How to find out the nationality at the end of the surname. Beautiful Ukrainian surnames: meaning and list

With each year of his life, a person increasingly expands the choice of communication, meeting new people. In order for a new acquaintance to go to a contact with you, you need to make a pleasant impression. In order to avoid inconvenient situations, it is important to know what kind of nationality a person needs to be in front of you, so that you behave yourself in a moral and ethical manner. Most of the surnames can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -ski, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ih, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh) ;

Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -onak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and polished (Dubrovsky, Kostyushko);

Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -ii (s), indicating the masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); also exist double surnames- if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her last name (Mazur-Komorowska); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Novak, Senkevich, Vuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -iy are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles .;

Ukrainians - the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Khreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of a craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames is made up of separate Ukrainian words(Gorobets, Ukrainets, Parubok), as well as the fusion of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians - a peculiarity to the masculine gender denotes a surname with the ending in -s, -is, and to the feminine - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurina)

Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Petrenas, Norvidaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the endings -e (Grinyus - Grinyuvene), surnames unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of suffixes -out, -poluyut, -ait and the endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians - male and female genders are not distinguished by surnames, all foreign surnames(mainly Germanic ones) were once Estonianized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, footballers Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;

French - many names are preceded by the prefix Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); basically, dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);

Romanians: -sku, -y (l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

Englishmen - the following surnames are common: derived from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting a profession (Hoggart is a shepherd, Smith is a blacksmith); pointing to appearance character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bakhwal);

Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames characterizing a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norwegians - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena(Blizzard is a blizzard, Svane is a swan, Furu is a pine);

Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), may end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, a person's belonging to his own family and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

The Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -es, -az, -is, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), and surnames indicating a person's character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - horseless);

Turks - most often surnames have the ending -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekinci, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade), when forming surnames they often used Turkish names or everyday words (Ali, Abaza is a fool, Kolpakchi is a hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -glo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis) are inherent in them;

Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it seems to be inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanova, Andersonova).

Georgians - surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakobyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -y (l), -an.

Azerbaijanis formed surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Hasanov, Abdullaev) to them. Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews - the main group is made up of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group is derived from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes(Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects a person's character, features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is a black-bearded, Stilller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).

Ossetians: -ty.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - for the most part these are surnames consisting of one, less often of two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai);

Japanese are modern Japanese surnames formed by the fusion of two full-valued words (Wada - sweetheart and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); the most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his surname, highlighting the suffix and the ending.

WHAT DO THE SURNAMES WITH "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING WITH -IN HAVE RUSSIAN OR JEWISH ROOTS?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegaun, "Russian surnames", one can read that surnames with "in" are predominantly Russian type of surnames.

Why exactly the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words with the ending -а / -я and from nouns female with a soft consonant ending.

Examples of erroneous joining -in to stems with a final solid consonant are not isolated: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should be. And in another case -ov was in place -in: Shishimorov from the base of shishimora. Mixing of formants is possible. Indeed, among Russians, the -in and -ov are semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference has been lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivally on the phonetic attribute of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612 Minin came about? Minin bore a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a surname. And Minin meant "son of Mina". The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Russia.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname with "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Hebrew name Simeon, meaning "hearer", "heard by God." Many derivative forms were formed on behalf of Semyon in Russia, one of which - Sema - formed the basis of this surname.

The famous Slavic linguist B.O. Unbegaun in the collection "Russian Surnames" believes that the surname Semin was formed from the following scheme: "Semyon - Sema - Semin".

Let's give another example of a surname that we examined in detail in a family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or sell fabric.

Rogozhey was a coarse woven fabric made of sponge ribbons. In Russia, a horned hut (matting, matting) was called a workshop where matting was woven, and a matting weaver or a matting merchant was called a matting hut.

