Dante Divine Comedy The meaning of the work. Foreign literature reduced

"The Divine Comedy" is the greatest work of the Middle Ages on the threshold of the Renaissance. Dante created a guide to the afterlime in such details (especially in the first part) that his contemporaries were afraid of the poet: they were sure that he was really on the world. Exactly one hundred chapters tell about an unusual journey to God. The product contains a lot of reference to antiquity, so without basic knowledge about myths, it will not be easy to read this book. We offer to familiarize yourself with the brief retelling of the "Divine Comedy" Dante Aligiery, and also recommend reading to accurately understand and comprehend.

The narrative is leading from the first person. Dante Aligiery on the midst of life got lost in the forest. The poet is threatened with the danger from the predatory animals, personifying the vices: the Wolf, Leo and Ryne (in some Panther translations). He is saved by the ghost of the ancient Roman poet Vergil, whom Dante honors as his teacher. Vergilia proposes to go on a journey through hell, nose and paradise. Dante is afraid, but the ancient poet reports that he does this at the request of Beatrice, who deceased Beloved Aligiery to save his soul. They go to the road. Over the doors of hell, the words are drawn about that if the soul falls here, hope will no longer help her, because from hell no longer exit. There are also the souls of "insignificant" who did not make goodness in life or evil. Neither in hell, in no paradise they can not get. Through the Ahern River, the heroes transport the mythical guard of Charon. Dante is deprived of consciousness, as after each transition to the next circle.

1. Hell is presented in the poem in the form of a funnel leading to the center of the Earth, under Jerusalem. In the first circle Hell, wearing the name "Limb", Dante meets the souls of the righteous, who died before the Nativity of Christ. These people were pagans and can not be saved. Also in Limbe are the souls of unborn babies. Here, in the dark, similar to the kingdom of Aida, resting the soul of Vergil. Dante is talking to Homer, Sophokl, Euripid and other antique poets.
2. Second round It is a trial of the sinners at the head of the demon of Minos. Like Haron, Minos is indignant by the fact that there is a living person in hell, but Vergil explains him all. In the second round, persecuted by the Hell's Head of Passions, the souls are tormented, mired in the sin of sweet assesse (Cleopatra, Elena Troyanskaya, Achilles and others).
3. Sin of the third circle - Czechodie. Giant trothed dog cerber breaks many times breathing in the mud sinners. Among them is the hero of one of the novel "Decameron", Golubor Chakco. He asks Dante to tell about himself alive.
4. Guardian fourth Circle - Bes Plutos (in mythology - God of wealth). Powers and chucks rolling on each other stones and get married. Among the first Dante notes many clergy.
5. Fifth round - Styhiya swamp, in which Aheron flows. It is drown angry. Through it, the poets are shipped by the Flegium boat - the son of Ares, who destroyed the Delphic Temple. The boat swims against the tower of the city of dit. In it, sinners suffer, who committed sins no longer on weakness, but in their will. There are no demons for a long time for a long time, exhort of Vergil does not help.
6. The gate opens the heavenly messenger who came to the aid of the heroes on the water. Sixth circle Hell is a cemetery with burning graves around which burols and hydra fly. Heretics lie in the fire, among whom Dante notices the tomb of dads, who left the Catholic Church. He also recognizes the political enemy of his ancestors. Dead do not know about the present, but they can see the future.
7. Seventh round Dedicated to violence, he is guarded by the MINOTAVR. Poets see the ruins formed from the earthquake during the death of Jesus Christ. This place is divided into 3 RVA: violence against the near, against yourself and against God. In the first flowing river flowing, in which sinners are drown, and on all who are trying to get out, the centaurs hunt. Chiron, whose blood killed Hercules, intersects the heroes on. The second belt is filled with trees in which suicide souls live. Around the Garpia circle, constantly attacking the plants. When Dante blends the branch, the moan is distributed and blood flows instead of resin. Soul suicides abandoned their own bodies and will not return to them after a terrible court. In the third Rava Dante and Vergili pass through the desert field, on which relaxed governments lie under the fiery rain. Vergil explains Dante that the River Aheron and Schemes, flowing into the lake of the Kocit, are the tears of mankind, mired in vices. To go down to the eighth circle, the heroes sit on the flying monster Gerion, personifying deception.
8. Eighth round Deceivers and thieves burning on fire. Fuss of the river Kala, some sinners are devoid of limbs, one of them moves, holding his head instead of a lantern, the other changes with bodies with a snake in terrible flour. The demons scare poets and (in order to lure a trap) show them the wrong path, but the verse managed to save Dante. Ulysses are tormented here, the primeter Tires, as well as the contemporaries of Dante. Heroes get to the well of giants - Non-Vodel, Efialt and Antea, which tolerate poets to the ninth circle.
9. Last circle of hell It is an ice cave in which traitors suffer, frozen in the ice. Among them, Cain who killed his brother. They are angry with their destiny, without being accused of blaming everyone. In the center of the Earth, a three-headed monster Lucifer is seen. In three pasties, he fades the brutas and cassia (traitors of Caesar), as well as Judas. Poets crawl over the wool Lucifer down, but soon Dante is surprised that they move up, as this is the opposite hemisphere. Poets are selected on the surface of the Earth to the island, on which the purgatory is located - a high mountain with a truncated vertex.

Purgatory

Angel is moving to the shore of the soul, awarded paradise. The foots are crowded, that is, those who have rushed, but at the same time lazy to do it. Dante and Vergili pass through the valley of the earth's rulers to the gate of the purgatory, to which three steps are leading: a mirror, rough and fiery-red. Angel captures 7 letters "P" (sins) on the forehead aligieri. On the grief you can only rise in the day, it is impossible to turn around.

The first leaf of purgatory is occupied by the pride, wearing heavy stones on the backs. Under the feet of Dante sees images with examples of humility (for example, the Annunciation of the Virgin) and punished pride (the fall of the rebeling angels). Each gum guard the angels. During the lifting on the second ledge, the first "P" disappears, and the rest become less clear.

Poets rise above. Here, along the cliff, enviousness are sitting, devoid of vision. After each lift to the next proceeding, Dante sees dreams, personifying his searches and spiritual ascent.

