Who are the Writers of Humanists. Outstanding Humanists of the Renaissance and their Proceedings

03.03.2020

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An outstanding humanist of early new time was Erasmus Rotterdamsky,scientist, philologist, theologian. He created a slim system of the new theology, which called the "Philosophy of Christ." In this system, the main attention focuses on a person in his attitude to God, their moral obligations of man before God. Problems such as the creation of the world, the territy of God, the humanist considered unresolved and not vital.

The humanists include a French writer Francois Rablthe author of the book "Gargantua and Pantagruel", which reflected the essence of the development of humanistic thought, hopes, victory and the time of the Kenya Humanists. In the first books, more freak, the faith dominates everything over everything in the victory of reasonable and good in the life of people, about the next books more tragedy.

Another greatest humanist writer was William Shakespeare,great English playwright. The main principle of his works was the truth of feelings.

Spanish Writer-Humanist Miguel Servantes.he became the author of the immortal work "Don Quixote". Hero of Cervantes lives illusions and is trying to resurrect the golden age of the knighthood.

The writer colorfully describes how Don Quixote's dreams are divided into reality,

Thomas Mor.it is an outstanding English humanist thinker. He created a treatise about the ideal state. Mor describes the fairy-tale island of Utopia, where happy people who refused from property, money and wars live. In the "Utopia", Bi substantiated a number of democratic requirements for the organization of the state. Utopiyii can freely choose a craft or other occupation. But people must work everywhere where they will live for more than one day.

According to the teachings of the English philosopher John Locke,chela, century is a social being. Locke talks about the "natural" state of a person. This condition is not a timely person, but the responsibility to restrain itself and not damage to other people. A person has the right to property. However, the right to land and the consumption of labor products often generates conflicts, so it is the subject of a special agreement between people. The supreme power, according to John Locke, cannot deprive a person of any part of his property, if the latter does not agree. Locke laid the foundation for the idea of \u200b\u200bdividing civil society and the state.

"Titans of Renaissance *.

The culture of the Renaissance is characterized by an extraordinary wealth and diversity of content. Creators of the culture of that time - scientists, artists, writers - were versatile people. It is no coincidence that they are called titans like an ancient Greek deities who personified mighty forces

Italian Leonardo da Vinciit became famous as a painter, the author of the greatest works. Portrait Mona Lisa (Jocona)improved the representation of the people of the Renaissance era on the high value of the human person. In the field of mechanics, Leonardo made the first attempts to determine the coefficients of friction and slip. He owns numerous projects of weaving machines, printed machines, etc. Innovators were the designs of aircraft, the project of the parachute. He was engaged in astronomy, optics, biology, botany. The anatomical patterns of Leonardo are images that allow us to judge the general laws of the structure of the body.

Contemporary leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarrotihe was a sculptor, painter, architect and poet. The period of creative maturity of the Great Sculptor opens statue of d "1" speciesand statue of Madonna.Mikelangelo's vertex as a painter appeared painting of the sequestine chapelin Rome, embodied his ideas about life and contradictory Michelangelo led the construction saint CathedralPeter in Rome. Painter and architect Rafael Santiahe glorified the terrestrial happiness of a person, harmony of his comprehensively developed spiritual and physical properties. In the images of Madonn Rafael masterfully reflected the seriousness of thoughts and experiences. The most famous picture of the artist is the "Sicstinskaya Madonna".

Spanish artist El Greekperceived the traditions of Byzantine art. His paintings are distinguished by the deep psychological characteristic of the characters. Another Spanish painting, Diego Velasquez,in his works, she portrayed the truthful scenes from the people's life, weathered in the dark flavor and characterized by the rigidity of the letter. The religious paintings of the artist peculiar to the nationality and realism of types.

The largest representative of the German Renaissance is the artist Albrecht Durer.He was looking for new means of expressiveness that meet the requirements of a humanistic worldview. Durer also engaged in architecture, mathematics and mechanics.

Politics, science and culture cannot develop under constant conditions. The perception of people of the environment and their views must be subject to change.

Humanism is a system of views in the center of which is a person who is interested in art, science and improves itself in all areas.

The great humanists of Europe were created in the revival era. They chased the ancient era, forgotten in the Middle Ages. The main object of study was a man and his feelings.

