The main architectural attractions of Russia. Sergey Andreevich Vishnyakov Culture of Russia in historical perspective: architecture, literature, painting, musical art, theater art, cinema, modern cultural space
The culture of Russia is the culture of the Russian people, other peoples and the nationalities of Russia and the States preceding the modern Russian Federation; A combination of formal and informal institutions, phenomena and factors affecting the preservation, production, broadcast and distribution of spiritual values \u200b\u200b(ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, civil, etc.) in Russia.
For culture Ancient Russia The following features are characteristic:
Slowness of development rates. An important role was played by the experience of previous generations, traditions.
Locality, closedness, separation of Russian lands, caused by the lack of economic interests in the conditions of natural economy.
Patriotism, the cult of strong and brave warrior-hero.
Very deep moral foundations.
Strong influence of religion.
The domination in the ideology of a religious worldview.
Despite the difference between Russia's development from Western European countries, Russian culture developed in the general direction of European culture.
Culture of Russia XIII-XVII centuries
Rostov Kremlin
Key features of cultural development at that time:
The need for self-identification of the Russian people and, as a result, the blurring of the differences between the individual principalities and the formation of communional culture.
The elevation of the Orthodox Church as the keeper of the cultural and political traditions of the Russian state. Termination of the defeat.
Selfolation of Russia is not only from Muslim, but also rollback countries.
Russian empire
Monument "Millennium of Russia"
The Russian Empire due to historical circumstances throughout its existence willingly borrowed many elements of Western European culture and customs. And as a result, in the understanding of the "Western" observer cultural level The overwhelming population of Russia was low. However, it is impossible to overestimate the contribution of leading Russian figures to world culture.
The culture of Russia is a cumulative culture of countries and nationalities living in the Soviet Union.
Intensively developed theatrical art, cinema, visual art. In certain periods, the development of cultures of ethnic minorities, national cultures was encouraged.
Modern story
Modern history of culture in Russia is associated with the restoration of cultural elements Russian Empire and its integration into the cultural heritage of the USSR. In Russia, an active restoration of temples and religious customs is carried out, the institution of patronage is reborn. In addition to this B. existing culture The USSR comes in value peculiar to Western and Eastern civilizations, for example, are introduced by the traditions of the popular culture of Western or Tea Ceremonies and the kitchen of Eastern countries. Many thematic festivals, exhibitions and events are held. In the fact that in cities there are enough cultural institutions (theaters, cinemas, galleries, libraries), in 2012, 77% of residents of Russian cities were fully committed.
As the British professor of sociology Hilary Pilkincaston: "There is a tendency to consider Russia a unique society that consists of different cultural traditions, being not a "hybrid", but a unique entity that was created on the basis of many and different cultural influences "
Language
The most common language in Russia is Russian. It is also the state language of the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, the number of carriers of eight languages \u200b\u200bin the Russian Federation exceeds one million people.
The republics as part of the Russian Federation have the right to establish its state languages \u200b\u200band, as a rule, enjoy this right: so, for example, in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, in addition to the Russian state status, the abasine, Karachai, Nogai and Circassian languages \u200b\u200bare.
Despite the efforts made in many regions on the preservation and development of local languages, in Russia the emerging still in soviet time The tendency to the language shift, when the Russian language is actually the native language of non-Russian citizens, while the superficial knowledge of the maternal language (language of their ethnos) becomes nothing more than a marker of ethnicity.
Cyrillic - writing system and alphabet for any language based on the Starrog Slavonic Cyrillic (talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; called the "Cyrillic alphabet" a formal association of several or all national Cyrillic, incorrectly). Staroslavan Kirillian (alphabet and writing system), in turn, is based on the Greek alphabet.
On the basis of Cyrillic, alphabets of 11 of 28 Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere built, as well as 101 non-Slavic languages, who had not previously had written writing or had other writing systems and were translated into Cyrillic in the late 1930s (see: Cyrillic-based alphabets list .
Russian is one of East Slavic languages, one of the largest languages \u200b\u200bof the world, including the most common of Slavic languages. Russian language occurred from Old Russian, together by Sukrainsky and Belarusian languages \u200b\u200b[Source is not specified 1
Russian literature
Russian literature reflected not only aesthetic, moral and spiritual values \u200b\u200band submission; According to leading Russian thinkers, literature is also the philosophy of Russia.
Until the XVIII century, secular literature in Russia practically did not exist. There are several monuments old Russian literature Religious or chronicle - "Tale of Bygone Years", "The Word about the regiment of Igor", "Milia of Daniel Sharpetika", "Zadonchina", the lives of Alexander Nevsky and other lives. The authors of these works are now unknown. Folk art of that period is represented by the original epic genre, fairy tales.
Secular literature appeared in Russia only in the XVII century. First famous work This kind - "The Life of the Avvakum Protopopa" (despite the name, it cannot be called a religious work, as it was written by the Avvakum himself, canonical lives were written only after the death of Saint).
In the XVIII century, pleiades of secular writers and poets appear in Russia. Among them are the poets of Vasily Trediakovsky, Antiha Chantereir, Gabriel Derzhavin, Mikhail Lomonosov; Writers Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Radishchev; Dramaturgors Alexander Sumarokov and Denis Fonvizin. Dominant art style Literature at that time was classicism.
