Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828 1910), Russian writer. On August 28, 1828 was born in a clear clearing, a family estate in the Tula province. His parents, born Russian noblemen, died when he was a child. At 16, brought up by home ... Encyclopedia Color

Count, Russian writer. Father T. Count ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1828 1910), Rus. writer. Diaries, letters recorded by contemporaries conversations T. contain a numerous. Judgments about L. First acquaintance T. with L. Lester. Youth perception of his production. ("Haji Abrek", "Izmail Bay", "Hero of our time"). ... ... Lermontov encyclopedia

Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich - (1828-1910), Count, Writer. Tolstoy connection with the literary, public and cultural life of St. Petersburg (in which the writer was about 10 times, for the first time in 1849) were particularly intense in the 50 e.; Here he first made in the literature in ... ... Encyclopedic Directory "St. Petersburg"

- (1828 1910) Rus. Writer, publicist, philosopher. In 1844, 1847 he studied in Kazan Union (not graduated). T. artistic creativity in a significant part of his philosophy. In addition to reflections on the essence of the life and purpose of man, expressed in ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (1828 1910) Count, Russian Writer, Member of the Correspondent (1873), Honorary Academician (1900) of St. Petersburg An. Starting from autobiographical trilogy Childhood (1852), adolescence (1852 54), youth (1855 57), study of the flow of the inner world, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1828 1910), Count, Writer. T. with the literary, public and cultural life of St. Petersburg (in which the writer was about 10 times, for the first time in 1849) were particularly intense in the 50 E GG; Here he first performed in the literature in the journal ... ... St. Petersburg (Encyclopedia)

Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich - L.N. Tolstoy. Portrait of N.N. Ge. Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich (1828 1910), Russian writer, Count. Starting from the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood" (1852), "Defense" (1852 54), "Youth" (1855 57) The study of the "flowing" of the inner world, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1828 1910), Count, Russian Writer, Member of the correspondent (1873), Honorary Academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg An. Starting from the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood" (1852), "Defense" (1852 54), "Youth" (1855 57), the study of "flowing" inner ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Tolstoy (Count Lev Nikolayevich) The famous writer who has reached even unprecedented in the history of the XIX literature. Fame. In his face, the great artist with a great moralist connected powerfully. Personal life thick, its resistance, tirelessness, ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Books

• Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich. Collected Works in 12 volumes (number of volumes: 12), Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich. Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) - a writer whose name is known throughout the world, the writer, whose novels read and read many generations. The works of thick are translated by more than 75 ...
• My second Russian book for reading. Tolstoy Lion Nikolaevich, Tolstoy Lion Nikolayevich. Cognitive, entertaining and instructive works for learning children reading were specifically collected by the lion thick in several days of reading books`. The first of them represents our ...

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Born: September 9, 1828
Died: November 10, 1910

Biography

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy Born on August 28 (September 9, N.S.) in the estate of the Casual Polyana Tula province. By origin belonged to the oldest aristocratic surnames of Russia. Received home education and upbringing.

After the death of the parents (the mother died in 1830, the Father in 1837) the future writer with three brothers and sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian of P. Yushkova. The sixteen-year-old young men entered the Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Philosophy, on the category of Arabic-Turkish literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844 - 47). In 1847, without finishing the course, left the university and settled in the Casual Polyana, obtained by his property as a father's legacy.

The next four years, the future writer was in the quest: I tried to reroach the life of the Peasants of the Casual Polyana (1847), lived in a secular life in Moscow (1848), he kept exams for the degree of candidate of law (Spring 1849), decided on the service of the stationery serving to the Tula noble Deputy Collection (Autumn 1849).

In 1851 he left the Casual Polyana to the Caucasus, the place of service of his older brother Nicholas, volunteer participated in hostilities against the Chechens. The episodes of the Caucasian War are described by it in the stories of the "raid" (1853), "Riding Forest" (1855), in the story of "Cossacks" (1852 - 63). I passed the exam on Juncker, getting ready to become an officer. In 1854, being an artillery officer, translated into the Danube army, acting against the Turks.

In the Caucasus Tough He began to seriously engage in literary creativity, writes a story "Childhood", which was approved by Nekrasov and printed in the magazine "Contemporary". Later there was printed the story "Defense" (1852 - 54).

Soon after the beginning of the Crimean War Tolstoy At his personal request was transferred to Sevastopol, where he participated in the protection of the departed city, showing rare fearlessness. Awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For courage" and medals "for protecting Sevastopol". In the "Sevastopol stories" he created a merciless reliable picture of the war, which made a huge impression on Russian society. At the same years, he wrote the last part of the trilogy - "Youth" (1855 - 56), in which he stated himself not just the "poet of childhood", but a researcher of human nature. This interest in man and the desire to understand the laws of mental and spiritual life will continue in further work.

In 1855, arriving in St. Petersburg, Tough I got close to the employees of the contemporary magazine, met Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Chernyshevsky.

In the fall, 1856 resigned ("Military Career is not mine ..." - he writes in the diary) and in 1857 he went to a half-year foreign journey through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany.

In 1859, he opened a school in the Casual Polyana for peasant children, where he himself conducted classes. Helped to open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages. In order to study schooling abroad in 1860 - 1861, Tolstoy made a second trip to Europe, examining schools in France, Italy, Germany, England. In London, he met Herzen, visited Dickens a lecture.

In May 1861 (the year of the cancellation of serfdom) returned to the clear glade, he joined the position of the world mediator and actively defended the interests of the peasants, solving their disputes with landowners about the Earth, for which the Tula nobility, dissatisfied with his actions, demanded that his removal. In 1862, the Senate issued a decree on the dismissal of Tolstoy. The secret observation of it on the part of the III branch began. In the summer of the gendarme, they made a search in his absence, confident that they would find a secret typography, which the writer allegedly acquired after meetings and long communicating with Hercene in London.

In 1862 life TolstoyHis life was ordered for many years: he married the daughter of the Moscow doctor Sophie Andreevna Bers and the patriarchal life began in his estate as a head of all increasing family. Thick Brought up nine children.

The 1860s - 1870s were noted by the appearance of two works of Tolstoy, who embedded his name: "War and Peace" (1863 - 69), "Anna Karenina" (1873 - 77).

In the early 1880s, Tolstoy's family moved to Moscow to enforce to educate children. Since then, winter Tough Purchased in Moscow. Here in 1882 he participated in the census of the Moscow population, closely met with the life of the inhabitants of the city slums, which described in the treatise "So what should we do?" (1882 - 86), and concluded: "... so can not live, it is impossible to live like that, it is impossible!"

New mineosozer Tough I expressed in the work "Confession" (1879), where he told about the coup in his eyes, the meaning of which he saw in the gap with the ideology of the noble class and the transition to the side of the "simple labor nation". This fracture brought Tolstoy To the denial of the state, the provincial church and property. The consciousness of meaningless life in the face of inevitable death led him to faith in God. The basis of his teaching puts moral commandments of the New Testament: the requirement of love for people and the preaching of non-resistance of evil violence constitute the meaning of the so-called "hoodie", which is made popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.

During this period, he came to the complete denial of his preceding literary activity, engaged in physical labor, plowed, sewed the boots, moved to vegetarian food. In 1891 publicly refused the author's ownership of all his writings written after 1880.

Under the influence of friends and true fans of his talent, as well as personal need for literary activities. Tough In the 1890th changed his negative attitude to art. During these years, created the drama "Power of Darkness" (1886), the play "Fruits of Enlightenment" (1886 - 90), Roman "Resurrection" (1889 - 99).

In 1891, 1893, 1898 participated in the assistance of the peasants of the starving provinces, organized free canteens.

In the last decade, he was engaged in, as always, intense creative labor. The story "Haji Murat" (1896 - 1904), the drama "Living Corpse" (1900), the story "after the Bala" (1903).

At the beginning of 1900, a number of articles wrote the entire system of government. The government of Nicholas II issued a decree on which the Holy Synod (the Higher Church Establishment of Russia) has left the Tolstoy from the Church than caused a wave of indignation in society.

In 1901. Tough He lived in Crimea, he was treated after severe illness, often met with Chekhov and M. Gorky.

In recent years of life, when Tolstoy was the will, he found himself at the center of intrigue and contention between the "Tolstov", on the one hand, and his wife who defended the well-being of his family, children on the other. Trying to bring your lifestyle in line with convictions and by the boric lifestyle in the manor. Tolstoy November 10, 1910 secretly left the clear clearing. The health of the 82-year-old writer could not stand travel. He was catching up and, Ill, on November 20, died on the way at the station Astapovo Ryazan-Ural Railway.

He was buried in a clear glade.

