Features of the historical path of Russian culture (VI-XVIII century). Characteristic features and peculiarities of Russian culture
Relying on the statement that philosophy is a self-consciousness of culture, and Russian philosophy is the understanding of Russian culture, consider some special features of Russian culture, which were the source of the specifics of Russian philosophy.
As a rule, there are three main features of Russia's development, which had the decisive importance for Russian culture.
- First - Russia is, first of all, a multinational state education and this is true not only for the new and modern history of Russia. Therefore, it is impossible to talk about Russian culture as a culture of the Russian ethnic volume.
Russian culture is the culture of multinational Russian society and this is its main feature. Russian culture comprehends not the experience of the vital activity of a particular ethnos, but the experience of the cultural interaction of many nationalities with some unified, which represents Russian integrity (empire, Soviet Union, Federation).
For Russian culture there was always an understanding of the experience of joint residence of the peoples of Russia. Therefore, it is not surprising that the leitmotif of Russian philosophy was the search for the so-called "Russian idea", which expresses the one for all those belonging to Russian integrity, the fact that every unique national education makes a partial whole.
- Next circumstancewhich had a great influence for the development of Russian culture - this is the geopolitical position of Russia.
The geopolitical position of Russia is its spatial location relative to other national cultural centers. And here the fact that Russia occupies a huge Eurasian space is plays a very important role, which has no equal significance for Russian culture.
Historically, the territory of Russia was formed in the eastern direction to the natural geographical boundaries. Molding oriental land (Siberia, Far East), Russia has expanded to the borders of China, Japan, but contact with this part of the light did not have a lot of impact on Russian culture. East of Russia was beyond imposed, not qualitatively defined.
Neighborhood with highly developed European civilization, refers to the entire circle of European lands - Byzantium, countries of Western and Eastern Europe - allowed Russian culture to come into contact with the ancient cultural traditions of the Western world. Therefore, Russian philosophy used the language developed in European philosophy, starting with ancient Greece.
The fact that Russian philosophy enjoyed a borrowed conceptual apparatus to understand the phenomena of Russian culture has very important values \u200b\u200bfor the nature of the whole Russian thought.
It is not possible to think out of the tongue, and it is natural that the language strongly affects how we think, what words and concepts we use and what senses constitute our culture ultimately.
For example, in Russian there is the word "truth", which has 2 values \u200b\u200b- the 1st "True" is the truth, what is in fact, the 2nd value - "True" is justice to judge the truth, it means To judge right by justice. The connection of several values \u200b\u200bin one word is a semantic convergence of concepts in the culture itself, i.e. In Russian culture, the concept of truth is very closely associated with the concept of justice.
The borrowing of the conceptual apparatus from another philosophical tradition had a special effect of making sense for Russian philosophy. At one time Lotman Yu.M. and Uspensky V.A. In the article "The role of dual models in the dynamics of Russian culture (until the end of the 18th century)" // (Scientific notes of the Tartus State University. Issue. 414, 1977) indicated the symbolic nature of the cultural influence of Byzantium, and then Western Europe to Russian culture.
This means that in Russian culture, a model of interaction with other cultures has historically developed, which operated on the basis of the opposition "its own" - "Alien" culture. In the traditional dual model of the worldview "his" - "strangers", "someone else's" occupies the place of "sacred", "intimate", "incomprehensible", "divine".
In particular, the influence of the Byzantine culture in Russian was held in such a way that the "Byzantine" being someone who brought from the outside took the place of "sacral". The same thing happened with the "Western" influence, which in the Epoch of Enlightenment took the place of "sacred" in Russian culture.
As part of this model of cultural influence, the borrowing of philosophical concepts occurred in a special way. Philosophical concepts that came from a different cultural tradition had not so much categorical value as value, symbolic meaning.
In Russian philosophy, the categorical apparatus of the European philosophy "turned out" by many synonyms, which were not in a strict sense of equivalents of the concepts introduced, but rather with some intellectual images, metaphors, symbols sent to the "sacral" space "someone else's" culture.
For example, the term from German classical philosophy - the "transcendental subject" can cause some particular synonymous series of terms. If he is left unchanged, he will sooner or later heal his life and acquire a whole tradition of his interpretation. But it is possible instead of the term "transcendental subject" to apply its incomplete equivalent "Universal cognitive ability."
- The third feature of Russian culturewho determined the specifics of Russian philosophy, was the fact of the baptism of Russia and the phenomenon of the dual. The official date of the baptism of Russia - 988. According to the data of the chronicle, Russia baptized Kiev Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
The act of baptism of Russia was undoubtedly a political act, volitional, power, directive. In how the Christianization of ancient Russia was not unusual. Many barbaric medieval kingdoms of Europe at one time passed the same path of Christianization. If you remember the German heroic cycle "Ring Nibelongs", then all drama is built there on the tragedy of the "death of the old world", the "death of the pagan gods" in a collision with the new Mediterranean religion of Christ.
Event of the Baptism of Russia was determining and with the consequences of this event we are dealing so far. Christianization of Kievan Rus, as well as the Christianization of Europe, transformed the cultural experience that extended the Slavic tribes and gave rise to the phenomenon of the dual.
It is necessary to understand what it is when in a long familiar and formed, the home world invades signs, symbols, the concepts of another world, another culture. Christianized Kievan Russia, North and Central Europe - all these lands were not part of the Roman Empire, in which Christianity appeared and formed. Christianity for the Germanic, Scandinavian, Slavic tribes carried with them the experience of a very difficult society, with ancient culture and traditions.
European civilization is often called Judeo-Christian civilization and this name refers to the times of the Roman Empire, in which there existed in a single cultural space sometimes completely different ancient cultures of the Middle East, North Africa and Southern Europe. The civilization difference between southern Europe and an extensive area of \u200b\u200bCentral, Northern and Eastern Europe was quite large, so it is not surprising that the Christianization of these lands occupied not one century.
But back to the Event of the Baptism of Russia and the phenomenon of the dual.
Characteristic features of Russian cultural archetype.