Poetry
A. S. Pushkin
Among the most famous poets Russia:
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok.
Sergey Yesenin
Anna Akhmatova
Vladimir Mayakovsky
and many others.
Prose
F. M. Dostoevsky
Among the most famous writers of Russia:
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
and many others.
Modern literature
Art of Russia
art
Russian iconopus inherited the traditions of Byzantine masters. At the same time, the dispersion originated their traditions. The most comprehensive assembly of icons is in the Vstoyakov gallery.
Russian icons were not simple imitation, but had their own own styleAnd such masters as Andrei Rublev raised the level of icon painting on new heights.
Painting
V. M. Vasnetsov. "Bogatyry." Butter. 1881-1898.
I. E. Repin. "Cossacks write a letter turkish Sultane" Butter. 1880-1891.
M. A. Vrubel. "Demon Sitting." Butter. 1890.
The first realistic portraits appear in Russia in the XVII century, in the middle - late XVIII There are such major painters, Kakyletytsky and Borovikovsky in Russia.
Russian painting since that time should be global trends. Outstanding artists of the first half of the XIX century: Cyprinen, Brylov, Ivanov ("The Phenomenon of Christ People").
In the second half of the XIX century, a flourishing of realistic painting took place. It was founded to create a creative association of Russian artists "Association of Mobile Art Exhibitions" ("Mobile"), which included such great artists, Kakovsnets, Kramskaya, Shishkin, Queenji, Surikov, Repin, Savrasov.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the Unification of the "World of Art" was operating. Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrukel, Kuzma Sergeyevich Petrov-Vodkin, Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, were Mikhai Konstantinovich Roerich, Ilican Levitan.
Social realism
Socialist realism is the main artistic method used in the art of the Soviet Union, starting in the 1930s; He was allowed, recommended either imposed (in different periods The development of the country) state censorship, and therefore was closely related to ideology and propaganda. It was officially approved since 1932 by party bodies in literature and art. In parallel, he existed the unofficial art of the USSR. Representatives of social realism - V.I. Mukhina, A. A. Deineka, I. I. Brodsky, E. P. Antipova, B. E. Efimov. For works in the genre of socialist realism, the emergence of events of the era is characterized by "dynamically changing in their revolutionary development". The ideological content of the method was laid down by the dialectic and materialistic philosophy and the communist ideas of Marxism (Marxist aesthetics) in the second half of the XIX-XX centuries. The method covered all spheres artistic activities (literature, dramaturgy, cinema, painting, sculpture, music and architecture). The following principles were argued in it:
Describe the reality "exactly, in accordance with specific historical revolutionary development."
Coordinate your artistic expression with themes of ideological reforms and the upbringing of workers in the socialist spirit.
Main article: Russian Avangard
At the end of the XIX - early XX century, Russia becomes one of the centr-walled arts.
Bright representatives of the avant-garde: Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Mark Chagall, Pavel Filonov. A common for the Russian avant-garde was a refusal of old art forms in favor of a new, more relevant to the current moment of reality. A similar direction for the development of the thought of artists also existed in all other European countries, while the art of America lasted in their development. In those years, for the first time since Peter I, there was a certain connection between the visual arts of Russia and the visual art of European countries. In the 30s, with increased influence of the style of socialist realism, this connection was violated. Many researchers associate the origins of the Russian avant-garde not so much with the revolution, as with an industrial jump of that time.
Abstractionism
In the 1950s - 1960s, some artists turn to the tradition of abstraction. In this direction, Studio Elia Belyutina "New Reality" was most actively worked. In 1962, after the defeat of their exhibition in Manege, the "new reality" becomes one of the centers of unofficial art in the USSR. The union existed until 2000. The goal of "new reality" was the creation of actual art, and as a result of their activities - the organization of the new Academy.
The main artists of the group "New Reality": Elia Belutin, Vladislav Zubarev, Lucian fungi, Vera Preobrazhenskaya, Anatoly Safokhin, Tamara Ter-Gevondyan.
In the 1960s, during the years "thaws," on the territory of the former Soviet Union there is a circle of conceptual artists, many of whom have received international recognition. Their art is full of world art history and, in particular, in the history of international conceptual art. Artists such as Ilya Kabakov, Andrei Monastic, Dmitry Prigi, Victor BreweryVaromas not only in modern Russia, but also in Europe and America.
Art museums
In Russia, there are many artistic museums and galleries. Among the most famous: state Tretyakov Gallery In Moscow and the State Hermitage and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Music
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Russian classical music Contains the creative heritage of such great composers as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, Commonwealth of composers "Mighty Cup", Sergey Vasilyevich Rakhmaninov, Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky. Among soviet composers Some of the most significant are: Sergey Sergeevich Prokofiev, Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich, Aram Ilyich Khachaturian, Alfred Schnitke.