Novels

1859 - family happiness
1884 - Decembrists
1873 - War and Peace
1875 - Anna Karenina

Trilogy: childhood, adolescence and youth

1852 - Childhood
1854 - Defense
1864 - Youth

Tale

1856 - Two Husar
1856 - Morning landowner
1858 - Albert.
1862 - Idyll
1862 - Polykushka
1863 - Cossacks
1886 - Death of Ivan Ilyich
1903 - Notes of Crazy
1891 - Crazerova Sonata
1911 - Devil
1891 - Mother
1895 - Host and Worker
1912 - Father Sergius
1912 - Haji Murat

Story

1851 - yesterday's history
1853 - Ried
1853 - Sight Night
1854 - Uncle Zhdanov and Cavalier Chernov
1854 - How do Russian soldiers die
1855 - Notes Marker
1855 - Wood cutting
1856 - Cycle "Sevastopol Stories"
1856 - Mistel
1856 - demotion
1857 - Lucerne
1859 - Three deaths
1887 - Surat Coffee
1891 - Francoise
1911 - Who is right?
1894 - Karma
1894 - the dream of a young king
1911 - after the ball
1911 - Fake coupon
1911 - Alyosha Pot
1905 - Poor People
1906 - Vasiliev's roots
1906 - Yagoda
1906 - For what?
1906 - Divorce and Human
1911 - What I saw in a dream
1906 - Father Vasily
1908 - childhood power
1909 - Conversation with passersby
1909 - Travel and Peasant
1909 - songs in the village
1909 - three days in the village
1912 - Khodyanka
1911 - Nekayanno
1910 - grateful soil

September 23, 1862 Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy married to Sophie Andreevna Bers. She was 18 years old at that time, Count - 34. They lived together for 48 years, to the very death of Tolstoy, and this marriage cannot be called a slight or cloudless happy. Nevertheless, Sophia Andreevna gave birth to Count 13 children, published a lifetime meeting of his writings, and the posthumous edition of his letters. Tolstoy in the last message, written by the spouse after a quarrel and before going away from the house, to his last way to the station Astapovo, admitted that she loved her, no matter what - just to live with her could not. The story of the love and life of the graph and the Countess of Tolstoy recalls AIF.RU.

Reproduction paintings by artist Ilya Repin "Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy and Sophia Andreevna Tolstoy at the table." Photo: RIA Novosti

Sophia Andreevna and in the life of a husband, and after his death were accused of having not understood the spouse, did not divide his ideas, was too landed and far from the philosophical view of the graph. He also accused her and he himself, it was, in fact, and was the cause of numerous disagreements, overwhelming the last 20 years of their livelihood. And nevertheless, I can not blame Sophia Andreevna in the fact that she was a bad wife. Having devoted all his life not only the birth and upbringing of numerous children, but also concerns around the house, the economy, the solution of peasant and economic problems, as well as the preservation of the creative heritage of the great husband, she forgot about the dresses, and about secular life.

Writer Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy with his wife Sofia. Gaspra. Crimea. Reproduction of photographs of 1902. Photo: RIA Novosti

See you with your first and only wife Count Tolstoy - the descendant of the ancient noble family, in which the blood was mixed at once several noble families, "the military, and the pedagogical career had already managed to do, was a well-known writer. With the birch family, Tolstoy was familiar before his service in the Caucasus and traveling in Europe in the 50s. Sofya was the second of the three daughters of the doctor Moscow Palace Andrei Berse. And his spouse Love Bers, in motive Islavina. Berseys lived in Moscow, in the apartment in the Kremlin, but they often visited the Tula estate of Islavin in the village of Ivitsa, near the clear glade. Lyubov Alexandrovna drove friendship with his sister Leo Nikolaevich Maria, her brother Konstantin- with the column itself. Sophia and her sisters he saw for the first time children, they spent time together and in a clear glade, and in Moscow, played on the piano, sang and even put the Opera House once.

Writer Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy with his wife Sophia Andreevna, 1910. Photo: RIA Novosti

Sophia received a wonderful home education - mother since childhood instigated children love for literature, and later the diploma of home teacher at Moscow University and wrote small stories. In addition, the future countess thick from his youth was keen on writing stories and led a diary, which will later be recognized as one of the outstanding samples of the memoir genre. Tolstoy who returned to Moscow found no longer a little girl with whom once put homemade performances, and a charming girl. Families began to visit each other again, and the barks clearly noticed the interest of the graph to one of her daughters, but for a long time they believed that Tolstoy would be wondering to the older Elizabeth. For a while, he, as is known, and himself doubted, however, after another day, held with Berse, in the Casual Polyana in August 1862, took the final decision. Sophia has conquered him with his immediacy, simplicity and clarity of judgments. They broke up for a few days, after which the count himself came to Ivitsa - on the ball, who organized the bers and on which Sofya danced so that there was no doubt in the heart of Tolstoy. It is even considered that the writer handed over his own feelings at that moment, in the stage where Prince Andrei watches Natasha Rostova on her first ball. On September 16, Lev Nikolayevich asked his daughter's hands from Berchov, pre-sending the Sophie letter to make sure that she would agree: "Tell me how an honest person, do you want to be my wife? Only if from the whole soul, you can safely say: yes, and then better tell me: No, if you have a shadow of doubt in yourself. For God's sake, ask yourself well. I will be terribly heard: no, but I will foresee him and find the strength to demolish. But if I never husband I will not be loved as I love, it will be terrible! ". Sophia immediately answered consent.

Wanting to be honest with a future wife, Tolstoy gave her to read his diary - so the girl learned about the stormy past of the groom, about gambling, about numerous novels and passionate hobbies, including communication with the peasant girl Axinhaewho waited for him a child. Sophia Andreevna was shocked, but, as she could, hid his feelings, nevertheless, the memory of these revelations would sweep throughout his life.

The wedding played just a week after the engagement - the parents could not resist the edure of the graph, which wanted to be married as soon as possible. It seemed to him that after so many years he was finally found about which he dreamed of in childhood. Early lost mother, he grew up, listening to her stories, and thought that and his future wife should be faithful, loving, fully dividing his views by the companion, mother and assistant, simple and at the same time able to evaluate the beauty of literature and gift His husband. It was this that he saw him Sophia Andreevna - a 18-year-old girl who was abandoned from urban life, secular receptions and beautiful outfits for the sake of life next to her husband in his country estate. The girl took care of the household, gradually the accustomed to rural life, so different from the one to which she was accustomed.

Lion Tolstoy with his wife Sofia (center) on the porch of the Yaspolyansky House in Troicin Day, 1909 Photo: RIA Novosti

Firstborn Sergei Sophia Andreevna gave birth in 1863. Tolstoy then took up writing the "War and Peace". Despite the hard pregnancy, his wife not only continued to do homemade deals, but also helped her husband in his work - rewritten raid the drafts.

Writer Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy and his wife Sophia Andreevna drink tea at home in Casual Polyana, 1908. Photo: RIA Novosti

For the first time, his character Sofya Andreevna showed after the birth of Sergei. Not able to fade his herself, she demanded from the count to bring the root, although he was categorically opposed, saying that the children of this woman will remain without milk. Otherwise, she completely followed the rules established by the spouse, solved the problems of the peasants in the surrounding villages, even treated them. He taught all children and raised at home: all Sophia Andreevna gave birth to Tolstoy 13 children, five of whom died at an early age.

Russian writer Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (left) with soni grandchildren (right) and Ilyona (center) in Krekshino, 1909. Photo: RIA Novosti

The first twenty years passed almost cloudlessly, but the resentment was copied. In 1877, Tolstoy finished work on Anna Karenina and felt deep dissatisfaction with life, which was upset and even offended Sophia Andreevna. She sacrificed for him to everyone, in response received dissatisfaction with the lives she caught so hard for him. The moral quest of Tolstoy led him to the formation of the commandments, according to which his family should now live. The graph called on, among other things, to the most common existence, the abandonment of meat, alcohol, smoking. He dressed in peasant clothes, he did clothing and shoes for himself, wives and children, wanted to even abandon all the property in favor of rural residents - Sophia Andreevna was worthwhile to dissuade her husband from this act. Her sincerely offended that the spouse, suddenly felt guilt before all of humanity, did not feel guilt in front of her and was ready to give everything htorated and overheating through so many years. He was waiting for his wife that she would divide not only the material, but also his spiritual life, his philosophical views. For the first time, quarreling with Sofia Andreevna, Tolstoy left the house, and returning it, no longer trusted her manuscripts - now the duty to rewrite the drafts fell on the daughters, to which the thick is very jealous. Hold her and the death of the last child, VanyaBorn in 1888, he did not live up to seven years. This grief initially near the spouses, but for a while - the abyss, dividing them, mutual insults and misunderstanding, all this pushed Sophia Andreevna to seek comfort on the side. She took up the music, began to go to Moscow to take lessons from the teacher Alexandra Taneyev. Her romantic feelings for the musician were not a secret for the very Taneyev, nor for Tolstoy, however, the relationship remained friendly. But the graph, who was jealous, who was tornish, could not forgive this "semi-imm."

Sophia Tolstaya at the window of the house head of the station Astapovo I. M. Ozolina, where the dying lion is Tolstoy, 1910. Photo: RIA Novosti.

In recent years, mutual suspicion and resentment turned almost into manic obsession: Sophia Andreevna re-read the Diaries of Tolstoy, finding out something bad that he could write about her. He scolded his wife for excessive suspicion: the latter, the rock quarrel occurred from 27 to 28 October 1910. Tolstoy gathered things and left the house, leaving Sophia Andreevna farewell letter: "Do not think that I left, because I do not love you. I love you and sorry from the whole soul, but I can not do otherwise than I do. " According to the stories of the home, reading the note, the fat rushed to the race - it miraculously managed to pull out of the pond. It soon came the information that the graph, having witnessed, dies from inflammation of the lungs at Astapovo station - the children and the wife, whom he did not want to see even then, came to the patient to the house of the station caretaker. The last meeting of Leo Nikolayevich and Sofia Andreevna occurred before the death of the writer, who was not November 7, 1910. The Countess survived her husband for 9 years, she was engaged in the publication of his diaries and he had listened to the end of his days in the fact that was his wife, not worthy of genius.

Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Clear Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire
Date Death:
Place of death:	station Astapovo, Tambov Province, Russian Empire
Occupation:	Proser, publicist, philosopher
Pseudonyms:	L.N., L.N.T.
Citizenship:	Russian empire
Years of creativity:
Direction:
Autograph:

Biography

Origin

Education

Military Career

Traveling in Europe

Pedagogical activity

Family and offspring

Flowering creativity

"War and Peace"

"Anna Karenina"

Other works

Religious searches

Excommunication

Philosophy

Bibliography

Tolstoy translators

World recognition. Memory

Elementing its works

Documentary

Movies about Lev Tolstoy

Gallery portraits

Tolstoy translators

Graph Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy (August 28 (September 9) 1828 - 7 (20) November 1910) - one of the most well-known Russian writers and thinkers. Member of the Defense of Sevastopol. An enlightener, publicist, a religious thinker, the authoritative opinion of which provoked the emergence of a new religious and moral flow - housing.

The ideas of non-violent resistance, which L. N. Tolstoy expressed in the work "The Kingdom of God within you", influenced Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

Biography

Origin

There was from the noble family known to the legendary sources since 1353. His ancestor in the father's line, Count Peter Andreevich Tolstoy, is known for his role as a result of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, for which he was raised at the head of the secret office. The features of the great-grandfather of Peter Andreevich, Ilya Andreevich, are given in the "war and the world" a good-forming, impractical old Count Rostov. Son Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), was the father of Leo Nikolayevich. Some of the character properties and facts of biography, he looked like a father Nicholya in the "childhood" and "adolescence" and partly to Nikolai Rostov in the "War and the World". However, in real life, Nikolai Ilyich was distinguished from Nikolai Rostov not only good education, but also beliefs that did not allow to serve under Nicolae. A participant in the overseas campaign of the Russian army, including participated in the "Battle of Peoples" at Leipzig and visited the French, after the conclusion of the world, he retired in the rank of lieutenant colonel of Pavlograd Gusar Region. Soon after the resignation was forced to go to the official service, so as not to be in a debt prison because of the debts of the Father, the Kazan governor who deceased under investigation for official abuses. For several years I had to save Nikolai Ilyich. The negative example of the Father helped to develop Nicholas Ilyich his life ideal - private independent life with family joys. To bring your upset affairs in order, Nikolai Ilyich, like Nikolai Rostov, married a ugly and not very young princess from the genus Volkonsky; Marriage was happy. They had four sons: Nikolai, Sergey, Dmitry and Leo and daughter Maria.

Grandfather Mother's grandfather, Ekaterininsky General, Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky, had some similarity with a harsh rigorist - the old prince Bologkoe in the "War of War and the World", but the version that he served as a prototype of the hero "War and the World" is rejected by many researchers of Tolstoy's creativity. The mother of Lion Nikolayevich, similar to Knazhn Mari, who depicted in "War and the World", owned a wonderful gift of the story, for which, with his shyness, with her shyness, it was supposed to be shuttered with a large number of listeners in the Dark Room.

In addition to Volkonsky, L. N. Tolstoy consisted of close relationship with some other aristocratic childbirth: princes of Gorchakovy, Trubeta and others.

Childhood

On August 28, 1828, in the Krapvensky district of the Tula Province, in the hereditary estate of the mother - Casual Polyana. Was the 4th child; Its three older brothers: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergey (1826-1904) and Dmitry (1827-1856). In 1830, sister Maria (1830-1912) was born. His mother died when he was not 2 years old.

The rapid relative of T. A. Yergolskaya was engaged in the upbringing of orphaned children. In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settled on the spoken, because the eldest son had to prepare for admission to the university, but soon a father died suddenly, leaving the affairs (including some of the property of liberty) in an unfinished state, and three younger Children settled again in a clear Polyana under the supervision of Ergolskaya and aunt for the Father, Countess A. M. Osten-Saken, appointed by the guardian of children. Here, Lev Nikolayevich remained until 1840, when Countess Osten-Saken died and the children moved to Kazan, to the new guardian-sister of Father P. I. Yushkova.

Yushkov's house, a few provincial sewing, but typically secular, belonged to the number of fun in Kazan; All family members highly appreciated the external shine. "Dormant fucking my- tells Tolstoy, - the purest creature, always said that she would not want anything to me so for me, so that I had a connection with a married woman: Rien Ne forme un Jeune Homme Commene Comme Il Faut " (« Confession»).

He wanted to shine in society, earn a reputation as a young man; But there was no external data for that: he was ugly, as he seemed awkward, and, in addition, natural shyness was prevented. All that is told in " Advisor"And" Youth"About the aspirations of IRTENEV and NEHLUDOVA to self-improvement, taking a lot from the history of his own ascetic attempts. The diverse, as they are determined by the Tolstoy, "Cleansing" about the most important issues of our Being - happiness, death, God, love, eternity - painfully tormented him in that era of life, when his peers and the brothers were fully surrendered to the merry, easy and carefree pastime rich and noble people. All this led to the fact that Tolstoy created a "habit of constant moral analysis", as it seemed to "destroying the freshness of feelings and clarity of reason" (" Youth»).

Education

His formation went first under the leadership of Goverr-French Saint-Tom? (Mr. Zhere "Defense"), who replaced his good-natured German Reselman, whom he portrayed in the "childhood" under the name of Karl Ivanovich.

At the age of 15, in 1843, after Brother Dmitry, he was among the students of the University of Kazan, where they were professional on the mathematical faculty of Lobachevsky, and on East - Kovalevsky. Until 1847, the Eastern Faculty of Arab-Turkish Literature was prepared here for the only time in Russia. On the entrance exams, he, in particular, showed excellent results on the entry "Turkish-Tatar language".

Due to the conflict of his home with a teacher of Russian history and German, a certain Ivanov, based on the results of the year, was not committed to the relevant subjects and had to re-pass the first course program. In order to avoid full repetition of the course, he switched to the Faculty of Law, where his problems with estimates on Russian history and German continued. The latter was an outstanding scholar-civilist meer; Tolstoy one time became very interested in his lectures and even took a special topic for development - comparison of Esprit Des Lois Montcape and Ekaterininsky "Funeral". From this, however, nothing happened. At the Law Faculty of Lev Tolstoy spent less than two years: "It was always difficult for him to be all implied by other education, and everything that he learned in life, he learned himself, suddenly, quickly, strengthened labor," writes fat in his "materials to Biographies L. N. Tolstoy. "

It was at this time that, being in the Kazan hospital, began to keep a diary, where, imitating Franklin, puts the goals and rules for self-improvement and notes the successes and failures in the fulfillment of these tasks, analyzes their shortcomings and the course of thoughts and the motives of their actions. In 1904 he recalled: "... I am the first year ... I did nothing. For the second year I began to engage. .. There was a professor Meyer, who ... gave me a job - a comparison of the "punishment" Catherine with "Esprit des Lois" Montesquieu. ... this work was carried away, I went to the village, I began to read Montesquieu, this reading opened to me endless horizons; I began to read Rousseau and threw the university, precisely because I wanted to do. "

The beginning of literary activities

Throwing the University, Tolstoy since the spring of 1847 settled in a clear Polyana; His activity there is partly described in the "Morning landlord": Tolstoy tried to establish a new relationship with peasants.

Very little watched journalism; Although his attempt to smooth out the blame of Barze to the people of the same year, when "Anton Gorrykaya" Grigorovich and the beginning of the "Hunter's notes" of Turgenev appeared, but this is a simple accident. If there were literary influences here, then much older origin: Tolstoy was very fond of Rousseau, hatering civilization and a preacher return to primitive simplicity.

In his diary, Tolstoy puts itself a huge number of goals and rules; It was possible to follow only a small number of them. Among those who have passed are serious English language, music, jurisprudence. In addition, nor in the diary, nor in letters did not affect the beginning of the classes in thick pedagogy and charity - in 1849, for the first time, he opens a school for peasant children. The main teacher was the focus of Demidich, serf, but L. N. himself often conducted classes.

Having left for St. Petersburg, in the spring of 1848 began to keep the exam for a candidate of rights; Two exams, from criminal law and criminal proceedings, passed safely, but he did not pass the third exam and went to the village.

Later, he drove into Moscow, where he often succumbed to the game, a lot upseting his money affairs. During this period of life, Tolstoy was especially passionately interested in music (he has played a lot on the piano and loved the classic composers very much). An exaggerated with respect to most people is a description of the action that produces "passionate" music, the author of Crazero Sonatata learned from the sensations excited by the world of sounds in his own soul.

The favorite composers of Tolstoy were Bach, Handel and Chopin. In the late 1840s, Tolstoy in co-authorship with his acquaintances, I composed Waltz, who at the beginning of the 1900s performed with the composer Taneyev, who made a note record of this musical work (the only thing in thick).

The development of the love of Tolstoy to music was assisted that during a trip to Petersburg in 1848, he met in a very little suitable setting of the dancer with the Darovyt, but the German-musician who came down on the way, who later described in Albert. Tolstoy came the idea to save him: he was in withdrawing him to a clear glade and playing a lot with him. Much time went on the couments, the game and hunt.

In winter, 1850-1851. Began to write "Childhood". In March 1851 he wrote a "history of yesterday."

So after leaving the university for 4 years, when the brother of Tolstoy, Nikolai, who served in the Caucasus, arrived in the Caucasus, and became his call. Tolstoy for a long time did not give up the call of his brother, until a major loss in Moscow helped the decision. To pay, it was necessary to reduce their expenses to a minimum - and in the spring of 1851, thick thoroughly left Moscow to the Caucasus, first without any definite goal. Soon he decided to enter military service, but there were obstacles in the form of the lack of necessary securities, which were difficult to get, and Tolstoy lived for about 5 months in full privacy in Pyatigorsk, in simple hollow. He spent a significant part of the time on the hunt, in the society of the Cossack Bishk, the prototype of one of the heroes of the story of "Cossacks", which appears under the name of the Eroshki.

