The originality of Turgenev's creativity. Biography of Turgenev: a short note about the life of the writer

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, stories and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Turgeneva Varvara Petrovna (nee Lutovinova) and Turgenev Sergei Nikolaevich.

Turgenev's parents

His father was in the service in the Elisavetgrad cavalry regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolaevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich's mother was not as well-born as his father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his graceful manners and secular sophistication. He had a fine soul and was handsome. Mother's temper was different. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in adolescence when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Varvara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who survived humiliation and oppression, tried to use the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was distinguished by willpower. She despotically loved her children, and was cruel to serfs, often punishing them with flogging for insignificant offenses.

The case in Bern

In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence that surrounded big pit with city bears entertaining the audience. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergey Nikolaevich in last moment grabbed his son by the leg.

Acquaintance with fine literature

The Turgenevs from a trip abroad returned to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother's estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one serf mother read to the boy in the old manner, chantingly and measuredly, the poem "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. Kheraskov sang in solemn verses the battles of Tatars and Russians for Kazan during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev, in his 1874 story Punin and Baburin, endowed one of the heroes of the work with love for Rossiada.

The first love

The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the late 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at Engel's dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed to Turgenev captivating, beautiful. He was in awe of the girl, he was afraid to confess the sweet and languid feeling that possessed him. However, the end of joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally found out that Catherine was his father's beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will present his love story to a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story "First Love". In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.

Studying at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the death of his father

The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. Turgenev in September 1834 entered the Moscow University, the faculty of speech. However, he was not happy with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most of the teachers and courses left the student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even aroused obvious antipathy. This is especially true of Pobedonostsev, who tediously and for a long time talked about literature and could not advance in his passions further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University, he will say: "It is full of fools."

Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. In the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service consisted of his brother Nikolai. Ivan Turgenev continued to study at His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan's arms. By this time, he already lived apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for betrayal and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, presented herself as a victim of his heartlessness and irresponsibility.

Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of being. Turgenev at this time was attracted by powerful passions, bright characters, throwing and struggling of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V.G. Benediktov and N.V. Kukolnik, the stories of A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred") his dramatic poem called "Steno". More than 30 years later, he will say that this is "a completely ridiculous work."

Writing poetry, republican ideas

Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835 seriously ill. He had a weakness in his body, he could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich has changed spiritually and physically. He became very elongated, and also lost interest in mathematics, which attracted him before, and that's all started stronger be interested in fine literature. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested in republican ideas. Existing in the country serfdom he felt both shame and the greatest injustice. In Turgenev, a sense of guilt was strengthened before all the peasants, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he vowed to himself to do everything so that there was no class of "slaves" in Russia.

Acquaintance with Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems

In his third year student Turgenev met P.A.Pletnev, professor of Russian literature. it literary critic, poet, friend of Alexander Pushkin, to whom the novel "Eugene Onegin" is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, at literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich ran into Pushkin himself.

In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (first and fourth issues): "Towards Venus Meditsaiskaya" and "Evening". Ivan Sergeevich published poetry after that. The first attempts at pen, which were printed, did not bring him fame.

Continuing your studies in Germany

In 1837, Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (language department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, which taught Hegel's philosophy.

Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N. V. Stankevich, and also made friends with M. A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. Conversations on historical and philosophical themes he conducted with TN Granovsky, the future renowned historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a staunch Westerner. Russia, in his opinion, should follow the example of Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, and ignorance.

Public service

Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department to which he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich in June 1843 was enrolled in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to serve. At that time, the question of the liberation of the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve for long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to be burdened by the need to carry out all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was no longer a member of public service never.

Turgenev becomes famous

Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a secular lion in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.

In 1843, in April, the poem "Parasha" by I. S. Turgenev was published. touching love daughter of a landowner to a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of "Eugene Onegin". However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev's poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, this happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it is just ordinary well-being.

The work was highly appreciated by V.G.Belinsky, the most influential and well-known critic of that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following "Parasha" Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - "Conversation", in 1845 - "Andrey" and "Landowner". Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev also created stories and stories (in 1844 - "Andrei Kolosov", in 1846 - "Three portraits" and "Breter", in 1847 - "Petushkov"). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy "Lack of Money" in 1846, and the drama "Indiscretion" in 1843. He followed the principles " natural school"writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this direction depicted" non-poetic "subjects: daily life people, everyday life, priority was given to the influence of circumstances and environment on the fate and character of a person.