New people's glances could not appear just like that. The humanism has given great importance to raising the future generation. The first to spoke to Vittorino de Feltre. In the XV century, he founded a children's school, the classes in which took place in nature. It did not have physical punishment and coercion. There were not only the children of the highest estate, but from ordinary families. Children developed a versatile not only intellectually, but also physically.

Teaching children through a system of questions and answers suggested Erasmus Rotterdam in the treatise "On the decency of children's morals". He also considered it impolitely with a conversation with a man to raise her eyebrows, yawning, wrinkle his nose, povered in the ears and shake his head. Such rules exist today.

Rotterdam was born in 1469 near Rotterdam. At the nineteenth aged, he was sent to the service to the monastery. There he read many books from the monks library. In the post of secretary of the bishop, he left the monastery in 5 years. Erasmus Rotterdam was able to become a student of the Parisian theological faculty. In London, he met Thomas Maorm, who would become his friend to the end of his life.

Rotterdamsky became famous for his work "praise nonsense." In it, stupidity opposes the reader. Her father was Plutos (God of Golden), the crumbles were uncompatory and intoxication. Many flavors of society are ridiculed in the work. This is the first voice of the new time and the desire to radically change society.

Erasmus worked at the University of Cambridge and was appointed to the position of Spanish king. He traveled a lot and won the respect of people. Died in 1536.

Another famous humanist was Thomas Mor. Born in 1478 in England. He studied in Oxford, worked as a lawyer and was a member of parliament. After a couple of years, he gets a knightly title and is part of the secret council.

The famous creation of Thomas Mora became "Golden Book ...". It criticizes the device of modern society and describes the model of an ideal society. In the first part, the cause of public disorders of European countries call money and property. The rulers seek not to good management, but an increase in the territory. The second part is devoted to utopia - the model of the ideal state. It is located on the island and consists of 54 cities (the number of cities in England in the XVI century). The chapter is the prince elected to the life rule. Just charge in tyranny can be a reason for his displacement. Laws and issues are solved by the national fee - 3 people from each city. People live families whose work controls Philharh. Each resident knows the aces of agriculture and one craft to choose from. In the city, all warehouses are common. Sick residents are located in special hospitals for cities that would not infect the rest. Gold is appreciated in utopia no more water or iron. To prevent his accumulation, gold began to match the shame. A lot of interesting things described Thomas Mor in his perfect city.

Famous humanist was Francois Rabl. His homeland is the French town of Shinon. His childhood spent in the monastery. He was taught by Greek and Latin. In Poitiers, he studied medicine at the university. All his life was engaged in satirical literature. He believed that laughter is able to cure all diseases. The most popular became Gargantua and Pantangruel. Gargathua brought up theologians who forced him to memorize everything. As a result, he was even more. His son Pantagruel becomes the opposite of his father - he is more humane. The book rises the papacy, theology, judging and government.

As you can see, people in the Renaissance era began to look at the world around. They almost all everyday things criticized. Many Humanists offered their understanding of the ideal state system and society. A person in all samples becomes basic value. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance has become a mass desire for education, respect for people who want to learn and help people.

The term humanism arose from the name of the circle of sciences, which were engaged in poetically and artistically gifted people: "Studia Humanitatis" is the sciences that studied all the human as opposed to "Studia Divina" - that is, theology studied all the Divine

Humanists glorified: -sheemy life-Mysterious joy -Sospened beauty, mind, spiritual freedom - Having changed ignorance and greed-rapid advantage of a person considered the virtue of the humanists glorified: -considant life - Merchant joy -Sospened beauty, mind, spiritual freedom - Having changed ignorance and greed -Frequent advantage of man considered virtue

2. Writers - Humanists at the beginning of the 16th century unfolded sharp clashes of humanists with church scholasticism, which the humanists were ridiculed in satirical works Scholasticism (Greek. Σχολαστι όςός Scientific Scholia - School) Systematic Greek. Medieval philosophy Medieval philosophy, concentrated around university universities

Erasmus Rotterdam () The Netherlands writer was famous for the satirical work of the "foolishness praise": -Goodness from the department herself says to Praise, and everything becomes fools among the fools - the dignity of the person who himself must elect his life path-made an opponent of wars

