Three works by Gogol. What N wrote

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol is one of the most famous writers 19th century. For his short life he managed to write a large number of outstanding works, many of which are now being studied in school. The top ten includes the most popular and best books Gogol, the list of which is located below.

Sorochinskaya fair

Sorochinskaya Fair opens a list of works belonging to the pen of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol and is part of the collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. The story takes place in the homeland of the prose writer. In the center of the plot is a young man named Gritsko, who falls in love with a beautiful girl named Khavronya. Main character wants to marry her. The girl's father does not mind, but the stepmother refuses to give her stepdaughter for him, because he did not please her. Then Gritsko turns to a gypsy for help, who is making a plan of how to get his stepmother's favor and arrange a wedding.

Portrait

"Portrait"- a work included in the cycle "Petersburg Tales". The main character of the story is the young man Chartkov, who is engaged in art. He is incredibly poor, he does not even have the money to pay for rental housing. Despite this, the artist buys a portrait depicting an old man with his last money. He attracts the young man by the fact that the eyes in the portrait seem to be alive. The young man begins to persecute at night strange dreams as if the old man comes out of the frame with a bag full of money. In a dream, Chartkov manages to snatch one bundle with 1000 ducats. In the morning, the young man wakes up and finds, in fact, this money. He moves to a prestigious area, rents expensive apartments and becomes a sought-after young artist with large list orders. Chartkov has no idea that this portrait cursed and brings only misfortunes to his master, which will soon touch this artist too.

Nevsky Prospect

"Nevsky Prospect" is included in the book "Petersburg Stories". Nikolai Vasilyevich begins the story with an enthusiastic description of Nevsky Prospekt, which he considers one of best places in St. Petersburg. It is here that any thoughtful observer can get a lot of impressions for himself. The main characters of the work are Pirogov and Piskarev, who get to know each other in this place while rushing after beautiful ladies. Gogol tells two stories of these at first sight completely different young people, whose hopes were not justified. The author draws an analogy between these characters and brings the reader to the idea that despite all their individuality, there is something that unites these men.

Overcoat

"Overcoat"- a story included in the collected works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. In the work, the prose writer touches on the topic “ little man". In the center of the book's plot is a titular adviser living in poverty named Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin. He was very responsible about his job, despite the fact that it was insignificant. On this occasion, jokes were made by young officials in the direction of Bashmachkin. Soon, Akaky notices that his old overcoat has fallen into disrepair and takes it to a tailor so that he can patch it up. But he refuses to do this, saying that you need to sew a new one. Bashmachkin begins to save money, infringing upon himself even in small things in order to raise money for new overcoat... Having collected the required amount, he orders it for himself. The joy of the new thing was short-lived, as soon the adviser was robbed. He has no choice but to wear his old one. Soon the hero falls ill with a cold and dies.

May night, or the Drowned woman

"May Night, or the Drowned Woman"- Gogol's story, included in the book "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". The work is based on the legends of not reposed souls who died innocently. main character, a young lady who can no longer tolerate the bullying of her step mother, rushes into the river to drown herself. After death, she turns into a beautiful mermaid. But even there, the stepmother does not want to give peace to the deceased stepdaughter. She also turns into a mermaid. The first is no choice but to seek help from people. In a dream she comes to young man Levko, who is the son of the head. He helps the unfortunate woman, and she, in return, arranges his personal life happily.

The evening before Ivan Kupala

"Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala"- The story of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, which, like many of his works, is filled with mysticism and folklore legends about evil spirits. This is the first story that opens a cycle of works united in the book Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. In the center of the plot is Petrus, whose fate is deeply unhappy. In this story, Gogol wants to convey to the reader that a person is the smith of his own happiness and in order to achieve his goal in no case should he turn to Satan for help.

Christmas Eve

"Christmas Eve"- one of best works Nikolai Vasilievich, included in the book "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka." The main character, the blacksmith Vakula, is madly in love with the beautiful girl Oksana, who constantly makes fun of him. The young man wants to marry her, to which she gives him an overwhelming task. The young man must get for her the slippers worn by the queen. Vakula realizes that such a task is beyond his power and is going to turn to the devil for help. Devilry by coincidence, it is at his fingertips. Together with the devil, he flies straight to the queen in St. Petersburg, where he asks the ruler for slivers for his bride. Meanwhile, there is a rumor in the village that Vakula committed suicide. Oksana punishes herself for this. But the young man returns healthy and unharmed with the promised gift.

Taras Bulba

"Taras Bulba"- one of the most famous books Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol. The story was repeatedly filmed and gained immense popularity. The work is completely based on historical materials, as well as the parables of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The protagonist of the story is Taras Bulba, who is an example of what a true Cossack should be like. The book revolves around him and his two sons.

