Analysis of the first action of grief from the mind of Griboyedov. Woe from Wit Analysis

The main idea of ​​the work "Woe from Wit" is an illustration of meanness, ignorance and servility before the ranks and traditions, which were opposed by new ideas, genuine culture, freedom and reason. The main character Chatsky appeared in the play as a representative of the very democratic society of young people who threw down an open challenge to conservatives and serf-owners. All these subtleties that raged in social and political life, Griboyedov managed to reflect on the example of the classic comedy love triangle... It is noteworthy that the main part of the work described by the creator takes place within just one day, and the characters themselves by Griboyedov are displayed very vividly.

Many of the writer's contemporaries honored his manuscript with sincere praise and stood up to the tsar for permission to publish the comedy.

The history of writing the comedy "Woe from Wit"

The idea of ​​writing the comedy "Woe from Wit" came to Griboyedov during his stay in St. Petersburg. In 1816, he returned to the city from abroad and found himself at one of the secular receptions. He was deeply indignant at the attraction of the Russian people to the foreign, after he noticed that the nobility of the city bows before one of the foreign guests. The writer could not restrain himself and showed his negative attitude. Meanwhile, one of the invitees, who did not share his convictions, retorted that Griboyedov was crazy.

The events of that evening formed the basis of the comedy, and Griboyedov himself became the prototype of the main character Chatsky. The writer began work on the work in 1821. He worked on comedy in Tiflis, where he served under General Ermolov, and in Moscow.

In 1823, work on the play was completed, and the writer began to read it in Moscow literary circles while getting rave reviews. The comedy was successfully sold in the form of lists among the reading population, but it was first published only in 1833, after the petition of the minister Uvarov to the tsar. The writer himself was no longer alive by that time.

Analysis of the work

The main plot of the comedy

The events described in the comedy take place in early XIX century, in the house of the capital's official Famusov. His young daughter Sophia is in love with Famusov's secretary, Molchalin. He is a calculating person, not rich, occupying a small rank.

Knowing about Sophia's passions, he meets with her of convenience. One day, a young nobleman Chatsky, a family friend who has not been to Russia for three years, comes to the Famusovs' house. The purpose of his return is to marry Sophia, for whom he has feelings. Sophia herself hides her love for Molchalin from the main character of the comedy.

Sophia's father is a man of the old way and views. He subservience to the ranks and believes that the young should please the authorities in everything, not express their opinion and serve their superiors selflessly. Chatsky, in contrast to him, is a witty young man with a sense of pride and good education... He condemns such views, considers them stupid, hypocritical and empty. Heated disputes arise between Famusov and Chatsky.

On the day of Chatsky's arrival, the invited guests gather in Famusov's house. During the evening, Sophia spreads the rumor that Chatsky has gone mad. Guests, who also do not share his views, actively embrace this idea and unanimously recognize the hero as crazy.

Finding himself a black sheep at the evening, Chatsky is going to leave the Famusovs' house. While waiting for the carriage, he hears the secretary of Famusov confess his feelings to the servant of the masters. Sophia hears this and immediately drives Molchalin out of the house.

Interchange love scene ends with Chatsky's disappointment in Sophia and secular society. The hero leaves Moscow forever.

Heroes of the comedy "Woe from Wit"

it the main character comedy Griboyedov. He is a hereditary nobleman, who owns 300 - 400 souls. Chatsky was left an orphan early, and since his father was a close friend of Famusov, from childhood he was brought up with Sophia in the Famusovs' house. Later he became bored with them, and at first he settled separately, and after that he left to wander around the world altogether.

Since childhood, Chatsky and Sophia were friends, but he had not only friendly feelings for her.

The main character in Griboyedov's comedy is not stupid, witty, eloquent. A lover of ridicule of the stupid, Chatsky was a liberal who did not want to bow before the authorities and serve the higher ranks. That is why he did not serve in the army and was not an official, which is a rarity for the era of that time and his genealogy.

Famusov is an aged man with gray hair at the temples, a nobleman. For his age, he is very cheerful and fresh. Pavel Afanasyevich is a widower, of the children he has the only Sophia, 17 years old.

The official is public service, he is rich but windy. Famusov does not hesitate to stick to his own maids. His character is explosive, restless. Pavel Afanasevich is grumpy, but with the right people, he knows how to show due courtesy. An example of this is his communication with the colonel, to whom Famusov wants to marry his daughter. For the sake of his goal, he is ready for anything. Submission, subservience to the ranks and servility are characteristic of him. He also values ​​the opinion of society about himself and his family. The official does not like reading and does not consider education to be something very important.