In Russian music, there are many world-famous classic works, among which the celestinesimfonies, concerts, ballets ("Swan Lake", "Nutcracker", Spring Sacred), Opera (Boris Godunov, "Evgeny Onegin", "Ivan Susanin") , Suites ("pictures from the exhibition")
Popular music
In the first half of the 20th century, such performers were popular as Alexander Vertinsky and Leonid Utoes. In Soviet times, the T. N. "Pop" popular music (Muslim Magomayev, Lev Leshchenko, Alla Pugacheva, Valery Leontyev, Joseph Kobzon).
Pop music developed in the USSR and Russia from the second half of the 20th century on Western sobrase. It is primarily popular among the Russian-speaking population of the world. In Western countries, Russian pop musicians rarely reach great commercial success (this was possible, for example, a tattoo group).
Russian rock music
Rock band concert Nautilus Pompilius
Russian Rock is a collective designation of Russian-speaking rock music, created first in the USSR, then in Russia and the CIS countries various musicians and groups. The most famous groups: "Aria" "Time Machine", "Aquarium", "Nautilus Pompilius", "Cinema", "Alice", "DDT", "Sounds MU", "Tea", "Spleen", "Bi-2 ","Agatha Christie"
A large influence of Western rock music, as well as the Russian author's song (Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava), were greatly influenced by the Russian Rock groups.
The first in the USSR jazz concert took place in Moscow on October 1, 1922 at the hour of the day on the stage of the central technical school of theatrical art (later - guitis) in the Maly Kislovsky Lane. This was the concert of the first in the RSFSR Eccentric Orchestra Jazz Band Valentina Parnaha.
Electonic music
Famous teams and Persons: PPK, Parasense, Quarantine, KDD, Radiotrance, Transdriver, Psykovsky, Kindzadza, Enichkin. IN soviet period Eduard Artemyev, Night Prospect, Ivan Sokolovsky worked in this genre.
Architecture
Russian architecture follows a tradition, the roots of which were installed in Byzantium, and then by the Armenian state. After the fall of Kiev, Russian architectural history continued by the vague-Suzdal principality, the Novgorod and Pskov Republics, the Russian kingdom, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the modern Russian Federation.
Religious buildings
Civil architecture
The civilian architecture of Russia for its history has passed several stages. Before the revolution, the development of the architecture corresponded to the trends of other countries: built-in classicism, baroque and others were built.
The epochs of the civil architecture of the USSR received the names from the names of the rulers of the country: Stalin's houses, Brezhnev, Khrushchev. With coming soviet power The design of the buildings has changed - they became more monumental. However, subsequently, when solving the tasks of improving the housing conditions of the USSR citizens, a bid was made on the mass of development. As a result, the architecture of the late USSR lost various decorative architectural elements, such as stucco, columns, arches and others. There are so-called riding houses. In response to the typical building of Russian cities, Eldar Ryazanov "Irony of Fate, or with a Light Steam!".
Currently, along with typical projects for building mass housing, individual projects of residential buildings are also applied.
Russian theater art is one of the most promising in the world. In Russia, there are theaters having world glory, such as the Mariinsky Theater, big and small theaters.
In Russia, developed and popular circus art. Among the famous circus artists: Clowns Yuri Nikulin, "Pencil", Oleg Popov; Focifurses (illusionists) Emil Kio and Igor Kio, trainersChladir. Durov, Brothers Edgard and Askold Tskorestnaya.
Cinema
Already in April 1896, 4 months after the first Paris cinematic sessions, the first cinematic devices appear in Russia. On 4 (16) May 1896, the first demonstration of the Lumira Sinematograph in Russia was held in the theater of the Petersburg Garden "Aquarium" - the public was shown a few of the films in the intermission between the second and third actions of the Alfred Pasha in Paris. In May, Camill Serf carries the first documentary cinematic filming of celebrations in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II. Filmokeas quickly became fashionable entertainment, constant cinemas began to appear in many major cities Russia. The first permanent cinema opened in St. Petersburg in May 1896 at the address Nevsky Prospect, house 46.
The first Russian artistic ribbons were an emptying of fragments of the classic works of Russian literature ("Song about the merchant Kalashnikov", "Idiot", "Bakhchisarai Fountain"), folk songs ("Ucha-merchant") or illustrated episodes from domestic history ("Death of John Grozny", "Peter Great"). In 1911, the first in Russia comes to the screens full-length film "Defense of Sevastopol", jointly supplied by Alexander Khanzhonkov Vasily Goncharov.
In 1913, a rapid growth of the cinematic industry begins on the wave of the total lift of the Russian economy, new firms are formed - including the largest film company I. N. Yermolyev, among the filmed more than 120 films there were such significant paintings as " Peak lady"(1916) and" Father Sergius "(came out in 1918) Yakov Protazananova. At the time of the world war, there is a stage of the heyday of artistic Russian cinema. During this period, Evgeny Bauer's outstanding filmist is removed from Evgeny Bauer's outstanding filmist, and Vyacheslav Vickovsky.
After the collapse of the USSR, the cinema in Russia is experiencing a crisis: many film studios experience financial difficulties. The film product produced in Russia has a strong impact american films. In the 1990s, the number of high-budget films is not large (such pictures appear as a Siberian and Russian riot). In the epoch of the 2000s, against the background of economic growth, high-quality and quantitative growth in the film industry occurs.
