Moldavian-Russian relations at the present stage (research).
Eastern Europe is part of Europe, which characterizes its eastern territories. As a term, "Eastern Europe does not have strictly definition and clear boundaries. Its territory changed with the course of history. So, during the Cold War, Eastern Europe has attributed all countries of the Soviet bloc. After the end of the Cold War, many countries have become attributed to other regions.
According to the definition of the UN, the following states are included in Eastern Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine and the Czech Republic.
Belarus (Belor. Belarus) - not official name, Full official name - Republic of Belarus, the second abbreviated name Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Russia in the East, Ukraine in the south, Poland in the West, Lithuania and Latvia in the North-West.
The capital of the Republic of Belarus - Minsk.
Belarus is divided into 6 regions, areas are divided into areas and cities of regional subordination. Total number Regions in all areas are 118, and the cities of regional subordination - 12. The city of Minsk is an independent administrative unit, which is not included in any area.
Areas: Brest, Vitebskaya, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilyovskaya.
Economy
The economy in Belarus is based on the principles of socio-oriented, market, model.
The structure of the economy of Belarus is characterized by the dominance of state ownership in the industrial, energy, transport, mining, construction, agricultural and banking spheres, and a minor share of the private sector.
Centralized distribution and planning, except macroeconomic indicators, is absent. The state regulates the prices of social meaningful groups goods.
In retail I. wholesale tradeThe private sector prevails in the service sector.
The presence of a significant public sector allows the government to support social programs, pay for medicine and education, subscribe agriculture and housing and public utilities, allocate preferential loans for housing construction.
In the country, energy, mechanical engineering, agriculture, chemical and forest industry, construction and production of building materials and mining industry.
The main export articles are petroleum products, potash fertilizers, food, engineering and chemical and metallurgy products.
In March 2011, a foreign currency crisis began in Belarus.
Population
According to the 2009 census, 9 million 504 thousand people lived in the country. Belarusians (83.7%), Russians (8.3%), Poles (3.1%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Jews (0.1%). Urban population - 74.3%
According to operational data, the population of Belarus as of March 1, 2013 amounted to 9 million 461.8 thousand people.
Crime
In 2010, 140,920 crimes were registered in Belarus.
Most high level Crimination among the regions of Belarus is observed in Minsk
in second place - Minsk region (153.7). The most criminic city in crime is Bobruisk, the leader in the number of killings "per capita" - Lida. According to the Prosecutor General's Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the crime rate in the country is reduced.
At the same time, the number of crimes committed by foreigners and previously convicted.
Main article:
For 2008, 61 religious and 3 monastic communities were registered in the republic. There are 25 religious denominations and directions.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
The Ministry of Defense and the Belarusian army were established in January 1992. They were created on the basis of the former Soviet troops posted on the territory of Belarus, with the involvement of Belarusians who served in other regions of the Soviet Union.
Currently in the Armed Forces two types of troops - ground troops, air force and troops anti-heart defense. Also directly to the General Staff subordinates the genus of the troops - the forces of special operations (CSO). There are also special troops (services), rear organs.
The number of armed forces is a regular number of 62,000 people, including 48,000 military personnel and 14,000 civilian personnel. As of the end of 2006, 23.1% of military personnel took place on a contract basis.
Ukraine - state in Eastern Europe.
Capital - Kiev.
State language - Ukrainian.
Unitary state presidential parliamentary republic.
In March 2010, the presidency was taken by Viktor Yanukovych.
Divided into 27 administrative-territorial units, 24 of which are areas, 1 - autonomous Republic and 2 are cities of state subordination (Kiev, Sevastopol).
The independence of the country was proclaimed on August 24, 1991. She was located in the USSR preceding this 69 years.
Population
by July 2012, its number decreased to 45,561,989 people. Ukraine is thus the most populated country of Eastern Europe And it takes a thirtieth place in the world by the number of residents.
Kiev - the capital and the largest city Ukraine with a population of more than 2.8 million people
The average population density is about 77.3 people at km², while the population is unevenly distributed: industrial eastern regions (Donetsk, Lugansk, Dnepropetrovskaya, Kharkiv) and the Carpathian regions (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivskaya) are most closely populated.
The share of urban population is 64%. As of 2013, 4 cities have a population of more than 1 million people: Kiev Kharkov Odessa Dnepropetrovsk.
Armed forces
Currently, the Ukrainian army actively participates in peacekeeping operations.