Diary of a Madman

"Diary of a Madman" is included in the collection "Petersburg Stories". In the center of the story, Gogol puts Poprishchina, who is the author of the notes. The main character is a petty official dissatisfied with his position and the fact that everyone is pushed around him. He is obsessed with the idea that he must find his own field, and keeps a diary in which he describes his whole life, and also sets out his thoughts. The main character gradually goes crazy, which is reflected in his notes.

Dead Souls

"Dead Souls"- the main creation of the whole life of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The book describes the journey of Mr. Chichikov across Russia with the aim of buying up "dead souls". While reading the novel, the reader will have to get acquainted with many characters, each of which has its own individual psychological picture... The author shows all the ugliness of the souls of landowners, who in fact are people with dead souls, there is nothing human in them. Their only goal in life is profit.

Despite the fact that the writer's creative life was short-lived, and some periods of his life were completely shrouded in mystery, everyone knows the name of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Having quickly become famous, the young author surprised his contemporaries with his giftedness. He also surprises the current reader.

The fifteen years that the writer devoted to writing showed the world a genius of the highest standard. Distinctive feature- this is versatility and creative evolution. Poetics, associative perception, metaphor, grotesque, intonational diversity, alternation of the comic with pathos. Stories, plays, even poetry.

Housewarming (1826)

The whole life of the writer was full of struggle and inner experiences. Perhaps, while still studying in Nizhyn, the young man felt that he would have many questions about the meaning of life.

There, being a high school student, Kolya wrote a poem for the school handwritten magazine, the name of which is considered to be "Housewarming". But it is known for sure that in the final design with the author's autograph it was called "Bad weather".

The young poet, already at the age of seventeen, had doubts about the correctness of the title of his poem. The author will carry these doubts about the correctly chosen style, the correctly inserted replica, and even the words through all his work, mercilessly cracking down on the unsuccessful, in his opinion, texts.

The young man seemed to prophesy to himself:

Whether it is light or dark - everything is one,
When there is bad weather in this heart!

In addition to the poem "Housewarming", Gogol wrote four more poems and the poem " Ganz Kuchelgarten».

Ganz Kuchelgarten (1827-1829)

The first publication did not live up to Nikolai's expectations - it was a severe disappointment. The hopes placed on this story were not justified. The romantic idyll in paintings, painted back in the Nizhyn gymnasium in 1827, received negative reviews, and forced the author to reconsider his creative possibilities.

At this time, Gogol was hiding behind the pseudonym A. Alov. The writer bought up all the unsold copies and destroyed them. Now Nikolai decided to write about what he knows very well - about the beautiful Ukraine.

Evenings on a farm near Dikanka (1829-1832)

The book aroused a keen interest of readers. Historical excursion in Little Russia, depicting pictures of Ukrainian life, shining with cheerfulness and subtle humor, made a great impression.

It would be perfectly logical for the narrator to use Ukrainian language for your creations. But in Russian, Gogol seemed to blur the line between Little Russia and Great Russia. Ukrainian folk motives where the main language is Russian, generously strewn Ukrainian words, made the entire collection of "Evenings" completely exquisite, absolutely different from everything that was at that time.

The young writer did not start his work with blank slate... Back in Nizhyn, he kept a notebook, which he himself called "All sorts of things." It was a notebook of four hundred and ninety pages, in which the schoolboy wrote down everything that seemed interesting to him: historical and geographical information, statements famous writers, proverbs and sayings, legends, songs, customs, own thoughts and writings.

The young man did not stop there. He writes letters to his mother and sisters, and asks them to send him various information on the topic: "the life of the Little Russian people." He wants to know everything. This is how a lot of work on the book began.

"Evenings" had a subtitle: "Stories published by the pasichnik Rudy Pank". This is a fictional character. It was needed to give credibility to the stories. The author seems to go into the shadows, letting forward the image of a simple, good-natured, cheerful beekeeper, allowing him to laugh and joke at his fellow villagers. So, through the stories of a simple peasant, the flavor of Ukrainian life is conveyed. This character seems to wink at the reader, slyly retaining the right to fiction, but posing as pure truth... And all this with a special raised intonation.

The difference between fiction and the writer's stories is that fairy tales act magic characters, and Gogol's are religious. Everything here is saturated with faith in God and in devilish power.

The action of all the stories included in the collection is associated with one of the temporal chronological layers: antiquity, the recent legendary times of Catherine the Great and the present.

The first readers of "Evenings" were typographic workers, who, seeing Gogol who came to them, began to laugh and assured that his "tricks" were very funny. "So! - thought the writer. - Cherni liked me.