The third appeal is inhabited by angry. The souls wander in the fog that wrapped the mountain in this part: this is how anger stood their eyes during life. Dante is not the first time hears the solemn exclamations of angels.

The first three yields were devoted to sins associated with love for evil. Fourth - with insufficient love of God. The rest are with love for false benefits. The fourth ledge is filled with sad, who are forced to run around the mountain endlessly.

On the fifth ledge lie relaxed merchants and chucks. Dante falls on his knees before the soul of the Roman dad, but she asks not to interfere with her pray. Everyone begins to praise God when the earthquake feel: it happens when the soul gets healing. This time the poet of the stations is saved. He joins Dante and Vergil.

Heavdown from the hunger of worstics on the sixth ledge crowded around the tree with appetizing on the type of fruits, to which it is impossible to reach. This is a descendant of the Tree of knowledge. Dante recognizes his friend Forese and communicates with him.

The last ledge is filled with fire, through which the crowds of sodoms and those who have experienced Cottage love run. Dante and Vergili pass through the flame. The last letter "P" disappears. Dante again loses consciousness and sees a dream, as one girl collects for other flowers.

The poet wakes up in the earthly paradise, the place where Adam and Eve lived. Summer flows here (the river for the oblivion of sin) and the Enemy (the river of the memory of good). Dante feels strong winds: the leader leads to the movement of heaven. The poet becomes a witness to the procession going to a repentable sinner. Among them are invisible beasts, people who personify virtues, as well as Griffon - a half-mounted semi-side, the symbol of Christ. With the advent of Beatrice, accompanied by a hundred angels Vergil disappears. Dante repents in the wrongness of his beloved, after which the girl of Mailda dips him in the fly. In the eyes of Beatrice Dante sees the reflection of the griffon that is constantly changing. The griffin connects the cross from the branches of the Tree of knowledge, and it is covered with fruits. Dante observes the vision symbolizing the fate of the Catholic Church: the eagle arrives on the chariot, the fox is stealing to it, the dragon crashes from under the ground, after which the chariot turns into a monster. Dante is immersed in a sin.

Paradise

Dante and Beatrice climb into the sky through the sphere of fire. She looks up, he is on her. They reach the first sky - the moon, penetrating the inside of the Earth's satellite. Here are the soul of violators of the vowers, which the poet takes for reflections.

Heroes rise to Mercury, where ambitious figures are inhabited. Many glowing souls fly out towards them, one of them - the emperor of Justinian - reflects on the history of Rome. An explanation of the need for crucifixion.

On Venus, in the third sky, they live loving, solemnly spinning in the air along with the angels.

The sun, like all the planets in the poem, spin around the earth. The brightest star inhabit the wise men. The dance of the souls sing about the fact that their light will remain after the resurrection, but will shine inside the body. Among them, Dante notices the foma Aquinas.

The fifth sky is Mars, the habitat of warriors for faith. Inside the planet from the rays is going to the cross, along which the souls fly and sing. If the father of Dante goes among the pride in purgatory, then his grandfather deserved stay here on Mars. The soul of ancestor predicts Dante Exile.

Dante and Beatrice are raised to Jupiter, where the fair rulers are bliss. Souls, among which there are David, Konstantin and other rulers, are built into instructive phrases and then in a huge eagle. Those who lived to Christ still expected him and have the right to get to heaven.

At the seventh heaven - Saturn - contemplants live, that is, monks and theologians. Beatrice asks Dante to distract from her, and the poet notices the staircase, according to which angels and glowing souls descend to him, similar to lights.

From the Star Sky, where the triumphant souls live, Dante sees the earth. From bright light, he loses consciousness, feeling that he dulls his eyesight. Heroes meet Archangel Gabriel. The apostle Peter asks Aligiery about the faith, the apostle Jacob - about the hope, and the apostle John - about love. Dante responds to everyone in the affirmative: he believes, hopes and loves. Beatrice removes dust from Dante's eye. Aligiery is talking to Adam, after which he sees how Peter is covered with crimsheral color: this is a sign that the acting Pope is inapting his title.

Dante and Beatrice reach the leader, a small point of light, with which it can be seen as angels lead to the movement of heaven. This place seems like the smallest sky, whereas with the ascension of the heroes every sky should be more than the previous one. Dante finds out that the main task of Angels is the movement of heaven.

Finally, Dante falls into empires or a rose of winds and sees the River of Light, moving into a lake inside a giant rose, which turns into an amphitheater. Saint Bernard Clebrovsky becomes the third Dante conductor, as Beatrice sends on the throne. The souls of the righteous are sitting on the crowded steps. At the female half - Maria, Lucia, Eva, Rachel and Beatrice. Opposite them, headed by the John the Baptist a man sit. Bernard Clevrospique points upstairs, and Dante, gradually losing consciousness from strong light, sees God: three multicolored circles, reflecting each other, in one of which the poet begins to distinguish the human face. Dante Aligiery stops seeing and wakes up.

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According to the monk, Guillaria, Dante began writing his poem in Latin. The first three verses were as follows:

Ultima Regna Canam, Fluido Contermina Mundo,

Spiritibus Quae Lata Patent, Quae Praemia Solvut

PRO MERITIS CUICUNQUE SUIS (Data Lege Tonantis). -

"In Dimidio Dierum Meorum Vadam Adportas Infori." Vulgat. Biblia.

In the middle of n. g. roads i.e. for the 35th year of life, the age that Dante in his Convito calls the vertex of human life. According to the general opinion, Dante was born in 1265: it became 35 years old he was 1300 g.; But, moreover, from XXI Hell's song, it is clear that Dante implies the beginning of his wandering at 1,300, during the anniversary announced by Papho Bonifacim VIII, on the passionate week to Great Friday, - a year when he comespaced 35 years, although his poem was written much later; Therefore, all incidents that happened later than this year are given as predictions.