Sophia is the daughter of a wealthy official. Pretty and educated in better rules Moscow nobility. Left early without a mother, but being in the care of Madame Rosier's governess, she reads french books dancing and playing the piano. Sophia is a fickle girl, windy and easily carried away by young men. At the same time, she is gullible and very naive.

In the course of the play, it is clear that she does not notice that Molchalin does not love her and is with her because of her own benefits. Her father calls her a shameless woman, while Sophia herself considers herself an intelligent and not a cowardly young lady.

Famusov's secretary, who lives in their house, is a single young man from a very poor family... Mine title of nobility Molchalin received only during the service, which at that time was considered acceptable. For this, Famusov periodically calls him rootless.

The hero's surname, as well as possible, corresponds to his character and temperament. He doesn't like to talk. Molchalin is a narrow-minded and very stupid person. He behaves modestly and quietly, honors ranks and tries to please everyone who is around him. It does it solely for profit.

Alexey Stepanovich never expresses his opinion, due to which those around him consider him to be quite a handsome young man. In fact, he is sneaky, unprincipled and cowardly. At the end of the comedy, it becomes clear that Molchalin is in love with the servant Lisa. Admitting this to her, he receives a portion of righteous anger from Sophia, but his characteristic sycophancy allows him to remain in the service of her father further.

Skalozub - minor hero comedy, he is an uninitiated colonel who wants to become a general.

Pavel Afanasevich refers Skalozub to the category of enviable Moscow suitors. According to Famusov, a wealthy officer who has weight and status in society is a good game for his daughter. Sophia herself did not like him. In the work, the image of Skalozub is collected in separate phrases. Sergei Sergeevich joins Chatsky's speech with absurd reasoning. They betray his ignorance and ignorance.

The maid Lisa

Lizanka is an ordinary servant in the Famus house, but at the same time she occupies a rather high place among others literary characters, and quite a lot of different episodes and descriptions are assigned to it. The author describes in detail what Lisa does and what and how she speaks. She makes the other heroes of the play confess their feelings, provokes them to certain actions, pushes them to various decisions that are important for their lives.

Mr. Repetilov appears in the fourth act of the piece. This is secondary, but bright character comedy, invited to a ball with Famusov on the occasion of the birthday of his daughter Sophia. His image - characterizes the person who chooses easy way in life.

Zagoretsky

Anton Antonovich Zagoretsky is a secular revelry without ranks and honors, but who knows how, and loves to be invited to all receptions. At the expense of his gift - to be pleasing to the court.

Hurrying to visit the center of events, "as if" from the outside, the secondary hero A.S. Griboyedov, Anton Antonovich, his own person, is invited to an evening at the Faustuvs' house. From the very first seconds of the action, it becomes clear with his persona - Zagoretsky is still a "shot".

Madame Khlestova is also one of the minor characters in the comedy, but her role is still very colorful. This is a woman of advanced years. She is 65 years old. She has a Pomeranian dog and a dark-skinned maid - arap. Khlestova in the know latest gossip yard and willingly shares own stories from life, in which he easily talks about other characters in the work.

Composition and storylines of the comedy "Woe from Wit"

When writing the comedy "Woe from Wit" Griboyedov used the characteristic this genre reception. Here we can see a classic storyline where two men compete for the hand of one girl at once. Their images are also classic: one is modest and respectful, the second is educated, proud and confident in his own superiority. True, in the play, Griboyedov placed the accents in the character of the heroes a little differently, making it attractive for that society, namely Molchalin, and not Chatsky.

For several chapters of the play, there is a background description of life in the Famusovs' house, and only in the seventh phenomenon does the plot of a love story begin. A rather detailed long description in the course of the play tells only about one day. Long-term development of events is not described here. Subject lines there are two in the comedy. These are conflicts: love and social.

Each of the images described by Griboyedov is multifaceted. Even Molchalin is interesting, to whom the reader already has an unpleasant attitude, but he does not cause obvious disgust. It is interesting to watch him in various episodes.

In the play, despite taking the fundamental structures, there are certain deviations for building the plot, and it is clearly traced that the comedy was written at the junction of three literary eras: flourishing romanticism, nascent realism and dying classicism.

Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" gained its popularity not only for the use of classical plotting techniques in a non-standard framework for them, it reflected the obvious changes in society, which were then just emerging and sprouting.

The work is also interesting in that it is strikingly different from all other works written by Griboyedov.