"Hunter's Notes"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1847 published the essay "Khor and Kalinich", created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. Two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are personalities with their own uneasy inner peace... On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published by the book "Notes of a Hunter" in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, which differs from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of the landlord and peasant Russia... His book was assessed as a protest against serfdom. Society accepted it with enthusiasm.

Relationship with Pauline Viardot, mother's death

1843, a young Opera singer from France Pauline Viardot. She was greeted with enthusiasm. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for his whole life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married), accompanied Pauline on a tour of Europe. His life was henceforth divided between France and Russia. The love of Ivan Turgenev has passed the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich has been waiting for his first kiss for two years. And only in June 1849, Polina became his lover.

Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Their death reconciled: Turgenev's mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was notified of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.

Arrest and exile

In 1852 N.V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to remember the duel, which led to and also remind about the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was arrested for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not being allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exiled, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 he was given the right to go abroad.

New works

During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became more and more popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "The Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote "Mumu", one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "Diary of an Extra Man", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Lull" , in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkova". Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to bring benefit to society or find happiness in their personal lives. Critics called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of the new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and relevance of problems.

"Rudin"

The fame acquired by Ivan Sergeevich by the mid-1850s was strengthened by the novel "Rudin". The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev, in his first novel, attempted to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker, modern man. The main character- "an extra person" who is depicted in both weakness and attractiveness at the same time. The writer, creating it, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.

"Nest of Nobility" and new novels

In 1858, Turgenev's second novel appeared - " Noble Nest". Its themes are the story of one old noble family; love of a nobleman, by the will of circumstances, hopeless. The poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, a careful depiction of the emotions of the characters, the spiritualization of nature - these are distinctive features style Turgenev, perhaps most clearly expressed in the "Noble nest". They are also characteristic of some stories, such as "Faust" in 1856, "A Trip to Polesie" (years of creation - 1853-1857), "Asya" and "First Love" (both works were written in 1860). The "Noble Nest" was well received. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, the next novel by Turgenev was in store for a completely different fate.

"On the eve"

In 1860 Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published his novel "On the Eve". Summary its next. Elena Stakhova is in the center of the work. This heroine is brave, decisive, devotedly loving girl... She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian, who devoted his life to the liberation of his homeland from the rule of the Turks. The history of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who became his wife, decides to continue the work of her deceased husband. This is the plot of the new novel created by Ivan Turgenev. Its summary, of course, we have described only in general terms.

This novel caused contradictory assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article told the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich was furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev's personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he had been publishing for many years. The younger generation ceased to see an idol in Ivan Sergeevich.

"Fathers and Sons"

In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote "Fathers and Sons", his new novel. It was published in the Russian Bulletin in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.

"Enough"

In 1862-1864. a miniature story "Enough" was created (published in 1864). She is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values ​​of life, including art and love, so dear to Turgenev. In the face of unrelenting and blind death, everything loses its meaning.

"Smoke"

Written in 1865-1867. the novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate a picture of a modern Russian society, the ideological moods prevailing in it.

"Nov"

Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. In 1877 it was printed. Turgenev in it presented the populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.

The last years of the life of I.S.Turgenev

Turgenev, from the mid-1860s, almost permanently lived abroad, only visiting his homeland. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian war, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.

In 1882, Turgenev contracted cancer of the spine. The last months of his life were hard, and death was also hard. Ivan Turgenev's life ended on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery, near the grave of Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, stories and novels are included in school curriculum and known to many - one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.