Dark forest,according to ordinary interpretation of almost all commentators, means human life at all, and in relation to the poet - his own life is especially true, that is, life, fulfilled delusions, beaten by passions. Others under the name of the forest, of course, the political state of Florence of the time (which Dante calls tRISTA SELVA,Clean. XIV, 64), and connecting all the characters of this mystical song in one, give it political importance. Here is the eg. As a Count Perkari (Apolog. DI Dante. Vol. II, p. 2: FEC. 38: 386 DELLA PROPOSTA) explains this song: in 1300, for the 35th year of life, Dante, elected to the Florence priors, soon was convinced among the stem , intrigues and fury of parties that the true path to public good is lost, and that he himself is in dark forestdisasters and expulsion. When he tried to climb on hillsthe vertex of state happiness, he was introduced to an insurmountable obstacles from his native city (Barca with the Movie Schuro),pride and ambition of the French king Philip Beautiful and brother His Carla Valua (Lion),and Care and ambitious plans of dad Boniface VIII (Wolf).Then, indulging in his poetic attitude and putting all the hope of military dictionaries of Charles Great, Señora Veronsky ( PSA) he wrote his poem, where, with the assistance of spiritual contemplation (Donna Gentile),heavenly Enlightenment (Lucia)and theology ( Beatrice),led by the mind, wisdom of man, impersonal in poetry (Virginia),he is to pass the point of punishment, purification and awards, in this way, the vices, comforting and correcting weaknesses and rewarding the virtue of the immersion in contemplation of the highest good. It can be seen that the ultimate goal of the poem is to call on the nation of the vicious, torn by partners, to the unity of political, moral and religious.

Dante escaped this life performed by passions and delusions, especially the parties to the parties, in which he had to go as a ruler of Florence; But this life was so terrible that the memory of her again gives rise to horror in it.

In the script: "So the town is (forest) that death is a little more." - The Eternally Gorky World (Io Mondo Senia Fine Amaro) is AD (Paradise XVII. 112). - "As a real death destroys our earthly existence, so death moral deprives us of a clear consciousness, free manifestation of our will, and therefore moral death is a little better than the death itself of real." Strakefuss.

Sleep means on the one hand, human weakness, the darkening of the inner light, the lack of self-knowledge, in one word - the absolusion of the spirit; On the other hand, the dream is the transition to the spiritual world (see Ada III, 136).

Hill, By explaining most of the commentators, means virtue, according to another ascent to the highest good. In the original Dante awakens at the hill sole; sole hill - The beginning of salvation, that minute when our soul arises saving doubt, the rock thought that the way we went to this minute is false.

The limits of yudoli.Yudol is a temporary field of life, which we usually call Yudolia tears and disasters. From XX songs of hell, Art. 127-130, it can be seen that in this judo, the poet served the twinkling of the month. A month means a weak light of human wisdom. Copy.

Planet, leading people direct road, there is a sun, which, according to the ptolomeva system, belongs to the planets. The sun has not only the meaning of the material shone, but, in contrast to the month (philosophy), there is a complete, direct knowledge, divine inspiration. Copy.

Even the gleam of divine knowledge is already able to reduce in us partly the false fear of the earthly yudoli; But it completely disappears only if we are completely useful by the Fear of the Lord, like Beatrice (Hell II, 82-93). Copy.

When climbing, the leg, which we rely, is always below. "Rides from the lowest to the highest, we are fed forward slowly, only step by step, only if it is firmly and rightfully stand up on the lower: the ascent of the spiritual is subject to the same laws as physical." Strakefuss.

Bars (Uncia, Leuncia, Lynx, Catus Pardus Opening), on the interpretation of ancient commentators, means Sweistance, Lion - Pride or Population, Wolf - Care and Poorness; Others, especially the newest, see Florence and Guelphs in Barce, in Lion - France and especially Charles Valua, in Wolchite - Pope or Roman Smoke, and, according to with this, give the entire first song the meaning of pure-political. By explaining the cannegisser, Bars, Leo and Wolf means three degrees of sensuality, moral damage to people: Bars is awakening sensuality, which is indicated by his speed and agility, the motley skin and unequivacy; The lion is sensuality already awakened, prevailing and not hidden, requiring satisfaction: because it is depicted with the Great (in the original: raised) head, hungry, angry before the fact that the air around him shudders; Finally, the Wolf is the image of those who have completely betrayed sin, why it is said that it has already been a poison of life, because Dante is completely deprivable to calm and robs and more and more robs in a moral death.

This tercin is determined by the time of the poet. It has been said above, it began on the Great Friday at the passing week, or on March 25: it became about the spring equinox. However, Filalettes, based on the XXI songs of Hell, believes that the journey of his Dante began on April 4. - Divine loveon the representation of the Dante, there is the cause of the traffic of the celestial. - Top Star It is indicated by the constellation of the Aries, which at this time the sun comes.

The "Divine Comedy" is a play created by Dante Aligiery in the 14th century, which is a medieval encyclopedia of knowledge in science, politics, philosophy and theology. The work is considered a monument of the literature of Italy and world literature.

The main character of the work is Dante himself, the story is conducted from the first person. When the author turned 35 years, at night, he was lost in the forest and was very frightened. In the distance, he notices the mountain, getting to them, trying to rise, but in his path there is a wolf and a wolf who does not allow him to move forward. The hero does not have anything more than returned to the forest. Here he met with the spirit of the writer Vergil, who promised to show him the circles of hell and purgatory and spend it into paradise. Aligiery is solved on the trip.

Hell. Together with the versgil they are suitable for the enemies of hell. There are moans. It is tormented by the souls of those who did not commit a good nor evil. After they see the river, according to which the chairon chairs the dead before the first circle of hell.

They see Lamb. Here the souls of poets and unrestained children live here. Next to the next round, Minos decides to determine each of the sinners. The travelers noticed the voluptuous souls, which carries the wind. The shower of Cleopatra flew here. At the entrance to the third circle of hell, the heroes met the dog of Cerber. Next to him in the mud under a torrential rain were laid around. There is a friend of Dante Chakco here. He asks Dante to remind him of familiar about him in the world. The fourth round is prepared by waste workers and storm. The fifth circle of hell is waiting for lazy and who did not die to pacify their anger. They are tightened in a swamp, where they cannot get out. Wanderers got to an unknown tower surrounded by water. Through it, the boat is served by the File Demon.