A feature of the Russian cultural archetype is the need for a central event. Throughout the twentieth century, when the shocks of social order actively changed the sociocultural picture of the world and individual national cultures, such a central event for our country became a revolution, victory in the Great Patriotic War. Now Russia is largely experiencing difficulties and difficulties of his socio-cultural existence, because it does not have a central event, around which the nation could unite, which would feed cultural roots. This is manifested in the form of mental loss, cultural dispersion, the lack of ideals, depression, disbelief of whole generations, as well as in stronger than usual disagreements between generations. Search for events - so you can characterize our modern cultural state. When it is found, allocated, then decorated in the national consciousness, then it is possible to build a value system around it, equilibrium in the cultural, social, global plan.
An equally important position in the characteristics of the modern sociocultural situation in Russia becomes a change of values, which we have experienced over the twentieth century. Pure rationalism will break the Russian man. The spiritual life does not have a single start, and the search for its ideals is also reduced to personal experiments at maximum experimentation opportunities with various exercises, religions, and this occurs from the standpoint of accented globalism, the removal of cultural boundaries. This gives even greater instability by these processes within the modern Russian culture.
Also a characteristic feature of a modern sociocultural situation in Russia can be called unevenness of occurring sociocultural changes. These phenomena are observed, firstly, within various social groups and manifest themselves to the degree of their introduction, adoption and participation in socio-cultural changes. Currently, the gap of this kind is one of the threatening factors that prevent the creation of favorable conditions for the conclusion of modern Russia from the current state.
The difference between the culture of Russia and Russian civilization.
The term "civilization" (from Lat. Civilis - a civil, state, political, decent citizen) was introduced into the scientific turnover of French enlighteners to designate a civil society in which freedom, justice reigns.
Civilization as a holistic system includes various elements (religion, economic, political, social organization, education and education system, etc.), which are agreed with each other and closely interrelated. Each element of this system carries the seal of the uniqueness of one or another civilization.
To clarify the feature of civilization, it is necessary to consider the ratio of the concepts of "culture" and "civilization".
In cultural studies there is a fairly strong flow that is opposing the culture of civilization. The beginning of such opposition was put by Russian Slavophiles, arguing the thesis about the spirituality of the culture and confusion of civilization as a purely Western phenomenon. Continuing this tradition, N.A. Berdyaev wrote about civilization as the "death of the spirit of culture." As part of its concept, culture is symbolic, but not realistic, meanwhile, the dynamic movement inside the culture with its crystallized forms is inevitably attacked to the exit of the culture, "to life, to practice, to strength." In Western Cultural Science, the consistent oppression of culture and civilization carried out O. Spengler. In his book "Sunset Europe" (1918), he described civilization as the end moment in the development of culture, meaning it "sunset" or decline. Spengler considered the main features of the civilization "acute cold rationality", intellectual hunger, practical rationalism, a change of peace of being mental, the worship of the money, the development of science, the definition and the like phenomena.
However, in cultural studies there is a opposite approach, in fact, identifying culture and civilization. In the concept of K. Yasperse, civilization is interpreted as the value of all cultures. Culture is a rod of civilization, but with this approach, the question of the specifics of culture and civilization remains unresolved.
From my point of view, the problem of the concepts of the concepts of "culture" and "civilization" can find an acceptable solution if you understand the civilization as a certain product of culture, its specific property and component: civilization is a system of means of operation and improvement in the cultural process. . The concept of civilization with such a interpretation indicates functionality, manufacturability.
The concept of culture is associated with the formulation and implementation of human goals.
Allocate specific features of Russian culture:
1. Russian culture is a concept of historical and multifaceted. It includes facts, processes, trends, testifying for long and complex development both in geographical space and in historical time. The wonderful representative of the European Renaissance of Maxim Grek, who moved to our country at the turn of the XVI century, is the image of Russia astounding and loyalty. He writes about her, as a woman in a black dress, thoughtfully sitting "on the road." Russian culture is also "on the road", it is formed and developing in constant search. This is evidenced by the story.
2. Most of the territory of Russia are populated later than those regions of the world in which the main centers of world culture have developed. In this sense, Russian culture is a phenomenon of relatively young. Moreover, Rus did not know the period of slavement: Eastern Slavs moved directly to feudalism from community-patriarchal relations. By virtue of its historical youth, Russian culture was before the need for intensive historical development. Of course, Russian culture developed under the influence of various cultures of the countries of the West and the East, historically ahead of Russia. But perceiving and assimilating the cultural heritage of other peoples, Russian writers and artists, sculptors and architects, scientists and philosophers solved their tasks, formed and developed domestic traditions, never limited to copying other samples.
3. The long period of development of Russian culture was determined by the Christian Orthodox Religion. For many centuries, temple construction, iconography, church literature became leading cultural genres. A significant contribution to the world artistic treasury Russia, up to the XVIII century, contributed to spiritual activities related to Christianity. At the same time, the influence of Christianity on Russian culture is far from unambiguous. According to a fair remark of the prominent Slavophila A S. Khomyakova, Russia perceived only the external form, rite, and not the spirit and essence of the Christian religion, Russian culture came out due to the influence of religious dogmas and earned the border of Orthodoxy.
4. The specific features of Russian culture are determined to a large extent that the researchers called the "character of the Russian people" about this wrote all the researchers of the "Russian idea" of the main feature of this nature were called faith. The alternative to "Vera-Knowledge", "Vera-Mind" was solved in Russia into specific historical periods in different ways, but most often in favor of faith. Russian culture testifies: With all the disadvantage of the Russian soul and Russian nature, it is difficult to disagree with the famous lines of F. Tyutchev: "I don't understand Russia with the mind, I don't measure the Arches: it can only be to believe in Russia"
Russian culture has accumulated great values. The task of the current generations is to save and multiply them.
Cultural archetype, mentality and ethnos
Cultural archetypes - These are the deep cultural attitudes of the "collective unconscious", with the greatest labor of the changes that are characteristic features of cultural archetypes - stability and emergencyness. Cultural archetypes make themselves felt in all spheres of human life, but most of all they manifest themselves in his daily life. At the same time, as Jung noted, "when a situation that corresponds to this archetype, the archetype is activated, and coercion is developing, which, like the power of the instinct, lays the road, contrary to the mind and will."
The concepts of cultural archetype, mentality and national nature should be distinguished.