Films manufactured in Russia and predecessors are laureates of the largest international film festivals, such as Berlin, Cannes, Venetian, Moscow.
Every year, dozens of film festivals are held in Russia, including the largest Moscow Film Festival (accreditation of the International Federation of Film Protection Associations) and Kinotavr.
Animation
Soviet animation is known in the world, differs in the use of pastel tones, spirituality, kindness of content, the presence of a strong educational component. On the very famous studios USSR and Russia (Soyuzmultfilm, Centroupfilm, KievAnoPhofilm) were removed thousands of cartoons.
First russian cartoon "Piero - Artists" kinemady dating 1906, filmed by the balletmaster Mariinsky Theater Alexander Shiryaev.
The cartoon "Hedgehog in the fog" Yuri Norstein in 2003 in Tokyo was recognized as the best cartoon of all times and peoples based on the results of a survey of 140 film critics and multipliers of different countries.
Wooden church in the towns
Paganism
Before the baptism of Russia (988), in the Russian plain, the dominant cultures for which politicalism, animism, the cult of ancestors, spirits and the forces of nature was characteristic. Many relics of paganism persist in the folk religion of Russians up to the present day, especially in countryside (First of all, elements of the funeral and remembered rite). Many non-Slavic nations of Russia preserved their ethnic religions, in particular shamanism, up to the XIX-XX centuries.
Christianity
Orthodoxy
Orthodox Christianity is the most common religion in modern Russia. Came to Russia from Byzantium.
Catholicism
Traditionally, Catholicism (not including the Grekokatolikov in Western Ukraine and Belarus) in Russia (the Russian Empire) was confessed by Russian citizens of Polish, German, Lithuanian and Latvian origin.
Since the late 1980s, some increase in the number of adherents among people who do not have historical and family ties with Catholicism are observed.
Protestantism
Protestantism was delivered by merchants, military and other visiting professionals from Germanyovskore after the Reformation. The first Lutheran church appeared in Moscow already in 1576. Immigration Protestants from Europe remained in the future. In addition, Protestantism was historically distributed in the North-West of the country among the local population in the territories diluted from Sweden as a result of Northern and Russian-Swedish wars. Restrictions ("Golden Cell") by the authorities, in particular, a strict ban on the sermon in Russian, led to the closure of traditional Protestant communities on national signs and persecutions on the distributors of new teachings, such as Standa, and then Baptism.
With the revival of churches after the collapse of the USSR, traditional Protestant communities, previously formerly ethnic (German, Estonian, Swedish, Finnish, etc.), are often replenished by people with completely different roots, in particular - Russians, which is caused, on the one hand, strong Eliminating ethnic Germans and Finns due to repression and mass emigration, on the other - the attractiveness of the creed and a favorable climate in the paristers. Activities and new trends, in particular, American, such as Pentecostals, are noticeable.
The number of Protestants in Russia cannot determine exactly. Themselves are related to the Protestants, according to various data from 2% to 4% of the population, while actively involved in religious life from 0.6% to 1.5%. This means that, by rough estimate, every hundredth resident of the country is a conscious Protestant. Baptists are most common, the number of communities of which is estimated at least 100,000 people.
As a noticeable contribution of Protestants to the culture of Russia, you can note the custom of putting the New Year's Christmas tree.
According to experts (during the last census, the issue of religious affiliation was not asked) in Russia there are up to 14.5 million Muslims, if we consider the total number of peoples historically associated with Islam. According to the spiritual administration of Muslims of the European part of the Russian Federation, Muslims in Russia lives about 20 million. However, sociologist Roman Silantyev considers this data clearly overestimated and evaluates the real number of Muslims at 11-12 million people, which is not plausible, given that only 16.2 million people live from the Caucasus in Russia. [Nonautical source? 256 days]
For the most part, Muslims live in the Volga-Ural region, as well as in the North Caucasus, Weskow, in St. Petersburg and Western Siberia. Russia has more than 6,000 mosques (in 1991 there were about a hundred).
Buddhism is traditional for three regions of Russia: Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia. According to the Buddhist Association of Russia, the number of people professing Buddhism is 1.5-2 million people.
Currently, many Buddhist schools are presented in Russia: Tharavada, Japanese and KoreanZeng, several directions of Mahayana and almost all existing schools in the world of Tibetan Buddhism.
The world's most northern Buddhist Datsan, built before the revolution in Petrograd (Datsan Gunzachenei), now serves the tourist and cult center of the Russian Buddhist culture. Will prepare for building a Buddhist temple in Moscow, which could unite Russian Buddhists around themselves in joint practice for the benefit All reasonable creatures of Russia and the world.
The number of Jews is about 1.5 million of them, according to the Federation jewish communities Russia (Feor), about 500 thousand live in Moscow, and in St. Petersburg - about 170 thousand in Russia there are about 70 synagogues.
Kitchen of Russia
The kitchen of Russia, like the culture of Russia, is a two-sufficient entity. The first, and most significant, its part is Russian cuisine based on slavic tradition Rus with borrowings from other peoples, with time, which became part of a single Russian state. In addition, to know, intelligentsia and other people who have the opportunity to be abroad, as well as foreigners, brought many elements of foreign cuisine into modern mass Russian cuisine.