And now the city of the dead spread out the heroes. Perfumes living here do not allow trails to step into the city. But where neither take, the Messenger of the sky arises, who parses them gives them the opportunity to enter. In the city of the wanders we saw the burning coffins, from which the moans were not believing.

The seventh circle is much less than the rest, he was between the mountains. The entrance to it is wakes by Minotaur. Here the travelers met a boiling river, full blood. It cooks robbers and tyrants, and they are shooting from the centauri onion. One of the shooters escorts travelers and helps them to get around.

Everywhere bushes, what to be proud to blood. These are suicides who are infinitely peeling harpi. New sinners go to Dante. Among them, the poet recognized his own teacher, guilty of the lion of the same-sex love.

The eighth circle is made up of 10 pvov. In the first of them, seductors of women are sitting, whom Beach beat with all the power of the demons. In the following in the casual mass of Cala, Lestiets are located. Of the subsequent RVA, only the feet of the confessors are visible, who were gentle by their position. The heads are not visible, they are under the stones. In the fifth in the boiling resin, they throw anti-bribes. Having passed through the rocks, the trains meet the thieves, which bite snakes, executed advisers, the creators of the Troubles.

On the huge palm of the Antey through the well delivers heroes to the center of the Earth. In front of the heroes - the frozen lake, in which the souls of people were stuck, which betrayed their relatives. In the heart of the lake, Head of Hell Lucifer lives. He has three faces: Cassia, Bruta and Judas. A narrow trench stretches from Lucifer, according to which travelers are hard to pass onto the surface and see the sky.

Purgatory. Suddenly, the sea sailed himself to deliver them to the shore. Reaching sushi, travelers go to the grouse of purgatory. Here they speak sinners, which repented in sin and did not fall into hell. Dante is tired and lay down to relax on the grass. It falls asleep and is transferred to the gates of purgatory. Here the angel draws seven letters "g" on his forehead. Symbols one will disappear as it moves upwards.

Just seven circles. It lives here, for example, envious and wengles. Each of them is cleaned in accordance with their sin. So envious eyes of the eye, and the heights are starving.

Paradise. Looking at all this, the travelers passed the fiery wall to go to paradise. Everything blooms, there is a stunning fragrance around, there are old men in bright clothes. And Dante noticed his love - Beatrice. From excitement, the poet loses consciousness and comes to himself in the summer, the river oblivion. Coming out of the water, the hero comes to the river, whose waters make thoughts about the good welfare. Now Dante is ready to rise above. And he along with Beatrice ascends to heaven. They flew four sky, got to Mars and Jupiter, where just souls live.

The light of the planets falls and merges together in the eagle figure - the symbol of power, which has developed here. The bird is talking to Dante, it is infinitely fair. Next, the heroes fly the seventh and eighth sky, where Dante talks to the righteous. In the ninth Dante sky, noticed a brilliant point - a symbol of purity. Then Dante crashes to the empire - to the Higher Nebu, where he met the old man Bernard, his mentor. Two, they look at the light coming from the shower of babies. After the sign filed by Bernard, Dante looks at the top and see God in the trinity.

8TH GRADE

Aligiere Dante

THE DIVINE COMEDY

Hell

The main hero of the poem, the poet Dante himself, falls into the forest, where he meets Leopard, Leo and Wolf (allegory of human vices). Beatrice sends him a reimbat of the Roman poet Vergil.

Songs Second - Third

At the gate hero sees the inscription:

"Through me go to the city of the hardest torment,

Through me go to the torment and zapov,

Through me go between generations of sewers.

The right right of the Creator of My Buildings:

Made me the power that everyone gives birth to

The highest wisdom and percholyubs.

Only after me the world became a gate reduces.

Nothing forever, I'm on all a century.

Leave the hope of any incoming here. "

The poets entered and saw the Ridaychi souls of those who lived only for themselves. Charon, the carrier of the souls of the dead, did not want to take Dante, but Vergili agreed.

Fourth songs - Sixth

In the first circle of hell (Limb), they saw unbreakable babies and virtuous non-Christians (Homer, Horace, Ovid).

In the second round, Minos tail indicates the size of the MUK to violators of the marital loyalty (Cleopatra, Elena, Semiramid). Here he hears the story of the love story of FarRN to Paolo, who kissed only in the garden while reading books about love. Dante sympathizes French souls.

The entrance to the third circle guards the three-headed dog of Cerber. Here you are punished by the souls of the womb.

<...> By gluttony, I am appreciated

That Chvakalo teased all acquaintances -

And here I am launching in the rain, the poor.<...>

Songs seventh - ninth

In the fourth round, the entrance to the souls and hidden burned Pluto.

In the sixth circle there were heretics, rapists, liars and sanitians.

Tenth songs - twelfth

The entrance to the seventh circle was blown up three centaurs, which did not give souls to get out of the river filled with boiling blood.

Thirteenth songs - Sixteenth

The seventh circle was divided into three belts: tyrants, suicides, robbers.

Songs seventeenth - thirty

The eighth round is described where the taper Gerion helped the poets. In ten Rips, there were seductors, Lystsov, Svincomers, sovereigns, bribes, hypocrites, thieves, deserted advisers, definitions of discord and fake metals, people, money and words.

They were beaten with their whores, kept the snakes in Kali, they punished them with a heavy sword.

Thirty-first songs - thirty-fourth

In the well, which combined the eighth round with the last, ninth circle of hell, the giants suffered. In the first belt of the ninth circle there were traitors of their relatives (Cain), in the second belt, traitors of the Motherland (Antenora), in the third - traitors of friends (Tololi), and in the fourth - traitors of benefactors (Judecca). These souls were in three pastes of Lucifer (Judas, Brut and Cassia).

Thus, travelers were in the center of the Universe and rose to the South Bowl.

Purgatory

First songs - ninth

The purgatory was among the ocean, on the top of which was the earthly paradise.

It is described by the ending, where the souls of irreconcilable with the church fall (the King of Sicily Manfred), the negligent and those who died not with their death. Before the first circle of Dante's purulent sees a dream: the eagle in the sky wants to pick up his soul. Then the lion appears and shows the entrance to the purgatory.