Mentalitet - This is a "totality of symbols, necessary formed within each given cultural and historical era and fixing people in the consciousness of people in the process of communicating with themselves like, i.e. Repeat. If cultural archetypes add up "in factum" and are unknowing and sustained, then mentality as a conscious system of symbols and meanings - "Post Factum", and therefore has a tendency to diversify. Mentality as a way to express knowledge about the world and a person in it serves in everyday life ontoologic and functional explanation and contains the answer in the first case to the question of what it; And in the second, - how and why it is.
The attribute of mentality is the identity due to its media ultimately the community of social conditions in which consciousness is formed. The identity is manifested in the ability of people to endow the same meanings of the same phenomenon of objective and subjective world, i.e. It is identical to them to consciously interpret and express in the same symbols.
National characterTo identify some researchers, it is a genotype plus culture. The genotype is that each of us receives from nature, through genes, and culture - what we join, starting from birth. Therefore, national character, in addition to unconscious cultural archetypes, which a person intersects in the process of socialization, includes the most repetitive natural ethnopsychological features of individuals.
A great influence on the formation of Russian cultural archetype was adopted in x in. Christianity that came to Russia from Byzantium in Orthodox form. The adoption of one or another religion as a state and national entails far-reaching consequences not only in the field of faith, but in the whole spiritual
Eastern Christian influence was more revealed to the Moscow period of Russian history, in the XV-XVI centuries, when the Byzantium itself had already fallen under the blows of the Turks. This impact was carried out primarily through culture, Byzantium, the sophisticated and vicious, which combined theology with orgies in himself, created a unique culture. Taking the most important moments of human being - the birth, death, the appeal of the soul to God, "Surrounding them with such a high poetry, built them to such a great meaning, to which Dotola they were not erected anywhere. (V. Orosanov).
In Eastern Christian culture, the Earth's existence of a person, considered as an episode on the threshold of eternal life, did not imagine intrinsicness. Therefore, a vital task was to prepare a person to death, which was regarded as the beginning of this life. The sense of earthly existence of a person recognized spiritual aspirations for humility and piety, the feeling of their own sinfulness and asceticism.
From here in Orthodox culture there was a disregard for earthly benefits, since earthly goods are negligible and fleeting, the attitude towards work is not as to the means of creation and creativity, but as a method of self-configuration and self-discipline.
Based on the opposition of the divine (hidden) and earthly (affordable direct perception), the desire to open the true (mystical) meaning of phenomena was particularly clearly discovered in Byzantine culture. From the illusory possession of the truth flowed intolerance, enshrined in the Orthodox cultural archetype, to all sorts of devise, which was interpreted as heresy as evasion from the good path.
Considering his culture as the highest, the Byzantines deliberately fencing themselves from foreign influences, including cultural. This regulatory age autark at the level of "collective unconscious" spawned a feature in the Orthodox cultural archetype messianism .
With Orthodoxy to Russian soil was transferred and the idea of \u200b\u200bCattle Under which collective life and consent is usually meant, the unanimous participation of believers in the life of the world and the Church. In this sense, the cobatriness was contrasted with individual wise from its rational, according to Orthodox views, abstract speculation. Cathedral experience and behavior was not focused on the reason, but on the "movement of the heart" and emotions, - but at the same time it was always striving for the concreteness, the connivities of religious acts, to their coordination with custom, "original" habits, and not with distracted principles .
East Christian Cat, spiritual synthesis (" alliance ") The peculiar global form of pragmatism is and often experienced as a kind of religious ecstasy. The peculiarity of Orthodox Russia in this regard was a pragmatic approach to various kinds of philosophical concepts, especially social doctrines, the embodiment of which was accompanied by bringing a certain trend to the last limit.
The Orthodox tradition of the Cathedral integration found an expression and in a characteristic Russian culture the splicing of the concepts of beauty, good and wisdom in the word "saying" This feature of the Orthodox World S. Bulgakov determined as "the vision of the intelligent beauty of the spiritual world."
Orthodoxy, spiritually organizing the religious moral life of the Russian people, contributed to the assimilation of such a system of spiritual values, which, imposing on the pagan cultural medium, led to the formation of special - john, Messianic - such as a Russian man. In Orthodoxy, the eschatological side of Christianity is very strongly expressed. Therefore, Russian, Ioanovsky man largely apocalyptic or nihilist. He has in connection with this sensitive distinction of good and evil, vigorously notes the imperfection of earthly acts, morals, institutions, never satisfy them and without ceasing to look for perfect good.
Recognizing holiness of higher value , Russian man strives for absolute good, and therefore does not build earthly, relative values \u200b\u200bin the rank of "sacred" principles. He wants to act always in the name of something absolute. If the Russian man doubts an absolute ideal, it can reach the extremely coolness and indifference to everything and is able to incredibly quickly pass the way from incredible tolerance and obedience to the most unbridled and limitless riot.
"A Russian man loves to remember, but not live" (A. Lechov). Ohm does not live in real, but only past or future. It was in the past that he is looking for moral consolation and inspiration of his life. Aspiration into the future, a constant search for a better life is combined with a Russian person with an indomitable faith in the possibility of its achievement.
Eternal search for ideal - the fertile basis for the occurrence of various kinds of social utopia and myths. The cult of the past and the future in Russian utopian culture makes a real object of criticism and generates in the archetype of a Russian person, respectively, two life-defined areas: constant teaching as a preaching of moral renewal with all cases of social recipes, and permanent doubts, a quest, permanent question without issues without Replies. Doubt and teach, teach and doubt the two of his sustainable inclinations.
John, a messianic man feels designed to create the highest divine order on earth, restore around that harmony, which he feels in himself. Therefore, it is not the thirst for power, but the mood of reconciliation and love. John man drives a feeling of some cosmic obsession. He is looking for disassembled to reunite, light and sanctify.
Fight for universalness - The main feature of the John, Messianic man. At the same time, striving for an infinite and comprehensive, he is afraid of definitions, hence the brilliant reincarnation of Russian people. Ioanovsky, Messianic type, established in Russia, is opposed to Promethevsky, the heroic man of the West (V. Shubart). He sees in the world chaos, which should arrange with its organizing force. The heroic man is full of thirst for power, he is removed farther and farther from God and everything deeper goes into the world of things. Secularization is his fate, heroism - his life feel, tragic - his end.