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The writers of the pen are one of the most unique people on the planet, they know how to create a multifaceted masterpiece based on a short situation. Almost the same fate befell Griboyedov's comedy Woe from Wit.

The history of the creation of the work "Woe from Wit"

Once Griboyedov happened to attend one of the dinner parties in aristocratic circles. There he was a witness unusual picture: one of the guests was foreign citizen... The aristocrats highly appreciated everything abroad, they wanted to be as much like them as possible, so any contact with foreign guests, especially those of noble birth, was flattering for representatives of high society. Therefore, the whole time of the dinner was devoted to reverent attitude towards the foreign guest - Griboyedov, who perceived as hostile the attempts of the Russian aristocracy to get everything foreign, including behavior, language and everyday life, could not miss the moment and not speak out on this matter.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the “characterization of Molchalin” in the comedy “A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

Naturally, his speech was not heard - the aristocrats considered Griboyedov out of his mind and immediately spread a rumor about his mental illness with joy. The outraged Alexander Sergeevich then decided to write a comedy in which he would denounce all the vices of an aristocratic society. It happened in 1816.

Comedy publication history

However, Griboyedov began to create a work after some time. In 1823, the first fragments of the comedy were ready. Griboyedov from time to time presented them to the society, first in Moscow, then in Tiflis.

There were also difficulties with the publication for a long time - the text was repeatedly censored and, as a result, revised and reworked. Only in 1825 were fragments of the work published.

During Griboyedov's lifetime, his work was never fully published - in the hope that his friend Bulgarin would help in this, Alexander Sergeevich gave him the manuscript of his comedy, which at that time was called Woe of the Wit, but no publication followed.

Four years after the death of Griboyedov (in 1833), "Gore" still saw the light of day. However, the text of the comedy was distorted by the editorial and censorship committee - there were too many moments in the text that were unacceptable for publication. Only in 1875 was the work published uncensored.

Comedy heroes

All the characters in the play can be divided into three categories - major, minor and tertiary.

The central characters of the comedy include Famusov, Chatsky, Molchalin and Sofya Pavlovna

• Pavel Afanasevich Famusov- an aristocrat by birth, manager of a state institution. He is a dishonest and corrupt official; as a representative of society, he is also far from ideal.
• Sofia Pavlovna Famusova- the young daughter of Famusova, despite her young age, she already actively uses the tricks adopted in aristocratic circles - the girl loves to play with the feelings of other people. She likes to be in the spotlight.
• Alexander Chatsky- hereditary aristocrat, orphan. He was taken up by Famusov after the death of his parents. For some time, Alexander was in military service, but became disillusioned with this type of activity.
• Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin- Secretary of Famusov, a man of ignoble birth, who, thanks to the actions of Famusov, acquires the rank of nobility. Molchalin is a vile and hypocritical person who is driven by a desire to break into aristocratic circles at any cost.

TO minor characters include images of Skalozub, Liza and Repetilov.

• Sergey Sergeevich Skalozub- a nobleman, a young officer who is only interested in promotion.
• Repetilov- an old friend of Pavel Afanasyevich, a hereditary nobleman.
• Lisa- a servant in the Famusovs' house, with whom Molchalin is in love.

TO actors of third-rate significance are the images of Anton Antonovich Zagoretsky, Anfisa Nilovna Khlestova, Platon Mikhailovich Gorich, Natalya Dmitrievna Gorich, Prince Pyotr Ilyich Tugoukhovsky, Countess Khryumins and Petrushka - all of them briefly act in the play, but thanks to their social position they help to depict an accurate and unclear picture.

The young landowner Chatsky, after a three-year absence from Russia, returns home. He visits the house of his teacher Famusov in order to marry his daughter, with whom he has long been in love, Sophia.

In Famusov's house, Chatsky notices that during his absence the vices of the aristocracy have only worsened. Young man the self-interest and calculation of the representatives of high society is surprising. Aristocrats, instead of setting an example of humanism and honesty, set an example of bribery and public play - this discourages Chatsky. The ideal of behavior in the highest circles has become servility - for aristocrats it has become unimportant to serve - now it is in vogue to serve. Exposing the opposite position of Chatsky in relation to Famusovsky society becomes the main reason why he cannot claim Sonya's hand.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the “characteristic of Famusov” in the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A. Griboyedov.

Alexander still does not lose hope. He thinks that the girl's favor will be able to change the situation, but even here Chatsky will be disappointed - Sonya actually loves not him, but her father's secretary.