The second direction of Russian cuisine applies to the national traditions of peoples and nationalities living in Russia. The kitchen of each people has its own unique dishes and methods for their preparation based on products cultivated and collected since ancient times in a given territory manufactured using original kitchen utensils. In combination with local customs, religious rites and the possibility of interaction with modern civilization, the cuisines of the peoples of Russia make an invaluable contribution to its cultural heritage.
Among the most famous dishes of Russia's kitchens, you can mark borscht, winegres, pies, pancakes, cheesecakes, soup, kvass, mors and others.
Culture of consumption of alcoholic beverages
In Russia, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is an acute social problem, it is worth noting that the consumption of strong, and not only, alcohol began in large quantities after the opening of the Peter of Peter I.. Prior to this, the consumption of alcohol was extremely minor.
Consumption of alcohol beverages gave Russia serious social problems associated with alcoholism and drunkenness.
Nevertheless, in terms of consumption of alcohol per capita, Russia is located in the 18th place, yielding to such countries as Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Estonia and Germany. At the same time, the diet is substantially distinguished - so, in Europe, dry red wines dominate, and in Russia - vodka and beer.
Sport of Russia
Traditionally, in Russian culture, two directions of sport development are distinguished: sport of great achievements and physical education.
Both directions in Russia are actively developing. Many sports schools are leading in the world, which proves high achievements on the most prestigious sports competitions, such as the Olympic Games, World Cards and Europe. Physical education and healthy lifestyle are promoted in the country. For example, mass sports competitions are conducted, such as Cross Nations and the Skiing of Russia.
As well as in Russia, the traditions of empathy of sports competitions are developed. The most popular among fans are team winter and summer sports, such as football, hockey, basketball and others. Individual summer and winter species Sports, such as Kyatlon, Tennis, Boxing and Others.
Culture of the peoples of Russia
Russia is a multinational state. In the Russian Federation, in addition to Russians, which make up more than 80 percent of the population, there are even about 180 other peoples. The most noticeable impact of culture based in Russian, but the cultural heritage of other nations also plays a role in the development of all-Russian culture.
State policy of the Russian Federation in the field of culture
December 24, 2014, for the first time in the history of the Russian Federation, decree of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin No. 808 approved the "Fundamentals of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation" (RFGC) prepared by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In the introduction of this document (OGKP RF) states:
"Russia - Country great culture, huge cultural heritage, centuries-old cultural traditions and inexhaustible creative potential.
By virtue of their geographic location, Multinationality, multi-confessionality Russia has developed and develops as a country uniting two worlds - East and West. Historic Path Russia has determined its cultural originality, the features of the national mentality, the value foundations of the life of Russian society.
The unique historical experience of mutual influence, mutual enrichment, mutual respect for various cultures was accumulated - Russian statehood was built in this natural way.
The key, uniting role in the historical consciousness of the multinational Russian people belongs to the Russian language, the Great Russian Culture.
In the formation of a system of values \u200b\u200bof Russia, Orthodoxy played a special role. Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, other religions and beliefs, traditional for our Fatherland, also contributed to the formation of the national-cultural self-consciousness of the peoples of Russia. Neither religion nor the nationality shares and should not share the peoples of Russia ...
The culture of Russia is its heritage as natural wealth. IN modern world Culture becomes a significant resource of socio-economic development, allowing to ensure the leading position of our country in the world. "
In the section "Values \u200b\u200bof traditional and unconventional" documents (RF RFP), the topic of conservation of a single cultural space in Russia, requiring refusal of state support Cultural projects imposing alien values:
"... those whose activities are contrary to cultural standards, have no reason to apply for government funding - no matter how ingenious they are considered themselves. The ideology of "Multiculturalism", whose destructive impact has already experienced Europe, not for Russia. "
- "Basics of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation" (approved by the President of the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin No. 808 dated December 24, 2014).
On September 19, 2013 at the meeting of the International Discussion Club "Valdai" on the topic "Diversity of Russia for the Contemporary World" Vladimir Putin reasoned, in particular, about multiculturalism:
"... We see how many Euro-Atlantic countries actually went along the way to refuse their roots, including from the Christian values \u200b\u200bthat make up the basis of Western civilization. Mathematical principles are denied and any traditional identity: national, cultural, religious or even sex. A politician is held by a large family and same-sex partnership, faith in God or faith in Satan. Excesses political correctness reach the fact that seriously talks about the registration of parties that intend to promote pedophilia. People in many european countries They are ashamed and afraid to talk about their religious affiliation. Holidays are canceled even or called them as another, shyly hiding the very essence of this holiday - the moral foundation of these holidays. And this model is trying to aggressively impose all of the world. I am convinced, it is a direct way to degradation and primitivization, deep demographic and moral crisis ... "
Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation.
About Russia as civilizations in the document (RF RFP), in particular, it is said:
"... Humanity is a combination of large communities, differing from each other by his attitude towards the world around the world, its own systems and, accordingly, with its culture. To designate these communities, the terms "SUPERTENOS", "CULTURE", "Civilization" are used in different authors.