An oriental man is different from the Russian man of John-type. Messianism and spirituality of the Russian man, the heroism and the expressivity of the West East man contrasts the "universality" ("tastelessness"). In the eastern culture of "tastelessness" - an example of a miniguration oriented to the preservation of the harmony of the world with internal dynamism of development, therefore, which does not require the arbitrariness of human intervention. In the moral and religious plan of "taste" is a sign of a perfect taste, its versatility, this is the highest virtue, for "taste" is preference, and any actualization is a limitation. In the cultural tradition of the East, "tastelessness" is a positive quality. This is the value that in life is implemented in the practice of unconscious social opportunism, which means accepting or eliminating from making maximum flexibility and orientation solely on the requirement of the moment.
Therefore, if the virtues of Western person are vigorous and intensity, fashion and sensation, the Eastern man - the exact mean and mediocrity, silentness and withering, the virtues of the Russian person - passivity and patient, conservatism and harmony.
Federal Agency for Education
Autonomous non-profit organization
Higher professional education
"Eurasian Open Institute"
Kolomna branch
Test
according to the cultural studies
on the topic: Features of Russian culture
Student 2 courses 24mv groups
Kozlova Oleg Vladimirovich
Head Krochinkina N.V.
Kolomna, 2010
Introduction
Culture of the Russian civilization, its formation
Russian culture as an object of research
Essential features of Russian national culture
General trends and features of the development of modern global culture and culture of Russia
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The history of Russian culture, its values, role and place in world culture in the early 90s. XX century caused great interest and as a subject of scientific study and as a training course. There are many scientific and educational literature illuminating our history and culture. Her understanding was mainly based on the works of Russian thinkers Spiritual renaissance The end of the XIX is the first quarter of the XX century. However, by the end of the 90s. This interest began to subsoine. Partly because there was a sense of novelty formerly forbidden ideas, and the modern, original reading of our cultural history has not yet appeared.
The purpose of the work is to study the features of Russian culture.
Tasks of work:
Explore the formation of Russian culture;
Reveal the basic concepts;
Allocate the features of Russian national culture;
Examine the development of Russian culture at the present stage.
Culture of the Russian civilization, its formation
Our culture began to stand out in a special type in the framework of the Christian civilization in the IX-XI centuries. In the course of the formation of the state in Eastern Slavs and their admission to Orthodoxy.
A great influence on the formation of this type of culture was the geopolitical factor - the average position of Russia between the civilizations of the West and the East, which served as the basis for its marginalization, i.e. The emergence of such border cultural districts and layers, which, on the one hand, did not adjoin either one of the known cultures, and on the other, were a favorable environment for a variety of cultural development.
The most frequently distinguished signs of Russian civilization include the autocratic form of state power or, as determined by this type of authority, the historian M. Dovanar-Zapolsky, the "primary state"; collectivist mentality; Subordination of society by the state "(or" dualism of society and state power "), a slight amount of economic freedom.
As for the stages of the development of Russian civilization, there are different points of view. Some scientists believe that with the IX century. And to the present, in that area, which is called Russia, there was one civilization. In its development, several stages that differ in special typological features can be distinguished, which allows them to qualify them as independent historical and cultural communities: ancient Russia (IX-XIII), Moscow Kingdom (XIV-XVII centuries), Imperial Russia (from XVIII in . and to this day).
Other researchers believe that by the XIII century. There was one "Russian-European", or "Slavonic-European" civilization, and from the XIV century. - Other: "Eurasian", or "Russian".
The dominant form of integration of the "Russian-European" civilization was (as in Europe - Catholicism) of Orthodoxy, which, although it was accepted and extended to Russia, was largely autonomous in relation to it.
The Russian Orthodox Church has long been depending on the Constantinople Patriarch and only in the middle of the XV century. gained actual independence.
The Old Russian State itself was a confederation of sufficiently independent state formations politically bonded only by the unity of the princely kind, after the collapse of which at the beginning of the XII century. They acquired a full state sovereignty.
Orthodoxy set a common normative-value order for Russia, a single symbolic form of whose expression was an ancient Russian language.
Kiev princes could not rely as Roman or Chinese emperors, to a powerful military-bureaucratic system or, like Ahemedida Shahi, on numerically and culturally dominant ethnos. They found a support in Orthodoxy and built statehood to a large extent as a missionary task of treating pagans.
In the first centuries of the ancient Russian statehood, it can be considered as a "subsidiary" zone of the Byzantine culture as a "subsidiary" zone of the Byzantine culture. However, in most essential forms of socio-political device and livelihoods, the ancient Russian civilization was closer to Europe, especially Eastern.
With the traditional societies of Europe of that time, she had a number of common features: the urban character of the "titular" marking society as a whole, culture; the predominance of agricultural production; "Military-democratic" nature of the genesis of state power; The lack of a serving syndrome of a servile complex (polling slavery) when contacting an individual with the state.
At the same time, an ancient Russia had a number of common features with traditional Asian-type societies:
the absence of private property and economic classes in the European sense;
dominance of the principle of centralized redistribution, in which the power gave birth to property;
autonomy of communities in relation to the state, generating significant possibilities for socio-cultural regeneration;
evolutionary nature of social development.
In general, the ancient Russian civilization in a Slavic-pagan basis synthesized some features of European socio-political and production and technological realities, Byzantine mystical reflects and canons, as well as the Asian principles of centralized redistribution.
Geopolitical, as well as economic factors predetermined the appearance in the ancient Russian civilization of several subcultures - South, North and Northeast.
The southern subculture was focused on the Asian "steppe". Kiev princes preferred even to form a druzensky guard from the mercenaries of the tribal association "black hoods", the remains of the Turkic nomads - Pechenegs, Torkov, Berendev, who were arrowded on the Rose River. During the period of Tatar-Mongolian invasion, the Kiev subculture ceased to exist.
Novgorod subculture was aimed at partners in the Hanseatic Union represented by trade islands of European civilization. If Novgorod and resorted to mercenaries, then, as a rule, Varyagi became them. The Novgorod subculture, preserved during the Tatar-Mongolian Iga and strengthened its European peculiarity, degraded after the joining of Novgorod to Moscow in the XV century.