First book

And so the debut took place. The first book has been published. These are: "Sorochinskaya Fair", "Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala", "Drowned", "The Missing Letter".

And it became clear to everyone around - this is Talent! All well-known critics unanimously expressed their delight. The writer makes acquaintances in literary circles... Published by Baron Anton Antonovich Delvig, learns the opinion of the then already recognized critic Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Having made friends with Zhukovsky, Nikolai finds himself in the literary and aristocratic circle.

A year passed and the second part of the collection came out. The simplicity, diversity, diversity of the nationality splashed out with stories: "The Night Before Christmas", "Terrible Revenge", "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and His Aunt", "The Enchanted Place".

The festive, colorful side has another - night, dark, sinful, otherworldly. Truth coexists with lies, irony with seriousness. There was a place and love stories, and unsolved mysteries.

Even at the dawn of cinematography, Gogol's works began to attract directors. At the beginning of the 20th century, the film adaptation of "The Night Before Christmas", "Terrible Revenge", "Viy", were received by the audience with "Hurray", despite the fact that the poetics and imagery of the plot, which the narrator so diligently put in, disappeared on the screen in silent films. into every phrase.

Films based on Gogol's Evenings came out later, and Viy, in fact, is the first Soviet horror film.

Arabesque (1835)

This was the next collection, partly composed of articles published in the 30-34 years of the XIX century, and partly from works published for the first time.

Stories and literary texts, included in this collection, are little known to the general reader. Here Gogol argued about Russian literature, looked for its place in history, and outlined tasks for it. He spoke about art, about Pushkin, as a greatness folk poet, about folk art.

Mirgorod (1835)

This period was the peak of Gogol's fame, and all of his works included in the collection "Mirgorod" only confirmed the genius of the author.

For the editors, the collection was divided into two books, two stories each.

Taras Bulba

After the release of "Taras Bulba" Belinsky immediately declared that it was "a poem of great passions."

Indeed: war, murder, revenge, betrayal. In this story, there was a place for love, yes, so strong, for which the hero is ready to give everything: comrades, father, homeland, life.

The narrator created such a plot that it is impossible to assess unambiguously the actions of the main characters. Taras Bulba, so thirsty for war, eventually loses two sons and dies himself. The betrayal of Andriy, who fell in love with the beautiful Polish girl so much and was ready to do anything for the sake of this fatal passion.

Old world landowners

This work was not understood by many. Few saw in the story of the old married couple love story. That love that is not expressed by stormy confessions, oaths or betrayal with a tragic end.

The simple life of the old landowners, who cannot live without each other, because they are one whole in this life - this is what the narrator tried to convey to the reader.

But the audience, having understood the story in their own way, nevertheless expressed their approval.

Nikolai Vasilievich's contemporaries were surprised at their acquaintance with the Old Slavic pagan character. In folk Ukrainian fairy tales this character does not exist; Gogol "brought" him from the depths of history. And the character took root, frightening the reader with his dangerous look.

The story has a colossal semantic load. All the main action takes place in the church, where there is a struggle between good and evil, faith and unbelief.

The ending is sad. The evil has won the main character died. Here's a reason for thought. The man did not have enough faith to be saved.

The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

This is the concluding work of the collection "Mirgorod", in which all passions are ironic.

Human nature in the person of two landowners who, out of nothing to do, started a long-term lawsuit, is shown from all sides, exposing them worst features... The elite secular society is shown in the most unsightly pictures: stupidity, stupidity, stupidity.

And the ending: "It's boring in this world, gentlemen!" - food for deep philosophical reasoning.

Diary of a Madman (1835)

The first title of the story is "Scraps from the Notes of a Madman."

This story of insanity, sustained in the Gogol style, had no analogues. Here Nikolai Vasilievich added a good portion of pity to wit and originality.

The hero did not suffer in vain. In this strange grotesque, many saw both the poetry of the word and the philosophy of thought.

Nevsky Prospect (1835)

The writer lived in St. Petersburg for many years and he simply could not describe the place that was central in the life of many townspeople.

What is not happening on Nevsky Prospekt. And the narrator, as if making the main character of Nevsky Prospect, shows his life, using the example of two characters completely accidentally snatched from the crowd.

Auditor (1835)

An immortal play that brought great fame to Nikolai Vasilyevich. He created the brightest authentic images of provincial bureaucracy, embezzlement, bribery and stupidity.

It is believed that the idea of ​​this play was born in Pushkin's head, but the elaboration of the plot and the creation of the characters of the heroes are all Gogol's merit. There is a philosophical implication behind farce and naturalism, because behind the impostor is the punishment for the officials of the county town.

It was not immediately possible to achieve the production of the play. To convince that the play is not dangerous, that it is just a mockery of the bad provincial officials had the emperor himself.