Complete due to the call on the urgent service of men 18-25 years. Number for 2012 is 184 thousand people.
Military management of the Armed Forces is carried out by the General Staff.
The organizational armed forces of Ukraine consist of military management bodies, associations, compounds, military units, military educational institutions, institutions and organizations.
Today in the composition armed Forces Ukraine includes:
Ground troops
Mechanized and tank troops
Rocket troops and artillery.
Airborne defense troops
Air forces
Organizative naval forces include:
The main base of the naval forces is Sevastopol. The main items of the Navy of the Ukrainian Navy are: Odessa, new-time, Saki.
Economy
General condition, main indicators
Ukraine is considered an export-oriented country, according to some estimates, it receives 50% of GDP due to exports.
Industry industries, which are still in one degree or another, are metallurgy, energy (available nuclear power plants and a whole cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the Dnipro River), as well as the chemical and mining industry (coal mining, ore).
The most economic regions in the Donbass (Donetsk region and the Lugansk region), Pridneprovye (Dnipropetrovsk region and Zaporizhia region), as well as the city of Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa and Lviv.
For the economy, with its market character, the active role of the state is characterized: it owns approximately 140 major enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, and also controls prices for a number of goods, including basic food and fuel and lubricants.
Moldova, the official name - the Republic of Moldova - the state in Southeast Europe. It borders with Ukraine and Romania.
Unitary state, parliamentary republic. Since March 2012, the presidency is held by Nikolay Timofti.
It is divided into 39 administrative-territorial units, 32 of which are areas, 5 municipality and 2 autonomous territorial entities - Gagauzia and Left Bank of the Dniester.
Differs in significant ethnocultural diversity. Most of Believers (about 88% of the population) professes Orthodoxy.
The independence of the country was proclaimed on August 27, 1991. From 1940 to 1991 he was part of the USSR called Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic.
Population
According to estimates, as of January 1, 2012, the number of permanent population of the Republic of Moldova amounted to 3559.5 thousand people. (without Transnistria (PMR)).
The population of the Republic of Moldova is multinational and policulturally. The main part of the population, or 75.8%, (according to the 2004 census) - Moldovans. They also live: Ukrainians - 8.4%, Russians - 5.9%, Gagauz - 4.4%, Romanians - 2.2%, Bulgarians - 1.9%, etc.
Population density - 111.4 people per km².
Economy
The climate of Moldova contributes to agriculture. There are no deposits in the country mineral resources, in connection with which the country's economy is based on agriculture. Almost all energy resources have to import.
According to some estimates (Handbook of the US CIA) to 25% work force Moldova works abroad.
Major importers - Russia 29%, Romania 15%, Italy 10%.
Major exporters - Russia 21%, Romania 16%, Ukraine 15%.
In Moldova 174 of the winery.
GUAM is an interstate organization established in October 1997 former Soviet republics - Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005, Uzbekistan also included in the organization). The name of the organization has emerged from the first letters of the names of countries. Before the release of Uzbekistan, GUUAM was called from the organization. The organization's policy is aimed at strengthening links between its members.
European Union
The agreement on partnership and cooperation between the EU and Moldova, mainly devoted to trade and financial cooperation, entered into force only in 1998.
One of the options for the union of Romania and Moldova (without Transnistria)
Romania has repeatedly declared a desire to attach Moldova to themselves. The main cause of this, Romanian officials called illegal, in their opinion, rejection of this territory from Great Romania and its accession to the USSR in 1940.
At the mention of this country, a beautiful nature and many vineyards are drawn in imagination. And it is not surprising, because some of the best wines are produced here. Even with its outlines on the map Moldavia resembles a grape cluster.
And the culture of this country is truly rich and unique. In antiquity in the territory of this country, people lived, the main activity of which was agriculture. Throughout this time, certain traditions and customs were formed. Basically, they were all associated with cultural recreation: dancing, songs, traditional dishes, which have been preserved and to today. All traditions are transmitted from generation to generation with the help of literature and from mouth to mouth.
Meeting with guests
Hospitality is something that distinguishes the Moldovan people. When adopting in your home guests, a good owner considers his duty to treat the traveler with a glass good wine And put a tasty food on the table.
Moldova songs and dances
Traditional melodies and songs are mandatory at important events, such as the wedding and all sorts of holidays. Moldovan songs performed by female ensembles are especially beautiful and melodious. Initially, these were just singing shepherds, who later became one of the symbols of the culture of this country.