Russian culture as a research object
Concepts russian culture , russian national culture , culture of Russia - It can be considered as synonyms, and it is possible as independent phenomena. They reflect different states and components of our culture. It seems that in the study of Russian culture, the focus must be actually a culture, cultural traditions of the Eastern Slavs as the Union of tribes, Rusichi, Russians. The culture of other peoples in this case is of interest as a result and process of mutual influence, borrowing, dialogue of cultures. In this case, the concept russian culture synonymously concept russian national culture . Concept culture of Russia More wider, as it includes the history of the formation and development of the culture of the ancient Russian state, individual principalities, multinational state associations - the Moscow State, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation. In this context, Russian culture acts as the main system-forming element of the culture of a multinational state. Russia's multinational culture can be typed on various grounds: confessional (Orthodox, Old Believers, Catholics, Muslims, etc.); According to the economic structure (agricultural culture, cattle breeding, hunting), etc. Ignore the multinational nature of the culture of our state, as well as the role of Russian culture in this state is very unproductive.
The study of domestic culture is the task not only educational. It is closely related to the other - no less important, to raise carriers of Russian culture, the continules of its traditions, which will contribute to its preservation as part of world culture, expanding the borders of Russian culture, and the culture dialogue.
Oh, light bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! Many beauties are glorified by many ... Lakes are famous for many, rivers and sources of locally honors, mountains, steep hills, high dumbers, clean fields, wonderful animals, a variety of birds, countless cities, ostels, glory, gardens of monastic, temples of God and Princes of Grozny, boyars honest, many wednesdays. All you are filled, Russian Earth, Orthodox Vera Christian!
These lines, imbued with deep love for their land constitute the beginning of an ancient literary monument. The word about the death of the Russian earth . Unfortunately, only an excerpt has been preserved, which was discovered in the composition of another work - Tale of the life of Alexander Nevsky . Writing time The words - 1237 - early 1246
Each national culture is a form of self-expression of the people. It manifests the features of a national character, minorasania, mentality. Any culture is unique and passes its own, a unique path of development. This fully applies to Russian culture. It can be compared with the cultures of the East and the West only to the extent that they interact with her have an impact on its genesis and evolution, are associated with Russian culture of a common destiny.
Attempts to understand the domestic culture, determine its place and role in the circle of other cultures are associated with certain difficulties. They can be divided into the following: the strong committee to the comparative approach, a constant attempt to a comparative analysis of our culture and culture of Western Europe and is almost always not in favor of the first; The ideology of a specific cultural and historical material and his interpretation from one or another positions during which some facts are put forward to the fore, and those that do not fit into the author's concept are ignored.
When considering the cultural and historical process in Russia, three main approaches are clearly traced.
The first approach is represented by supporters of a unicineal model of world history. According to this concept, all Russia's problems can be solved by overcoming the civilization, cultural lag or modernization.
Supporters of the second emanate from the concept of multine-core historical development, according to which the history of mankind consists of the history of a number of original civilizations, and the Russian (Slavic - N.Ya. Danilevsky or Orthodox-Christian-A. Tynbi) is also related to both of the distinctive civilizations. Moreover, the main features or soul Each civilization cannot be perceived or deeply understood by representatives of other civilization or culture, i.e. It is unrecognizable and not reproducible.
The third group of authors is trying to reconcile both approaches. These include the famous researcher of Russian culture, author of multi-volume labor Essays on the history of Russian culture PN Milyukov, who identified his position as a synthesis of two opposing structures of Russian history, of which one advanced the similarity of the Russian process with European, bringing this similarity to the identity, and the other proved the Russian originality, to complete incomparability and exclusivity . Milyukov occupied a conciliation and built a Russian historical process on the synthesis of both features, similarities and peculiarities, emphasizing the features of originality somewhat sharply than the similarities . It should be noted that the Milukov detected at the beginning of the 20th century. Approaches to the study of the cultural and historical process of Russia have retained, with some modifications, their main features to the end of our century.
Essential features of Russian national culture
Allocate specific features of Russian culture from ancient times until the XX century:
Russian culture is the concept of historical and multifaceted. It includes facts, processes, trends, testifying for long and complex development both in geographical space and in historical time. The wonderful representative of the European Renaissance of Maxim Grek, who moved to our country at the turn of the XVI century, is the image of Russia astounding and loyalty. He writes about her, as a woman in a black dress, thoughtfully sitting "on the road." Russian culture is also "on the road", it is formed and developing in constant search. This is evidenced by the story.
Most of the territory of Russia are populated later than those regions of the world in which the main centers of world culture have developed. In this sense, Russian culture is a phenomenon of relatively young. Moreover, Rus did not know the period of slavement: Eastern Slavs moved directly to feudalism from community-patriarchal relations. By virtue of its historical youth, Russian culture was before the need for intensive historical development. Of course, Russian culture developed under the influence of various cultures of the countries of the West and the East, historically ahead of Russia. But perceiving and assimilating the cultural heritage of other peoples, Russian writers and artists, sculptors and architects, scientists and philosophers solved their tasks, formed and developed domestic traditions, never limited to copying other samples.
The long period of development of Russian culture was determined by the Christ-Tian-Orthodox religion. For many centuries, temple construction, iconography, church literature became leading cultural genres. A significant contribution to the world artistic treasury Russia, up to the XVIII century, contributed to spiritual activities related to Christianity.
The specific features of Russian culture are determined to a large extent that researchers called the "character of the Russian people," all researchers of the "Russian idea" wrote about this, the main feature of this nature was called faith. The alternative to "Vera-Knowledge", "Vera-Mind" was solved in Russia into specific historical periods in different ways, but most often in favor of faith.
General trends and features of the development of modern global culture and culture of Russia
One of the most important problems for modern culture is the problem of traditions and innovation in cultural space. The steady side of the culture, the cultural tradition, due to which the accumulation and broadcast of human experience in history occurs, gives new generations the possibility of actualization of previous experience, support on the preceding generations created by the previous generations. In traditional societies, the assimilation of the culture occurs through the reproduction of samples, with the possibility of minor variations within the tradition of tradition. The tradition in this case is the basis of the functioning of the culture, to a large extent obstructing creativity in the sense of innovation. Actually, the most "creative" in our understanding of the process of traditional culture, no matter how paradoxically, the very formation of a person acts as a subject of culture as a set of canonical stereotypical programs (customs, rituals). The transformation of these canons themselves is slow enough. Such are the culture of primitive society and later traditional culture. Under certain conditions, the stability of the cultural tradition can be attributed to the need for the sustainability of the human team for its survival. However, on the other hand, the dynamism of culture does not mean refusal from cultural traditions in general. It is hardly possible to exist culture without traditions. Cultural traditions as historical memory - an indispensable condition of not only the existence, but also the development of culture, even if there is a large creative (and at the same time negative in relation to the tradition) of the potential. As a living example, the cultural transformation of Russia after the October Revolution can be given, when attempts to complete the denial and destruction of the previous culture led in many cases to uncomply losses in this area.