Comedy Morning of a Business Man (1836)

Initially, the work was conceived as a big work, which was to be called "Vladimir of the third degree", and "Morning" is only part of the big idea.

But on different reasons, including due to censorship, will take place great work it was not destiny. Too much "salt, anger, laughter" in the comedy. Even the initial title "Official's Morning" was replaced by the censor with "Morning business person».

The rest of the manuscripts of the failed hard work, were revised and used by Gogol in other works.

Litigation (1836)

The unfinished comedy is part of the play Vladimir of the Third Degree. Despite the fact that "Vladimir" crumbled and did not take place, and "Litigation" remained unfinished, some scenes received the right to life and were staged in the theater during the author's lifetime.

Excerpt (1839-1840)

The first title "Scenes from high life"- a dramatic excerpt. He was not destined to see the light - so the censors decided.

Nikolai Vasilievich included this excerpt in "Dramatic excerpts and selected scenes" in his publication in 1842.

Lackey (1839-1840)

Another dramatic excerpt from the failed play "Vladimir of the Third Degree", independently published in the "Works of Nikolai Gogol" in 1842.

Nose (1841-1842)

The absurd satirical work was not understood. The Moscow Observer magazine refused to publish it, accusing the writer of stupidity and vulgarity. But Pushkin found a lot of unexpected, funny and original in it, having placed it in his magazine "Sovremennik".

True, censorship was not without, which cut out whole chunks of the text. But the image of an empty ambitious person striving for statuary and admiration for higher ranks was a success.

Dead Souls (1835-1841)

This is the most fundamental creation, with difficult fate... The conceived three-volume book could not see the light of day, in the version in which Nikolai Vasilyevich wanted - hell, purgatory, paradise (as many philologists believe).

In 1842, the first volume was published, strictly edited by the censorship. But semantic load preserved. The reader could see everything: temptation, evil, dynamic principle. And to recognize the devil in the one who buys souls - in Chichikov. And all the landowners are a whole diverse gallery, each of which personifies some property of the human character.

The book received a decent assessment. It was translated into other languages ​​already in 1844, and very soon it could be read in German, Czech, English, Polish. During the life of the author, the book was translated into ten languages.

The ideas of the third volume remained just ideas. For this volume, the writer collected materials, but did not have time to use them.

Theatrical siding after the presentation of a new comedy (1836-1841)

The writer has been looking for genuine feelings all his life, mental qualities, put a certain philosophy in his creations.

In fact, Theatrical Patrol is a play about a play. And the conclusion suggests itself. The number of jesters that society needs is disproportionate to various kinds of money-grubbing and the desire for profit. “There are many opinions, but nobody understood the main thing,” the author complains.

Overcoat (1839-1841)

It is believed that this story was born from an anecdote. Mixing compassion with irritation, Akaki Akakievich suddenly came out. And sad funny story about a small insignificant person suddenly turned out to be interesting.

And having laughed at Gogol's character, the time comes to wonder if the biblical meaning is embedded in this story. After all, the soul wants to love one beautiful thing, and people are so imperfect. But Christ calls everyone to be kind and meek. In Greek, "he who does not do evil" is Akaki. So we get Akaki Akakievich, the image is soft and vulnerable.

"Overcoat" was understood in different ways, but fell in love. She found her place in cinema as well. The film "The Overcoat", released in 1926 and enthusiastically received by the public, was banned in 1949 by censorship. But on the 150th anniversary of the writer's birth, a new film "The Overcoat" directed by Alexei Batalov was shot.

Portrait (1842)

In the first part, the writer touches upon the attitude of others to art, cursing the monotony and shortsightedness. The author condemns the deception on the canvases, so popular with the public, calling on to serve real art.

In the second part, Gogol dug even deeper. Explaining that the purpose of art is to serve God. Without enlightenment, the artist simply makes soulless copies, and in this case the exultation of evil over good is inevitable.

The story was criticized for being too instructive.

Play The Marriage (1842)

A play with full name"The Marriage, or an Absolutely Incredible Event in Two Acts" was written back in 1835 and had the name "Grooms".

But Nikolai Vasilyevich made adjustments for eight more years, and when, finally, the performance was staged, many did not understand him. Even the actors themselves did not understand what they were playing.

But time put everything in its place. The idea that marriage is a union of two souls, and not a search for a ghostly ideal, has for many years made viewers go to this performance, and directors put it on different stages.

Comedy Players (1842)

V tsarist Russia theme gambling was in the air. She was touched by many writers. Nikolai Vasilievich also expressed his vision on this matter.

The writer twirled so story story, spicing everything up with chic turns, including the slang expressions of gamblers, that the comedy has turned into a real intricate matrix, where all the heroes impersonate someone else.