Tenth songs - twenty-seventh

Describes seven circles of purgatory.

The first round - pompous (Nioba laughed from Laton, that in the only two children. For this, seven daughters and seven sons were killed).

The second round is envious, which served examples of generosity.

The third round - angry (marco) is cleaned by the example of meekness.

The fourth round is lazy.

The fifth circle is stingy. The poets heard the shocks of the mountain, when some soul is taken to heaven.

Sixth Circle - Przezdvі receive examples of restraints, and in the seventh round - love is the examples of purity (Virgin Mary).

Before entering the earthly paradise, Vergil says and advises to take the crown and Mitra on his forehead as the signs of power. "

Twenty-eighth songs - thirty-third

Describes the earthly paradise. Dante passes the divine forest, two rivers: summer takes references to sins, and Just gives memories of good deeds. Before him passed biblical images. Beatrice appeared, noting that "he succumbed to the forth terrestrial." She instructed him to convey to those seen by people, for their way is distinguished from God.

Paradise

First songs - ninth

Dante entered paradise andi first got on Mizyatsev Sky, where there were perfumes that the vows broke (blueberries, which were rapidly married).

The third sky is Venus - the spirits of loving.

Tenth songs - twentieth

Sovetsev Sky appointed Spirits of scientists (Thomas Akvinsky, Albert Great).

<...> Everything that dying or dead does not become, - only the default of the thought that the appearance of the Lord in his love gives her.<...>

Marse Sky shone a cross from the spirits of the military.

Sixth Sky - Yupіterov - Heavenly Eagle talks about the need for faith for salvation.

Song twenty-first - thirty-third

The seventh sky - Saturn - the spirits of the contemplates solve the problem of the purpose of destiny, decline in monasteries.

The eighth sky is starry - Dante Picture of the Triumph of Christ. Apostles Peter and Jacob, the poet gave answers to the substitute for faith and hope, Apostle John - about love. All the love of the priests are aimed at God.

On the ninth, crystalline, the sky was observed by the author of heavenly beauty and earthly deformity, harmony of the Heavenly Hierarchy.

Beatrice continues to talk about the decline of the church, false preachers.

The tenth, flaming sky - the light of God's grace in the form of roses with the petals of blissful souls.

Beatrice returns "on the third bench in the Higher Circle."

Dante in Ecstasy insistences prayers.

The poem is being completed by the devilment of all-configuring heavenly love.

The tragedy he could not call his work only because those, like all genres of "high literature," wrote in Latin. Dante also wrote it in his native Italian. "Divine comedy" is the fruit of the entire second half of the life and creativity of Dante. In this work, the worldview of the poet was reflected with the greatest completeness. Dante acts here as the last great poet of the Middle Ages, the poet that continues the development of feudal literature.

Edition

Translation into Russian

• A. S. Norova, "Excerpt from the 3rd song of the Poem Hell" ("Son of the Fatherland", 1823, No. 30);
• F. Fan Dim, Hell, translation from Italian (St. Petersburg, 1842-48; prose);
• D. E. Min "Hell", translation of the script size (Moscow, 1856);
• D. E. Min, "First Song Purgatory" ("Russian West.", 1865, 9);
• V. A. Petrov, "Divine Comedy" (per. With Ital. Tercins, St. Petersburg, 1871, 3rd Edition 1872; Translast only "hell");
• D. Minaev, "Divine Comedy" (LPC. And St. Petersburg. 1874, 1875, 1876, 1879, Transl. Not from the original, tercins);
• P. I. Vainberg, "Hell", Song 3rd, "Vestn. Heb. ", 1875, No. 5);
• Golovanov N. N., "Divine Comedy" (1899-1902);
• M. L. Lozinsky, "Divine Comedy" (, Stalin Prize);
• A. A. Ilyushin (created in the 1980s, the first partial publication in 1988, full edition in 1995);
• V. S. Lemport, "Divine Comedy" (1996-1997);
• V. Maranzman, (St. Petersburg, 2006).

Structure

"The Divine Comedy" is built extremely symmetrically. It disintegrates into three parts: the first part ("hell") consists of 34 songs, the second ("purgatory") and the third ("paradise") - 33 songs. The first part consists of two introductory songs and 32, describing blood pressure, as there can be no harmony in it. The poem is written by tercins - strangers consisting of three lines. The Dante attached to them a mystical interpretation - so the number 3 is connected with the Christian idea about Trinity, the number 33 should remind about the years of Earth's life of Jesus Christ, etc. Total in the "Divine Comedy" 100 songs (number 100 - symbol of perfection).

Plot

Dante with versgil and the beginning of their wanderings on the Merbal Mire (medieval miniature)

According to the Catholic tradition, the afterlime world consists of adwhere you fall forever convicted sinners purgatory - the location of the sinners of sinners, and raya - The abode of blissful.

Dante details this view and describes the device of the afterlime world, with graphic definition fixing all the details of its architectonics. In the introductory song, Dante tells how he, having reached the middle of the life path, was lost once in the dense forest and as a poet Virgil, having relished him from three wild animals who blocked him the path, suggested that Dante had a journey on the afterlife. Having learned that Vergilius was sent by Beatrice, the died of Dante's deceased beloved, he was given to the leadership of the poet without a thrill.

Hell

Hell has a form of a colossal funnel consisting of concentric circles, the narrow end of which rests on to the center of the Earth. Having passed the run-up of hell, inhabited by the souls of insignificant, indecisive people, they enter the first circle of hell, the so-called Limb (A., IV, 25-151), where the souls of virtuous pagans, who did not know the true God, but approaching this knowledge and That depleted from hellish torment. Here Dante sees the outstanding representatives of ancient culture - Aristotle, Eurypid, Homer, and others. The next circle is filled with the souls of people who have once made an unbridled passion. Among the wearable wild swirl Dante sees Francesca and Rimini and her beloved Paolo, who fell victim to the Forbidden Love to each other. As the Dante accompanied by versic, descends all the lower and lower, it becomes a witness to the torment of worstics, forced to suffer from rain and hail, buying and wasting, without tired rolling huge stones, angry, tied in a swamp. They are followed by an eternal flames of heretics and heresyarh (among them the emperor Friedrich II, Dad Anastasii II), tyranans and killers floating in boiling blood streams, suicides, turned into plants, blasphemers and rapists, burners, flour which are very diverse. Finally, Dante penetrates the last, 9th round of hell, designed for the most terrible criminals. Here the abode of traitors and traitors, of whom the greatest - Judas Iskariot, Bruut and Cassius, - Lucifer nibbles them, which rising once on God Angel, the king of evil, doomed to conclusion in the center of the Earth. The description of the terrible type of Lucifer ends the last song of the first part of the poem.