In their close circle, Rogozhnik's household members were known as Rogozhin's wife, Rogozhin's son, and Rogozhin's grandchildren. Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhin - was fixed for the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Bearoda), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (on behalf of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which the surnames are formed on "in" generally end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say "Borodov" or "Ilyinov"; it would be more logical and more sonorous to pronounce "Ilyin" or "Borodin".

Why do some people think that surnames ending in "- in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, by one ending it is impossible to judge the origin of the surname. Sound Jewish surnames coincides with the Russian endings just by pure coincidence.

You should always research the last name itself. The ending of "s", for some reason, does not cause any doubts in us. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are certainly Russian. But there are also exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.

The surname Maksyutov has the ending "ov", which is common among Russian surnames. But, if you examine the surname more deeply, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is formed from the Tatar male name"Maqsud", which in translation from Arabic means "desire, premeditated intention, striving, goal", "long-awaited, desired." The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Makhsud, Makhsut, Maksyut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs to this day.

"The surname Maksyutov is old princely surname Tatar origin... O ancient origins surnames Maksyutov say historical sources... For the first time the surname was documented in the 16th century: Maksyutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksyutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - Volga-Bulgar princely-Murzin clan, comes from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogy legend Prince Maksut was called an ulan and a descendant of the Tsarevich Kasima. "Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How to find out if the last name in -in has Jewish origin or is it a primordially Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames with the ending "-in" or "-ov": Edmin (comes from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (comes from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "kotn", meaning "small"), Events (comes from Hebrew "Even tov" - " precious stone”), Khazin (comes from the Hebrew“ khazan ”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation“ khazn ”, meaning“ a person leading worship in the synagogue ”), Superfin (translated as“ very handsome ”) and many others.

The ending "-in" is just an ending that cannot be used to judge the nationality of the surname. You always need to research the surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to look in various books and archival documents for the first mentions of your surname. Only when all the information is collected, you can confidently establish the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.

SURNAMES ENDING IN √ SKY / -SKY, -TSKY / -TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unsubstantiated conviction that surnames in -sky are certainly Polish. The surnames of several Polish magnates are known from history textbooks, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But the surnames of many Russians with the same suffixes are known from the same textbooks: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, czar John III, late 15th - early 16th century; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, confidants of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that the forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with the variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnov, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But rather rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are represented almost equally.

A significant part of the surnames ending in -skiy / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya are derived from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -skiy / -tskiy.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the history of his surname. We cite only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. The Bryn is a river in the Kaluga region, it flows into a tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements of Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements of Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn and Brynitsa. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of a populated place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the wine grower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is formed from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in Belarusian language in place of unstressed o, the letter a) is written. The surname was formed from the name of some settlement Gorbovitsy. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designation of the terrain: hump - hillock, sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is derived from the name of one of the many settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoe, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further habitation. The accent in the surname on "o": Dubovsky / Dub ovskaya.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of the settlements Steblevka of the Transcarpathian region or Steblev - Cherkasy. In Ukrainian spelling, i is written in place of the second e.

Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be the descendants of the Cossacks.

Uryanskiy. The surname, most likely, is formed from the name of the settlement of Urya. In our materials, this name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the inhabited place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation ethnic group ur, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people uryanka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they stayed for a long time.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.

Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoe, Shabanskoe, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. V Arabic sha "ban - the name of the eighth month lunar calendar... The name Shaban is attested in Russians too peasant families in the XV-XVII centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant of Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned; in 1584 - the striving grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group is known Siberian Tatars Shibani and generic name Crimean Tatars Shiban murzas. V Perm region there is a settlement of Shibanovo, and in Ivanovskaya - Shibanikha.

So closely related to each other different types proper names: personal, geographic and ethnic names as well as surnames.

Where did such names as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?

This is a unique "-enko"

Surnames ending with the suffix "-enko" are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they make up the largest group, but because practical ones are not found among other Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames became widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that the Ukrainians, after joining the Moscow State in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.

It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than the Russians. The very first mentions of the surname with the suffix "-enko" refer to XVI century... Their localization was typical for Podillya, a little less often for Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later, they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.

Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kiev regiment in the mid-17th century, notes that surnames ending in "-enko" accounted for about 60% of the regiment's entire list of family names. The suffix "-enko" is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant "little", "young man", "son". For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter, or Yushchenko is the son of Yuska.

Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, he became an addition not only for patronyms, but also for nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.

Polish influence

Long time most of today's Ukraine was part of the Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of forming surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in "-skiy" and "-tskiy" were especially popular. They were mainly based on toponyms - the names of territories, settlements, water bodies.

Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights of ownership of a particular territory - Pototsky, Zamoysky. Later, such suffixes spread to Ukrainian surnames, adding to the names and nicknames - Artyomovskiy, Khmelnitskiy.

Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that from the beginning XVIII century"Noble surnames" began to be assigned to those who had an education, first of all it concerned priests. Thus, according to the calculations of the researcher, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese bore surnames with the suffixes "-tskiy" and "-skiy".

The appearance in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in "-uk", "-chuk", "-yuk", "-ak" also occurred during the period of the Commonwealth. The basis for such surnames was baptismal names, but later any others. This helped to solve the problem of identification - the isolation of a specific person from society and the isolation of the Ukrainian from the gentry. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.

Eastern trail

Linguists have established that there are at least 4,000 Turkic words in the Ukrainian language. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the region of the Black Sea and Dnieper regions in connection with the intensified Islamization of the Caucasian and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L.G. Lopatinsky argued that the widespread in Ukraine family ending“-Ko” comes from the Adyghe “k'o” (“k'ue”), meaning “descendant” or “son”.

For example, the common name of Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word “sheujen”, which the Circassians used to call Christian priests. The “sheujen” ending was added to the descendants of the “sheujen” who moved to the Ukrainian lands - so they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in "-ko" are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Hatko.

Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in "-uk" and "-yuk" to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. The researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which, in his opinion, are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prikhno, Shakhrai.

And, for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of the Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Djikur under David.

Cossack nicknames

The environment of the Zaporozhye Cossacks contributed to the education a large number a wide variety of nicknames, behind which the serfs and representatives of other estates who fled from dependence, for security reasons, hid their origin.
“According to the rules of the Sich, newcomers had to leave their names behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would characterize them best,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - the verb in imperative mood and the noun subsequently, without any suffixes, turned into surnames: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Niezdiyminoga.
Some of the surnames can be found even now - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. Whole line modern surnames went from one-piece Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Birch.

Ethnic diversity

The variety of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. It is interesting that for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word-creation and could change repeatedly. Only in late XVIII centuries in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine, which were part of Austria-Hungary.

Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that a “Ukrainian surname” should be distinguished from a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but the derivative of it Shvartsyuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.

Thanks to foreign influence Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. So, for example, the surname Yovban, according to Chuchka, has always been prestigious, since it comes from the name of Saint Job, who is pronounced Yovb in Hungarian. But the researcher sees the surname Penzienik in the Polish word "penzits", which translates as to scare.

Educational factors, traditions

The origin of Ukrainian surnames is deeply rooted in the history of the Slavic peoples, therefore they are often consonant with Russian surnames. Despite this, the formation of Ukrainian surnames has a number of distinctive features. The main one is the role of suffixes in word formation.

Few people know that the Ukrainian surname is one of the oldest in Europe. In any case, in the 17th century, almost all Ukrainians bore surnames. Some of them had surnames that were given to their ancestors in princely times. For comparison, French commoners received surnames only at the beginning of the 19th century, thanks to the decree of the Emperor Napoleon the First. Russian peasants received their surnames only after the Reform of 1861. This is one of the reasons why Russians have so many surnames Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov. It is known that when writing out "free" yesterday's serfs were given surnames by the name of their father. The names Ivan, Peter, Sidor at that time were the most common in Russian villages and villages. On occasion, I want to note that the only people Europe, which still does not have permanent surnames, are the Icelanders. Their father's name automatically becomes the child's surname. Therefore, men have surnames like Petersen (son of Peter), and women like Peterdottir (daughter of Peter).