However, Sonya is in no hurry to refuse Chatsky - she hides the true state of affairs from Chatsky and pretends that Alexander's sympathy is pleasant to her. In addition, the girl spreads rumors that

Chatsky has mental health problems. When Alexander finds out the truth, he realizes that such a girl cannot be his wife. The only thing left for Alexander is to leave Moscow.

Poetic meter and verse features of the play

Griboyedov's play "Woe from Wit" is written in iambic. The number of feet in poetry is not the same (in contrast to the traditional Alexandrian verse, which provided for the use of six-foot iambic) - periodically Alexander Sergeevich changes the number of feet. Their number varies from one to six.

The rhyme system is also not stable. In the play, you can see virtually all the options - steam room, cross, belted. In addition, Griboyedov uses an inner rhyme.

Themes and problems of the play

The main conflict of the play is determined by the framework of the confrontation between the "present century" and the "past century". Such a concept is not limited solely to the attitude towards service and the prosperity of a person - a large array of problems is hidden under these phrases.

First of all, the problem of the type of human activity and their distribution into noble occupations (civil service in government institutions and military service) and shameful (writing, scientific activity).

The second problem of the play was the glorification of podliz - authority and respect in society are earned not by valiant service or roughly performed work, but by the ability to please the higher leadership.

The next problem is bribery and mutual guarantee... All problems in society can be solved with money or connections.

The problem of sincerity and honesty is also raised by Griboyedov - people say what is beneficial. They are ready to dissemble and deceive for the sake of gaining some benefits. Few people are ready to express their true opinion, especially if it does not coincide with the opinion of the majority.

Most people become dependent on the opinions of others, they are ready to build their lives guided not by convenience, but by tradition, even when it greatly complicates their life.

The problem of selfishness has become the reason for the emergence of duplicity in love front- to be monogamous became not fashionable.

Genre of the work "Woe from Wit"

The peculiarities of the themes and problems of the play became the reason for the emergence of a discussion in literary circles about the genre "Woe from Wit". Researchers are divided on this issue.

Some believe that it is correct to assign the genre of comedy to a work, while others are sure that such a problem is characteristic of dramatic works.

The main reason that allows us to define the play as a drama is the global nature of the problem raised. The play's conflict is built on a deep sense of frustration, which is not typical of comedy. The comic elements that are present when describing the characters' characters are minimal and, according to the researchers, are used to enhance the dramatic function in the text.

Proceeding from this position, along with proposals to define the genre as comedy or drama, proposals for mixing genres began to appear in the course of the discussion. So, for example, N.I. Nadezhdin designated it as a satirical picture.

N.K. Piskanov, analyzing the features of the play, came to the conclusion that it is impossible to determine its genre precisely - literary critics have every reason to designate it as social drama, a realistic everyday play, a psychological drama, and even a musical drama (based on the characteristics of the verse of the play).

Despite all the discussions, Griboyedov's play "Woe from Wit" continues to be called a comedy. This is primarily due to the fact that Alexander Sergeevich himself designated the genre of his work in this way. Although the elements of the comic are not widely used in the play, and its structure and plot features are far from traditional comic ones, the influence of satire and humor still had a noticeable place in the play.

Thus, the play by A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" is a multifaceted and extensive work.

The variety of themes and problems of the play, as well as the ways of depicting the essence of the conflict, have become the reason for the discussion in the genre of the play.

The problems and topics raised by Griboyedov can be classified as “eternal” topics that never lose their relevance.

Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov: analysis of the work, materials for the composition

1. Introduction. Immortal comedy A. S. Griboyedov "" is included in the golden fund of Russian literature.

The best recognition of the work was the fact that many phrases from the comedy have become part of the Russian language.

2. History of creation... In 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Persian mission and went to his new duty station. On the way, he visited Moscow, which he had not been for about six years.

There is sufficient reason to believe that it was at this time that the writer conceived the idea of ​​"Woe from Wit". But service in Persia and oriental impressions postponed the implementation of the plan. Griboyedov began work on the comedy only in 1821 in Tiflis, and finished it three years later, having received a leave.

3. The meaning of the name... The title reflects the central conflict of the protagonist. His education and outstanding mind, experience of foreign travels cannot find their worthy application. Moreover, the mind of Chatsky is perceived by high society as an undoubted evil that poses a serious danger. A paradoxical situation arises: the most clever man declared insane.

4. Genre... Comedy play

5. Topic... The main theme of the work is the harsh denunciation of high society, which is alone opposed by an honest, intelligent and noble person.