Photo of 1871
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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev- Russian writer XIX century, whose work had a significant impact on the development of literature in general, both Russian and world. In his works, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was able to reveal the beauty of the soul, the high moral qualities of a simple peasant. He equally impressively and authentically created images of selfless Russian women, noble intelligentsia and democratically minded people. new era... His works are written in a lively and beautiful style, and the characters of the heroes of the works are depicted extremely realistically and very talented.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on November 9, 1818. in the city of Orel. The boy's childhood was spent in the family estate of his mother. Little Ivan was looked after by tutors and teachers. In 1827. the family left for Moscow, where Turgenev's education first takes place in private boarding schools, and then home teachers are overwhelmed by them. So he got school education and studied well foreign languages(English, French, German). In 1833, as a fifteen-year-old teenager, he entered Moscow University to study. But a year later he was transferred to study at a university in St. Petersburg, successfully completing it in 1836. During his studies, the future writer begins to form literary preferences, he writes his first poems.
In 1838. future writer leaves for Germany. There, at the University of Berlin, for two years he listened to lectures by famous Berlin professors and studied philosophy and classical philology. During his studies, Turgenev travels across Europe (Italy, France, Holland). In 1841. he returns to Russia. He is preparing for the exams for a master's degree in philosophy, which he successfully passes in 1842. At the same time, he attends various literary circles in Moscow and understands that literary activity is closer to him than the position of professor of philosophy.
In 1843. Turgenev joined the Ministry of the Interior. He is tied friendly relations with Belinsky, who subsequently had a considerable influence on the writer's work. In the same year, the poem "Parasha" was published, which was favorably received by critics. After serving two years, the writer retired in 1847. leaves for Berlin, and three years later for Paris. The decision to go abroad was also greatly influenced by the hobby French singer Pauline Viardot, for whom the writer had feelings for many years later. Since 1848 until 1850 plays "Freeloader", "Bachelor", "Provincial" were written, successfully staged in the theater and were well received by the public.
1850 for Turgenev was marked by his return to Russia and work in the "Sovremennik" Nekrasov as an author and critic. In 1852. Turgenev wrote an obituary on the occasion of the death of N.V. Gogol. The censorship banned him, and the writer was sent into exile in the family estate, depriving him of the right to travel outside the province. During this period, stories were written about peasant life"Mumu", "Inn".
A year later, the writer was allowed to visit St. Petersburg, and only in 1856. again allowed travel abroad. He goes to Europe for two years. After returning, in 1858. publishes the story "Asya" and the novel "The Noble Nest". In 1863. Turgenev has already finally left abroad, where he lives with the Viardot family. And already living abroad, he was one of the first Russian writers to receive recognition from the European literary and scientific community. He was elected chairman of the held in 1878. in Paris literary congress. And in 1879. received an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Oxford. From recent works the writer wrote the psychological stories "Sleep", "Dog", "Clara Milich", where he tries to investigate the human subconscious.
In 1882. the writer showed the first signs incurable disease... And September 3, 1883. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died in Bougival (western suburb of Paris). He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Literary critics argue that the classic art system changed the poetics of the second novel half of the XIX century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the appearance of the "new man" - the sixties - and showed him in his essay "Fathers and Sons". Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot into everyday life, which received the definition of "Turgenev girl".

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan Sergeevich's childhood passed in the mother's estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

Family life parents did not work out. The father, who missed the fortune of a handsome cavalry guard, by calculation married not a beautiful woman, but a wealthy girl, Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Died soon after from epilepsy younger son Sergey.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - their mother had a despotic character. An intelligent and educated woman had a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and oppressive lady, whose image the readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. Not the best way treated her daughter and mother. Due to the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death as an inheritance of 5 thousand serfs.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved children, especially Vanya, treated them in the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons will forever remember mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. With her family, she spoke exclusively in French demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. A rich library was kept in Spasskoye, consisting mainly of French books.

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed the literary novelties, and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew the work, and quoted them in her correspondence with her son.

The education of Ivan Turgenev was carried out by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no money. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the boarding house of Ivan Krause. At home and in private boarding houses, the young master took a course high school, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

V student years Turgenev translated poetry and lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

After receiving his diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. In 1843 he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but his love for writing and literature outweighed.

Literature

For the first time Ivan Turgenev appeared in print in 1836, having published a review of Andrei Muravyov's book "A Journey to the Holy Places". A year later, he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria in moonlit night" and dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became so close that the young writer became godfather son of a famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced creative biography Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became obvious after the publication of the poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Breter".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived first in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully performed in theaters in the two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol passed away. Ivan Turgenev responded to tragic event obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The newspaper "Moskovskie vedomosti" dared to place Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" not worthy of mention in society, moreover, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of the unspoken prohibition - not to recall in the open press Alexander Pushkin, who died in a duel, etc.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion because of his frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater anger of the authorities.