In the autumn of 1851, Tolstoy, passing the exam in Tiflis, entered the Junker to the 4th battery of the 20th artillery brigade, which was standing in the Cossack Stanza Stanogladov, on the banks of the Terek, under Kizlyar. With a slight change in details, it is shown in the "Cossacks" in the whole half of originality. The same "Cossacks" will give us a picture of the inner life of the fat man in the capital. The moods that were experiencing a thick-venine, dual character: here and the deep need to shake off the dust and soot of civilization and live on a refreshing, clear lap of nature, outside the empty conventions of urban and, especially the greatness of life, here and the desire to heal the wounds of vulgarity, Made from the chase for success in this "empty" everyday life, here and the grave consciousness of misconduct against the strict claims of true morality.

In a deaf village, Tolstoy began to write and in 1852 he sent the first part of the future trilogy to the editor of the contemporary ":" Childhood ".

Comparatives? Greater starts the beginning of the field is very characteristic of Tolstoy: He was never a professional writer, understanding the professionalism not in the sense of the profession that gives the means to life, but in a less narrow sense of the prevalence of literary interests. Pure literary interests have always stood at Tolstoy in the second plan: he wrote when he wanted to write and felt the need to speak, and at regular time he is a secular man, officer, landowner, teacher, global mediator, preacher, teacher of life, etc. He I never took the interests of literary parties close to the heart, did not seem to talk about literature, preferring conversations about the issues of faith, morality, public relations. No work of him, speaking by Turgenev, does not "stink literary work", that is, it did not come out of books, from literary closetness.

Military Career

Having received the manuscript "Childhood", the editor of the "contemporary" of Nekrasov immediately recognized her literary value and wrote a kind letter to the author who had worked on him a very encouraging way. It is taken for the continuation of the trilogy, and the plans of the "landlord", "raid", "Cossacks" are picious in his head. Printed in the "contemporary" of 1852, "Childhood", signed by modest initials L. N. T., had an extraordinary success; The author immediately began to rank with the cigriers of the young literary school along with the loudest loudness of Turgenev, Goncharov, Grigorovich, Island, and Ostrovsky. Critica - Apollo Grigoriev, Annenkov, Druzhinin, Chernyshevsky - appreciated the depth of psychological analysis, and seriousness of the author's intentions, and the bright convexity of realism with all the truthfulness of the vividly seized details of the actual life alien to any vulgarity.

In the Caucasus, Tolstoy remained two years, participating in many shoes with the mountaineers and exposed to all dangers of combat Caucasian life. He had right and claims to the St. George Cross, but did not receive it than, apparently, was saddened. When in the end of 1853, the Crimean War flashed, Tolstoy turned into the Danube army, participated in the battle at Oltenitz and in the siege of the Silistria, and from November 1854 to the end of August 1855 was in Sevastopol.

Thickly lived on the terrible 4th bastion, commanded the battery in the battle of black, was at hello bombardment during the storming Malakhov Kurgan. Despite all the horrors of the siege, Tolstoy wrote at this time a combat story from the Caucasian life "Riding Forest" and the first of the three "Sevastopol stories" "Sevastopol in December 1854." He sent this last story to the contemporary. Immediately printed, the story was readily read by all Russia and made an amazing picture of the horror painting dropping out of the defenders of Sevastopol. The story was noticed by the emperor Nikolai; He ordered to take care of the darisy officer, which, however, was deferrably for a thick, who did not want to go into the category of the "staffing" that they hated themselves.

For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For courage" and medals "For the defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855" and "In memory of the war of 1853-1856". Surrounded by glitter of fame and, using the reputation of a very brave officer, Tolstoy had every chance of his career, but he was "spoiled" himself. It is hardly the only time in his life (except for the children "connections of different options of epic in one" in his pedagogical writings) he fell poems: he wrote a satirical song, on the manner of soldiers, about the unfortunate case 4 (August 16, 1855, When General Read, incorrectly realizing the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, unwise attacked Fedyukhinsky heights. Song (as the fourth number, we were not impossible to select the mountain), who hung up a number of important generals, had a huge success and, of course, damaged the author. Immediately after the assault on August 27 (8 September) Tolstoy was sent by the courier to St. Petersburg, where he graduated from "Sevastopol in May 1855" and wrote "Sevastopol in August 1855".

"Sevastopol stories", finally strengthened his reputation as a representative of a new literary generation.

Traveling in Europe

In St. Petersburg, he was warmly welcomed in the Great Salons, and in Literary Circles; He was especially close to Turgenev, with whom she lived at one time on one apartment. The latter introduced it to the "Contemporary" circle and other literary corneses: he became a friendly relations with Nekrasov, Goncharov, Panayev, Grigorovich, Druzhinin, Sologub.

"After Sevastopol deprivation, the metropolitan life had a double charm for a rich, cheerful, impressionable and sociable young man. On the battlements and cards, the kitsuzh with the gypsies from Tolstoy leaving all days and even nights "(Levenfeld).

At this time, "Misel", "Two Husar" were written, "Sevastopol in August" and "Youth" was completed, the writing of future "Cossacks" was continued.

Merry life did not slow down to leave a bitter precipitate in the soul of Tolstoy, all the more so that he began with a strong disorder with a closeup of the writers. As a result, "People aphibited himself and he himself annoyed" - and in early 1857 Tolstoy left St. Petersburg and went abroad.

In the first trip, Paris visited Paris, where Napoleon I was horrified ("" Cormor, terrible "), at the same time he visits balls, museums, he admires the" sense of social freedom. " However, the presence on guillotine produced such a serious impression that Tolstoy left Paris and went to the places associated with Rousseau to the Lake Geneva. At this time, he writes the story Albert and the story of Lucerne.

In the interval between the first and second trips, it continues to work on the "Cossacks", wrote three deaths and family happiness. It was at that time that the bearish hunt, Tolstoy almost died (December 22, 1858). He has a novel with a peasant Aksinhay, at the same time he matures the need for marriage.

At the next trip, it was most interested in popular education and institutions that are able to raise the educational level of the working population. The issues of public education, he intently studied in Germany and France and theoretically, and practically, and by conversations with specialists. From the outstanding people of Germany, it was most interested in Auerbach, as the author of the "Schwarzvalian Story" and the publisher of folk calendars. Tolstoy made him a visit and tried to get close to him. During his stay in Brussels, Tolstoy met Proudhon and a Leleshel. In London, hezen visited, was at Dickens lectures.

The serious mood of Tolstoy During the second journey to the south of France, it was also facilitated by the fact that his favorite brother Nicholas died from tuberculosis on his hands. The death of his brother made a huge impression on a thick.

Pedagogical activity

Returned to Russia soon on the liberation of peasants and became the global intermediary. At that time they looked at the people as on the younger brother, which should be raised by; Tolstoy thought, on the contrary, that the people are infinitely higher than the cultural classes and that the gentlemen should borrow the heights of the spirit from the men. He actively engaged in the school of schools in his Casual Polyana and in the whole of Krapivsky.

Yasnocation School belongs to the number of original pedagogical attempts: in the era of limitless adolescence in front of the newest German pedagogy, Tolstoy strongly rebelled against any regulation and discipline in school; The only method of teaching and upbringing, which he recognized was the one that no method is necessary. Everything in teaching should be individually - both the teacher, and the student and their mutual relations. In the Yasnocation School, children sat, who wanted, who wanted how much and who wanted. There was no definite teaching program. The only task of the teacher was to interest the class. Classes walked fine. They were tolly himself with the help of several regular teachers and several random, from the nearest friends and visitors.

Since 1862, he began to publish the pedagogical magazine "Clear Polyana", where the chief employee was again he himself. Above the theoretical articles, Tolstoy also wrote a number of stories, fables and arrangements. United, pedagogical articles of Tolstoy compiled a whole volume of collections of its writings. Dimmed in a very little common special magazine, they at the time remained little noticed. On the sociological basis of the ideas of Tolstoy on education, the fact that the tolstoy in the formation, science, art and success of the technique only saw the facilitated and improved methods of exploitation of the people with high-grades, no one paid attention. Not only: from the attacks of Tolstoy to European education and on the favorite at that time, the concept of "progress", many did not bring the conclusion that Tolstoy - "Conservative".

About 15 years later, this was a considerable misunderstanding, brought closer with a fat such, for example, organically opposed to his writer, like N. N. Strakhov. Only in 1875 N. K. Mikhailovsky in the article "Draznni and Shui Charf Tolstoy", affecting the brilliance of analysis and the prevailing of further activities of Tolstoy, outlined the spiritual appearance of the most original of the Russian writers in the present light. Low attention, which was given to the pedagogical articles of Tolstoy, is explained in part that they generally did little.

Apollo Grigoriev had the right to name his article about the Tolstoy ("time", 1862) "The phenomena of modern literature missed by our criticism." Extremely welcoming the debt and loans of Tolstoy and "Sevastopol fairy tales", recognizing the great hope of Russian literature in it (Druzhinin even used the epithetic epithetic), criticisy then for 10-12 years, before the emergence of "war and the world", Not that it ceases to recognize him with a very large writer, but somehow goes to him.

The lines and essays written by him in the late 1850s include "Lucerne" and "three deaths".

Family and offspring

At the end of the 1850s, I met Sophia Andreyevna Bers (1844-1919), the daughter of a Moscow doctor from the Ostsey Germans. He was walking the fourth ten, Sophia Andreevna was only 17 years old. On September 23, 1862, he married her, and his share fell full of family happiness. In the person of his wife, he found not only the most faithful and loyal friend, but also an indispensable assistant in all matters, practical and literary. For Tolstoy, the brightest period of his life comes - the use of personal happiness, very significant thanks to the practicality of Sophia Andreevna, the material well-being, outstanding, easily given tension of literary creativity and in connection with him the unprecedented glory of the All-Russian, and then worldwide.

