tissue or organ.

Example. Typical form of pathology: anemia.

A variety of reasons may cause hemolysis of red blood cells, violation of their formation and ripening, loss of them during bleeding and hemorrhages. But all these states are characterized by one natural, mandatory change - decrease in the hemoglobin content (HB) in a unit of blood volume. Such a typical, stereotypical form of the pathology of the erythrocyte system is denoted as "anemia". In turn, anemia as the TFP of the erythrocyte system may be a component of a variety of diseases (for example, leukemia, renal failure, vitamin B 12-identical anemia, radiation disease, atrophic gastritis, etc.).

Signs of typical forms of pathologies

As with typical pathological processes, the TFP of organs and tissues have a number of characteristic features:

Polyethology;

Monopathogenetic;

The complexity of damage and adaptation processes;

Standard of manifestation;

The inclusion as a component into the pathogenesis of many specific diseases.

Examples. The TFP of organs and tissues (besides the above-mentioned anemia) include heart arrhythmias, respiratory failure, jade syndrome, uremia, liver failure, leukemia, hyperthyroid states, neurogenic motion disorders and / or sensitivity syndromes, and a number of others.

Tasks of pathophysiology

Pathophysiologists decide the tasks of developing the problems of etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, the mechanisms of their manifestations, formulating the principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.

Etiology

Pathophysiologists find out, describe and explain the causes and conditions for the occurrence of different forms of pathology (diseases, painful states, pathological syndromes, etc.). Knowledge of these factors allows you to answer the question " Why arises?

Pathogenesis

Pathophysiologists are investigated, described and explain the mechanisms for the development of various forms of pathology and their manifestations. This makes it possible to answer the question " How to develop?»This or that form of pathology.

Diagnostics

Pathophysiologists formulate and justify the principles and methods for identifying (diagnosing) diseases, pathological processes, states and reactions. The basis of solving this task is the knowledge of the mechanisms of their occurrence, development and completion. This allows you to scientifically substantiate a rational diagnostic search scheme for each particular patient, i.e. answer the question " How to reveal?»Disease or pathological process.

Treatment and prevention

Pathophysiologists formulate and argue the strategy, principles and methods of treatment, as well as the prevention of various forms of pathology, i.e. answer the question " How to treat them and warn?».

Methods of pathophysiology

In pathophysiology and both in academic discipline, and both in a scientific specialty, a large number of methods are used: modeling, theoretical analysis, clinical studies, methods of other biomedical disciplines (biochemical, morphological, biophysical, statistical, etc.). In the aggregate, these types of methods allow us to obtain objective information about etiology, pathogenesis and manifestations of pathological processes and diseases in each particular patient, as well as under the experimental conditions.

I. The concept of "Being" is central in philosophy. The concepts of "matter" and "consciousness" are adjacent to it.

The nature of understanding the essence of the existence of matter, consciousness is the main indicator of the personality of the philosopher to a particular philosophical school or direction.

The concept of "being" is equivalent to the terms "reality", "existence", "something". Although the ultimate latitude of the concept of "being" "makes it difficult to determine whether some of its main signs can be specified:

"Genesis" is the most wide of philosophical concepts.

"Being" is the opposite of the concept of "non-existence", which democritus called "void", and the religious philosophers of the Middle Ages - "nothing" from which God created the land. The philosophical categories of non-existence and being correlate together in the same way as the mathematical concepts of zero and an infinite natural range of numbers, which begins with a simple unit. In modern philosophy and natural sciences, the non-existence category is described as a vacuum or interstellar space. However, in modern science, non-existence is submitted not as an emptiness, but as a kind of majority, creative, active, generating, sense-forming principle, or pramatarium.

Being is that, in contrast to the structural non-existence, it has its own structure. Genesis is evaluable, varied. As the main forms, it can be allocated material, ideal, human, each of which is divided into many others. Non-existence or inthium - one, structureless; Genesis is multiple, diverse.

Being in contrast to non-existence, emptiness, vacuum is characterized by a variety of properties. The most important of them are connections, relationships, dependence, influence between individual parts and objects of being, including causal. The properties of non-existence are much more limited: they are, in fact, are reduced to the ability of non-existence to allocate from themselves, to generate genes, to create it.

Nevertheless, despite its diversity, being is one or as they are expressed, continually, it is convertible to a single basis in the same way as an endless natural number of numbers comes down to one. This is the property of being V.S. Solovyov expressed the category of unity.

However, in understanding the essence of the common foundations of being in philosophers of different directions, there were a lot of differences.

How can I characterize various interpretations of the essence of being in the history of philosophical thought?