6. Problems... Subservience and respect for rank deeply rooted in Russian society, the indisputable power of generally recognized "authorities". The inevitable submission of young people to the laws and rules of society. The incredible difficulty of dealing with established traditions.

7. Heroes. A. A. Chatsky, P. A. Famusov, A. S. Molchalin, Sophia, Skalozub.

8. Plot and composition. The action takes place in the house of the state manager P.A.Famusov. His daughter Sophia and his personal secretary A.S. Molchalin live with him. Famusov is one of the main negative characters in a comedy. He is firmly convinced that the main dignity in a person is a respectful, up to humiliation, attitude towards his superiors and, in general, towards higher people.

Famusov has a negative attitude towards those who neglect the service for the sake of science. Molchalin is an ideal young man from Famusov's point of view. He never dares to express his own opinion, relying in everything on the everyday experience of his master. Molchalin looks like a simpleton, but this is his mask, behind which a cunning and resourceful mind is hidden.

Famusov's secretary was brought up by his father in a spirit of obedience and humility. Thus, he expects to gradually win the favor of his superiors and rise himself. as a child, she was a lively and inquisitive girl who dreamed of an honest and true life... The atmosphere in Famusov's house gradually perverted her. The girl understood all the benefits of a dignified position in high society. She readily accepts his laws and guidelines.

A coward in her eyes becomes a worthy groom. Sophia forgot about her old ideals. It seems to her that the readiness for humiliation is a necessary quality in a person who is to take a higher position. The sleepy, measured life in the Famus house is disrupted with the sudden appearance of Chatsky. This young man was once a frequent visitor to the house. They were connected with Sophia by a real childhood friendship. In the past, they often dreamed together of a happy future without lies and deception.

Chatsky spent a long time abroad. He significantly increased his knowledge base and looks at the life of Russian high society with completely different eyes. Chatsky is sure that her childhood friend could not change, and they will again talk for hours about the highest ideals of humanity. Chatsky is cruelly mistaken, but he just cannot realize his mistake. Moreover, he immediately falls in love with the matured and prettier Sophia. He perceives her cold tone as a woman's play over a man in love. Chatsky, of course, understands that for his long absence rivals could appear, claiming to be the girl's hand.

After talking with Molchalin and listening to Skalozub's reasoning, he rejects his suspicions with a laugh. According to the deep conviction of Chatsky, Sophia could not fall in love with either a stupid and cowardly secretary, or a mindless military man. In conversations between Chatsky and Famusov, it is revealed central problem comedy. The old collides with the new. Compromise is simply impossible. Famusov's convictions come into sharp conflict with the ideals of Chatsky. In his ardent and fiery speech, the author's own thoughts about the inevitable triumph of knowledge and justice are heard.

Chatsky speaks with anger about old people who have gone out of their minds, who are proud that in their lives they only knew how to serve their superiors on time. Famusov is amazed and stunned by such views, which undermine the basis of his worldview. Chatsky's proud refusal of any service causes real horror in him. Famusov declares the young man a rebel and revolutionary. Highest point the development of the event is reached at a ball in the house of Famusov. Guests come to him, representing the entire color of Moscow high society.

From the conversations of the "elite" it becomes clear that their life is empty and meaningless. Showing respect and respect to each other, they accumulate in their souls the most real anger and hatred. Central theme for conversation - gossip and incredibly hyped rumors. looks at all these people with contempt. He cannot refrain from making a few ironic remarks. Gradually Chatsky turns all the guests against himself. General discontent is expressed in the rumor started by Sophia about Chatsky's madness. This slander lies on fertile ground. All those present readily accept this news, claiming that they themselves have noticed something similar.

When Chatsky finds out that he is considered insane, he only worries about Sophia's opinion. But an even stronger blow awaits him. It turns out that the girl herself started this rumor. In addition, Chatsky's beloved preferred the deceiver Molchalin to him. Chatsky's disappointment is so great that he cannot immediately gather his strength and soberly consider the situation. Coming to his senses, he pronounces his famous phrase: "A carriage for me, a carriage!" Chatsky can no longer remain in this rotten, deceitful society. Having experienced "grief from the mind", he leaves Moscow.

9. What does the author teach. The moral sense of the comedy is that in no case should you suppress your sincere impulses for goodness and justice. Chatsky lost love and was slandered, but this does not mean that he was wrong. The protagonist retained his beliefs. There is no doubt that he will still meet honest and noble people and achieve success.

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The writers of the pen are one of the most unique people on the planet, they know how to create a multifaceted masterpiece based on a short situation. Almost the same fate befell Griboyedov's comedy Woe from Wit.