However, the relationship of Tolstoy with his wife was not cloudless. Between them often arose quarrels, including in connection with the lifestyle that Tolstoy chose for himself.

• Sergey (July 10, 1863 - December 23, 1947)
• Tatiana (October 4, 1864 - September 21, 1950). From 1899 married to Mikhail Sergeyevich Sukhotyn. In 1917-1923 was the keeper of the museum-manor Clear Polyana. In 1925 with daughter emigrated. Daughter Tatyana Mikhailovna Sukhotyn Albertini 1905-1996
• Ilya (May 22, 1866 - December 11, 1933)
• Lion (1869-1945)
• Maria (1871-1906) is buried in p. Kurchants of the Krapissky County. From 1897 married to Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky (1872-1934)
• Peter (1872-1873)
• Nikolai (1874-1875)
• Varvara (1875-1875)
• Andrey (1877-1916)
• Mikhail (1879-1944)
• Alexey (1881-1886)
• Alexandra (1884-1979)
• Ivan (1888-1895)

Flowering creativity

During the first 10-12 years after marriage, he creates a "war and peace" and "Anna Karenina". At the turn of this second era of the literary life of Tolstoy, there are still conceived in 1852 and completed in 1861-1862. "Cossacks", the first of the works in which the Great Talent of Tolstoy reached the size of the genius. For the first time in world literature with such brightness and definiteness, the difference between the rombing of a cultural person was shown, the lack of strong, clear sentiments in it - and the immediacy of people close to nature.

Tolstoy showed that it is not at all the feature of people close to nature that they are good or bad. It is impossible to call the good heroes of the works of Tolstoy Lich Konokrad Lukashk, a kind of slutty girl Maryanka, Raidoye Roshka. But it is impossible to call them and bad, because they have no consciousness of evil; Eroska is right convinced that "There is no sin". Cossacks Tolstoy - just living people who have no mental motion bluntly with reflexia. "Cossacks" were not timely assessed. Too, then everyone was proud of "progress" and the success of civilization to be interested in how the representative of the culture saved the prevention of the immediate spiritual movements of some semi-sidicaries.

"War and Peace"

Unprecedented success fell to the share of "War and Peace". Excerpt from the novel called "1805" appeared in the "Russian Bulletin" 1865; In 1868, three parts were released, followed by the rest of two soon.

The greatest epic work of the new European literature, the "war and the world", recognized as criticizing the whole world, is striking with a purely technical point of view with the size of its fictional blast. Only in painting you can find some parallel in the huge paintings of Paolo Veronese in the Venetian Palace of the Doge, where, too, hundreds of persons are discharged with amazing reaches and individual expression. In the novel of Tolstoy, all classes of society are presented, from emperors and kings to the last soldier, all ages, all temperatures and the space of a whole reign of Alexander I.

"Anna Karenina"

There is no infinitely joyful to the bliss of being in the Bliss of Genesis in the "Anne Karenina" belonging to 1873-1876. There are still many more pleasant experiences in the almost autobiographical novel of Levin and Kitty, but already so much bitterness in the image of family life Dolly, in the unfortunate end of the love of Anna Karenina and Vronsky, so much anxiety in the spiritual life of Levina, that in general this novel is already a transition to the third period Literary activity Tolstoy.

In January 1871, Tolstoy sent A. A. Fetu letter: "How happy I am ... What to write a crowded kind of" war "I will never be more".

On December 6, 1908, Tolstoy recorded in the diary: "People love me for those trifles -" War and Peace ", etc., which they seem very important."

In the summer of 1909, one of the visitors of the Casual Polyana expressed his delight and thanks for the creation of the "war and the world" and "Anna Karenina". Tolstoy answered: "It's like the other one who came to Edison and would say:" I really respect you for the fact that you are well dancing Mazurka. " I attribute the importance to completely different my books (religious!) ".

In the field of material interests, he began to talk to himself: "Well, well, you will have 6000 tents in the Samara province - 300 heads of horses, and then?"; in the field of literary: "Well, well, you will be norchal than Gogol, Pushkin, Shakespeare, Moliere, all writers in the world, - so what!". Beginning to think about raising children, he asked himself: "what for?"; Outlook "On how people can achieve welfare," he "suddenly spoke to himself: what's the matter to me?" In general, he "I felt that what he stood on, was climbing that what he lived, no longer". The natural result was the thought of suicide.

"I, a happy man, hid a lace from myself, so as not to hang on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was one every day, undressing, and stopped walking with a rifle to hunt, so as not to seduce too easy way to get rid of myself from life. I myself did not know what I want: I was afraid of life, I sought away from her and, meanwhile, I was still hoping for it. "

Other works

In March 1879, in the city of Moscow, Lev Tolstoy met Vasily Petrovich Scheggoli and in the same year, at his invitation he came to a clear clearing, where he stayed around a month and a half. The pike taller talked many folk tales and epic, of which more than twenty were recorded by Tolstoy, and the plots of some, Tolstoy, if not recorded on paper, I remembered (these records are printed in t. XLVIII anniversary edition of Tolstoy essays). Six fatty written works have a source of legends and score stories (1881 - " What people are alive", 1885 -" Two old man"And" Three elders", 1905 -" Roots of Vasilyev"And" Prayer", 1907 -" Old man in church"). In addition, the Graph Tolstoy diligently recorded a lot of sayings, proverbs, individual expressions and words told by a sggie.

Literary criticism of the works of Shakespeare

In his critical essay, "On Shakespeare and Drama" on the basis of a detailed analysis of some of the most popular works of Shakespeare, in particular: "King Lire", "Othello", "Falstaf", "Hamlet" and others - Tolstoy sharp criticism of Shakespeare's ability Like playwright.

Religious searches

To find a response to the sounding questions and doubts, Tolstoy first of all took over the study of theology and wrote and published in 1891 in Geneva his "study of dogmatic theology", in which the criticism of the "Orthodox-Dogmatic theology" of Metropolitan Makaria (Bulgakov). He kept conversations with priests and monks, walked to the elders to the Optio desert, read theological treatises. In order for in the original to know the primary sources of the Christian teaching, he studied the ancient Greek and Hebrew languages \u200b\u200b(in the study of the latter, Moscow Rabbi Shlomo Minor helped him. At the same time, he looked at the splitters, got close to the thoughtful peasant Suteayev, talked with Molokanov, Studdists. Also Tolstoy looking for the meaning of life in the study of philosophy and in acquaintance with the results of the exact sciences. He made a number of attempts to make more and more caregot, seeking to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.

Gradually, he refuses the pleasure and amenities of a rich life, he is engaged in physical labor, dresses in simple clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives the family all its major fortune, refuses the rights of literary property. On this basis, the third period of literary activity of Tolstoy is created at this soil, the third period of the literary activity of Tolstoy is created, the negative of all established forms of state, social and religious life is distinguished. A significant part of the views of Tolstoy could not receive an open expression in Russia and is in full swing outlined only in foreign publications of its religious social treatments.

Some unanimous relationship was not established even in relation to the fictional works of thick, written during this period. So, in a long number of small stakes and legends intended primarily for popular reading ("What people are alive", etc.), Tolstoy, according to their unconditional fans, achieved the top of the artistic power - that spontaneous skill, which is given only by popular legends, because What the creativity of the whole people is embodied in them. On the contrary, according to people indignantly on Tolstoy for the fact that he from the artist turned into a preacher, these artistic teachings written with a definite goal of the teachings of the rudely trendy. The high and terrible truth of the "death of Ivan Ilich", according to fans, putting this work, along with the main works of Genia Tolstoy, in the opinion of others, deliberately tough, deliberately sharply emphasizes the silent higher layers of society to show the moral superiority of a simple "kitchen man" Gerasima. The explosion of the most opposing feelings caused by the analysis of marital relations and the indirect demanding of the abstinence from the marital life, in Crazcene Sonate, made you forget about the amazing brightness and passionality, with which this story is written. The folk drama "Power of Darkness", according to the fans of Tolstoy, there is a great manifestation of his artistic power: in the close framework of ethnographic reproduction of the Russian peasant life, Tolstoy managed to accommodate so many universal features that the drama with colossal success bypassed all the scenes of the world.

In the last major product of the Roman "Resurrection" condemned the judicial practice and the Great Lighthouse, caricaturely portrayed the clergy and worship.

The critics of the last phase of the literary and preaching activities of Tolstoy find that it was certainly affected by the prevalence of theoretical interests and that creativity is now for that only you need a fat so that in publicly available form to promote his socio-religious views. In his aesthetic treatise ("On Art"), it is possible to find enough material to declare a thick enemy of art: besides the fact that the part of the part of Dante, Rafael, Goethe, Shakespeare (at the "Gamlet", significantly diminishes the part of the part of the part He experienced a "special suffering" for this "fake similarity of works of art"), Beethoven, and others, he directly comes to the conclusion that "the more we disappear, the more we are moving away from good."

Excommunication

Belonging to the birth and baptism of the Orthodox Church, Tolstoy, like most of the representatives of the educated society of their time, in adolescence and youth was indifferent to religious issues. In half of the 1870s showed an increased interest in the teachings and the division of the Orthodox Church. The second half of 1879 was swivel aside by the teaching of the Orthodox Church, the second half of 1879 was. In the 1880s, he became the position of uniquely critical attitudes towards church creed, clergy, official church. The publication of some works of Tolstoy was forbidden by the spiritual and secular censorship. In 1899, Roman Tolstoy "Resurrection" came out, in which the author showed the lives of various social strata of Russia to him; The clergy was depicted mechanically and abruptly performing rites, and some of the Cold and Cynic Toporovs were taken for the caricature on K. P. Pobedonossev, the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod.