The Ukrainian surname, like the surnames of most Europeans, was formed from the name, nickname or profession of the father, very rarely from the mother's name. Numerous Petrenki, Ivanenki, Romanenki, Luchenki, Lutsenki, Ulyanenki are vivid confirmation of this. In Western Ukraine, patronymic surnames were formed using the "willow" suffix: Ivaniv, Illiv, Ivantsiv, unfortunately, the female suffix (ova) did not take root in Ukraine, therefore a modern Ukrainian woman wears male version these names. The only exceptions are surnames with suffixes -skiy, -tskiy, -ovskiy, -evskiy, which have a feminine form.

Family name groups by origin

A fairly large group of Ukrainian surnames is formed using the suffix "-enko". For example: Tymoshenko, Shevchenko, Tkachenko, Bondarenko, Kovalenko, Kirilenko, Ivanenko, Petrenko, Pavlenko, Kravchenko, Zakharenko. Suffixes are no less popular in the formation of Ukrainian surnames: "-eyko", "-ochko", "-ko", for example: Andreiko, Butko, Boreyko, Semochko, Marochko, Klitschko, Shumeyko.

The suffixes "-evsky", "-owsky" are somewhat less common. This way of word formation is clearly illustrated by the names: Kotovsky, Alchevsky, Grinevsky Petrovsky, Maslovsky, Mogilevsky.

It is extremely rare that Ukrainian surnames are formed using the Old Slavic suffix "-ich": Davydovich, Germanovich, Shufrich. But the suffixes "-ik" and "-nik", on the contrary, are quite common. Examples are Ukrainian surnames Petrik, Berdnik, Pasichnyk, Linnik.

Here are some more examples of the participation of suffixes in the formation of Ukrainian surnames, for example, the surnames Bondarchuk, Kravchuk, Savchuk, Khitruk, Polishchuk, Tarasyuk, Serdyuk, which were born with the suffixes “-uk”, “-yuk” and “-chuk”. And it is also worth mentioning the names: Shcherbak (formed with the suffix "-ak"), Durnovo (suffix "-vo"), Taranets (suffix "-ets"), the notorious surname Chikatilo (suffix "-lo"), and famous surname Makhno, formed with the suffix "-no".

A significant part of Ukrainian surnames originates from first names. For example, Zakharchenko, Zakharenko (on behalf of Zakhar), Yushchak, Yushchenko (on behalf of Yushko, Yuri), Klim, Klimenko (on behalf of Kliment), Makarenko, Makarchenko (on behalf of Makar), Nikolenko, Nikolchuk (on behalf of Mikola).

The source of origin for the next group of Ukrainian surnames was popular on

Ukraine profession. For example:

Ukrainian surnames Bondar, Bondarenko, Bondarchuk - from the profession of a bocharger, that is. the manufacturer of the barrels;

Ukrainian surnames Gonchar, Goncharenko, Goncharuk - from pottery;

Ukrainian surnames Koval, Kovalenko, Kovalchuk - from the blacksmith business;

Ukrainian surnames Kravets, Kravchenko, Kravchuk - from the profession of a tailor.

Ukrainian surnames derived from the names of animals deserve special attention. For example: Gogol (that is, a bird), Gorobets (more specifically, a sparrow), Komar, Komarovsky (respectively, a mosquito), Leshchinsky, Leshchenko (thanks to bream), Khrushch, Khrushchev (meaning May beetle). Most interesting group represent such Ukrainian surnames as Beloshtan, Krasnoshapka, Sinebryukh, Ryabokon, Krivonos, Podoprigora, Nepiyvoda, Zabeyvorota and others, formed from two parts (noun + adjective or verb + noun).