Purgatory

Purgatory

Moving a narrow corridor connecting the center of the Earth with the second hemisphere, Dante and Vergili goes on the ground surface. There, in the middle of the island surrounded by the ocean, it snaps in the form of a truncated cone mountain - purgatory, like the hell consisting of a number of circles, which are narrowed as they approach the top of the mountain. The guarding entrance to the purgatory angel admits the Dante to the first circle of purgatory, drawing the Sword of Seven P (peccatum - sin) in his forehead, that is, a symbol of seven mortal sins. As Dante rises higher, bypassing one circle after another, these letters disappear, so when Dante, reaching the top of the mountain, enters the last "earth paradise" on top of the last "earth", it is already free from the signs injecting politicism. Circles of the latter are inhabited by souls of sinners, which reaches their souls. Here the pride is cleared, forced to bend under the burden of their backs of their back of gravity, envious, angry, negligent, greedy, etc. Vergil brings Dante to the gates of Paradise, where he, as not to know the baptism, no access.

Paradise

In the earthly paradise, Vergil is replaced by Beatrice, presserving on the thumbnail chariot (allegory of the triumphant church); She encourages Dante to repentance, and then hesitated him, enlightened, on the sky. The final part of the poem is devoted to Dante's wanders on heavenly paradise. The latter consists of seven spheres of the land and appropriate seven planets (according to the ptolema-wide system): the spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, etc., followed by the spheres of fixed stars and crystal, - the crystal sphere is the Empires - the infinite The area inhabited by the blessed, contemplating God, is the last sphere that gives life to everything essentially. By the spheres of Bernard, Dante sees the emperor of Justinian, who knows him with the history of the Roman Empire, teachers of faith, martyrs for faith, whose shining souls form a sparkling cross; Ascending higher and higher, Dante sees Christ and Mary Maria, Angels and, finally, the "Heavenly Rose" is revealed in front of him - the location of blissful. Here Dante acquires the highest grace, reaching communication with the creator.

"Comedy" is the last and most mature product of Dante.

Analysis of the work

In the form of the poem - the afterlife of which there were many in the medieval literature. Like medieval poets, it holds on an allegorical rod. So a dense forest, in which the poet was inhabited by halfway the earthly being, is a symbol of life complications. Three beasts who are attacked there: Lynx, Leo and Wolf - the three strongest passions: sensuality, credit, greed. These allegories also give a political interpretation: Lynx - Florence, spots on the skins of which must be denoted by hostility of guvf and deaths. Lion - a symbol of rough physical strength - France; Wolf, greasy and lustful - Papal Kuria. These animals threaten the national unity of Italy, which Dante dreamed of, unity, fastening the feudal monarchy (some of the historians of literature give a political interpretation to the entire poem). The Beast saves Vergili's poet - the mind sent to the poet Beatrice (theology - faith). Vergil leads Dante through blood pressure in purm and on the threshold of paradise is inferior to Beatrice. The meaning of this allegory is the fact that a person from passions save the mind, and the knowledge of the divine science gives eternal bliss.

The "divine comedy" is imbued with the political trends of the author. Dante never misses the case to count with his ideological, even with personal enemies; He hates Roshovshchikov, condemns a loan as "Likhva", condemns his age as a century of profit and sober. In his opinion, money is a source of all kinds of angry. Dark real, he opposes the bright past Florence bourgeois - Florence feudal, when simplicity of morals, moderation, Knight's "defense" ("Paradise", Katchchagvid's story), a feudal empire (cf. Dante Treaty "about monarchy"). Tercines "Purgatory", accompanying the appearance of Sodella (AHI SERVA ITALIA), sounds like a real estate of death. To the pap, as the principle of Dante refers to the greatest revelation, although individual representatives of it, especially those who contributed to the consolidation in Italy of the bourgeois system hates; Some data data meets in hell. His religion is Catholicism, although the person's person's alien, alien to the old Orthodoxy, although the Mystic and Franciscan Pantheistic Religion of Love, which are accepted with all passion, is also woven, although the Mystic and Franciscan Pantheistic Religion are also a sharp deviation from classical Catholicism. His philosophy is theology, his science - scholasticism, his poetry is an allegory. Ascetic ideals in Dante have not yet died, and he honors free love (hell, the 2nd round, the famous episode with France and Rimini and Paolo). But not a sin for him love, which leads to the subject of the worship of a pure platonic impulse (cf. "New Life", Love Dante to Beatrice). It is the Great World Force, which "drives the sun and other shining." And humility is no longer unconditional virtue. "Who in the glory of forces does not update the victory, does not taste the fruit mines in the struggle." Both the Spirit of Initiousness, the desire to push the circle of knowledge and acquaintance with the world connected to the "virtue" (Virtute E ConoScenza), which encourages heroic curses, is proclaimed by the ideal.

Dante has built his vision from pieces of real life. Separate corners of Italy, which are placed in pigtone with graphic circuits, went to the design of the afterlife. And so many living human images are scattered in the poem, so many typical figures, so many vivid psychological situations that literature also continues to draw from there. People who suffer in hell are carrying repentance in purgatory (and the nature and nature of sinus corresponds to the volume and nature of punishment) are in Bliss in Paradise - all living people. In these hundreds there are no figures and two are the same. There is not a single image in this huge gallery of historical figures, which would not be lit by the unmistakable plastic intuition of the poet. No wonder Florence was experiencing a strip of such a tense economic and cultural lifting. The sharp feeling of the landscape and man, which is shown in the "comedy" and which the world studied at Dante, was possible only in the social setting of Florence, far away the rest of Europe. Separate episodes of the poem, such as Francesca and Paolo, Farinat in their grilled grave, Ugolino and Children, Kapani and Ulysses, not similar to antique images, black cherubs with a thin devilish logic, prepare on his stone, to this day produced Strong impression.