In February 1901, the Synod finally leaned towards the thought of public condemnation of Tolstoy and about the announcement of him outside the church. Metropolitan Anthony (Vadkovsky) played an active role. As it is in camera furser journals, February 22, the victorious was Nicholas II in the Winter Palace and talked with him about an hour. Some historians believe that the victorious officers arrived at the king directly from the Synod with a finished definition.

February 24 (Art. Art.) 1901 in the official body of the Synod "Church of the Vedomosti, publishing under the Holy Government" was published "Determination of Holy Synod dated February 20-22, 1901 No. 557, with the message of the right chadam Orthodoxy Grekorossiyskiy Church about the column Lion Tolstoy":

The famous world writer, Russian by birth, Orthodox on baptism and upbringing his own, Tolstoy, in the grace of the proud mind of his own, Derko rebelled into the Lord and for Christ Christ and his Holy heritage, obviously before everyone renounced the fourth and erased his mother, church Orthodox, and dedicated his literary activities and given to him from God the talent for spreading the people of teachings, nasty Christ and the Church, and for extermination in the minds and hearts of the people of Faith faith, faith of Orthodox, who approved the Universe, who lived and saved our ancestors and to which The holy stayed and strong was the Holy Rus. In his writings and letters, in a set of scattered and his students throughout the light, especially within the limits of our fatherland, he preaches, with the jealousness of the fanatics, the notification of all the dogmas of the Orthodox Church and the most essence of the Faith of Christian; rejects personal Livago God, in the Holy Trinity of the Slavima, the Creator and South Fisher of the Universe, denies the Lord Jesus Christ - the Bogochovel, the Redeemer and the Savior of the World, which affected us for the sake of the people and our sake of salvation and resurrected from the dead, denies the Mustic conception of Christ the Lord and Namility to Christmas and Christmas Merry Christmas, the Mary's Mary, does not recognize the afterlife and Mzvozdayania, rejects all the sacraments of the church and the fertile effect of the Holy Spirit and, swearing the most sacred objects of the Faith of the Orthodox People, did not shudder to subjected to the mockery of the greatest of the sacraments, the Holy Eucharist. All this preaches Count Tolstoy continuously, in the word and writing, to the temptation and horror of the entire Orthodox world, and the wrong, but obviously before everyone, deliberately and deliberately rejected himself from any communication with Orthodox church. The former attempts were not crowned with his success. Therefore, the church does not consider him his member and cannot consider, he does not repeal and will not restore his communication with her. Therefore, testifying to the disappearance of him from the church, together and pray, let the Lord give him repentance to the mind of truth (2ndim.2: 25). Molimti, the merciful Lord, not at least the death of sinners, hear and nice and turn him to the Holy Church. Amen.

In the "Answer Synod", Lion Tolstoy confirmed his gap with the church: "What I renounced the church, calling himself an Orthodox, it is quite fair. But I did not reject from her because I risen on the Lord, but on the contrary, just because all the power of the soul wanted to serve him. " However, Tolstoy objected to the charges against him in the definition of the Synod: "The Synod Resolution generally has many drawbacks. It is illegal or deliberately ambiguous; It is arbitrarily, unreasonable, unlikely and, moreover, contains slander and incitement to bad feelings and actions. " In the text of the "Synod Answer", Tolstoy reveals in detail these theses, recognizing a number of significant discrepancies between the dogmas of the Orthodox Church and his own understanding of the teachings of Christ.

Synodal definition caused a perturbation of a certain part of society; Numerous letters and telegrams with expressions of sympathy and support passed to Tolstoy. At the same time, this definition provoked the flow of letters and from another part of society - with threats and brands.

At the end of February 2001, the Graph Vladimir Tolstoy, managing the Writer's Museum-Manor in Casual Polyana, sent a letter to the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II with a request to revise the synodal definition; In an unofficial interview on television, Patriarch said: "We cannot revise now, because it is still possible to revise if a person changes his position." In March 2009, Vl. Tolstoy expressed his opinion on the meaning of the synodal act: "I studied the documents, read the newspaper of that time, got acquainted with the materials of public discussions around the excision. And I had the feeling that this act gave a signal to the total split of Russian society. The reigning family, and the highest aristocracy, and the local nobility, and the intelligentsia, and the allocating layers, and the simple people are collected. The crack passed through the body of the whole Russian, Russian people. "

Moscow census of 1882. L. N. Tolstoy - Census Participant

1882 census in Moscow is famous for the fact that the Great Writer Graph L. N. Tolstoy took part in it. Lev Nikolaevich wrote: "I offered to take advantage of the census in order to learn poverty in Moscow and help her work and money, and make the poor not in Moscow."

Tolstoy believed that for society the interest and meaning of the census is that it gives him a mirror in which you want, do not want, all the society and each of us will look. He chose himself one of the most difficult and difficult areas, the flowing alley, where the survival was located, among the Moscow Gollytabi, it was a gloomy two-story building called "Rzhanova Fortress". Having received the order of the Duma, Tolstoy a few days before the census began to bypass the site according to the plan, which was given to him. Indeed, a dirty surgent, filled in lowered by the most diverse, desperate people, served as a thick mirror, reflected the terrible poverty of the people. Under the fresh impression of the seen, L. N. Tolstoy wrote his famous article "On the census in Moscow". In this article he writes:

The purpose of the census is scientific. Census is a sociological study. The goal of the science of sociology is the happiness of people. "Science This and its receptions differ sharply from other sciences. The peculiarity is that the sociological study is not carried out by the work of scientists in their cabinets, observatory and laboratories, but produced by two thousand people from society. Another feature that the studies of other sciences are made not over living people, but here for live people. The third feature is that the goal of other sciences is only knowledge, and here the benefit of people. Misty spots can be explored to one, and 2,000 people need to study the purpose of the study. Foggy spots only to learn everything about foggy stains, the purpose of the study of the residents of the one to bring the laws of sociology and on the basis of these laws to establish better life of people. Misty stains still investigate them or not, they waited and wait long ago, but residents Moscow is not all the same, especially those unhappy, which make up the most interesting subject of science of sociology. The counter comes to an overnight house, in The basement, finds a person dying from the nonsense and the courteous asks: title, name, patronymic, occupation; And after a slight fluctuation about whether to make his list as a living, writes and goes on.

Despite the census targets declared, the population with suspicion belonged to this event. On this occasion, Tolstoy writes: "When we were explained that the people had already learned about bypassing apartments and leave, we asked the owner to locate the gate, and they themselves went to the courtyard to persuade the leaving people." Lev Nikolayevich hoped to call in rich sympathy for urban poverty, collect money, to gain people who want to promote this case and together with the census pass all the doors of poverty. In addition to fulfilling the duties of the correspondence, the writer wanted to enter into communication with the unfortunate, learn the details of their needs and help them with money and work, expulsion from Moscow, the premises of children to schools, old people and the old women in shelters and alone.

According to the results of the census, the population of Moscow in 1882 amounted to 753.5 thousand people and only 26% were born in Moscow, and the other "came". From among the Moscow residential apartments, 57% went outside, 43% to the courtyard. From the census of 1882, it is possible to find out that in 63% of the head of the economy is a wedding couple, in 23% - a wife and only at 14% - a husband. The census was noted 529 families with 8 or more children. The servant is available in 39% and most often it is women.

Last years of life. Death and funeral

In October 1910, fulfilling his decision to live in recent years, respectively, its views, secretly left the clear clearing. He started his last journey at Kozlov's station in Neska; On the road, I got sick with inflammation of the lungs and was forced to stop at the small station Astapovo (now Lion Tolstoy, Lipetsk region), where 7 (20) November and died.

November 10 (23) November 1910 was buried in a clear glade, on the edge of the ravine in the forest, where in his childhood he was looking for a "green wand" with his brother, which stored "secret", how to make all the people happy.

In January 1913, a letter of Countess Sophia Tolstoy was published on December 22, 1912, in which she confirms the news in the press that his span of a certain priest was committed on the grave of her spouse (it refutes rumors that he was unreal) in Her presence. In particular, the Countess wrote: "I still declare that Lev Nikolayevich never expressed his desire to be offended, and before he wrote in his diary of 1895, as if the testament:" If possible, then (bury) without priests and funerals. But if it is unpleasant to those who will bury, then let them bury, as usual, but as you can cheaper and easier. ""

There is also an unofficial version of the death of Lion Tolstoy, outlined in Emigration I.K.Sursky since the official of the Russian police. According to her, the writer before his death wanted to reconcile with the church and arrived for this to opto the desert. Here he was expected by the order of the Synod, but, badly feeling, was taken away by the daughter who came across and died on the post office of Astapovo.

Philosophy

Religious and moral imperatives of Tolstoy were the source of the Movement of the Treaty, one of whose fundamental theses is the thesis about "non-resistance to evil power." The latter, according to the Tolstoy, was recorded in a number of gospels and there is a rod of the teachings of Christ, as, however, Buddhism. The essence of Christianity, according to Tolstoy, can be expressed in a simple rule: " Be good and not oppose evil power».