And beautiful and living Moldovan dances are charged with their energy and raise the mood. They can be observed on traditional holidays or festivals.
Holiday Wine
Traditionally, in October, Moldovans celebrate the feast of wine, which was recently taken to celebrate to maintain and develop product quality, as well as the vaccination of people in the use of wine.
Throughout the festival, various events are held, the free wine tasting is held from the winemakers of the country that go here to treat everyone. Also at this time, excursions are carried out to Moldova's wine plants, where everyone can watch the process of making a drink.
Weddings
The tradition of weddings is considered rather one of the strongest and unshakable. Mandatory wedding ritual - During the newlyweds, various gifts. This is aimed at creating a strong and unbreakable family. And at the wedding itself, the guest must necessarily tell me, which represents his gift. Parents are an example and, as a rule, presented to future spouses the most expensive and significant gift.
At the birth of a child mandatory condition are christening. First choose shaft parents. All other Kums (there may be up to 60 people) give a newborn child a variety of gifts.
Holiday decoration
Martisor is considered the main holiday of Moldovan. With the occurrence of Spring, people give each other decorations that combine red and white colors. It can be a pendant or bracelet on hand. Wearing these characters is considered spring victory (red) over winter (white). Decorations are all March, and at the end of the month they hang them on the branches of trees, coming down the desires.
National embroidery
This is another tradition that the people of Moldova are proud of. Here are the carpets of incredible beauty. They are decorated with a variety of colors patterns and very smooth and soft to the touch. Embroidered products are just masterpieces of needlework. You can see a variety of types of work in the museum in Chisinau.
In the culture of each people you can find many interesting features. Moldova is a country with an extraordinary heritage, cultural flavor and a sunny mood.
, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other neighboring from Moldova.
1. History
The development of the culture of Moldova is closely related to the history of the country. Romanian roots affected her that the era of the II century AD, the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, the majority of the population of Moldova, Moldovans, have common ethnicity with Romanians. The formation of the Moldovan culture itself occurred in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldovan Principality. It was formed in contact conditions with the East Slavonic and ancient Russian population, as well as the neighborhood and dominion of the Ottoman Empire. The course of the XIX century, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman and was included in the Bessarabian province, which imposed his imprint to the culture. After the October revolution, Bessarabia moved to Romania for 22 years, and on the left bank of the Dniester, the Moldovan ASSR was formed, as a result of which the development of culture in them was in different ways. During the existence of the MSSR, the turbulent development of culture began, the Moldova-film film studio was created, science developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and independence was developed to led to the first plan of national motives in modern culture Moldova.
1.1. Middle Ages
For centuries after the departure of the Romans in the year of our era, the population of today's Moldova did not possess his own statehood, was influenced by the Byzantine Empire and neighboring Slavic, as well as Hungarian peoples, and later under a long Turkish ig.
The local population began to identify itself called "Moldova" to the fourteenth century, but continued to maintain close cultural ties with other Danube principalities. One of the ancient sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldavian" is the pastoral ballad "Miorica". Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is the "Legend of the Foundation of the Moldovan Principality". Doyns were spread, Colinde, uretes, snowava, many of which have survived to this day. Most of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led cultural connections with others orthodox nationswho lived on the territory of modern Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldovan-Slavic chronicle, the Polish historiography had an impact on the official chroniclel, which was carried out under the patronage of Moldovan owners.
Church of the Khink Monastery
Since the development of culture took place in the Moldovan principality in the conditions of a feudal society, it is possible to distinguish the culture of the dominant class, submitted by written monuments and folk culturewho was reflected in folklore and in the arrangement of life. Formation of ideological direction medieval culture Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, premium period (XIV - the first half of the XVI century) in culture, the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state is manifested. The period of the empire is characterized by the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and independence.
With medieval Moldovan chroniclers, famous Ureki, Miron Kostin and Nikolai Kostin.
The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the middle XVII century With the owner of Vasily, Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kiev and Lviv, from which equipment for typography and paper was brought.
1.2. XIX century
Starting from the nineteenth century, the film-bearing of Romanian literature and art begins, enriched culture and brought it closer to the pan-European. Such a process also passed into the dams of Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia, he took place much more slowly.