Hell's concept in "Divine Comedy"

Dante and Vergil in hell

Before the entrance is a miserable soul that did not work with good, nor evil, including the "Angels of a bad flock", which were not with the Devil, and not with God.

• 1st Circle (Lamb). Unresolved babies and virtuous non-Christians.
• 2nd round. Sweet Affairs (clouds and adulteurs).
• 3rd circle. Greenshots, roasters.
• 4th round. Powers and patrols (love for excessive spending).
• 5th Circle (Stygian Swamp). Angry and lazy.
• 6th Circle (City DIT). Heretics and false teachers.
• 7th round.
  • 1st belt. Rangers over the neighbor and over its property (tyranny and robbers).
  • 2nd belt. Austerities over themselves (suicides) and over their own property (players and moots, that is, meaningless fighters of their property).
  • 3rd belt. Ranges over the deity (blasphemy), against the nature (sodomitis) and art (Lucchimacy).
• 8th round. Deceived non-distilled. Consists of ten pvov (mallazha, or evil slits), which are separated from each other shafts (rolling). In direction to the center, the region of evil slots shows, so each next ditch and each next shaft are located slightly below the previous, and the external, concave slopes of each RVA above the internal, deposit ( Hell , XXIV, 37-40). The first shaft is adjacent to the circular wall. In the center gambs the depth of a wide and dark well, at the bottom of which lies the last, ninth, circle of hell. From the foot of the stone heights (art. 16), that is, from a circular wall, to this well go radius, like the spokes of the wheels, stone ridges, crossing the rs and shafts, and above the Rips they are bent in the form of bridges or archs. In evil slots, deceivers who were deceived by people who are not related to the special bonds of confidence.
  • 1st ditch. Summists and seductors.
  • 2nd ditch. Lytz.
  • 3rd ditch. Tops, high-ranking spiritual persons who traded church posts.
  • 4th ditch. Songs, gadels, star, sorcerers.
  • 5th ditch. Mtzompi, bribes.
  • 6th ditch. Hypocrites.
  • 7th ditch. The thieves .
  • 8th ditch. Drying advisers.
  • 9th ditch. Schedules of discord (Magomet, Ali, Prelimico and others).
  • 10th ditch. Alchemists, false witnesses, counterfeiters.
• 9th round. Deceived trusted. Ice lake Kocit.
  • Belt Cain. Traitors of relatives.
  • Antenna belt. Traitors of the Motherland and like-minded people.
  • Toltolia belt. Traitors of friends and sotraznikov.
  • Belt Judecca. Traitors of benefactors, the Majesty of the Divine and Human.
  • In the middle, in the center of the Universe, inserted into the ice (Lucifer) torments in the three pastes of traitors of the Majesty of earthly and heaven (Judah, Bruta and Cassia).

Building a model of hell ( Hell , XI, 16-66), Dante follows Aristotle, which in its "ethics" (KN. VII, Ch. I) refers to the 1st discharge of the sins of irritant (Incontinenza), to 2 - sins of violence ("violent Scottle "or Matta Bestialitade), to the 3rd - sins of deception (" malice "or Malizia). Dante 2-5-e circles for the unemployed, the 7th round for rapists, 8-9th - for deceivers (8th - just for deceivers, the 9th - for traitors). Thus, than a sin is material, the more excuses.

Heretics - apostates from the faith and negatives of God - allocated especially from the sonma of sinners that fill the upper and lower circles, in the sixth circle. In the abyss of the Lower Hell (A., VIII, 75), three croups, like three steps, are three circles - from the seventh in the ninth. In these circles, anger is punishable, manual or by force (violence) or deception.

The concept of purgatory in the "Divine Comedy"

Three holy virtues are the so-called "theological" faith, hope and love. The rest are four "main" or "natural" (see approx. Ch., I, 23-27).

Dante depicts it in the form of a huge mountain, towering in the southern hemisphere in the middle of the ocean. It has a truncated cone. The coastal strip and the lower part of the mountain form the preservation, and the top of the Oboyacean family of the ledge (the seven circles actually purifying). A desert forest of earth paradise is placed on a flat top of Dante Mountain.

Vergilia sets out the doctrine of love as a source of all good and evil and explains the gradation of circles of purgation: Circles I, II, III - Love for "Alien Evil", that is, Zechlantia (pride, envy, anger); Circle IV is insufficient love for true good (despondency); Circles V, VI, VII - Excessive Love for False Goods (Corestatrolubiye, Creation, Sweistance). Circles correspond to biblical mortal sins.

• Prostril
  • Footage of the mountain purgatory. Here, the newly applied souls of the dead are waiting for access to purgatory. Dead under the church exconance, but repentable before death in their sins, are waiting for a period of time, thirty times the time they stayed in the "crushing of the church".
  • The first ledge. Reademorable, slower with repentance.
  • Second ledge. Real, dead violently death.
• The valley of the earth's rulers (not belongs to fitting)
• 1st round. Pride.
• 2nd round. Envious.
• 3rd circle. Angry.
• 4th round. Sad.
• 5th round. Powers and patrols.
• 6th round. Greenshots.
• 7th round. Sweatsens.
• Earth paradise.