Thus, if it is possible to talk about reactionary and progressive trends in culture, then, on the other hand, it is hardly possible to present the creation of a culture "on an empty place", completely rejecting the preceding culture, tradition. The issue of traditions in culture and the attitude towards cultural heritage concerns not only the preservation, but also the development of culture, etc. Cultural creativity. In the latter, universal organic merged with unique: each cultural value is unique, whether it is about the artistic work, invention, etc. In this sense, replication in one form or another already known, already created earlier - is distribution, and not the creation of culture. The need to distribute culture, as it seems, does not need evidence. Creativity of the Culture, being a source of innovation, involved in a controversial process of cultural development, which reflects a wide range of sometimes opposing and configuring trends of this historical era.
At first glance, the culture considered from the point of view of the content falls into various spheres: morals and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, settlements, work, formulation of education, economy, the nature of the army, the socio-political device, proceedings, science, technology , art, religion, all forms of manifestation of the "Spirit" of the people. In this sense, the history of culture becomes paramount importance for understanding the level of development of culture.
If you actually talk about modern culture, it is embodied in a huge variety of material and spiritual phenomena. These are new products, both new food products, and new elements of the material infrastructure of life, production, and new scientific ideas, ideological concepts, religious beliefs, moral ideals and regulators, works of all types of arts, etc. At the same time, the sphere of modern culture under the clue is heterogeneous, because each of its components of its cultures has common boundaries, both geographical and chronological with other cultures and epochs.
Since the twentieth century, the distinguishes between the concepts of culture and civilization becomes characteristic - the culture continues to bear a positive sense, and civilization receives a neutral assessment, and sometimes direct negative meaning. Civilization, as a synonym for material culture, as a rather high stage of mastering the forces of nature, is definitely carrying a powerful charge of technical progress and contributes to the achievement of the abundance of material goods. The concept of civilization is most often associated with the value-neutral development of technology, which can be used in a wide variety of purposes, and the concept of culture, on the contrary, most closely with the concept of spiritual progress. The negative qualities of civilization usually include its tendency to standardize thinking, orientation to the absolute loyalty to the generally accepted truths, characteristic of it a low assessment of independence and originality of individual thinking, which are perceived as "social danger." If culture, from this point of view, forms a perfect personality, the civilization forms an ideal law-abiding member of the society, by the benefits granted to him. Civilization is increasingly understood as synonymous with urbanization, crowding, tyranny cars, as a source of dehumanization of the world. In fact, as if deeply penetrating the human mind in the secrets of the world, the spiritual world of the person himself remains in many ways mysterious. Civilization and science themselves cannot provide spiritual progress, here culture is needed as a totality of all spiritual education and education, including the entire spectrum of intellectual, moral and aesthetic achievements of humanity.
In general, for modern primarily world culture, two ways to solve the crisis situation are offered. If, on the one hand, the resolution of crisis trends of culture is supposed to be on the way of traditional Western ideals - strict science, universal education, reasonable organization of life, production, conscious approach to all phenomena of the world, changes in the development of science and technology, i.e. increasing the role of spiritual and the moral improvement of man, as well as improving its material conditions, then the second way of resolving crisis phenomena implies the return of the genus of human or to various modifications of religious culture or to the forms of life more "natural" for humans and life - with limited healthy needs, feeling unity with nature and space, the forms of the existence of a person free from power of technology.
The philosophers of modernity and the recent past occupy the technique of one or another position, as a rule, they are associated with technology (understood quite widely) crisis of culture and civilization. The mutual influence of technology and modern culture is one of the key problems for consideration. If the role of technology in culture is largely clarified in the works of Heidegger, Jaspers, Fromma, the problem of humanization of technology remains one of the most important unresolved tasks for all mankind.
One of the most interesting moments in the development of modern culture is to form a new image of the culture itself. If the traditional image of world culture is primarily connected with the ideas of historical and organic integrity, then the new image of the culture is increasingly associated, on the one hand, with ideas of a space scale, on the other hand the idea of \u200b\u200bthe universal ethical paradigm. It should also be noted that the formation of a new type of cultural interaction, expressed primarily in the refusal of simplified rational schemes for solving cultural problems. The ability to understand someone else's culture and points of view are becoming increasingly important, the critical analysis of their own actions, recognition of someone else's cultural identity and someone else's truth, the ability to include them in their position and recognition of the legitimacy of the existence of many truths, the ability to build dialogical relations and compromise. Such logic of cultural communication involves the corresponding principles of operation.
In Russia, the beginning of the 90s of the last century is characterized by the accelerated collapse of the Unified Culture of the USSR into individual national cultures, for which not only the values \u200b\u200bof the total culture of the USSR were unacceptable, but also the cultural traditions of each other. A sharp opposition of various national cultures led to the growing cultural tension and caused the disintegration of a single sociocultural space.
The culture of modern Russia, organically associated with the previous periods of the country's history, was in a completely new political and economic situation, a radically changed a lot, first of all, the relationship between culture with the authorities. The state has ceased to dictate its demands to culture, and the culture has lost the guaranteed customer.
Since the overall rod of cultural life has disappeared as a centralized management system and a single cultural policy, the definition of further cultural development has become a matter of society itself and the subject of sharp disagreements. The search range is extremely wide - from following by Western samples to the apology of isolationism. The lack of a unifying cultural idea is perceived by part of society as a manifestation of a deep crisis, which turned out to be Russian culture by the end of the 20th century. Others consider cultural pluralism of the natural norm of a civilized society.
If, on the one hand, the elimination of ideological barriers has created favorable opportunities for the development of spiritual culture, then, on the other hand, the economic crisis experienced by the country, a difficult transition to market relations strengthened the risk of cultural commercialization, the loss of national traits during its further development. The spiritual sphere was generally worried in the mid-90s acute crisis. The desire to send the country to market development led to the impossibility of the existence of certain spheres of culture, objectively needing state support.