After joining Bessarabia to Russia, the connection with the dams of the Moldova, the Ottoman remained under the domination was not completely interrupted. For example, it manifested artistic literature. In the XIX century, such writers like George Asaki, Alexander Donich, Konstantin Negruzzi, Alik Rousseau, Mihai Kohelnichan, Vasile Alexandri, Konstantin Statimi and many others. Moldavian language was translated by the works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin.
In the second half of the XIX century, Ion Kringge, Mihai Eming, Bogdan-Petrichka Hashdea, debut.
1.3. Bessarabia in Romania
After joining Romania, education was reorganized on the basis of the Romanian system. From one year primary schools Grow out from 1564 to 2188, however, the number of secondary schools on the contrary decreased almost twice as much as 76 in the year to 39 in 1940. By the middle of the year there was an increase in the number professional schoolsBut their number has decreased from 55 to 43 per year. In the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, the secondary education had 86.3 thousand people (3.02%), above - 10.8 thousand (0.3%).
1.4. Moldavian ASSR
From the negative trends of the interwar period, the closure of churches should be noted, which was accompanied by the destruction or loss of many church documents. The criticism of bourgeois nationalism was common, the persecution of part of writers, scientists and cultural figures declared bourgeois were carried out.
1.5. Moldavian SSR
Although the Soviet government has developed education, she also did everything to break the cultural links of the region with Romania. Many ethnically Romanian intellectuals or emigrated, or were killed, or exiled during or after the German-Soviet war, certainly led to a deterioration in the cultural situation in Moldova. To fill losses, soviet authority Developed urban, cultural and scientific centers and institutions that were subsequently filled with Russian and other non-Romanian ethnic groups.
Immediately after the joining of Bessarabia to the USSR, in June of the year, the Soviet government took responsibility for ensuring a common free education. A network of public education institutions, printing, book publishing, culturalwork, physical education and sports was created. By year, 1896 schools worked in the Moldavian SSR, in 70% of whom learning was conducted in Moldovan. In 1940-41, more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received free clothes and shoes. The number of teachers grew almost twice the year. In the fall of 1940, alliances of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, formed state philharmonicCreated three new theater, opera studio. In 1940, 138 books were issued with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million in Moldavian language. It turned out 56 newspapers and 3 magazines.
The development of culture was interrupted by the German-Soviet war, however, after the end of the war, stormy development began, as a result of which the culture became the property of broad masses.
It was during the time of the MSSR that the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova film" was created, which produced several full-length feature films per year, not counting documentary and animated films.
IN soviet period The culture of Gagauzov, compactly residing in the southern regions of Moldova, developed. ABC was created on the basis of Cyrillic, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published, books: "Legend of Izi" (legends follows), "Uzun Kervan" (Long Caravan), "Zhanar Yortulary" (Holy Wolf) and many others.
1.6. Music
In 1940, the State Conservatory, Philharmonic, Music Dramatic Theater, Middle Music School were opened in Chisinau. The philharmonic with the symphony orchestra, Choir Capella "Doyna", as well as a group of pop artists. In the autumn of the same year, the first olympiad of artistic amateur activity was carried out. In 1940, a jazz orchestra was organized under the leadership of Shiko Aranov during the Germans of the Soviet war in military units and hospitals. For the war years, the fruitful period of creativity of the Moldavian composer Stefan Nagy was faced. A year he wrote symphony Suite. "Moldova", in 1943-44 - "Deutina" for coloratura soprano, accompanied by piano and a concert for violin and symphony orchestra, in - "Poem about the Dniester", dedicated to the struggle Moldavian people against the invaders. He belongs to him choral works The verses of Emeyiana Bukova "Victory Choir" and "carry the banners victory." In the genre of patriotic song, D. G. Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked.
After the war, musical groups have resumed their activities, the rapid development of music began. Stefan Nyaga creates cantata "Stefan Great" (1945), "Bessarabian" (1947), "Jubilee" (1949), the oratorio of the "Song of Renaissance" (1951). Evgeny Coca creates string quartets, Symphonic poem "Codres" (1948), Song about Kotovsky (1950), "New Deutina" composition for vote with the orchestra of folk instruments. Popularity is acquired by such composers like L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. R. Zagorsky, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rilivis, N. I. Poppy, T. B. Kiriyak.
In the genre of the instrumental concert, D. R. Gershfeld, D. R. Fedov, A. B. Mill, S. M. Tkach, E. D. Dog. Moldovan composers of the Soviet period create numerous rapes, suite, ballads, processing Moldovan folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.