"What is the difference between an old man and a child, except for the fact that the first is exemplary wrinkles and has more days from birth? The same white hair, toothless mouth, small height, addiction to milk, kosonasia, chatty, stupid, forgetfulness, rashness. Briefly speaking, they are like each other in everything. The more people are old, the closer they are to the children, and, finally, as if real babies, without having disgusted with life, not aware of death, they leave the world. "

"Without me, no community, no everyday connection would be pleasant and durable: the people could not demolish their sovereign, Mr. - Slave, the servant - Mrs., teacher - a student, a friend, wife - husband, The apartment is a householder, the cohabitant - the cohabitant, Comrade - Comrade, if they would not be mutually mistaken, did not resort to the lasthest, did not spare strange weaknesses, did not fuck each other with honey of nonsense "

Francois Rabl () French writer wrote Roman "Gargantua and Pantagruel": -Readed representatives of the French society - the ideal society, where the freedom of personality dominates

3. Humanism in public life in the 16th century. People tried to understand how and for what laws, the Society of Machiavelli in the treatise "Sovereign" showed an image of a real, and not an ideal ruler: -Hytric -Lecery-sensible -Bespricypny Niccolo Machiavelli ()

The sovereign "you need to be able to be managed with a person, and with a beast," for "In order to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and Lvom - to get around the trap, you need to be a fox, and Lvom - to get the wolves" Makiavelli did not justify these qualities he Reality reflected

In the English king, Henrikhe 8 held the position of Lorda Chancellor composed "Utopia" (the place that is not) Thomas Mor ()

"Utopia": "There are 54 cities on utopia; All of them are big and gorgeous. In the language, the businesses, the establishments, laws they are the same; The location is also one of all the same, as far as the locality is allowed, and the appearance. Utopians work at all, no one has property. The society provides every abundance ... and provides him with leisure for free development of the mind. Discipline ...: installed opening hours, joint adoption; Everyone with hunting follows this "

"Genuine Freedom is to have complete power" urged to educate in the child good, love for science Michel Monten ()

Task: Paragraph 4 Reply to the Questions: What kind of revival is such a humanism -What is the difference between a person of the Renaissance from the person of the Middle Ages in the era of the revival intensified interest in the ancient philosophy - what questions would you like to ask the Humanists?

Francois Rabl () French writer wrote Roman "Gargantua and Pantagruel": -Readed representatives of the French society - the ideal society, where the freedom of personality dominates

In the English king, Henrikhe 8 held the position of Lorda Chancellor composed "Utopia" (the place that is not) Thomas Mor ()

"Genuine Freedom is to have complete power" urged to educate in the child good, love for science Michel Monten ()

Humanists were not narrow specialists, but were experts in culture at all. "They are carriers of a new nobility (nobilitas)identified with personal valor and knowledge "See Poletukhin Yu.A. Classics of legal thought and enlightenment the problem of applying the death penalty. -M: Chelyabinsk.: Chelgu, 2010. p.87

The main instrument of Humanist was philology. The impeccable knowledge of Latin and Greek, especially the skillful possession of the classic Latin, was a necessary requirement for the reputation of a humanist, it was extremely preferably the ownership of an oral Latin speech. Also required clear handwriting and incredible memory. In his studios, humanists were interested in the following objects - grammar, rhetoric, ethics, history and poetry, etc. Humanists refuse medieval artistic forms, resurrect new - poems, epistolary genre, fiction, philosophical treatises.

The highest reputation of humanism began to play great importance. The characteristic feature of the Renaissance was the highest social prestige of humanistic knowledge and talents, cult culture. Good Latin style has become a need for politics. In the first decades of the XV century, the delight to the humanistic scholarship will be the usual feature of public life.

One of the founders of the birth of humanistic philosophy appeared

great European poet Francesco Petraska (1304 - 1374). He was born in the family of the poor inhabitants of Florence, by the time of the birth of the son of the expelled from his native city and lived in a small town of Arezzo. Already as a child, he together with his parents changed a lot of different accommodations. And it became a kind of symbol of all his fate - during his life he traveled a lot, lived in different cities of Italy, France, Germany. Everywhere he found honors and respect for numerous fans and admirers of his poetic talent, see the same place.