The history of the creation of the work "Woe from Wit"

Once Griboyedov happened to attend one of the dinner parties in aristocratic circles. There he witnessed an unusual picture: one of the guests was a foreign citizen. The aristocrats highly appreciated everything abroad, they wanted to be as much like them as possible, so any contact with foreign guests, especially those of noble birth, was flattering for representatives of high society. Therefore, the whole time of the dinner was devoted to reverent attitude towards the foreign guest - Griboyedov, who perceived as hostile the attempts of the Russian aristocracy to get everything foreign, including behavior, language and everyday life, could not miss the moment and not speak out on this matter.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the comedy “A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

Naturally, his speech was not heard - the aristocrats considered Griboyedov out of his mind and immediately spread a rumor about his mental illness with joy. The outraged Alexander Sergeevich then decided to write a comedy in which he would denounce all the vices of an aristocratic society. It happened in 1816.

Comedy publication history

However, Griboyedov began to create a work after some time. In 1823, the first fragments of the comedy were ready. Griboyedov from time to time presented them to the society, first in Moscow, then in Tiflis.

There were also difficulties with the publication for a long time - the text was repeatedly censored and, as a result, revised and reworked. Only in 1825 were fragments of the work published.

During Griboyedov's lifetime, his work was never fully published - in the hope that his friend Bulgarin would help in this, Alexander Sergeevich gave him the manuscript of his comedy, which at that time was called Woe of the Wit, but no publication followed.

Four years after the death of Griboyedov (in 1833), "Gore" still saw the light of day. However, the text of the comedy was distorted by the editorial and censorship committee - there were too many moments in the text that were unacceptable for publication. Only in 1875 was the work published uncensored.

Comedy heroes

All the characters in the play can be divided into three categories - major, minor and tertiary.

The central characters of the comedy include Famusov, Chatsky, Molchalin and Sofya Pavlovna

• Pavel Afanasevich Famusov- an aristocrat by birth, manager of a state institution. He is a dishonest and corrupt official; as a representative of society, he is also far from ideal.
• Sofia Pavlovna Famusova- the young daughter of Famusova, despite her young age, she already actively uses the tricks adopted in aristocratic circles - the girl loves to play with the feelings of other people. She likes to be in the spotlight.
• Alexander Chatsky- hereditary aristocrat, orphan. He was taken up by Famusov after the death of his parents. For some time, Alexander was in military service, but became disillusioned with this type of activity.
• Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin- Secretary of Famusov, a man of ignoble birth, who, thanks to the actions of Famusov, acquires the rank of nobility. Molchalin is a vile and hypocritical person who is driven by a desire to break into aristocratic circles at any cost.

The secondary characters include the images of Skalozub, Liza and Repetilov.

• Sergey Sergeevich Skalozub- a nobleman, a young officer who is only interested in promotion.
• Repetilov- an old friend of Pavel Afanasyevich, a hereditary nobleman.
• Lisa- a servant in the Famusovs' house, with whom Molchalin is in love.

The characters of third-rate importance include the images of Anton Antonovich Zagoretsky, Anfisa Nilovna Khlestova, Platon Mikhailovich Gorich, Natalya Dmitrievna Gorich, Prince Pyotr Ilyich Tugoukhovsky, Countesses Khryuminykh and Petrushka - all of them briefly act in the play, but thanks to their social position they help to outline an unsightly picture of reality.

The young landowner Chatsky, after a three-year absence from Russia, returns home. He visits the house of his teacher Famusov in order to marry his daughter, with whom he has long been in love, Sophia.

In Famusov's house, Chatsky notices that during his absence the vices of the aristocracy have only worsened. The young man is surprised by the self-interest and calculation of representatives of high society. Aristocrats, instead of setting an example of humanism and honesty, set an example of bribery and public play - this discourages Chatsky. The ideal of behavior in the highest circles has become servility - for aristocrats it has become unimportant to serve - now it is in vogue to serve. Exposing the opposite position of Chatsky in relation to Famusovsky society becomes the main reason why he cannot claim Sonya's hand.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the comedy "Woe from Wit" A. Griboyedov.

Alexander still does not lose hope. He thinks that the girl's favor will be able to change the situation, but even here Chatsky will be disappointed - Sonya actually loves not him, but her father's secretary.