Initially, in the VII-VI centuries. BC E. Antique philosophers (Fales, Herclite) understood the meaning of the Validity of the World. But then his understanding has become very diverse. Therefore, it is advisable to classify various approaches to understanding this complex philosophical category. We highlight primarily the main one.

Philosophers materialists believed that being materially. It can be air, water, fire, earth and other natural elements. So, according to Democritus, being the essence of atoms: "Democritis considers the nature of eternal little entities, infinite in terms of number. They called them atoms, as they are dense and indivisible. "1

Philosophers idealists, on the contrary, recognized being ideal, believing that it is based on the idea, worldwide mind, God, etc. In particular, Plato and his supporters "... Target called ideas ... They came to the conclusion that there is an idea of \u200b\u200beverything ... And everything that is sensually perceived exists in addition to them and referred to themselves with them, because through the involvement to the Eidos there are all many The same names with them. "2 (Aristotle. Metaphysics. Op. In 4 tons. T.1. - M., 1984. - p.328.)

Justifying its position on the essence of being, the idealist philosophers emphasized that although in the perfect and there is no gram of material, it nevertheless forms a special ideal world, the world is independent, real. While the forms of material being are finite, vague, transient, in perfect the possibility of immortality. These features of the spiritual, the perfect advantage over material caused and the emergence of the exercises that depened not only the primacy of the material, but also at all of the role of matter for humans. Such a position adhered to George Berkeley (1685-1753) and other philosophers - subjective idealists.

Representatives of this philosophical school generally denied the existence of any objective - material or ideal - the foundations of the world. From their point of view, the basis of the world is subjective, i.e. It is not outside of a person, but in himself, in his spiritual world.

So, according to Berkeley and supporting Hernsta Maha (1838-1916), no abstract matter really exists for a person, but only individual things. But they are given to us only in consciousness, thinking as "complexes of sensations." They are both genuine reality for us. As for the category of matter, then, according to Berkeley, it is needed by some philosophers only as a "reason for wastelife."

Modern philosophy seeks to get rid of extremes in the interpretation of the concept of "being". In its modern understanding, there seems to be summed up, various ideas are integrated.

Fear is one of the natural parts of the emotional life of any person. It often happens that fear reaches such a state when it becomes very difficult to get rid of it.

Despite the fact that a considerable amount of research on the topic of fear has already been conducted, he still has a lot of mysteries that modern science does not know the answer. That is why the group of scientists from Freiburg, headed by John Velshs, decided using computer simulation to better understand the processes occurring in the human brain during the formation and disappearance of fears. This scientist was for the first time in history managed to explain that all fears that we think have already passed, actually continue to exist, but in a hidden form.

It turned out that fears literally allowed their roots very deeply: much lower than the cerebral cerebral core binds to the so-called "almond-shaped body", which plays one of the decisive roles in fear processes.

Usually, fear is investigated on laboratory mice by exposure to them simultaneously with a neutral incentive - a certain sound, and a stimulus that delivers unpleasant sensations. It all leads to the fact that animals are just afraid of sound.

At the same time, the context plays a very important role: in the case when the frightening sound was reproduced many times in a new context without any bad actions, the animals got rid of fear. The fear was immediately returned if the sound was reproduced in the original or even completely in a new context. That is, it turns out that the mice did not extend to be frightened?

The fact that the fears of men, women and children are able to "disguise" have already been known for a long time. But only recently scientists have proven that two groups of nerve cells, which are in the middle of the almond-shaped body, take part in this process.

Due to the fact that scientists used computer simulation of the neurons of the almond-shaped body, they were able to explain how masking fears in the human brain: one cell group is responsible for the reaction of fear, and the second is participating in the process of its suppression. The functioning of the second group inhibits the action of the first and, thus, prevents the transfer of fears to other areas of the brain. However, the change in their connections is present, and these links can re-enter into force, for example, from context change. As a result, the feeling of fear can be returned.

Scientists hope that the results of the study will help in the near future to more successfully treat various fears.

1. What is such a conflict? What lies in it?

2. Determine the possible consequences of the functional conflict.

3. Having revealed the role of dysfunctional conflicts.

4. What types of conflicts are you known? Give their character
ku. Recall one or more of the four types of conflicts from
Of your life.

5. Name and explain the main causes of conflicts.

6. Describe the five main styles of relations between people,
used to resolve the conflict.

7. Name and explain the four phases of conflict development.

8. How do you understand stress?

9. Imagine and explain the model of the stress reaction.

10. Name the reasons for stress.

Literature

1.Borodin F.M., Karyak Nm.Attention: conflict. M., 1989.