However, Petrairka is not only a poet, but also a kind and most interesting thinker, philosopher. It was he who first in Europe formulated the ideas of humanism, began to talk about the need to revive the ancient spirit, ideals of antiquity. No wonder at the beginning of the XV century. They wrote: "Francesco Petrarch was the first one who descended grace, and he admitted and realized and led the elegance of an ancient style, lost and forgotten.

Being sincerely believed Christian, Petrarch did not take a common scholastic understanding of the essence of God and, above all, established by the domination of rationalized Christianity. Therefore, he urged not to spray his forces in fruitless logical dignity, but re-discover the true charm of the entire complex of humanitarian disciplines. True wisdom, in his opinion, is to know the method of achieving this wisdom. Consequently, it is necessary to return to the knowledge of his own soul. Petrarch wrote: "I do not cause anxiety of the barrier from books and admire the earthly things, since the pagan philosophers I learned that nothing deservedly admiration, with the exception of the soul, against which everything seems insignificant."

It is with Petrarch that the first humanistic criticism of Aristotle begins. Although the Aristotle Petrak himself refers with great respect, however, the use of the Aristotelian style of thinking, the principles of Aristotelian logic, the principles of Aristotelian logic, for the evidence of the Truth of Faith, are completely not satisfied. Petragus insists that purely logical ways to comprehend God are not knowledgeable, but to wormless.

Petraka himself preferred the philosophy of Plato and the compositions of the church's fathers based on it. He argued that if Plato did not reach the truth, he was close to her more than others. Recognizing the "philosophical championship" Plato, he rhetorically asked: "And who will deny such a championship, excluding the noisy crowd of stupid scholasts?".

And in general, Petrors calls for the most active study of the philosophical heritage of antiquity, to the revival of the ideals of antiquity, to revive the fact that the name of the "ancient spirit" was later obtained. After all, it, like many ancient thinkers, was interested, first of all, internal, moral and ethical problems of a person.

Not less than a bright outstanding humanist of the Renaissance Age was Jordan Bruno (1548 - 1600). He was born in the town of Nola not far from Naples. Later, at the place of birth, he himself called himself a Nolant. Bruno took place from the family of a small nobleman, but in the early years he became interested in sciences, theology and young people became the monk of the Dominican Monastery. However, an exceptionally theological education, which Bruno could get in the monastery, soon ceased to satisfy his search for truth. Nolanets got carried away by the ideas of humanism, began to study philosophy as an ancient, primarily antique and modern. Already in the young years, a clear expression acquired one characteristic feature of Jordan Bruno - possessing an uncompromising character, he from the young age and until the end of his life rigidly and gentlely defended his views, was not afraid to join the disputes and disputes. In this uncompromising, there was an expression of the thesis about the "heroic enthusiasm", which Bruno advanced as the main quality of the true scientist - in the struggle for truth it is impossible to experience fear even before death. But for the very Bruno, the heroic struggle for the truth has served the source of his endless conflicts with the surrounding see Poletukhin I.A. Decree. Op. P.91.

One such conflict that happened to the young monk with the authorities of the monastery led to the fact that Bruno had to escape from the monastery. For several years, he wandered around the cities of Italy and France. The lectures that Bruno visited the universities of Toulouse and Paris, also often ended with hot spores of Nolas with professors and students. The most of all the Italian thinker was outraged by the commitment of teachers of universities to scholasticism, which, as he believed, has long outlived herself. Conflicts with the scientific community continued in England, where Bruno visited Oxford University.

At the same years, Jordano Bruno works fruitfully on its own essays. In 1584 - 1585. In London, six of his dialogues in Italian were published, in which he outlined the systems of his worldview. It was in these writings for the first time that the ideas of the multiplicity of worlds sounded, denying the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe Earth, as the center of the Universe. These ideas caused a sharp rejection in the Roman Catholic Church, as the heretical, breaking church dogmas. In addition, Bruno dialogs contained a tough and caustic critic, which he exposed scholast scientists. Restoring in the center of conflict, having caused the displeasure of scientists, Nolanets was forced to leave England and go to France.