However, Sonya is in no hurry to refuse Chatsky - she hides the true state of affairs from Chatsky and pretends that Alexander's sympathy is pleasant to her. In addition, the girl spreads rumors that

Chatsky has mental health problems. When Alexander finds out the truth, he realizes that such a girl cannot be his wife. The only thing left for Alexander is to leave Moscow.

Poetic meter and verse features of the play

Griboyedov's play "Woe from Wit" is written in iambic. The number of feet in poetry is not the same (in contrast to the traditional Alexandrian verse, which provided for the use of six-foot iambic) - periodically Alexander Sergeevich changes the number of feet. Their number varies from one to six.

The rhyme system is also not stable. In the play, you can see virtually all the options - steam room, cross, belted. In addition, Griboyedov uses an inner rhyme.

Themes and problems of the play

The main conflict of the play is determined by the framework of the confrontation between the "present century" and the "past century". Such a concept is not limited solely to the attitude towards service and the prosperity of a person - a large array of problems is hidden under these phrases.

First of all, the problem of the type of human activity and their distribution into noble occupations (civil service in government institutions and military service) and shameful (writing, scientific activity) is highlighted.

The second problem of the play was the glorification of podliz - authority and respect in society are earned not by valiant service or roughly performed work, but by the ability to please the higher leadership.

The next problem is bribery and mutual responsibility. All problems in society can be solved with money or connections.

The problem of sincerity and honesty is also raised by Griboyedov - people say what is beneficial. They are ready to dissemble and deceive for the sake of gaining some benefits. Few people are ready to express their true opinion, especially if it does not coincide with the opinion of the majority.

Most people become dependent on the opinions of others, they are ready to build their lives guided not by convenience, but by tradition, even when it greatly complicates their life.

The problem of selfishness has become the reason for the emergence of duplicity on the love front - being monogamous has become out of fashion.

Genre of the work "Woe from Wit"

The peculiarities of the themes and problems of the play became the reason for the emergence of a discussion in literary circles about the genre "Woe from Wit". Researchers are divided on this issue.

Some believe that it is correct to assign the genre of comedy to a work, while others are sure that such a problem is characteristic of dramatic works.

The main reason that allows us to define the play as a drama is the global nature of the problem raised. The play's conflict is built on a deep sense of frustration, which is not typical of comedy. The comic elements that are present when describing the characters' characters are minimal and, according to the researchers, are used to enhance the dramatic function in the text.

Proceeding from this position, along with proposals to define the genre as comedy or drama, proposals for mixing genres began to appear in the course of the discussion. So, for example, N.I. Nadezhdin designated it as a satirical picture.

N.K. Piskanov, analyzing the features of the play, came to the conclusion that it is impossible to determine its genre precisely - literary scholars have every reason to designate it as a social drama, a realistic everyday play, psychological drama, and even a musical drama (based on the features of the play's verse).

Despite all the discussions, Griboyedov's play "Woe from Wit" continues to be called a comedy. This is primarily due to the fact that Alexander Sergeevich himself designated the genre of his work in this way. Although the elements of the comic are not widely used in the play, and its structure and plot features are far from traditional comic ones, the influence of satire and humor still had a noticeable place in the play.

Thus, the play by A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" is a multifaceted and extensive work.

The variety of themes and problems of the play, as well as the ways of depicting the essence of the conflict, have become the reason for the discussion in the genre of the play.

The problems and topics raised by Griboyedov can be classified as “eternal” topics that never lose their relevance.

Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov: analysis of the work, materials for the composition

At first glance, the play is written in the spirit classicism: there are antagonistic heroes, the plot reveals the struggle of two contenders for the hand of one heroine. The main thing that distinguishes the classicistic work is three unities: place (everything takes place in Famusov's house), time (from the moment Chatsky appears until his departure, a day passes) and action (the whole action unfolds around Sophia). But Griboyedov makes significant changes to genre features plays, violating almost all the laws of classicism.

The comedy begins with a lie. In Famusov's house, all relationships are built on lies, which serve as an instrument of pretense (like in Molchalin) or take the form of virtue (like in Famusov). Sophia, daughter of Famusov, is forced to hide her love for "Rootless" secretary Molchalin, because the father needs a fiancé "With stars and ranks"... Molchalin pretends to love Sophia for career reasons. The head of the house hides from his daughter everything that contradicts the reputation of a respectable head of the family.

And in such an atmosphere of universal deception appears the main character- Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. Three years ago, he was running from this exorbitant boredom "Look for the mind". "Smoke of the Fatherland" and tender feelings for Sophia return him to Moscow. Having not been in the capital for three years, he is waiting for changes, but everything turns out to be the same: all the same hobbies, the same faces, the same boredom from which he fled. Why does Chatsky stay now? The answer is simple: he sees in front of him not a teenage girl, but a young lady who, at seventeen years old "Bloomed beautifully"... And he remains in the hope of evoking a reciprocal feeling in Sophia.