Some of the Ukrainian surnames were formed by combining two parts. It could be a bunch: an adjective and a noun, for example, Ukrainian surnames: Beloshtan, Krasnoshapka, Sinebryukh, Ryabokon, Krivonos. Or a combination of a verb and a noun was used: Podoprigora, Nepiyvoda, Zabeyvorota and others.

Thus, Ukrainian surnames have both common and distinctive features in comparison with the names of other peoples. General information about the origin of surnames can be found in the section history of surnames for free, posted on our website. The secrets of surnames will be revealed for you by the section of surnames and their meanings, dedicated to the interpretation of surnames.

Summing up the analysis of the ways of forming Ukrainian surnames, it should be noted that the original Ukrainian surnames were distorted either by the bearers themselves, or by scribes. Surnames such as Minyailov, Shumilov, Pluzhnikov, Ryzhkov, formed by adding the Russian suffix "-ov" or by the carriers themselves who passed from Little Russians to Great Russians, or clerks.

The distortion of Ukrainian surnames should be mentioned. Such currently Russian surnames as Shevchenkov, Luchenkov, Ivanenkov, Kolesnichenkov were created at the time of general certification during the reform of 1861. They were provided to the children of Ukrainian immigrants who did not live compactly on the territory of Great Russia. In Siberia, the local population also baptized Ukrainians. This is how the names of Savitsky, Romanenkov, Chernetsky were formed.

Ukrainian surnames in origin and meaning, they have much in common with Russian surnames, since both are closely related to the history of the Slavic peoples. At the same time, Ukrainian surnames have their own characteristics, which will be discussed in this review.
Suffixes of Ukrainian surnames

One of the most common suffixes in Ukrainian surnames is the suffix "-enko" meaning "someone's son." Examples of such Ukrainian surnames: Shevchenko, Tkachenko, Tymoshenko, Kovalenko, Bondarenko, Kirilenko, Ivanenko, Petrenko, Pavlenko, Kravchenko, Zakharenko, etc. This list of Ukrainian surnames can be quite large, since the most common suffix is ​​used here. Also among Ukrainian surnames there are often suffixes: "-eyko", "-ochko", "-ko", for example, surnames: Shumeyko, Boreyko, Semochko, Marochko, Butko, Klitschko, Andreyko. The suffixes "-ovskiy", "-evskiy" are used a little less often. This is, for example, the following list of Ukrainian surnames: Kotovsky, Petrovsky, Maslovsky, Mogilevsky, Alchevsky, Grinevsky. Sometimes among the Ukrainian surnames one can find the Old Slavonic suffix "-ich": Davydovich, Germanovich, Shufrich. Suffixes "-ik" and "-nik" are quite common among Ukrainian surnames. These are, for example, Ukrainian surnames Petrik, Berdnik, Pasichnyk, Linnik. Suffixes "-uk", "-yuk", "-chuk" in Ukrainian surnames mean "someone's servant", for example: Bondarchuk, Kravchuk, Savchuk, Khitruk, Polishchuk, Tarasyuk, Serdyuk, etc.

Among the Ukrainian surnames there are other suffixes, for example "-vo" - the surname Durnovo, "-ak" - the surname Shcherbak, "-ets" - the surname Taranets, "-lo" - Chikatilo, "-no" - Makhno, etc. ., which also participate in the formation of Ukrainian surnames.
Ukrainian surnames derived from professions

Similar to the surnames of other peoples, the origin of many Ukrainian surnames is associated with crafts and professions. For example:

Ukrainian surnames Bondar, Bondarenko, Bondarchuk - from the profession of a bocharger, i.e. the manufacturer of the barrels;

Ukrainian surnames Gonchar, Goncharenko, Goncharuk - from pottery;

Ukrainian surnames Koval, Kovalenko, Kovalchuk - from the blacksmith business;

Ukrainian surnames Kravets, Kravchenko, Kravchuk - from the profession of a tailor.