The comedy was an immediate success. It is still relevant today.

Rome (1842)

Is not independent work, and an excerpt from unfinished novel Annunziata. This passage clearly enough characterizes the author's evolution in creativity, but he did not receive a worthy assessment.

Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends (1845)

A mental crisis pushes the writer to religious and philosophical topics. The fruit of this work was the publication of the collection Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.

This work, written in an edifying-preaching style, caused a storm in the circles of critics. In all literary circles there was controversy and excerpts from this book were read.

The passions were serious. Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky wrote a critical review in the form of an open letter. But the letter was banned from printing, and they began to distribute it in manuscripts. It is for the distribution of this letter to death penalty Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was sentenced. True, the "death penalty by shooting" did not happen, the sentence was commuted to penalties in the form of hard labor.

Gogol explained his attacks against the book by his mistake, believing that the chosen edifying tone ruined everything. Yes, and those passages that were initially not missed by the censorship, finally ruined the material presented.

All the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol are pages of the amazing beauty of the Russian word, when reading you rejoice and take pride in the fact that you can speak and think in the same language.

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol - the great Russian writer, author immortal works"The Inspector General", "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", "Taras Bulba", "Viy", "Dead Souls" and many others.

Nikolai Gogol was born on March 20, 1809 in the town of Velikiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, into the family of a poor landowner. Childhood was spent on the estate of Vasilyevka's parents, near the village of Dikanka, the land of legends, beliefs, historical legends... In the upbringing of the future writer, a certain role was played by his father, Vasily Afanasyevich, a passionate admirer of art, theater lover, author of poems and witty comedies.

After home education Gogol spent two years at the Poltava district school, then entered the Nizhyn gymnasium of higher sciences. Here he learns to play the violin, is engaged in painting, participates in performances, performing comic roles.

After graduating from high school in 1828, the writer went to St. Petersburg with the hope of starting a wide career. But the first literary attempts were unsuccessful.

In 1830 in the magazine " Domestic notes"Gogol's first story" Basavryuk "appeared, later reworked into the story" Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala. " historical novel"Getman". Gogol becomes closer to Delvig, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, with whom he had great importance for development public views and the literary talent of the young Gogol. Pushkin introduced him to his circle, where Krylov, Vyazemsky, Odoevsky, the artist Bryullov, gave him plots for "The Inspector General" and " Dead souls".

Gogol's literary fame was brought by "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" (1831 - 32), the stories "Sorochinskaya Fair", "May Night", etc. In 1833 he decided to devote himself to scientific and pedagogical work and in 1834 he was appointed adjunct professor at the department world history at St. Petersburg University. The study of works on the history of Ukraine formed the basis of the idea of ​​"Taras Bulba". In 1835 he left the university and devoted himself entirely literary creation... In the same year, the collections of stories "Mirgorod" were published, which included "Old World Landowners", "Taras Bulba", "Viy" and others, and "Arabesques" (on the themes of Petersburg life). In 1835 "The Inspector General" was written and already in 1836 it was staged in Moscow with the participation of Shchepkin.

February 11, 1852, while in a difficult state of mind, the writer burned the manuscript of the second volume of the poem "Dead Souls". On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his apartment on Nikitsky Boulevard.

Gogol was buried in the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery in Moscow. After the revolution, the remains of Gogol were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.

Years of life: from 20.03.1809 to 21.02.1852

Outstanding Russian writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist. The works are included in the classics of Russian and world literature. Gogol's works have had and still have a huge impact to writers and readers.

Childhood and youth

Born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. The writer's father, V.A.Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825), served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married M.I.Kosyarovskaya (1791-1868), according to legend, the first beauty in the Poltava region. The family had six children: in addition to Nikolai, son Ivan (died in 1819), daughters Marya (1811-1844), Anna (1821-1893), Liza (1823-1864) and Olga (1825-1907). in the estate of parents Vasilyevka (another name - Yanovshchina). As a child, Gogol wrote poetry. The mother showed great concern for the religious upbringing of her son, and it is her influence that is credited with the religious and mystical orientation of the writer's worldview. In 1818-19 Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then, in 1820-1821, he took private lessons. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he is engaged in painting, participates in performances - as an artist-decorator and as an actor. He tries himself in various literary genres(writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poem, story). At the same time he writes the satire "Something about Nizhyn, or the Law is Not Written to Fools" (not preserved). However, he does not dream of a literary career, all his aspirations are associated with "state service", he dreams of a legal career.

The beginning of a literary career, rapprochement with A.S. Pushkin.