Against the position of non-resistance, which broke down the disputes in the philosophical environment, spoke, in particular, Ilyin I. A. in his work "On the resistance of evil power" (1925)

Criticity of Tolstoy and Tolsts

• The Ober Prosecutor of the Holy Synod of the victorious in his private letter dated February 18, 1887, Emperor Alexander III wrote about the drama of Tolstoy "Power of Darkness": "I just read the new Drama L. Tolstoy and can't come to myself from horror. And they assure me, as if they would be preparing to give it on the imperial theaters and already learned the roles, I do not know anything similar in any literature. Having hardly, Zola came to such a degree of gross realism, which one becomes thick here. The day in which the drama of Tolstoy will be presented in the imperial theaters will be decisive fall Our scene, which has already fallen very low. "

• The leader of the extreme left wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), after the revolutionary troubles 1905-1907, wrote, being in forced emigration, in the work "Lion Tolstoy as a mirror of the Russian Revolution" (1908): "Tolstoy Menthon, as a prophet, who opened new recipes for the salvation of mankind - and therefore, absolutely meager and Russian "Tolstov" who wished to turn into Dogma just the weakest side of his teachings. Tolstoy is great as an expressant of those ideas and those sentiments that have developed in millions of Russian peasantry by the time of the bourgeois revolution in Russia. Tolstoy original, for the aggregate of his views taken as a whole, expresses the features of our revolution as the peasant bourgeois revolution. Contradictions in the views of Tolstoy, from this point of view, is a valid mirror of those contradictory conditions in which the historical activity of the peasantry in our revolution was delivered. "
• Russian religious philosopher Nikolay Berdyaev in early 1918 wrote: "L. Tolstoy should be recognized as the greatest Russian nihilist, the fighter of all values \u200b\u200band shrines, a fighter of culture. Tolstoy treated his anarchism, his controversy, his denial of state and culture, its moralistic requirement of equality in poverty and non-existence and subordination to the Menzitsky kingdom and physical work. But this triumph of the huts turned out to be less meekly and beautiful than the thick. It is unlikely that he himself would have been pleased with such his celebration. The gazeless nihilism of the huts, his terrible poison, destroying the Russian soul, is exposed. To save Russia and Russian culture by Kalenny Iron, you need to smear the Tolstovskaya morality from the Russian soul, low and exterminating. "

His article "Perfume of the Russian Revolution" (1918): "In the thickness there is nothing prophetic, he did not predict anything and did not predict. As an artist, it is facing a crystallized past. It did not have that sensitivity to the dynamism of human nature, which was extremely Dostoevsky. But in the Russian revolution, not artistic insurrection of Tolstoy, and its moral assessments. Towsers in the narrow sense of the word dividing the doctrine of thick, little, and they represent a slight phenomenon. But the hut in a wide, not the doctrinal sense of the word is very characteristic of a Russian person, it defines Russian moral assessments. Tolstoy was not a direct teacher of the Russian left intelligentsia, she was alien to the Tolstsky religious teaching. But Tolstoy caught and expressed the peculiarities of the moral warehouse of most of the Russian intelligentsia, perhaps even the Russian intellectual person, maybe even Russian man in general. And the Russian revolution is a peculiar celebration of hunger. It was finished with Russian Tolstovsky moralism, and Russian immorality. This Russian moralism and this Russian immorality are interconnected and are two parties of the same disease of the moral consciousness. Tolstoy managed to instill the Russian intelligentsia hatred of everything historically-individual and historically-difference. He was an expressive of the part of the Russian nature, which was disgusted with historical strength and historical glory. This he killed elementary and simplisticly moralize over history and transfer the moral categories of life individual on the historical life. By this, he morally undermined the opportunity for the Russian people to live historical life, to fulfill its historical fate and historical mission. He morally prepared the historical suicide of the Russian people. He cut the wings to the Russian people as the people as historical, morally poisoned the sources of any gust to historical creativity. World War has been played by Russia because the Tolstovsky moral assessment of the war prevailed in it. The Russian people in the Terrible Hour of World War were existed except for betrayal and animal egoism Tolstovsky moral assessments. Tolstovskaya Morality disarmed Russia and gave it into the hands of the enemy. "

• V. Mayakovsky, D. Burluk, V. Khlebnikov, A. Kricheynov, called for "Throw Tolstoy L. N., and others. From a steamot of modernity" in the manifesto futurists 1912 g "Society to public taste"
• George Orwell defended from criticism of Tolstoy W. Shakespeare

• Researcher of the history of the Russian Theological Thought and Culture of Georgy Florovsky (1937): "In the experience of Tolstoy there is one decisive contradiction. He undoubtedly had a temperament of a preacher or moralist, but he had no religious experience at all. Tolstoy was not at all religious, he was religiously stupid. His "Christian" the worldview of Tolstoy Essay is not at all of the Gospel. The gospel he already twists with his view, and therefore it is so easy, he cuts it and adapts. The gospel for him is a book made up by many centuries ago by "people inexpeded and superstitious", and it is impossible to take it entirely. But Tolstoy does not mean science criticism, but just a personal choice or selection. Tolstoy in some strange way definitely ceased mentally in the XVIII century, and therefore was out of history and modernity. And he deliberately leaves modern to some detailed past. All his creativity is in this respect some continuous moralistic Robinsonada. Annenkov also called the mind of Tolstoy sectarian. There is a split inconsistency between the aggressive maximalism of socio-ethical chips and denial of the thick and extreme poverty of its positive moral teachings. All Morals comes down to common sense and to the everyday prudence. "Christ teaches us exactly how to get rid of our misfortunes and live happily." And this comes down all the gospel! Here, the inequivities of Tolstoy becomes terrible, and "common sense" turns into madness ... The main contradiction of Tolstoy is exactly that for him the vitality of life is overcome, strictly speaking, only refusal of history, Only exit from culture and care, that is, through the removal of questions and refusal to tasks. Moralism in thick turns around historical nihilism.»

• The Holy Righteous John Kronstadt sharply criticized Tolstoy (see "The answer about. John Kronstadt on the appeal gr. L. N. Tolstoy to the clergy"), and in the deathbed diary (August 15 - October 2, 1908) wrote:

"24 August. Docome, GDi, tolerate the worshiper, embarrassed the whole world, Lion Tolstoy? Do not call him about your court? SE, the ridge soon, and my MZDA will repay Mosuzo according to him? (Open; apoco 22, 12) GDI, the Earth is tired to endure his blasphemy. - "
"6 September. GDi, do not allow Lyu Tolstoy, heretic, who exceeded all heretics, to reach the holiday of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom he has humbled terribly and hoolit. Take it from the ground - this corpse is ill, proudly pending the whole earth. Amen. 9 pm. "

• In 2009, a judicial examination was conducted on the liquidation of the local religious organization of Jehovah's Witnesses "Taganrog", a forensic examination was held, in the conclusion of which the statement of Lion Tolstoy was given: "I was convinced that the teaching [Russian Orthodox] church is theoretically insidious and harmful lies, practically The assembly of the richest superstitions and witchcraft hiding the entire meaning of the Christian teaching ", which was characterized as a formative negative attitude towards the Russian Orthodox Church, and L. N. Tolstoy himself - as an" opponent of Russian Orthodoxy. "

Expert assessment of individual statements of Tolstoy

• In 2009, within the framework of the judicial case on the elimination of the local religious organization, Jehovah's Witnesses "Taganrog" conducted a forensic examination of the organization's literature for the presence of signs of initiation of religious retail, undermining respect and hostility to other religions. In the conclusion of experts, it was noted that the Journal "Will Watch!" Contains (without an indication of the source) the statement of Lion Tolstoy: "I was convinced that the teaching [Russian Orthodox] church is theoretically insidious and harmful lies, practically the assembly of the richest superstitions and witchcraft hiding the entire meaning of the Christian teaching", which was characterized as formative Negative attitude and implanting respect for the Russian Orthodox Church, and L. N. Tolstoy - as "enemy of Russian Orthodoxy."

• In March 2010, in the Kirov court of Yekaterinburg, Lion Tolstoy was accused of inciting religious hatred to the Orthodox Church. " Expert on Extremism Pavel Suslonov witnessed: "In leaflets of Lion Tolstoy" Preface to the "soldiers' memo" and "officer memo" ", aimed at soldiers, Feldfelms and officers, contain direct calls for inciting interfaith rosas directed against the Orthodox Church."

Bibliography

Tolstoy translators

World recognition. Memory

Museums

In the former manor "Clear Polyana" - a museum dedicated to his life and creativity.

The main literary exposition on his life and work is in the State Museum of L. N. Tolstoy, in the former house of Lopukhinsky-Stanitskaya (Moscow, Prechistenka 11); His branches are also: at the station Lion Tolstoy (former Station Astapovo), Memorial Museum-Manor L. N. Tolstoy "Khamovniki" (Lion Tolstoy Street, 21), Exhibition Hall on Pyatnita.