At the same time, the section continued to deepen the division between elite and massive forms of culture, between the youth environment and the older generation. All these processes unfolding against the backdrop of a quick and sharp increase in the uneven access to consumption not only material, but cultural goods.
By virtue of the above reasons, the first place in the culture began to occupy the media, called the "fourth power".
In modern domestic culture, unsecast values \u200b\u200band orientations are combined in conjunction: collectivism, cobatriness and individualism, egoism, huge and often deliberate politicia and demonstrative apoliticality, statehood and anarchy, etc.
If it is quite obvious that one of the most important conditions for updating the Company as a whole is the revival of culture, then specific movements on this path continue to be the subject of fierce discussions. In particular, the subject of the dispute becomes the role of the state in the regulation of culture: whether the state should interfere in the cultural affairs, or the culture itself will find funds for their survival. Here, apparently, the next point of view was formed: ensuring freedom of culture, the right to cultural identity, the state takes on the development of the strategic tasks of cultural construction and the obligation to protect the cultural and historical national heritage, the necessary financial support for cultural values. However, the specific implementation of these provisions continues to be questionable. The state, apparently, is not quite conscious that culture cannot be given to the deposit of business, its support, including education, science, is of great importance for maintaining the moral, mental health of the nation. Despite all the contradictory characteristics of domestic culture, society cannot allow separation from its cultural heritage. The decaying culture is little adapted to transformations.
As for the development of culture in modern Russia, various opinions are also expressed. On the one hand, it is possible to strengthen cultural and political conservatism, as well as stabilization of the situation on the basis of ideas about the identity of Russia and its special path in history. However, it is fraught with a refund to the population of culture. If in this case the automatic support for the cultural heritage, traditional forms of creativity, then, on the other hand, will inevitably limit the foreign influence on the culture that any aesthetic innovations will sharply make it difficult.
On the other hand, in the context of the integration of Russia under the influence of the external system of farms and culture and turning it into the "province" in relation to global centers may lead to the dominance of alien trends in domestic culture, although the cultural life of society in this case will also be more stable for An account of commercial self-regulation of culture.
In any case, the key problem remains the preservation of the original national culture, its international influence and integration of cultural heritage in the life of society; Integration of Russia into the system of universal culture as an equal participant in world artistic processes. It is necessary for state intervention in the cultural life of the country, since only in the presence of institutional regulation, it is possible to fully engage the cultural potential to fully reorient the state cultural policy, to ensure the accelerated development of the domestic cultural industry within the country.
In modern domestic culture, numerous and very contradictory trends are manifested, partially designated above. In general, the current period of the development of domestic culture is still transitional, although it can be stated that there are also certain ways out of the cultural crisis.
Conclusion
russian national culture
Russian culture, of course, the Great European Culture. It is an independent and distinctive national culture, a keeper of national traditions, values, reflection of the peculiarities of a national character. Russian culture in the process of its formation and development experienced the influence of many cultures, absorbed some elements of these cultures, recycled and rethought them, they became part of our culture as its organic component.
Russian culture is neither east culture nor the culture of the West. It can be said that it is an independent type of culture. As a result of various reasons, Russian culture has not fully implemented its capabilities, its potential.
Unfortunately, the experience of various transformations in Russia is complicated by the fact that any change was made violent by either a sharp layer, replacement, denial, rejection of the existing cultural tradition. The cultural history of the country has repeatedly confirmed the welfare of this approach, which caused not only the destruction of the previous culture, but also led to a conflict of generations, conflict supporters novin and antiques. Another essential task is to overcome the incompleteness complex, which is formed by part of our society towards his country and culture. It also does not contribute to moving forward. The response to it is manifestations of nationalism and sharp denial of any borrowing.
Russian culture testifies: With all the disadvantage of the Russian soul and Russian nature, it is difficult to disagree with the famous lines of F. Tyutchev: "I don't understand Russia with the mind, I don't measure the Arches: it can only be to believe in Russia"
Russian culture has accumulated great values. The task of the current generations is to save and multiply them.
List of used literature
1.Literature of ancient Russia. Reader. M., 2005.
2.Milyukov P.N. Essays on the history of Russian culture: at 3 t. M., 2003. T. 1.
.Polishchuk V.I. Cultural Science: Tutorial. - M.: Gardariki, 2007. With the topic right now, to learn about the possibility of receiving consultation.
No wonder the National Culture of Russia has always been considered the soul of the people. Its main feature and attractiveness consists in amazing variety, identity and uniqueness. Each nation, developing its own culture and tradition, is trying to avoid imitating and humiliated copying. That is why their own forms of cultural life are created. In all known typologies, Russia is customary separately. The culture of this country is truly unique, it cannot be compared with either Western or eastern destinations. Of course, all the peoples are different, but it is the understanding of the importance of internal development and unites people throughout the planet.
The importance of culture of different nationalities in the world
Every country and every people are important in their own for the modern world. This is especially true of the history and its conservation. Today it is quite difficult to talk about how important the culture is for modernity, because the scale of values \u200b\u200bhas changed significantly in recent years. National culture increasingly began to be perceived somewhat ambiguously. This is due to the development of two global trends in the culture of different countries and peoples that have increasingly began to develop conflicts on this background.
The first trend is directly related to some borrowing of cultural values. All this happens spontaneously and almost uncontrollably. But incredible consequences bearing. For example, the loss of coloring and uniqueness of each individual state, and therefore its people. On the other hand, countries have increasingly began to appear that call upon their citizens to revive their own culture and spiritual values. But one of the most important issues is the Russian National Culture, which in recent decades has become embraced against the background of a multinational country.
Formation of the Russian National Character
Perhaps, many have heard about the latitude of the Russian soul and the strength of Russian. National culture of Russia depends largely on these two factors. In due time V.O. Klyuchevsky expressed the theory that the formation of a Russian nature largely depended on the country's geographical location.
He argued that the landscape of the Russian soul corresponds to the landscape of the Russian Earth. It is not surprising that for the majority of citizens living in the modern state, the concept of "Russia" carries a deep meaning.