In addition, Chatsky notes that Famusov is worried about his appearance. Realizing that the young man is ready to woo, he sets a condition: he must put things in order in affairs, go to serve, and most importantly - not be proud. As a worthy example, Pavel Afanasyevich cites uncle Maxim Petrovich, and Famusov's speech is more like an attack, and Chatsky involuntarily has to defend himself: he delivers his first monologue about the stupidity of Famusian society, which caused Sophia's father to panic about the young man's revolutionary mood.

Chatsky naively believes "Past century", century "Humility and fear", has already passed, but the appearance of Colonel Skalozub becomes a refutation of this thought. And again, restraint betrays Chatsky. He is shocked: is he being taken to trial Skalozub? His monologue “Who are the judges? ... " born to protest against it. But the insight has not yet come to the ardent youth. After Molchalin fell from his horse and the subsequent fainting of Sophia, he would have guessed who his childhood friend was in love with, but worry for Sophia did not allow him to correctly perceive what was happening.

At Chatsky, according to the hero himself, "Mind and heart are out of tune"... The mind tells you to break off all relations with Famus society, but the heart demands the love of Sophia. But the noble mind of Chatsky cannot recognize the fact that the girl is in love with nothingness - Molchalin. He asks Sophia what attracts her to this person. It turns out that he "Compliant, modest, quiet"... Chatsky assures himself that she is joking: you cannot love a person for this. And having learned from Molchalin about his ideals and life aspirations, the young man in love makes a fatal conclusion for himself:

With such feelings, with such a soul
We love! ... The deceiver laughed at me!

However, Sophia builds her life according to generally accepted models, in accordance with the morality accepted in Moscow society. For a socialite you need "Husband-boy, husband-servant", and Molchalin is suitable for this role. Chatsky hit the mark by determining main feature the character of your opponent: "After all, they love now the dumb"... Yes, Sophia loves for this, but from the lips of Chatsky it sounds like an insult to her. Therefore, she so easily commits meanness, dissolving gossip at the ball about the fact that Chatsky allegedly went crazy.

You love to play around as jesters,
Is it good to try on yourself?

Why did the gossip spread so quickly among the guests of Famusov and did not even cause doubts among anyone? From the first appearance on the stage, the hero attracts the viewer with his directness of judgment, intolerance of lies, ardor. He "Smart, sharp, eloquent" but too impatient. And if this impatience causes only a smile in the viewer, then the representatives high society Moscow are offended. Chatsky rejected them life principles, and this irritates society, which so easily resulted in the spread of gossip about Chatsky's madness.

Each of the guests named own reason insanity, but Famusov turned out to be the most "original" of all. He saw the root of evil in education:

Learning is the plague, learning is the reason ...

The appearance of Chatsky causes fear among the guests, but he is so depressed in spirit "Empty, slavish, blind imitation" that, bursting out with another monologue about "Frenchie from Bordeaux", does not notice how he was declared insane. But his anger for Famusov's guests is incomprehensible, they confuse high ideas scandalously and in horror scatter. So the ball becomes the culmination of the conflict "Present century" and "Past century"... But there is still a denouement ahead - a night of epiphanies.

Sophia will have to find out how low beloved Molchalin is, Chatsky will be shocked by Sophia's betrayal, having learned that it was she who spread the rumor about his insanity. Famusov will make sure that the daughter, "Like her mother, deceased", "Somewhere with a man".

Each of the heroes will experience their own "A million anguish"... But if Chatsky leaves Moscow forever, which so easily mistook him for a madman, saying goodbye his last monologue, denouncing "Tormentors crowd", then Sophia's position seems more tragic. She rejected Chatsky, became disillusioned with her beloved, remained a toy in the hands of an angry father who threatened to exile "To the village, to my aunt, to the wilderness, to Saratov".

Is Chatsky right when he is sure that she will make peace with Molchalin? Will Sophia be able to survive the resentment and come to terms with the Moscow circle, choosing her husband "Low admirer and businessman"? These questions remain unanswered. But the reader understands how tragic the fate of the girl is, whose sharp mind collides with the dogmas of society. So the name of the comedy "Woe from Wit" is related to both Chatsky and Sophia. Such ambiguity of images testifies to their inconsistency with the traditions of classicism.