2. Vishnyakova N.F.The conflict is creativity. Mn., 1994.

3. Ziegert V., Leng L.Lead without conflict. M., 1990.

4. Lukyan Ya.A.Barriers of communication, conflicts, stress ... MN., 1989.

5. Meson MK, Albert M, Hedoi FFundamentals of management. M.,
1992.

6. Sellega T.Stress without distress / trans. from English M., 1982.

7. Khramov O.V.Methods of knowledge and overcoming conflict si
Tuitsa. L., 1989.

8. Andreev V.I.Conflictology. Art of dispute, conflicts.
Kazan, 1992.

9. Flint MACollective management. M., 1997.

Chapter 12. Art of communication

Value for business communication form and organization of communication

12.1. Value of business communication

Communication is the main form of human being, the eternal property of a person. The French writer A. De Saint-Exupery called people to communicate with luxury. This luxury makes man man. The absence or lack of communication deforms the human person.

Thus, communication is the most important form of the interaction of people. It underlies almost everything we do. In the life of most people, communication processes take up to 70% of the time, and managers spend on various types of communication on average 80% of their working time. This is a permanent process that people use to transmit organizational purposes to provide feedback and make adjustments (Fig. 12.1).

The ability to communicate has always been among the most important human qualities. To people who easily enter into contacts and able to place, we treat with sympathy, and we try to communicate with closed, or do not communicate at all, or to enter into limited contacts only in case of extreme need.

Communication is a vital goal of establishing the relationships and cooperation of people. Almost all business problems in one way or another are associated with communication, because communication is the process of transferring ideas, thoughts and feelings, bringing them to understanding by other people. This process dominates in our lives. Many believe that communication -

universal element of human experience and therefore perceive it as proper. It is common that communication is a simple instinctive process, which is given to people naturally, from birth. In fact, as studies show, communication is incredibly subtle and complex activities. And on how correctly communication is built, it depends a lot: the effectiveness of the negotiations, the degree of mutual understanding with partners, customers and employees, the satisfaction of employees of the organization by their work, the moral and psychological climate in the team, relationship with other enterprises and organizations, as well as with government agencies.

Fig. 12.1. Model of communication process

Management is a number of major areas where communication plays a decisive role. For a modern manager, personality, which should work with people, the ability to communicate is vital. This is the most important skill that the manager must have. The success of the organization's activities is influenced by the level of sociability of the manager (Fig. 12.2).

Evaluation of efficiency was produced on a special scale. High performance management meets two levels of manifestation of executives: 8-10 and 14-15 points of sociability. These levels are answered high 296

production efficiency. Approximately the same low performance performance indicators occur in groups of "closed" (up to 4 points) and "high-capacity" (over 16 points of sociability).

Fig. 12.2. The impact of the level of sociability of the manager on the success of the organization

The negative effect of ultra-low society of managers to the results of labor is explained, but interest is a negative impact on the effectiveness of the management, the high society of the head (more than 16 points).

What are the causes of such a phenomenon? It would seem that the more sociable person, the more contact and it does not premone affect the results of labor. In fact, it is not.

As can be seen from fig. 12.2, and closedness, and high, and ultra-high sociability limit the cognitive capabilities of managers on analyzing, studying and evaluating both members of the team and the situation in general, in which the team works. They often have administered management decisions to be guided by external signs, which naturally affects their quality.

High society can interfere with the leaders focus on solving the main issues of interaction in the team, to cause difficulties in concentration

mania. All this adversely affects the results of interaction in the team, especially on the results of labor.

As a rule, members of the team have a socio-psychological installation on a certain level of communication with leaders. Oversight and closed leaders cause mismatch between their behavior and the settings of the team members, which generally adversely affects the formation of a socio-psychological climate in the team.

Highboring leaders often can simply interfere with the work of the team, to distract the large number of contacts.

When interacting with the performers, the mechanism of "blocking" communication with it is triggered, so communication is based on conditions that are far from optimal.

A manager who does not have adequate sensitivity to communication, as a rule, is wasting a lot of time and energy, strengthening discontent of the subordinates. Therefore, the head must understand that the ability to communicate is an equally significant element of his professional activity than special knowledge and work skills.

Good day, dear friends. To date, there are practically no people who would not know about cryptocurrency. But the digital assets themselves are not particularly important, but the technology that they popularize is the blockchain.

The blockchain by itself is the personification of decentralization and the possible financial revolution, which is already nearing. Without a doubt, this technology has a very serious potential, and in the future she probably will show themselves from the best side.

Yes, while everything happens at the test level, but we will make a discount on what the blockchain is a very young technology. The principle of decentralization, which is laid in it, can change not only the financial sphere, but the whole of our life as a whole.