After graduating from high school in 1828, Gogol went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, unsuccessfully fussing about a place, Gogol makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829 the poem "Italy" appears, and in the spring of the same year, under the pseudonym "V. Alov" Gogol prints an "idyll in pictures" "Ganz Kuchelgarten". The poem caused a very negative reviews critics, which strengthened the heavy mood of Gogol, who throughout his life very painfully experienced criticism of his works. In July 1829, he burns unsold copies of the book and suddenly makes a brief trip abroad. Gogol explained his step as an escape from the feeling of love that had unexpectedly taken possession of him. At the end of 1829, he managed to find a job in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (first as a scribe, then as an assistant to the clerk). Staying in the chancelleries caused Gogol's deep disappointment in the "service of the state", but at the same time provided him with rich material for future works. By this time, Gogol devotes more and more time literary work... Following the first story "Bisavryuk, or Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala" (1830) Gogol prints a number works of art and articles. The story "Woman" (1831) was the first work signed real surname the author. Gogol meets P. A. Pletnev. Pushkin until the end of his life remained for Gogol an indisputable authority in both artistic and morally... By the summer of 1831, his relations with the Pushkin circle were becoming rather close. Financial situation Gogol is consolidated thanks to his pedagogical work: he gives private lessons in the houses of P.I. Balabin, N.M. Longinov, A.V. Vasilchikov, and from March 1831 he became a history teacher at the Patriotic Institute.

The most fruitful period of life

During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. They aroused almost universal admiration and made Gogol famous. 1833, the year for Gogol, is one of the most intense, full of painful searches for a further path. Gogol writes the first comedy "Vladimir 3rd Degree", however, experiencing creative difficulties and anticipating censorship complications, he stops working. During this period, he was seized by a serious craving for the study of history - Ukrainian and world. Gogol tries to take up the Department of General History at the newly opened Kiev University, but to no avail. In June 1834, however, he was appointed an adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University, but after several classes he leaves this case. At the same time, in deep secrecy, he writes stories that made up his two subsequent assemblies - "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques". Their forerunner was "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich had a quarrel with Ivan Nikiforovich" (first published in the book "Housewarming" in 1834). The publication of "Arabesque" (1835) and "Mirgorod" (1835) confirmed Gogol's reputation as outstanding writer... By the early thirties, the work on the works that later formed the cycle "Petersburg Tales" also belongs. In the fall of 1835, Gogol was taken to write "The Inspector General," the plot of which (as Gogol himself claimed) was suggested by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he reads a comedy at an evening with Zhukovsky, and in the same year the play was staged on stage. Along with the resounding success, the comedy also caused a number of critical reviews, the authors of which accused Gogol of slandering Russia. The heated controversy adversely affected the writer's state of mind. In June 1836, Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany and began almost 12 summer period the writer's stay abroad. Gogol started writing Dead Souls. The plot was also suggested by Pushkin (this is known from the words of Gogol). In February 1837, in the midst of work on Dead Souls, Gogol received the shocking news of the death of Pushkin. In a fit of "inexpressible melancholy" and bitterness, Gogol perceives the "present work" as the "sacred testament" of the poet. In early March 1837 he first came to Rome, which later became one of the writer's favorite cities. In September 1839, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began reading the chapters of Dead Souls, which evoke an enthusiastic reaction. In 1940, Gogol left Russia again and at the end of the summer of 1840 in Vienna, he was suddenly comprehended by one of the first attacks of severe nervous disease... In October he arrives in Moscow and reads the last 5 chapters of Dead Souls in the Aksakovs' house. However, in Moscow, the censorship did not allow the novel to be published, and in January 1842 the writer forwarded the manuscript to the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, where the book was allowed, but with a change in the title and without "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin." In May, "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" was published. And again, Gogol's work caused a flurry of the most contradictory responses. Against the background of general admiration, sharp accusations of caricature, farce, and slander are heard. All this controversy took place in the absence of Gogol, who went abroad in June 1842, where the writer is working on the second volume of Dead Souls. Writing is extremely difficult, with long stops.

Last years of life. The writer's creative and spiritual crisis.