In April of the same year, the writer was imprisoned for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spasskoye without a break, for 3 years he had no right to leave the country.

Turgenev's fears about the ban on censorship of the publication of "Notes of a Hunter" as a separate book did not materialize: a collection of stories, previously published in "Sovremennik", came out. For permission to publish the book, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "Uyezdny Healer". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but taken together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. The prose writer presented the young readers with fairy tales and observation stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in a rich language.

In the seclusion of the village, the classic wrote the story "Mumu", as well as became an event in cultural life Russian novels "Noble Nest", "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke".

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In the winter in Paris, he completed the dark story "A Trip to Polesie". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated into European languages ​​during the writer's lifetime. The prototype of Asya, the daughter of a landowner and a peasant, born out of wedlock, is considered by critics to be Turgenev's daughter Pauline Brewer and the illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova.

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban of Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel "Fathers and Sons", he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first of Russian writers received recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became a close friend to him.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where young people met him as an idol. Delight from the visit famous writer did not share the authorities, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city is undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - the Russian prose writer was given the title of honorary doctor at Oxford University.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the unveiling of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's entire life, to a landscape “both monstrous and exotic”. The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooped woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she was fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for the rest of his life, for the remaining 40 years.

The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a roller coaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev sadly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded a 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskoy. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he learned that his "pure and immaculate" Katya, captivated by her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of his father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a hardened womanizer.

The young man became disillusioned with the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to ordinary girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But while traveling in Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a part of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, friends of the writer and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Pauline and Louis. Viardot's husband turned a blind eye to Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Pauline and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not approve of the connection and dreamed that her beloved son would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legal grandchildren. Varvara Petrovna did not favor Pelageya, she saw her as a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Pauline Viardot, hearing about the bullying of a tyrannical grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her into her house. Pelageya turned into Polynette and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it is worth noting that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of a loved one from her.

The cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the writer's house arrest. Ivan Turgenev made two attempts to forget the fatal passion. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met a young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to ruin the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

last try to escape from the embrace of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not frightened by the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw many things and trinkets reminiscent of a rival in the home of her future spouse, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. The doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. Last months life Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

The classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was delivered to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Pauline's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.

Those who called Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye" reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - "Rudin"
• 1858 - "Noble Nest"
• 1860 - "The Eve"
• 1862 - "Fathers and Sons"
• 1867 - "Smoke"
• 1877 - "New"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a Hunter"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "First Love"
• 1872 - "Spring Waters"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, in the future worldwide famous writer, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Oryol, parents - nobles. My literary activity he began not with prose, but with lyric works and poems. Poetic notes are also felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.

It is very difficult to briefly present the work of Turgenev, the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is prominent representatives the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond the borders of Russia - abroad, in Europe the name of Turgenev was also familiar to many.

Peru Turgenev owns created by him typical images new literary heroes- serfs, extra people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched upon more than 150 years ago are relevant to this day.

If we briefly characterize the work of Turgenev, then the researchers of his works conditionally distinguish three stages in it:

1. 1836 – 1847.
2. 1848 – 1861.
3. 1862 – 1883.

Each of these stages has its own characteristics.

1) Stage one is the beginning creative path, writing romantic poems, finding yourself as a writer and your style in different genres- poetry, prose, drama. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was of a romantic and philosophical nature. In 1843, he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called "Parasha".

Turgenev's work was greatly influenced by his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after which he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented masters of the word of this country.

The following works belong to the creative achievements of this period:

1. Poems, lyrics - "Andrey", "Conversation", "Landowner", "Pop".
2. Drama - plays "Carelessness" and "Lack of money".
3. Prose - stories and stories "Petushkov", "Andrey Kolosov", "Three portraits", "Breter", "Mumu".

The future direction of his work - works in prose - is becoming increasingly clear.

2) The second stage is the most successful and fruitful in the work of Turgenev. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from the "Notes of a Hunter" - the short story "Khor and Kalinich" published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. His success was the beginning of five years of work on the rest of the stories in this series. In the same 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.