Household life also reflects the remnants of the past. After all, if we talk about the culture, traditions and character of the Russian people, then it can be noted that it has formed for a long time. The simplicity of life was always a distinctive feature of the Russian man. And this is due primarily to the fact that the Slavs suffered a lot of fires, which destroyed Russian villages and cities. The result was not only the urgency of the Russian person, but also a simplified attitude towards everyday life. Although it is precisely those tests that fell to the share of Slavs and allowed to form this nation a specific national character, which cannot be estimated unequivocally.
The main features of the national nature of the nation
Russian national culture (namely, its formation) has always dependent on the nature of the people, who lived in the state.
One of the most weighty features is kindness. It is this quality that was manifested by the most diverse gestures, which today we can safely observe the majority of Russian residents. For example, hospitality and guilty. After all, no people do not meet the guests as they do in our country. Yes, and such a combination of qualities, like mercy, compassion, empathy, cordiality, generosity, simplicity and tolerance, is rarely found from other nationalities.
Another important feature in the nature of Russians is the love of work. And although many historians and analysts note that how much the Russian man was hardworking and able to be so lazy and misinterpretative, nevertheless should not be noted the performance and endurance of this nation. In general, the nature of the Russian person is multifaceted and has not yet been studied. What, in fact, is the very raisin.
Values \u200b\u200bof Russian culture
In order to understand the soul of a person, it is necessary to know his story. National culture of our people was formed under the conditions of the peasant community. Therefore, it is not surprising that in Russian culture the interests of the team have always been higher than personal interests. After all, Russia has lived a significant part of its history in the conditions of military operations. That is why among the values \u200b\u200bof Russian culture always celebrate extraordinary devotion and love for their homeland.
The concept of justice in all centuries was considered to be the first thing. This came from the same time, as each peasant was distinguished by an equal plot of land. And if most nations have such a value considered instrumental, then in Russia it has gained targeted.
Many Russian sayings suggest that the attitude to work at our ancestors was very simplified, for example: "Work is not a wolf, it will not run into the forest." This does not mean that the work was not appreciated. But the concept of "wealth" and the desire itself was never attended by the Russian person to the extent that he is attributed to him today. And if we talk about the values \u200b\u200bof Russian culture, then it has been reflected in the character and soul of a Russian man first of all.
Language and literature as the values \u200b\u200bof the people
What do not say, and the greatest value of each people is his language. The language on which he says writes and thinks who allows you to express your own thoughts and opinion. Not in vain among Russians there is a saying: "Language - people."
Old Russian literature originated during the adoption of Christianity. At that moment there were two directions of literary art - this is the world history and meaning of human life. The books were written very slowly, and the main readers were representatives of the highest classes. But this did not prevent time from time to develop Russian literature to world peaks.
And at one time Russia was one of the most reading countries in the world! Language and national culture are very closely connected. After all, it was through the Scriptures in antiquity experience and accumulated knowledge. In historical terms, Russian culture dominates, but the national culture of peoples living in the expanses of our country has been dominated by the role in its development. That is why most works are closely intertwined with historical events of other countries.
Painting as part of the culture of Russia
Just like literature, painting occupies a very significant place in the formation of the cultural life of Russia.
The first thing that developed as the art of painting in Russia is an iconist. Which once again proves a high level of spirituality of this people. And at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, the iconography reaches its apogee.
Over time, the desire to draw arises from a simple people. As mentioned earlier, the beauty of beauty had a great influence on the development of cultural values, in the territory of which Russians lived. It is possible that that is why the huge number of paintings of Russian artists were devoted to the expanses of the native land. Through his canvas, the Master was transferred not only to the beauty of the surrounding world, but also the personal state of the soul, and sometimes the state of the soul of the whole people. Often, a double secret meaning was laid in the paintings, which was opened exclusively for whom the work was intended. The Russian Art School is recognized by the world and takes an honorable place on the world pedestal.
Religion of the multinational people of Russia
National culture depends largely on how the gods are worshiped. As you know, Russia is a multinational country in which about 130 nations and nationalities live, each of which has its own religion, culture, language and life. That is why religion in Russia does not have a single name.
To date, there are 5 leading areas in the territory of the Russian Federation: Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, as well as Catholicism and Protestantism. Each of these religions has a place in a huge country. Although, if we talk about the formation of the national culture of Russia, then the Russians were also treated exclusively to the Orthodox Church.
At one time, the Great Russian principality for the sake of strengthening relations with Byzantia decided to take Orthodoxy in the territory of all Russia. Church figures in those days were necessarily included in the nearest setting of the king. Hence the concept that the church is always associated with state power. In the ancient times, even before the baptism of Russia, the ancestors of the people of Russian worshiped the Vedic Gods. The religion of the ancient Slavs was a deification of the forces of nature. Of course, there were not only kind characters there, but mostly the gods of the ancient representatives of the nation were mysterious, beautiful and kind.
Kitchen and traditions in Russia
National culture and traditions are practically inseparable concepts. After all, all this - first of all the memory of the people, what keeps a person from depersonalization.
As mentioned earlier, the Russians were always famous for their hospitality. That is why Russian cuisine is so diverse and tasty. Although a few centuries ago, Slavs fed enough simple and monotonous food. In addition, the post was taken for the population of this country. Therefore, the table mostly always shared on a modest and lean.
Most often, on the table, meat, dairy, flour and vegetable products could be found. Although many dishes in Russian culture have an exceptionally ritual meaning. Traditions firmly intertwined with kitchenware in Russia. Some dishes are considered ritual and prepared only at certain holidays. For example, kursany are always prepared for the wedding, they are boiled to Christmas, pancakes bake to Maslenitsa, and Kulichi and Easter - to Easter. Of course, the residence of other peoples in Russia affected her kitchen. Therefore, in many dishes, unusual recipes can be observed, as well as the availability of not Slavic products. But not in vain in vain: "We are what we eat." Russian cuisine is very simple and useful!
Modernity
Many are trying to judge how the national culture of our state has been preserved today.
Russia, indeed, a unique country. She has a rich history and difficult fate. That is why the culture of this country is sometimes tender and touching, and sometimes tough and militant. If we consider the ancient Slavs, then the real national culture was born here. Preserving it, more than ever, it is important today! Over the past few centuries, Russia has learned not only to live with other peoples in the world and friendship, but also to take the religion of other nations. Before today, most of the ancient traditions have preserved, which Russians are happy to honor. Many features of the ancient Slavs are present today from worthy descendants of their people. Russia is a great country that refers to its culture is extremely prevailing!