No part side of the Opera and Ballet genres. The popularity has acquired the Moldovan historical and legendary opera "storm" () David Gershfeld to Libretto V. A. Rousseau. The Opera Gershfeld "Aurelia" (1958) is devoted to the defenders of the Motherland in the Great Patriotic War. Opera A. G. Tartch "Dominica's heart" () tells about the struggle of Bessarabia underprinters for reunification with Soviet Union. E. L. Lazarev creates the Opera "Klop" (1963) on the play of Vladimir Mayakovsky, "Revolution called" (1970), "Dragon" (1976) on the fairy tale Evgeny Schwarz, Radio Fuel "Pigeons to the oblique line" (1976). Recognition of the public receive Ballets "Dawn" V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Anthony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesque" (1970) E. L. Lazareva, Radda D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" V. G. Zagorsky (1974).
In the Soviet period much attention Developed by development musical education. A year was created by the State Institute of Arts named after G. V. Muzing, three musical schools worked, more than 50 children music schools, Middle Special Music School-boarding school.
The academic ensemble of folk dance "LOC", the Orchestra of Moldovan Folk Instruments "Fluuyesh", Ensemble "Coder", Mink Group, "Rope", "Orizonte", "Play", were very popular.
2. Modern Moldova
2.1. Historical essay
The collapse of the USSR and finding independence was accompanied by the announcement of the Romanian language as the only official, translation of writing to the Latin basis, the introduction of the course "History of Romanian" in school Program And other similar transformations, partially served the cause of the Transnistrian conflict. A year was published by the Decree of the President, according to which the year was envisaged to conduct an exam on the knowledge of the state language for civil servants, and the examiners were given the right to solve the issue of liberating any employee. Later, the Moldova Parliament postponed the language certification. A year was adopted a new constitution, according to which official language The countries were declared Moldavian, and citizens were given the right to choose the language of children's education.
2.2. Construction of churches
The end of XX - the beginning of the XXI century is characterized by the mass restoration of temples, cathedrals, churches and monasteries: Calarashovsky Monastery, Caprium, Hink, Cathedral Chisinau and many others. Simultaneously with the arrival of the monuments of Lenin were restored and previously restored and demolished settlements Countries, restored and memorial soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War.
Big most
2.3. Cinema
After the collapse of the USSR, due to lack of funds, the Moldova-film film studio activity has declined sharply. New films after a year are practically not produced. If we are produced, then it is usually small short movies.
2.4. Music
Moldavian music has deep national traditions. It is characterized by the use of such folk musical instruments as the most, Fluer and more .. in recent decades Get the development of modern musical directions. In the country and beyond the famous musical rock bands "ZDOB SI ZDUB" and "Gindoul Mitsa", as well as pop singers Aura, Ricky Artesian and more. Cleopatra Stratan - daughter of the Moldavian singer Paul Stratan, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records like the youngest young pop singe. Began to perform on stage a year at the age of three. IN last years Moldova is actively involved in the European Song Competition - Eurovision. The group "ZDOB SI ZDUB" appeared in Moldova, in 2006 - Natalia Gordienko and Arsenium.
The first thing comes to mind at the mention of Moldova is magnificent wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at the map of the country, you can see the outlines of grape clusses. Here the feast of wine in early October is a national celebration.
On this day, which is held under the patronage of the president himself, pass festivities. People sings, dancing, watching performances folklore collectives, having fun and, of course, drinks wine with an amazing taste.
With grapes and storks (one more of the symbols of Moldova) is connected beautiful ancient legend. When Turkish Yanychars tried to conquer the fortress of cloaks, the defenders of the Motherland stood to death. The forces were on the outcome, provisions and water were over, but the proud Moldovans fought until the latter. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were apparently invisible, and everyone carried in the beak grape bunch.
Surprised conquerors were frozen, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - were saturated with grapes and the battle continued with a double force. The fortress was defended, and a blonde stork with a bunch of grapes in the beak turned into a symbol of freedom and happiness.
Moldova is an agricultural country, here on each house there is its vineyard and a wine storage bivalver. The cultivation of vineyards and the manufacture of wine is the source of income, and the tradition remained for many centuries. Fetaska Albe, Fetask Regale, Rare Nagre - The most famous varieties of wines that the country produces export.
Moldova Song and Dance Traditions
Doyna and Colindy - folk songs Moldovan, unusually beautiful and melodic, still used in the holding of folk rituals - weddings, baptism, christmas and many others. The lyricity and smoothness of Doyn are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were headings of shepherds, later reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.