The philosophical views of the Nolatz were formed under the influence of many preceding exercises: Neoplatonism, Stoicism, ideas of democritus and epicuris, heraklite, humanistic theories. It is noticeable to the impact of the concepts of Arabic philosophers of Averroes and Avicenna, as well as the Jewish philosopher Avitzrebron (which, however, was considered to be an Arab Ibn by a gebier). Carefully studied Bruno and the texts of Hermes of the Trismegist, who in his own writings Bruno called Mercury. The theory of Copernicus on the heliocentric structure of the Universe, which served as the starting point for his own cosmological representations was of great importance for Bruno. Modern researchers emphasize the serious influence of the philosophy of Nikolai Kuzansky, especially the teachings on the coincidence of opposites. Probably, only Aristotle and Bruuno philosophers based on it did not accept Bruno philosophers at all and constantly criticized.

The philosophical counterpoint of Jordan Bruno's teaching is the doctrine of the coincidence of opposites, hoped by him, as already mentioned, Nikolai Kuzansky. Reflecting on the coincidence of the endless and final, higher and lower, Bruno develops the doctrine of the match and minimum coincidence. Using including mathematical terms, it comes to the conclusion that, since the maximum and minimum coincide, the minimum, as the smallest, is a substance of all things, "indivisible principle." But, so at least - this is "the only and root substance of all things," then it is impossible for it to have an accurate certain name and such a name that would have a positive, and not negative meaning. " Therefore, the philosopher itself emphasizes that three kinds of lows should be distinguished: this is a monad in philosophy, in physics - an atom, in geometry - point. But the different names of the minimum do not cancel its main quality: at least as the substance of all things, is the basis of everything, including the maximum: "So, the substance of things does not change at all, it is immortal, it does not give rise to her any opportunity and no destroy Does not spoil, does not reduce and does not increase. Thanks to it, they are born and they are allowed in it. "

Also, I can not not notice in my work such an outstanding humanist of the Renaissance Age as Thomas Mor. (1478 - 1535), he was born in the family of the famous London lawyer, the royal judge. After two years of study at Oxford University, Thomas Mor, at the insistence of his father, graduated from law school and became a lawyer. Over time, Mor acquired fame and was elected to the English Parliament, see Kudryavtsev O.F. Renaissible humanism and "Utopia" .- M.: Moscow, M.: Science 2009. S. 201.

At the beginning of the XVI century, Thomas Mor comes closer to the mug of John's Humanists, which meets Erasmus Rotterdam. Subsequently, Mora and Erasmus tied a close friendship.

Under the influence of humanist's friends, the worldview of Thomas Mora is also formed - he begins to study the works of ancient thinkers, having learned the Greek language engaged in translations of the ancient literature.

Without leaving literary works, Thomas Mor continues his political activity - he was Sheriff London, Chairman of the House of Commons of the English Parliament, received a knightly rank. In 1529, Mor took the highest state post in England - became Lord Chancellor.

But at the beginning of the 30s of the XVI century, the position of Mora has changed dramatically. The English King Heinrich VIII decided to implement church reform in the country and stand at the head of the church. Thomas Mor refused to swear a king, as the new chapter of the church, left the post of Lord Chancellor, but was accused of state treason and in 1532 he was sharpened in Tower. Three years later, Thomas Mor was executed.

In the history of the philosophical thought, Thomas Mor entered, first of all, as the author of the book, which became a kind of triumph of humanistic thought. Posted by its mor in 1515 - 1516. And already in 1516, with the active assistance of Erasca Rotterdam, the first edition called "very useful, as well as an entertaining, truly golden book about the best device of the state and about the new island of Utopia. Already in life, this essay, briefly called "Upopia", brought Mora world famous.

The word "utopia" was invented by Thomas Biow, which made it from two Greek words: "OU" - "not" and "topos" - "place". Literally "Utopia" means "the place that is not" and no wonder the Mor himself translated the word "utopia" as "nowhere", see Kudryavtsev O.F. Decree. Op. From 204.

In the book, Mora is told about a certain island called Utopia, the inhabitants of which lead the perfect lifestyle and have established the perfect state system. The very name of the island emphasizes that it is about the phenomena, which is not and, most likely, cannot be in the real world.