The creation of "Notes of a Hunter" carries an important meaning in the writer's activities:

- firstly, Turgenev was one of the first Russian writers to touch upon new topic- the theme of the peasantry, more deeply revealed their image; he portrayed the landlords in real life, trying not to embellish and criticize without reason;

- secondly, the stories are imbued with deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just portray a hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, to understand the way of his thoughts;

- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation, Turgenev was first arrested, and then sent into exile in his family estate.

Creative heritage:

1. Novels - "Rud", "On the Eve" and "Noble Nest". The first novel was written in 1855 and had readers big success, and the next two further strengthened the fame of the writer.
2. Stories - "Asya" and "Faust".
3. Several dozen stories from the "Notes of a Hunter".

3) Stage three - the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer raises deeper issues. It was in the sixties that the writing of the most famous novel Turgenev - "Fathers and Sons". This novel posed relationship issues that are still relevant today. different generations and has spawned many literary discussions.

An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of its creative activity Turgenev returned to where he started - to the lyrics, poetry. He got carried away a special kind poems - by writing prose fragments and miniatures, in lyrical form. For four years he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such literary form can fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.

Works from this period:

1. Novels - "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", "New".
2. Stories - "Punin and Baburin", "Steppe King Lear", "Brigadier".
3. Mystical works - "Ghosts", "After death", "The story of Lieutenant Ergunov."

V last years his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, while not forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.

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On November 9, 1818, a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, and just a professional Russian classical literature Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. His birthplace is the city of Oryol. The writer's father was a retired officer, and his mother was a noblewoman.

Turgenev spent his entire childhood at his mother's estate, where he received elementary education, and then in 1827 his family moved to Moscow, where they bought a house. A little later, they move abroad, Turgenev is brought up in a boarding house. And after 5 years, Ivan Sergeevich becomes a student of the Moscow state university the faculty of speech. But even here the Turgenev family did not decide on their location, as soon as the elder brother of Ivan Sergeevich enters the guards artillery, the writer and his parents move to St. Petersburg, then Turgenev is transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy at the local university, which he graduates in 1837.

During this time period, the writer first tries himself in literature. The first test was the poem "Steno" and a couple of lyric poems written in 1834. Turgenev's talent was noticed by his teachers. For three years, the number of poems written by Ivan Sergeevich has reached a hundred. And already in 1838 his poems “Evening” and “To Venus of Medici” were published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In order to improve his knowledge, the writer left for Berlin in 1838. There he actively improved himself, attended various lectures on literature. A year later, he briefly comes to Russia, and again goes to Germany, Austria and Italy. It was only in 1841 that Turgenev returned to his estate, and the next year he applied to Moscow University to be allowed to take the exam for a master's degree in philosophy.

In 1843, Ivan Sergeevich became an official, but interest in his work was lost very quickly. In the same year, he decided to devote his life to literature, after his poem "Parasha" was approved by people who were authoritative for him. Also in the same year, the writer met the French singer Pauline Viardot. And for several years he accompanied her on foreign tours, despite the fact that Ivan Sergeevich's mother was against it.

Turgenev actively helps in updating the Sovremennik magazine and becomes best friend Nekrasov. The writer lives in several states, he lives in Russia, then he leaves abroad. The year 1852 became very significant for the work of Turgenev. After writing and publishing the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", Ivan Sergeevich became a world-famous writer. In the next decade, works will be published that are the most significant in creative heritage Turgenev: "Rudin", "Noble Nest", "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons". And in the same period, the paths of Turgenev, Nekrasov and Sovremennik parted.

In the 60s, Ivan Sergeevich became a resident of Baden-Baden and an active participant in Western European cultural life. He is engaged in communication with many celebrities and the promotion of Russian literature abroad. In 1874, Turgenev moved to Paris, where his life was developing rapidly. He becomes a participant and organizer of the famous "bachelor dinner of five", in which many famous foreign writers... Ivan Sergeevich becomes the most popular Russian writer in Europe, and becomes vice-president of the International Literary Congress, as well as an honorary doctor of the University of Oxford.

While Turgenev was outside Russia, some of his works were highly condemned by the public. For example, the novel "Smoke", written in 1867.

In 1882, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev began to get sick, but despite his illness, he continued to create. However, on September 3, 1883, the writer did not become, the reason for this was myxosarcoma.