Focical Moldavian folk Dancing - Lock, Moldova, Choir - known to everyone. IN soviet times Blurred on the world scenes dance collective "LOC". Now folk dances You can admire on national holidays And art festivals.
Inextricably linked with the mold name Evgenia Dogs — soviet composer, author of the beautiful "Waltz" from the movie "My Sweet and Tender Beast" And many other works. Moldavian singer Nadezhda Chepraga, popular in its time the performer of pop and national songs was brought up on folk singing and unique traditions of a song culture.
Song and dance rituals Moldovan carefully and with love is kept as the greatest value. So far, they can be seen - for example, at the celebration of the wedding. Folk music creates a joyful, elevated mood. Both newlyweds, and parents, and guests are happy to participate in singing, dance to music, performed on folk instruments (Fluer, Nai, Tsimbaly, Cobz).
One of the most beautiful traditions of Moldova is considered spring holiday MERSISOR. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with folk legend. Spring, entering into his rights, cleared the land from the snow to help break through the first flower - a snowdrop. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and frightened a blizzard on the beauty of spring. That protecting the snowdrock from the wind, scratched on the thorn of the thorns. Drops of blood fell on the snow.
The symbol of the holiday is considered woven from the threads of red and white color Decorations - Mircishor. Their in honor of the onset of spring gives each other inhabitants of Moldova. These gentle decorations wear a whole month, and at the end of March hang them on trees in the forest, makes the cherished desires at the same time. It is believed that they always come true.
Folk crafts
Moldova's oldest craft - pottery - deserved recognition in many corners of Europe. Handmade ceramics are decorated with national ornaments and drawings with images of animals and plants. The pot and other clay dishes are widely used in Moldavian cuisine, baked vegetables and meat are especially tasty.
Moldovan wood carving masters create amazing patterned souvenirs and interior items. Also widespread decoration of wooden buildings. Particularly beautiful at home in the Kalarash, Rubber and Strayshesky districts of Moldova.
Carpets and national embroidery is another kind of needlework, which are proud of residents of the country. Carpets, decorated with flowers, completely smooth. This speaks of high mastery of Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products - real works of art. You can admire them in the Chisinau Museum of Livism.
Every people have their own unique traditions and customs. Moldova - a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is different bright colors and a sunny mood.
History
Development cultures of Moldova Closely related to history. Romanesque roots, leaving for the II century of our era, influenced it, to the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, most of the population of modern Moldova, Moldovans, being descendants of the immigrants in this region due to the rod (starting from the XIV century), have common ethnicity with Romanians.
The formation of Moldovan culture occurred in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldovan Principality. It was formed under contacts with East Slavic (ancient Russian) population, and in the future in the conditions of dominion Ottoman Empire.
In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman domination and included in the Bessarabian province Russian Empire that had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region.
After the October Revolution in 1918 Bessarabia Departed to Romania for 22 years, and on the left bank of the Dniester, the Moldovan ASSR was formed, as a result of which the development of culture was in different ways for some time.
During the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, was created film studio "Moldovafilm"Education developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and the independence gained to strengthen the National Moldavian component in the modern culture of Moldova.
Middle Ages
The local population began to identify itself widely called "Moldovans" to the fourteenth century. One of the oldest sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldavian" is pastoral ballad "Miorica".
Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is a legend about the foundation of the Moldovan Principality. Doyna, colinde, urates, snowava, and many of which have been preserved to this day were spread.
Most of the population of medieval Moldova professed orthodoxySupported cultural ties by other Orthodox peoples living in modern Romania and Ukraine.
Byzantine-South Slavic writing He influenced the Moldovan-Slavic chronicles, the Polish historiography had an impact on the official chroniclel, which was carried out under the patronage of Moldovan gentlemen.
Since the development of culture took place in Moldavian principality In a feudal society, it is possible to distinguish the culture of the dominant class, submitted by written monuments and the folk culture, which is reflected in the folklore and the device of life.
Formation of ideological direction moldavia medieval culture It took place in two stages. In the first, reasant period (XIV - the first half of the XVI centuries), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state is manifested in culture.
Ottoman period It is characterized by the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and independence.
From the medieval Moldovan chroniclers are famous by Grigor Ureche, Ion Nekulce, Miron and Nikolai Kostin.