As examples, modern West can be brought, or the Islamic world, or China - the differences between them are quite obvious.
Russia, within the framework of this approach, is considered as a unique and original civilization, not coordinated by the "West" or the East. Neither to "Eurasia", understood as a certain bridge between the neighbors "left" and "right" ... "
- "Basics of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation" (approved by the President of the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin No. 808 dated December 24, 2014).
On April 19, 2014, at the stage of discussion of the project "Fundamentals of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation" (RF RF), in foreign media, it was not without criticism of the project, where the main thesis of the document announced the expression "Russia - not Europe", allegedly confirmed by all The history of the country and the people, as well as numerous cultural and civilizational differences between representatives of the Russian (Russian) culture and other communities
Do you know how many UNESCO cultural heritage sites in Russia? If you want to know, read to the end.
№10. Palace Bridge
Palace Bridge in St. Petersburg connects the city center with Vasilyevsky Island. This is one of the most visited attractions of the city and his business card.
The bridge was built by the project A. P. Pshenitsky four years, from 1912 to 1916. The butler bridge was opened on December 23, 1916.
The bridge was received by the Winter Palace and Palace Embankment located next to him. With the arrival of a new government in 1917, the bridge was renamed the republican, in 1944 the historical name was returned.
Bridge length - 260 meters, width - 27.8 meters. The middle of five spans is a divorce, double. Each wing is balanced by a family counterweight. Mass of metal structures Palace Bridge It is 4868 tons, and counterweights - 2800 tons.
The divorced wings of the palace bridge are one of the symbols of St. Petersburg. During holiday events, they are sometimes used as screens to project documentary films.
№9. Nikolsky Marine Cathedral in Kronstadt
Marine Cathedral of St. Nicholas Wonderworker (Nikolsky Marine Cathedral) is the largest of the naval councils of the Russian Empire. Erected in 1903 - 1913. In Kronstadt in the non -ovicantine style for the project V. A. Kosyakova.
Since May 2013, it is considered the main temple Navy Russia and the center of the Military Advanced District of the St. Petersburg Diocese.
The Nikolsky Marine Cathedral is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, is protected by the state.
№8. Big Peterhof Palace
The large Peterhof Palace is the main building of the ensemble of the Lower Park and the Upper Garden in Peterhof.
Initially, the rather modest Tsarskoy Palace, built in the style of Petrovsky Baroque in 1714-1725, on the project of Zh. Leblona, \u200b\u200band then N. Micketty. In 1747-1752 It was rebuilt with architect F.-B. Rastrelli for the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in the style of ripe baroque. The length of the facade facing the sea is 268 m. Two one-storey galleries are deployed from the central building, which end with the West with a housing under the coat of arms, and from the east - the church case.
In the days of the fascist occupation in September 1941, a fire happened in the palace, which destroyed all the interiors. And in 1944, during the retreat, the Germans blew up the central part of the palace. 8 years later was restored exterior appearance Palace, and in 1964 the first halls were open to tourists.
№7. Kazan Kremlin
Kazan Kremlin is the most ancient part of Kazan. This is a whole complex of architectural, historical and archaeological monuments that reveal the centuries-old history of the city: archaeological remnants of the three settlements of the 12th and 13th centuries, the 14-15th centuries and 15-16 centuries, a white-branded Kremlin, a number of temples and buildings with a large historical and architectural and cultural value.
The territory of the Kremlin is in terms of an irregular polygon, repeating the outlines of the Kremlin hill. It is located on the mass of the high terrace of the left bank of the Volga and the left shore of the Kazan.
Kazan Kremlin is the official residence of the President of Tatarstan. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.
№6. Palace Square
Palace Square is an architectural ensemble, arising in the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. Main Square St. Petersburg.
Square framed monuments of history and culture federal significance: Winter Palace, building headquarters of the Guards Corps, the building of the main headquarters with a triumphal arch, the Alexandrovsk Column.
The dimensions of the Palace Square are equal to 5.4 hectares (the Red Square in Moscow has an area of \u200b\u200b2.3 hectares). Palace Square included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
№5. Catherine Palace and Park
The royal village is a suburb of St. Petersburg. In 1937, the village was renamed to the city of Pushkin. Here is the Museum-Reserve "Tsarskoye Selo". The Catherine Palace and Park is an integral part of the Tsarsko Selo Imperial Residence.
Ekaterininsky Palace (Big Tsarskoil Palace) - Former Imperial Palace, Official Summer Residence Three russian monarchs - Catherine I, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II.
The building of the palace was laid in 1717 by order of the Russian Empress Catherine I, during the 18th century was repeatedly rebuilt and in modern video Represents a sample of late baroque. In Soviet times, a museum was opened in the palace.
The palace was badly damaged during the Great Patriotic War. His recovery occupied long years And still continues. Recovery is carried out by the Leningrad School of Restorers. The Ekaterininsky Palace is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Every year, thousands of tourists come to Pushkin to admire the Ekaterininsky Palace and Park. The palace is very rich in the famous objects: Big (TRON) Hall, Amber Room, Golden Hall Anflades.