At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a new mental crisis. A period of treatment and transfers from one resort to another begins. At the end of June or at the beginning of July 1845, in a state of a sharp exacerbation of the disease, Gogol burns the manuscript of the second volume. Subsequently, Gogol explained this step by the fact that the book did not clearly show the "paths and roads" to the ideal. Improvement in the physical condition of Gogol was outlined only by the fall of 1845, he began anew work on the second volume of the book, however, experiencing increasing difficulties. distracted by other things. In 1847, Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends were published in St. Petersburg. The release of Selected Places brought a veritable critical storm on its author. Moreover, Gogol received critical reviews from his friends, especially V.G. Belinsky. Gogol takes criticism very personally, tries to justify himself, deepens it spiritual crisis... In 1848 Gogol returned to Russia and lived in Moscow. In 1849-1850 he read individual chapters of the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls" to his friends. The approval inspires the writer, who now works with renewed vigor. In the spring of 1850, Gogol undertakes the first and one last try arrange your family life- Makes an offer to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but receives a refusal. January 1, 1852 Gogol reports that the second volume is "completely finished." But in the last days of the month, signs of a new crisis were clearly revealed, the impetus for which was the death of EM Khomyakova, a man spiritually close to Gogol. He is tormented by a premonition near death, exacerbated by renewed doubts about the usefulness of his career as a writer and the success of his work. In late January - early February, Gogol meets with Father Matvey (Konstantinovsky) who has arrived in Moscow; the content of their conversations remained unknown, however there is an indication that Father Matvey advised to destroy some of the chapters of the poem, motivating this step “ harmful influence"Which they will have. The death of Khomyakova, the condemnation of Konstantinovsky and, possibly, other reasons convinced Gogol to give up creativity and start fasting a week before Lent. On February 5, he sees off Konstantinovsky and since that day he hardly eats anything, stops leaving the house. At 3 o'clock in the morning from Monday to Tuesday, February 11-12, 1852, Gogol woke up the servant Semyon, ordered him to open the stove valves and bring a briefcase with manuscripts from the closet. Taking a bunch of notebooks out of it, Gogol put them in the fireplace and burned them (only 5 chapters have survived in incomplete form, referring to various draft editions). On February 20, the medical council decided on the compulsory treatment of Gogol, but the measures taken did not give any result. On the morning of February 21, N.V. Gogol died. With the last words the writer was: "Ladder, hurry up, let's get the ladder!".

Information about works:

In the Nizhyn gymnasium, Gogol was not a diligent student, but he had an excellent memory, in a few days he prepared for exams and moved from class to class; he was very weak in languages ​​and only succeeded in drawing and Russian literature.

It was Gogol who, in his article "A Few Words about Pushkin," was the first to call Pushkin the greatest Russian national poet.

The morning after the burning of the manuscripts, Gogol told Count Tolstoy that he wanted to burn only some of the things prepared in advance for that, but burned everything under the influence evil spirit.

A bronze cross was installed on Gogol's grave, which stood on a black tombstone ("Golgotha"). In 1952, instead of Golgotha, a new monument was erected on the grave, while Golgotha, as unnecessary for some time, was in the workshops Novodevichy cemetery, where she was discovered by the widow of E. S. Bulgakov. Elena Sergeevna bought the tombstone, after which it was installed over the grave of Mikhail Afanasyevich.

Viy's 1909 film is considered the first domestic "horror film". Yes, the film has not survived today. And the screen version of the same Viy in 1967 is the only Soviet "horror film".

Bibliography

Poems

Ganz Kuchelgarten (1827)

Cycles of stories and novellas

First Book (1831)
1. Sorochinskaya fair
2. Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala
3. May night, or drowned woman
4. Missing letter
Second Book (1832)
1. Night before Christmas
2. Terrible revenge
3. Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and his aunt
4. Enchanted place

First part:
1. Old world landowners
2. Taras Bulba
Second part:
1. Viy
2. The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

Nevsky Prospect (1833-1834)
Nose (1832-1833)
Overcoat (1839-1840)
Diary of a Madman (1834)
Portrait (1833-1834)
Stroller (1835)

Not included in cycles
Rome (1839-1842)
Dead Souls (1909) dir. P. Chardynin, short
The Night Before Christmas (1913) dir. V. Starevich
Portrait (1915) dir. V. Starevich
Viy (1916) dir. V. Starevich
How Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich (1941) dir. A. Kustov
May Night, or Drowned Woman (1952) dir. A. Row
Inspector (1952) dir. V. Petrov
The Overcoat (1959) dir. A. Batalov
Dead Souls (1960) dir. L. Trauberg
Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1961) dir. A. Row
Viy (1967) dir. K. Ershov
The Marriage (1977) dir. V. Melnikov
Incognito from Petersburg (1977) dir. L. Gaidai, based on the play The Inspector General
Nose (1977) dir. R. Bykov
Dead Souls (1984) dir. M. Schweitzer, serial
Auditor (1996) dir. S. Gazarov
Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (2002) dir. S. Gorov, musical
The Case of "Dead Souls" (2005) dir. P. Lungin, television series
The Witch (2006) dir. O. Fesenko, based on the story of Viy
Russian Game (2007) dir. P. Chukhrai, based on the play The Players
Taras Bulba (2009) dir. V. Bortko
Happy Ending (2010) dir. Y. Chevazhevsky, modern version based on the story The Nose

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol is a classic known to each of us since school times. This is a genius writer and a talented publicist, in whose work the interest continues to this day. In this article we will turn to what Gogol managed to write in his short life. The list of the author's works inspires respect, but let us consider it in more detail.