First books (In the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the middle of the seventeenth century under the Lord Vasile Lupu, with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kiev and Lviv, from which equipment for typography and paper were delivered.
XIX century
After joining Bessarabia To Russia, the connection with the dams of the Moldova, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted.
This was especially manifested in fiction. In the XIX century, such writers like George Asaki, Alexander Donich, Konstantin Negruzzi, Alek Russo, Mihai Koogelnichan, Vasile Alexandri, Konstantin Statimi and many others. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into Moldavian.
Starting from the nineteenth century, the onboard begins romanian literature and artWhat enriched culture and brought it closer to Western Europe. This process also took place in the dams of Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia, he went to a much lesser extent.
During 1812-1917, when Bessarabia is part of the Russian Empire, Moldavian culture has learned much from russian culture.
If until 1812, secular education was not widely distributed in Bessarabia, then after 1812 began to develop state system Education: Primary schools, county schools and gymnasiums in all county cities. By 1858, about 400 schools of all types operated in Bessarabia, where more than 12 thousand students were studied.
Despite the wide network of educational institutions, literacy in the region remained rather low. By 1897, there were only 15.6% of competent (22% of men and 8.83% of women).
IN Bessarabia "Russian-Moldovan scraper" (1814), "Brief Russian grammar with transfer to Moldovan language" (1819) were developed.
In the second half of the XIX century, Ion Kringa, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petrichka Hashdea, debut.
Bessarabia in Romania
After joining K. Romania Education was reorganized on the basis of the Romanian system. From 1920 to 1940, the number of primary schools increased from 1564 to 2188, however, the number of secondary schools on the contrary decreased almost twice as much as 76 in 1917 to 39 in 1940.
Until the mid-1930s, professional schools had been observed, but their number decreased from 55 in 1932 to 43 in 1940. In 1930, according to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86.3 thousand people were secondary education (3.02%), higher - 10.8 thousand (0.3%)
Moldavian ASSR
On the development of culture in left Bank regions of Moldovawhere the Moldovan ASSR was formed influenced as a struggle between the directions of Romanizers and Samobdnikov and class ideology. Significant success reached public education. Literacy increased with less than 20% before the revolution to 36.9% by 1926.
In 1930, mandatory primary education, and from the mid-1930s compulsory seven-year education. Was founded system of vocational educationThe basics of science are laid, institutions were based.
Tiraspol Institute of National Education (1930), Tiraspol Fruit and Vegetable Institute (1932), Balt Teacher Institute (1939) were opened. From the negative trends of the interwar period, harsh repression (persecution of part of writers, scientists and other cultural figures declared by bourgeois) should be noted, closing churches.
Moldavian SSR
Immediately after connecting Bessarabia to the USSR In June 1940, the Soviet power assumed responsibility for ensuring universal free education.
A network of public education institutions, printing, book publishing, culturalwork, physical education and sports was created. By 1941 in Moldavian SSR 1896 schools worked, in 70% of which training was conducted in Moldovan.
In 1940-41 More than 100 thousand schoolchildren received free clothes and shoes. The number of teachers increased by almost twice.
In the fall of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, a state philharmonic was formed, three new theater were created, opera Studio. In 1940, 138 books were published with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million in Moldavian language. 56 newspapers and 3 magazines came out.
The development of culture was interrupted Great Patriotic War However, after the end of the war, stormy development began, as a result of which the culture became the property of broad masses.
Meanwhile, the Soviet government was not interested in preserving close cultural connections Region with Romania. Representatives of local romanian intelligentsiaAs well as the part that arrived from the areas of the old kingdom after 1918 were forced to emigrate. The remaining sent or even were destroyed, which could certainly not be affected by the cultural situation in Moldova.
For development spheres of culture, education and science Soviet power at the first stage actively attracted qualified specialists from other parts of the USSR.
In the future, with the help of training in large Soviet scientific and educational centers, the National Moldovan Intelligentsia was created.
In the time of the MSSR began to formation cinema in Moldova. Moldova-film film studio, which issued several full-length feature films per year, not counting documentary and animated films.
In the Soviet period, the culture of Gagauzi, compactly residing in the southern regions of Moldova, developed.
Alphabet was created based on cyrillic, Dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: "Legendanne Izi" (Trail Legends, 1974), "Uzun Kervan" (Long Caravan, 1985), Zhanar Zhortulary (Wolf Holidays, 1990) and many others.