The Catherine Park consists of two parts: a regular old park and landscape English park. 107 Hectares of beauty and grace, combined with nature.
№4. St. Basil's Cathedral
Cathedral of Cathedral Blessed Virgin Mary (St. Basil's Cathedral) - orthodox churchlocated on Red Square in Moscow.
Cathedral of Basil Blessed is well known worldwide as one of the most famous symbols of Moscow and the entire Russian state.
The Pokrovsky Cathedral was built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible in honor of the victorious campaign of the royal troops to Kazan. During the war after each victory in large battle A small wooden church was built on Red Square next to the Troitsk Church. Each new church wore the name of that saint, whose day was won by. Upon returning from the campaign in 1552, the king was decided on the site of the Trinity Church and eight wooden churches to build a temple in honor of the cover of Our Lady. Since the victory over the Kazan army occurred on the holiday of the Intercession God's Mother. Construction was carried out from 1555 to 1561 years. The Temple of the Russian architects - a member and bark.
It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia.
Number 3. Saint Isaac's Cathedral
St. Isaac's Cathedral (Cathedral of Rev. Isaacia Dalmatsky) is the largest Orthodox church of St. Petersburg. Located on Isaac Square. Has the status of the museum.
Built in 1818-1858 for the project of Architect Auguste Monferran. Construction oversaw Emperor Nicholas I.
St. Isaac's Cathedral - built in the style of late classicism, in which new directions are manifested (neorenissance, Byzantine style, eclecticism).
The height of the cathedral is 101.5 m, length is 111.3 m, width - 97.6. The dome has impressive dimensions: the outer diameter is 25.8 m, internal - 21.8. The building decorate 112 monolithic granite columns of different sizes. Walls are lined with light gray Russian marble.
№2. Red Square
Red Square is the main symbol and the most famous historical place of Moscow. It is located in the Central Administrative District between the Kremlin and the China City. Red Square and architectural structures located on it are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Muscovites consider the Red Square "Heart of the Capital". Here are the main holidays of the country. Noted here New Year, Parade is held in honor of May 9th.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Red Square is 24,750 m², the length is 330 m, and the width is 75 m. The area paved by a paving from the Crimean rover is a pedestrian zone. Car movement in the area is prohibited since 1963. There is also a ban on movement on bicycles and mopeds.
№1. Temple of Savior Blood
The Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ on the Blood, or the Temple of Savior in Blood in St. Petersburg - the Orthodox Memorial Semipressual Temple in the name of the Resurrection of Christ.
The temple was erected in memory of the fact that at this place 1 (13) of March 1881 was committed attempt on Alexander II, which led to his death. The temple was built as a monument to the king-martyr for funds collected throughout Russia.
Located in the historic center of St. Petersburg on the bank of the Griboyedov Canal near the Mikhailovsky Garden and Stable Square. The height of the nine-headed temple is 81 m, capacity up to 1600 people.
The temple was erected by decree of Emperor Alexander III in 1883-1907 joint project Architect Alfred Parland and Archimandrite Ignatia (Malysheva), who later departed from construction. The project is made in the "Russian style". On August 19, 1907, the Cathedral was consecrated.
The temple of the rescue on blood is one of the most beautiful, festive and bright churches in Russia. In the decoration of the building used a varied finishing material - brick, marble, granite, enamel, gilded copper and mosaic.
On the territory of Russia there are 27 UNESCO cultural heritage sites. Of these, 15 are attributed to the category of cultural, and the remaining 12 is natural.
Good time of day, dear friends! On the line Andrei Puchkov. Today I present to your attention new article about modern Russian culture. This topic is included in the list of topics from the history of the history of history. And it began to be checked in tests. I immediately say that the article is written by our new author. So what is it, so to speak, the sample of the pen. 🙂
So let's go!
As we all know, the 90s of the XX century were marked by the collapse of the USSR, and, accordingly, a single culture that existed in the Soviet Union was also broken into smaller - subcultures. And since the cultures became greater, the tension began between them, since they were all different and could no longer coexist together in a single sociocultural space.
The new state that was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union turned out to be in completely new conditions - both economic and political. The new environment was the modern culture of Russia. On the one hand, it no longer has the effect of censorship. On the other hand, the culture has lost an important customer for himself - the state.
As a result (after all, the norms and rules no longer dictated again!) The culture should have been re-forming the people himself, including to create a new rod. Naturally, all this was the cause of many disagreements. As a result, opinions were divided into two camps: some believed that the absence of a common idea of \u200b\u200bculture was a crisis, others said the opposite - this is a natural phenomenon.
Thus, the elimination of ideological barriers has created a favorable ground to create a spiritual culture. But a heavy economic crisis and a heavy transition to a market economy contributed to its commercialization. Spiritual culture worried in the 90s acute crisisBecause objectively needed the support of the state.And this support was not due to the crisis.
At the same time, the sharp separation occurred between the elitar and mass modern Russian culture, as well as between the older generation and the younger. Together with this, access to the material and cultural benefits of grew unevenly, which made the formation new culture An even more difficult process. So what is the modern culture of Russia?