Science, culture, political figures about L. N. Tolstoy

Elementing its works

• "Resurrection" (eng. Resurrection.1909, United Kingdom). A 12-minute mute movie on the novel of the same name (shielded during the life of a writer).
• "Power of Darkness" (1909, Russia). Mute movie.
• "Anna Karenina" (1910, Germany). Mute movie.
• "Anna Karenina" (1911, Russia). Mute movie. Dir. - Maurice Meter
• "Living Dead" (1911, Russia). Mute movie.
• "War and Peace" (1913, Russia). Mute movie.
• "Anna Karenina" (1914, Russia). Mute movie. Dir. - V. Gardin
• "Anna Karenina" (1915, USA). Mute movie.
• "Power of Darkness" (1915, Russia). Mute movie.
• "War and Peace" (1915, Russia). Mute movie. Dir. - Ya. Protazanov, V. Gardin
• Natasha Rostov (1915, Russia). Mute movie. Producer - A. Khanzhonkov. Cast - V. Polonsky, I. Mozzhukhin
• "Living Dead" (1916). Mute movie.
• "Anna Karenina" (1918, Hungary). Mute movie.
• "Power of Darkness" (1918, Russia). Mute movie.
• "Living Dead" (1918). Mute movie.
• "Father Sergius" (1918, RSFSR). Mute movie Movie Jacob Protazanova, in the lead role of Ivan Mozhukhukhin
• "Anna Karenina" (1919, Germany). Mute movie.
• "Polykushka" (1919, USSR). Mute movie.
• "LOVE" (1927, USA. According to the novel "Anna Karenina"). Mute movie. As Anna - Greta Garbo
• "Living Dead" (1929, USSR). Cast - V. Pudovkin
• "Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1935, USA). Sound film. As Anna - Greta Garbo
• « Anna Karenina " (Anna Karenina, 1948, United Kingdom). In the role of Anna - Vivien Lee
• "War and Peace" (War & Peace, 1956, USA, Italy). In the role of Natasha Rostova - Audrey Hepburn
• "AGI MURAD IL DIAVOLO BIANCO" (1959, Italy, Yugoslavia). In the role of Haji Murat - Steve Rivz
• "Also people" (1959, USSR, in the fragment of "War and Peace"). Dir. G. Danity, Cast - V. Sanaev, L. Durov
• "Resurrection" (1960, USSR). Dir. - M. Schweizer
• "Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1961, USA). In the role of Vronsky - Sean Connery
• "Cossacks" (1961, USSR). Dir. - V. Pronin
• "Anna Karenina" (1967, USSR). In the role of Anna - Tatyana Samoilova
• "War and Peace" (1968, USSR). Dir. - S. Bondarchuk
• "Living Dead" (1968, USSR). In ch. Roles - A. Batalov
• "War and Peace" (War & Peace, 1972, United Kingdom). Series. In the role of Pierre - Anthony Hopkins
• "Father Sergius" (1978, USSR). Artistic Film of Igor Talakina, Sergey Bondarchuk,
• Caucasian Tale (1978, USSR, according to the story "Cossacks"). In ch. Roles - V. Konkin
• "Money" (1983, France-Switzerland, according to the story "Fake coupon"). Dir. - Robert Bresson
• "Two hussars" (1984, USSR). Dir. - Vyacheslav Kristofovich
• "Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1985, USA). In the role of Anna - Jacqueline Bissset
• "Simple death" (1985, USSR, according to the lead "Death of Ivan Ilyich"). Dir. - A. Kaidanovsky
• "Creicerova Sonata" (1987, USSR). Cast - Oleg Yankovsky
• "For what?" (ZA CO?, 1996, Poland / Russia). Dir. - Jerzy Kavalerovich
• "Anna Karenina" (Anna Karenina, 1997, USA). As Anna - Sophie Marso, Vronsky - Sean Bin
• "Anna Karenina" (2007, Russia). In the role of Anna - Tatiana Drubich

Read more. See: Anna Karenina's shields list 1910-2007.

• "War and Peace" (2007, Germany, Russia, Poland, France, Italy). Series. In the role of Andrei Bolkonsky - Alessio Boni.

Documentary

• "Lev Tolstoy". Documentary. CSDF (RCSDF). 1953. 47 minutes.

Movies about Lev Tolstoy

• "Care of the Great Elder" (1912, Russia). Director - Yakov Protazanov
• "Lev Tolstoy" (1984, USSR, Czechoslovakia). Director - S. Gerasimov
• "Last Station" (2008). In the role of L. Tolstoy - Christopher Plammer, as Sophia Tolstoy - Helen Mirren. A film about the last days of the writer's life.

Gallery portraits

Tolstoy translators

• On Japanese - Concyc Masutaro
• Into French - Michel Outure, Vladimir Lvovich Binstock
• To Spanish - Selma Ansira
• Into English - Konstans Garnett, Leo Wiener, Elmer and Louis Mod (en: Aylmer and Louise Maude)
• To Norwegian language - Martin Grand, Olaf Broch, Martha Grundt
• On Bulgarian - Sava Nichchev, Georgi Shopov, Hristo
• To the Kazakh language - Ibrai Altynsarine
• On the Malay language - Victor Rogadaev
• On Esperanto - Valentin Melnikov, Victor Sapozhnikov
• To Azerbaijani - Dadash Zade, Mamed Arif Marerors Ogly

Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born in 1828, September 9. The writer belonged to the noble class. After the mother died, Leo and his sisters with the brothers raised his father's cousin. Their father died after 7 years. For this reason, the children were given to raising aunt. But soon the aunt died, and the children left for Kazan, to the second aunt. The childhood of Tolstoy was difficult, but, however, in his works he romanticized this period of his life.

Basic education Lev Nikolayevich received at home. Soon he entered the Imperial Kazan University at the Faculty of Philology. But he was not successful in study.

While Tolstoy served in the army, he would have quite a lot of free time. Already then, he began to write an autobiographical story "Childhood". This story contains good memories of publicist childhood.

Lion Nikolayevich also participated in the Crimean War, and during this period created a number of works: "Defense", "Sevastopol stories" and so on.

"Anna Karenina" is the most famous creation of Tolstoy.

Lion Tolstoy fell asleep by eternal sleep in 1910, November 20. He was devoted to land in a clear clearing, in the place where he grew up.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy is a famous writer who has created other than recognized serious books, works useful for children. It was, first of all, the "alphabet" and "book for reading".

He was born in 1828 in the Tula province in the estate of the Casual Polyana, where his home-museum is still located. Leva became the fourth child in this noble family. Mom his (nee princess) soon died, and after seven years and father. These terrible events led to the fact that the children had to move to the aunt in Kazan. Memories of these and other years later Lion Nikolayevich will collect in the story "Childhood", which will be the first to be published in the magazine "Contemporary".

At first, Leo studied at home among German and French teachers, he was also fond of music. Gone and entered the Imperial University. The older brother of Tolstoy convinced him to serve in the army. The lion even took part in real battles. They are described by it in the "Sevastopol Stories", in the Affiliation and Youth Positions.

Tired of wars, he declared himself an anarchist and went to Paris, where he lost all the money. Touching, Lev Nikolayevich returned to Russia, married Sofary Burns. Since then, he began to live in his native estate and engage in literary creativity.

The first large work was the novel "War and Peace". I composed his writer about ten years. The novel accepted both readers, and critics. Next, Tolstoy created the novel "Anna Karenina", which received even greater success of the public.

Tolstoy wanted to understand life. Desperate to find an answer in creativity, he went to church, but and there was disappointed. Then he renounced the church, began to think about his philosophical theory - "non-resistance of evil." He wanted to give all the property to the poor ... He was even followed by the secret police!

After going to the pilgrimage, Tolstoy fell ill and died - in 1910.

Biography of Lion Tolstoy

In different sources, the date of birth of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, indicates differently. The most common versions - August 28, 1829 and September 09, 1828. Born by the fourth child in the noble family, Russia, Tula province, Clear Polyana. In the family of thickness there were 5 children.

His pedigree tree originates from Rurikov, mother belonged to the Volkonian family, and his father was a graph. On the 9th year of life, Leo, together with his father, went to Moscow for the first time. The young writer was so impressed that this trip gave rise to such works as a childhood '', adolescence, youth.

In 1830, the mother of Lion died. Raising children, after the death of Mother, their uncle took over - the cousin of the Father, after whom the death, the guardian became aunt. When aunt died - guardian, the second aunt from Kazan began to take care of the children. 1873 Father died.

The first formation Tolstoy got at home, with teachers. In Kazan, the writer lived for about 6 years, 2 years spent on training to enter the Imperial Kazan University and enrolled in the Faculty of Eastern Languages. In 1844 he became a university student.

Language learning for Lion Tolstoy was not interesting, after he tried, tie '' his fate with jurisprudence, but also the training was not charged here, so in 1847 threw his studies, received documents from the school. After unsuccessful attempts to learn, I decided to develop farming. In this regard, returned to the parent house in a clear polar.

In agriculture I did not find myself, but it was not bad to lead a personal diary. Having finished working in the field of farming, I went to Moscow to focus on creativity, but everything was not intended yet.

Very young, managed to visit the war, along with her sorny brother Nikolai. The course of military events, influenced his work, this is noticeable by some works, for example, in the TIMES, Cossacks '', Haji - Murat, in the stories, degraded '', cutting the forest '', raid ''.

From 1855, Lev Nikolayevich became more skilled writer. At that time, the right of fortress was relevant, which was written in his stories Lion Tolstoy:, Polykushka '', Morning landlord 'and others.

1857-1860 soldered on travel. School textbooks prepared under their impression and began to pay attention to the publication of the pedagogical journal. In 1862, Lion Tolstoy took a young Sophian Bers - a doctor's daughter. Family life, at first, went to his advantage, then the most famous works, war and peace, Anna Karenina, were written.

The mid-80s was fruitful, drama, comedy, novels were written. The writer worried the topic of the bourgeoisie, he was on the side of the simple people to express his thoughts on this occasion, Lion Tolstoy created a lot of works: after the ball '', for which '', the power of darkness '', Sunday '', etc.

Roman, Sunday, "deserves special attention. To write it, Leru Nikolayevich had to work for 10 years. As a result, the work criticized. Local authorities, so much feared his pen, which was installed behind him, were able to remove from the church, but despite this, a simple person supported Lion as he could.

In the early 1990s, Lev began to hurt. In the fall of 1910 in the 82nd age, the writer's heart stopped. It happened on the road: Lion Tolstoy was driving in a train, he became bad, I had to stay at the railway station Astapovo. Sheltered the patient, at home, head station. After 7 days of stay visiting, the writer died.

Date biography and interesting facts. The most important thing.

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