Obviously, the meaning of all these Ukrainian surnames will correspond to the profession, the name of which became the source for the origin of the surname.
Ukrainian surnames derived from first names

Probably, most peoples have a significant part of the surnames formed from the names. Ukrainian surnames, the origin of which is associated with names, are no exception. These surnames include, for example: Zakharchenko, Zakharenko (on behalf of Zakhar), Yushchak, Yushchenko (on behalf of Yushko, Yuri), Klim, Klimenko (on behalf of Kliment), Makarenko, Makarchenko (on behalf of Makar), Nikolenko, Nikolchuk (from named after Mikola), etc. Of course, the meaning of this type of Ukrainian surnames is determined by the meaning of the names from which they originated.
Ukrainian surnames derived from animals

Among the Ukrainian surnames there are some of the surnames formed from the names of animals. These include the following Ukrainian surnames: Gogol (meaning bird), Gorobets (meaning sparrow), Komar, Komarovsky (meaning mosquito), Leshchinsky, Leshchenko (meaning bream), Khrushch, Khrushchov (meaning May beetle), etc.
Compound Ukrainian surnames

Some of the Ukrainian surnames were formed by combining two parts. It could be a bunch: an adjective and a noun, for example, Ukrainian surnames: Beloshtan, Krasnoshapka, Sinebryukh, Ryabokon, Krivonos, etc. Or a combination of a verb and a noun was used: Podoprigora, Nepiyvoda, Zabeyvorota and others.

They have a very branched formation morphology. Of the large number of suffixes that form Ukrainian surnames, only a few can be divided into regions. However, even this division has its exceptions and ambiguities.

Most of the Ukrainian surnames are formed with the suffixes of the following groups:

So, suffixes-uk, -yuk, -shin, -in, -ov often from others found in Volhynia, Polesie, Podillia, Bukovina, partly in Galicia and Transcarpathia. Their exceptions generally do not require detailed consideration.

II) Relatively suffixes-enko and-enko it is generally accepted that the surnames formed from them are traditional for the Dnieper region, since it is in this region that they are most common. However, their "peculiarity" should be considered in more detail than in the first group, since their exceptions are fundamentally different.

The very origin suffixes-enko and-enko from the Dnieper region is mainly mentioned since the time of the Cossacks. Therefore, the popularization of surnames with such suffixes was caused by poetic creativity and fiction on historical text... Despite this, the region itself - the Dnieper region, did not occupy the "first and exclusive" place in this issue. According to a study by M.L. Khudash, personal names with suffix-enko for the first time fix Latin-Polish written monuments from the western territory in the first half of the 15th century [ ].

Surnames with suffix-enko are documented in the Lemkiv region on both sides of the Carpathians, both in modern Poland and in modern Slovakia back in the 18th century, when the process of stabilization of surnames in Ukraine was not yet completed, and about the "transfer" of the carriers themselves or "borrowing" of such surnames from this suffix was out of the question.

After a significant part of the Ukrainian lands fell under the rule of the Habsburgs (later the Austrian Empire) - Subcarpathian Rus already from the 16th century, Galicia from 1772 and Bukovina from 1774, a government patent was issued on April 12, 1785 instructions on the procedure for compiling a description by local commissions, which laid down the beginning of the creation of the land registry, known in historical literature entitled "Yosifinskaya metrica (1785-1788)".

Strange as it may seem, in particular for the modern belief about "origin" suffix-enko, however, this Land Registry documentary records that in the northern (Galician) part of Lemkivshchyna, out of 353 villages in 35 villages, there were bearers of surnames with suffix-enko up to twenty "five varieties. More varieties of the surname with suffix-enko found in the eastern part of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, while only two varieties in its western part. The most remote settlement in the west of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, where the surname is found with suffix-enko The 18th century is the village of Wojkowa in the modern Nowosądecki county of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship on the current Polish-Slovak border. The document, in particular, submits that during the census (until 1788) two families lived in the village of Voikova named "Stesenko", and in one of the neighboring villages - Tilich (Tylicz) of the same county, three families are mentioned by the last name "Senko".