Music
In the modern world, the music is always - a means of self-expression, almost always - distinctive feature And rarely - Pockout fashion. If we talk about modern Russian music and culture, they remained in the past massively stormy meetings of new albums. People waiting more often switch on new performers for themselves, looking for new and new favorites; A new album is rejoiced, but without fanaticism, such as, for example, at the time of bitleania. Listeners can generally divide into two categories: connoisseurs and lovers.
The connoisseurs are buying albums, listen to their clocks, understand the biographies of singers and to the act of listening to music are treated as a priesthood. They all know about genres and texts, and will definitely indicate you on the wrong name of the song. Lovers can list the names of groups, perhaps remember the names of popular soloists, but call themselves adherents of any genre or group will not be able to.
In essence, it is music lovers, listening to everything. Some of the same decades are listening to the same thing, something twenty years and more limitation, reminiscent of their youth. It may be Yuri Visbor, Mikhail Circle and Chopin at the same time - because the vacancy sang in school years, the circle to student, and Schubert played his father in childhood.
Here then it comes to express expression. It is invariably to listen to the songs of one or several groups all my life or always listen to the classics is impossible, it's still sometime and rock "falls on the soul", and pop ...
You can say about music as an image: traditionally middle-aged people should love bards and classics, retirees - classics and something "melodious, melodic." 40-year-old Rocker and 65-year-old disco lover, although there are more and more often, still remain in the eyes of young people exceptions from the rules.
Nostalgia for the Soviet Union covers a significant part of the population, plus a recently can often be seen nationalists. They are all distinguished by great love for soviet stage - Russian Rail (like Aria and Nautilus) or Bardam (Tsoi, Vysotsky). Of these, those who shame often listen to rap or modern Russian rock (splinters, coffin).
Architecture
In the architecture, the "Loft" style is gaining popularity in modern Russian culture - the interior of housing in the former factory building. Details in Loft style are very important - indoor premises are decorated in the best traditions of the factory past - stairs, factory devices, various pipes, etc. - All this becomes the subject of the interior. Outside, the building is practically no different from the usual factory and most often for housing they are those factory buildings that are ready to become a historical monument. However, in Russia, the old building is demolished and in its place build a similar, stronger.
Painting
The painting of modern Russian culture is characterized by several dark flows. The "exposure of an ulcer" of modern reality came to replace the tragic reflection of the events of Soviet history. Images of people with the seal of moral, physical and spiritual degradation (Vasily Shulzhenko), images of man-beasts (helium Korzhev, Tatyana Pazarenko) became popular, sometimes artists depict decay and destruction (V. Brownin), or just gloomy city landscapes (A. Palenko , V. Manokhin).
Picture of Vasily Shulzhenko
However, you can still choose some few styles that prevail over the rest. IN fine art Modern Russia, by and large, all genres and directions are represented - from classic landscapes to postminglyism. A big role in restoration and development artistic creativity The artist I. S. Glazunov played, Rector of the Academy of Painting, Drainies and Architecture.
Picture "Return". Artist Tatyana Nazarenko
The view is quite common that in the 90s there was a crisis of culture. And indeed, what associations arise in humans? Often, they remember a sharp reduction in government funding into cultural spheres, low incomes of scientists and outflow of highly qualified specialists from universities. However, few people remember the pros.
For example, due to the fall of the USSR, art was freedom, did not become censorship, and universities and other higher education institutions were able to train students in their programs, and finally there was freedom of research for scientists. But along with this, under the memoirs of many, there is a negative impact of the West (films, books).
At the same time, the demolition of the monuments raised under the Soviet Union takes place. More from negative estimates, it is also worth paying attention to the fact that many celebrate the low quality of the translation of Western books and movies who came to Russia along with the restructuring.
Movie
As for the films of the 90s, then how we could see above, the opinions are divided into two camps. But what can be said about Russian cinema now? Recently, many cinema halls with modern appliances have opened in Moscow and the latest equipment. In addition, in Russia, thanks to the emergence of new directors, a movie began to be filmed, which, perhaps hardly inferior to Western.
Every year, the Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr", and the Film Festival of the CIS and Baltic countries in Anapa are held in Sochi. Several Russian films got international Prizes - The film "Depicting the Sacrifice" received in 2006 grand Prize Roman Film Festival, and the picture "Return" Andrei Zvyagintseva was awarded two "golden lions" at the Venetian Film Festival. The film directed by Nikita Mikhalkov "12" also received the "Golden Lion" in Venice and besides, was nominated for Oscar in 2008.
Despite the prosperity of pop culture in music and its orientation on the needs of masses to Russia began to come worldwide famous musicians And performers. In 2012 and 2013 Russia visited English Rock Musician Sting, at the same time came another English musician - Elton John. In 2009 an important event For Russian music was the holding of Eurovision in Moscow.
In addition to a significant shock in the field of cinema and music, the architectural image of the capital of Russia and other cities is gradually changing. From 1992-2006 Monuments of A. A. Blok, V. S. Vysotsky, S. A. Yesenin, G. K. Zhukov, F. M. Dostoevsky and discovered memorials to victims of political repression.
From this, it can be concluded that the Russian culture has moved from the standards familiar to the Soviet man in a new way and in a new way displays reality.