About creativity

All the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a single indissoluble whole, united by the same themes, motives and ideas. Lively bright syllable, unique style, knowledge of the characters found in the Russian people - this is what Gogol is so famous for. The list of the author's works is very diverse: there are sketches from the life of farmers, and descriptions of landowners with their vices, the characters of serfs are widely represented, the life of the capital and the district town is shown. Indeed, Gogol describes the whole picture of the Russian reality of his time, without making a distinction between estates and geographic location.

Gogol: list of works

Let's list the main works of the writer. For convenience, the stories are combined into loops:

• cycle "Mirgorod", which includes the story "Taras Bulba";
• "Petersburg Stories" includes the story "The Overcoat";
• the cycle "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", which includes one of Gogol's most famous works - "The Night Before Christmas";
• the play "The Inspector General";
• the cycle "Arabesque", which stands out strikingly against the background of everything written by the author, since it combines journalism and artistry;
• the poem "Dead Souls".

Now let's take a closer look at the key works in the work of the writer.

Cycle "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka"

This cycle became Nikolai Vasilievich and came out in two parts. The first was published in 1831, and the second only a year later.

The stories of this collection describe stories from the life of farmers that occurred in different time periods, for example, the action of "May Night" takes place in the 18th century, and "Terrible revenge" - in the 17th century. All the works are united in the image of the narrator - uncle Foma Grigorievich, who retells the stories he once heard.

The most famous story of this cycle is "The Night Before Christmas", written in 1830. Her actions take place during the reign of Catherine II in Ukraine, in the village of Dykanka. The story is fully sustained in romantic tradition with its mystical elements and extraordinary situations.

"Inspector"

This play is considered the most famous work Gogol. This is due to the fact that from the moment it was first staged in the theater (1836), to this day, it has not left the stage not only in our country, but also abroad. This work became a reflection of vices, arbitrariness and limitations. county officials... This is how I saw provincial towns Gogol. It is impossible to compile a list of the author's works without mentioning this play.

Despite the social and moral overtones and criticism of autocracy, which are well guessed under the cover of humor, the play was not banned either during the life of the author himself, or later. And its success can be explained by the fact that Gogol managed to portray the vicious representatives of his time with extraordinary precision and aptitude, who, unfortunately, are still found today.

"Petersburg stories"

Gogol's stories included in this collection were written in different time- from about 30s to 40s of the XIX century. What unites them is their common place of action - St. Petersburg. The uniqueness of this collection lies in the fact that all the stories included in it are written in the spirit fantastic realism... It was Gogol who managed to develop this method and so brilliantly embody it in his cycle.

What is this? This is a method that allows you to use the techniques of the grotesque and fantasy in the depiction of reality, while maintaining the topicality and recognizability of the images. So, despite the absurdity of what is happening, the reader can easily recognize the features of the real Northern Palmyra in the image of the fictional Petersburg.

In addition, in one way or another, the city itself is the hero of each work of the cycle. Petersburg in Gogol's view appears as a force that destroys a person. This destruction can occur on a physical or spiritual level. A person can die, he can lose his individuality and turn into a common man in the street.

"Overcoat"

This work is included in the collection "Petersburg Stories". In the center of the story this time is Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin, a minor official. NV Gogol tells about the life and dream of the "little man" in this work. The overcoat is the limit of the protagonist's desires. But gradually this thing grows, becomes larger than the character himself and ultimately absorbs him.

A kind of mystical connection is formed between Bashmachkin and the greatcoat. The hero seems to give part of his soul to this wardrobe item. That is why Akaki Akakievich dies a few days after his greatcoat disappeared. After all, together with her, he lost a part of himself.

The main problematic of the story is the pernicious dependence of people on things. The subject became the determining factor in judging a person, and not his personality - that is the horror of the surrounding reality, according to Gogol.

Poem "Dead Souls"

Initially, the poem, according to the author's plan, was to be divided into three parts. The first describes a kind of "hell" of reality. In the second - "purgatory", when the hero had to realize his sins and set foot on the path of repentance. In the third - "paradise", the rebirth of the character.

In the center of the story is the former customs official Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. This gentleman all his life dreamed of only one thing - to make a fortune. And now, in order to fulfill his dream, he embarked on an adventure. Its meaning was to buy up dead peasants, who were listed as alive according to the last census. Having obtained a certain number of such souls, he could borrow a decent amount from the state and go with it somewhere to warm lands.

The first and only volume of Dead Souls tells about what adventures await Chichikov.