In 2017, conversations about the blockchain and the principle of decentralization was extremely much, but in 2018 there were already significantly less than. The cost of many cryptocurrency continued an active decline, and the voices of many adherents of digital assets started to serve. Given such a large-scale informational lull, it was possible to think that the technology itself lost to the former glory.

He aggravated the picture and the fact that many countries governments made extremely negatively against cryptocurrency, and various forums were given to the topics that cryptocurrencies are an universe evil and a deception of large scale. The beginning to spread the view that against the background of all this chaos, reigning in this field, the technology of the blockchain began to lose relevance. If you share a similar opinion, then you are probably extremely far from the truth.

Now we will try to deal with you and find confirmation that the principle of decentralization is alive and continues to improve. We will not go into the philosophical specs and reasoning, but simply resort to the consideration of dry facts. And against the facts, as you know, do not stick.

Machines will be intelligent

From the veryest global industrial revolution, people created cars, in the future fully controlling their work. Over time, cars have become already full partners for a person, helping them to solve a bunch of important issues. Now there are many things within which the cars are superior to us. It is elementary to count something, we resort to the help of a calculator. If something needs to be translated, we appeal to online translators. And such examples can be given a great set. The fact remains a fact - the machines have become integral satellites in the human activity, simplifying it a solution to those or other tasks.

However, the technologies of artificial intelligence, which so excite our consciousness, today can be considered only the vertex of iceberg. Now there are many organizations that themselves develop platforms operating on the basis of artificial intelligence. But the real breakthrough will happen at the moment when organizations will begin to unite and create platforms based on AI, which will be more technological when combined into groups. It will become a global and perfect mechanism that will change our life forever.

Let's look at absolutely real examples. Now in many large banks there are already platforms built on the basis of AI and they help identify the likelihood of fraud in various payments. Each bank develops its own model based on its statistical data. Such banks can focus more quickly and qualitatively, and this is their main competitive advantage.

VIDEO

But despite this, fraudulent actions with various payments remain the problem of the modern financial model. But, we will be frank, any bank first of all seeks to lobby our own goals. The benefit for the bank is much more important than the benefit that he can bring society.

Now it is very unlikely that banks worldwide will create their conglomerate, within which a single perfect model of AI will be displayed, which impedes fraud. Banks, one way or another, lead to each other competition, and are unlikely to form an alliance in the foreseeable future. If this does not happen, the problems of fraud will remain open.

It is very interesting that within such a tendency, the principle of decentralization will allow all financial structures not only to preserve their economic value, but also to bring significant benefits to society. How can it work? Theoretically, banks can create a single AI model that will be stored in the blockchain.

Any participant may be unhindered from the blockchain to get the latest copy of the model, to train it according to its principles, and back to the blockchain, confirming the fact that the training has passed.

If the network recognizes that training has a positive effect on the model performance, it will automatically automatically spread to other participants, which will maintain the high efficiency of the system and its constant upgrades.

As a promotion, a participant who successfully trained the system can receive additional remuneration in the form of tokens, which will be generally accepted within the network. Thus, the model will be constantly improved, and each specific participant will be able to maintain the economic value of its own data, thereby acting in favor of both himself and society as a whole.

The cars will begin to communicate

As a bright example, you can bring cars with unmanned control, which is already becoming a kind of trend. If the machines are self-governing, then they need a way within which they can communicate.

Direct and adjustable communication is simply not provided through centralized systems. The fact is that if at least one element of the centralized network comes out of the order, then the entire system can collapse. If we speak specifically about cars, such problems can provoke numerous accidents. If the machines can communicate with each other, the dependence on centralized networks may have a number of certain dangers.

With the advent of self-governing cars, new economic models will appear, which are of particular interest.

For example, according to which principle will solve the car, what should be given in the road to another transport medium?

I think that it will be logical if the cars can negotiate with each other, based on the preferences of the passenger, which are taken. Suppose if the passenger is in a hurry, he can pay a certain amount to other participants in the movement so that you missed it.

Accordingly, those participants in the movement that are not particularly rushing, miss others and receive their remuneration. Perhaps over time, within the framework of this issue, two options will be relevant, by which the passenger will initially decide how to drive:

• To get to the required point faster, paying the remuneration to other participants in the movement.
• Getting to the point slower, skipping those who are in a hurry, but at the same time remuneration.

Such communication should be carried out directly between cars. At the same time, it must function without interruptions 24/7, which can only provide a decentralized network.

How not to miss the opportunity

First of all, now you need to strive for new knowledge, while the rest remain in ignorance. The principle of decentralization is perfectly applicable not only on the stock exchange, but also in many branches of our activities. It is not known what the fate is cryptocurrency in the future, then those principles that impose blockchas are really valid, and are able to change our life beyond recognition in the future.