The concept of paradise in the "Divine Comedy"

(in brackets - examples of personalities given by Dante)

• 1 sky (Moon) is the abode of observing debt (Ifafay, Agamemnon, the Constance of Normannskaya).
• 2 sky (Mercury) is the abode of reformers (Justinian) and innocently affected (infidencies).
• 3 sky (Venus) - the abode of lovers (Karl Martell, Kunitz, Female Marseille, Didona, Rhodopean, Raava).
• 4 sky (Sun) - the abode of wise men and great scientists. They form two circles ("dance").
  • 1st Circle: Thomas Akvinsky, Albert Background Truchdt, Francesco Graziano, Peter Lombard, Dionysius Areopagitis, Pavel Orezia, Boeation, Isidor Seville, Bed Honorable, Ricard, Siger Brabantsky.
  • 2nd Circle: Bonaventure, Franciscans Augustine and Illuminat, Gorant, Peter Feeders, Peter Spanish, John Zlatoust, Anselm, Ely Donat, Raban Maur, Joachim.
• 5 sky (Mars) - the abode of warriors for faith (Joshua Navin, Judas McCaway, Roland, Gottfried Boulevard, Robert Gwiscar).
• 6 sky (Jupiter) - the abode of fair rulers (Biblical kings David and Ezekias, Emperor Traian, the King of Gulielmo II, good and the hero of "Aneida" Rifey).
• 7 sky (Saturn) is the abode of theologian and monks (Benedict Nurstiesky, Peter Damiani).
• 8 sky (sphere stars).
• 9 Sky (First motor, crystal sky). Dante describes the structure of the celestial residents (see the ranks of the angels).
• 10 sky (Empires) is a flaming rose and a radiant river (the core of the rose and the ison of the celestial amphitheater) is the abode of the deity. On the banks of the river (the stages of the amphitheater, which is divided into another 2 semicircles - the Old Testament and New Testament) squeeze the blissful souls. Maria (Our Lady) - headed, under her - Adam and Peter, Moses, Rachel and Beatrice, Sarah, Rebek, Judifie, Ruth, and others. Opposite Site John, under it - Lucia, Francis, Benedict, Augustine, etc.

Scientific moments, delusions and comments

• Hell , XI, 113-114. The constellation of fish climbed over the horizon, and (Constellation of Big Bears) bowed to the northwest (Kavr; Lat. Caurus. - Name of the North-West Wind). This means that before the sunrise, two hours remained.
• Hell , XXIX, 9. That their path is twenty-two district miles. (About the inhabitants of the tenth of the eighth circle) - judging by the medieval approximation of the pi number, the diameter of the last circle of hell is 7 miles.
• Hell , XXX, 74. Baptist captured alloy - Golden Florentine coin, Florine (Fiormo). The patron of the city was depicted on the front side - John the Baptist, and on the revolving - Florentine coat of arms, Lily (Fiore - flower, from where the name of the coin).
• Hell , XXXIV, 139. The word "shining" (stelle - stars) ends each of the three Cart of the "Divine Comedy".
• Purgatory , I, 19-21. Lighthouse of love, beautiful planet - That is, Venus, ecliping with its brightness of the constellation of the fish in which it was located.
• Purgatory , I, 22. To Astyia - That is, to the heavenly pole, in this case South.
• Purgatory , I, 30. Chariot - Big Major, hidden behind the horizon.
• Purgatory , II, 1-3. On Dante, a mountain of purgatory and Jerusalem is located at opposite ends of the earth diameter, so they have a common horizon. In the northern hemisphere, the top of the heavenly Meridian ("half-day circle"), crossing this horizon, falls over Jerusalem. In the hour described, the sun visible in Jerusalem was slightly to the sunset, so as to appear in the heaven.
• Purgatory , II, 4-6. And night ... - According to medieval geography, Jerusalem lies in the middle of the sushi, located in the northern hemisphere between the polar circle and the equator and extending from the west to the east only on longitude. The remaining three-quarters of the globe are covered with ocean waters. In an equal distance from Jerusalem, there are: at the extreme east - the mouth of Ganges, in the extreme west - Hercules poles, Spain and Morocco. When the sun comes in Jerusalem, the night comes from the side of the gang. In the time of year described, that is, at the time of the spring equinox, the night keeps the scales in the hands, that is, is in the constellation of the scales, oppose the Sun in the constellation of Aries. In the fall, when she will "overcome" the day and will become more suitable than he, it will come out of the constellation of scales, that is, "relieves" them.
• Purgatory , III, 37. Quia. - Latin word meaning "because", and in the Middle Ages, also in the sense of QUOD ("What"). Scholastic science, following Aristotle, distinguished twofold knowledge: scire Quia. - knowledge of the existing - and scire Propter Quid. - Knowledge of the causes of the existing one. Vergilius advises people to be content with the first kind of knowledge, not adhering into the reasons for is.
• Purgatory , IV, 71-72. The road where unhappy rules Faeton - Zodiac.
• Purgatory , XXIII, 32-33. Who is looking for "omo" ... - It was believed that in the features of the human face, you can read the "Homo Dei" ("Man of God"), and the eyes depict two "o", and eyebrows and nose - the letter M.
• Purgatory , XXVIII, 97-108. According to Aristotel Physics, "wet pairs" are generated by atmospheric precipitation, and "dry pairs" - the wind. Mailda explains that only below the level of the gate of the purgatory is observed by this kind of troubles, generated by the ferry, which "Following the heat", that is, under the influence of solar heat rises from water and from the ground; At the height of the earthly paradise, only a uniform wind remains caused by the rotation of the first solid.
• Purgatory , XXVIII, 82-83. Twelve even masted elders - Twenty-four books of the Old Testament.
• Purgatory , XXXIII, 43. Five hundred fifteen - Mysterious designation of the upcoming deliverer of the church and the reducing agent of the empire, which destroys the "thief" (the Bludnitsa of the Song XXXII, who took someone else's place) and the "Giant" (French King). DXV numbers form, when the signs are permutable - the word DVX (leader), and the oldest commentators are so interrupted.
• Purgatory , XXXIII, 139. The account is laid out - In the construction of the Divine Comedy, Dante complies with strict symmetry. In each of the three parts (Cint) - 33 songs; "Hell" contains, moreover, another song that serves the entry to the whole poem. The volume of each of the hundred songs is approximately the same.
• Paradise , XIII, 51. And the mid-wing in the circle there is no other - There can be no two opinions, just as one center is possible in the circle.
• Paradise , XIV, 102. Of the two rays, a sacred sign was staggered, which in the borders of the quadrants is hidden - Segments of contacting quadrants (quarters) circles form the sign of the cross.
• Paradise , XVIII, 113. In Lilea M. - Gothic M reminds Heraldic Lily.
• Paradise , XXV, 101-102: Be at the cancer, a similar pearl ... - FROM