These two types of surnames with suffix-enko on such a distant western part is a rare manifestation of those exceptions from that common belief-norm, the range of surnames used, even in the historical past, is not always reduced to one accepted region.

The nearest settlement to the villages of Voikova and Tilich, where carriers of the surname with suffix-enko in the western part of the whole Lemkiv region is the particular village of Grabskoe (Hrabsk?) in the modern Bardiivsky district (okres Bardejov) of the Pryashevsky region (Pre? ovsk? kraj) near the present Slovak-Polish border.

Another "atypical" for the general belief, the location of the carriers of the surname with the same suffix is ​​already the extreme northern border of Podlasie - the Ukrainian ethnic territory in modern Poland. In a village called Dzięciołowo in present-day Moniecki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, at the end of the 18th century, a family named "Semenenko" is mentioned. Parents from this Ukrainian family had a son in 1814, who later became famous philosopher and a theologian of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, co-founder of the monastic congregation oo. Voskresintsev (Congregatio a Resurrectione Domini Nostri Iesu Christi (CR) - Piotr Semenenko), who died in Paris in 1886 in the name of holiness.After World War II, the process of his beatification (canonization) began.

In confirmation that the origin suffix-enko occurs much more likely from the time of the Cossacks and outside traditionally accepted region- The Dnieper region is an actual historiographic Polish material. In the modern borders of Poland, already from the middle of the 14th century, there are settlements with ending-suffix-enko. An example of this is the villages: Krościenko Korostenko Upper (Krościenko Wyżne) Korostenko Lower (Krościenko Niżne - now within the city of Krosno) - Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Korostenko nad Dunajcem - Malaysia. Also at the event modern Poland, in the Lubusz voivodeship, is the city of Drezdenko (Drezdenko, with the German Driesen), which, despite its centuries-old stay in Germany, remains in the historical past a kind of reference point for tension in Polish-German relations, mutual claims and, at the same time, the growth of the power of the Polish state. In order, in particular, to "dot everything and" and indicate the belonging of the city to Polish history and culture, and its renaming was made, which is considered suitable for Polish perception.

In addition, it must be borne in mind that surnames with suffix-enko, predominantly have the meaning of "son", like a nominal or other kind of form: Vasilenko - the son of Vasily, Gritsenko - the son of Grigory, Stetsenko - the son of Stetsko, Goncharenko - the son of Gonchar, etc., refer to three or more constituent surnames due to some exceptions ... Prior to this exclusion, three components belonged to less or less common surnames of an unnamed form according to the model: Zelenko, Stesenko, etc. Such surnames, as well as disyllabic surnames such as Senko, Benko, etc. the meaning of "son" does not apply. In these cases suffix-enko has a diminutive in relation to a greater or petting meaning. Less or rare surnames do not always find their unambiguous explanation, in contrast to those that do not cause objections regarding their meaning.

Regarding surnames from the category "students" and "place of residence": Miroshnichuk, Shevchuk, Palamarchuk, Selyuk (resident of the village), Mischuk (resident of the city), they could be formed in the area of ​​formation of surnames with suffixes-enko, -enko

It should also be added that suffixes-enko, -enko and-uk, -yuk, is equilibrium, because the alternation of sounds was formed through the various endings of the stems, to which the suffix was attached. For example:

Peter v- Peter e nko, Petra To- Petri h Enko, Gordy and- Gordy there is nko

Mikhailovsky v- Mikhailovsky NS k (for the sake of euphony, it is more often used suffix-yuk, a no-uk), The battle To o - fight h uk.

But in the popular language, these suffixes with received an equal meaning, therefore the surnames that were formed from the same name are found in various variants, for example: Denisenko (Denis + enk + v), Denischenko (Deniska + enk + v), Romanyuk (Roman + yuk ), Romanchuk (Romanko + uk). Here we are dealing with the alternation of consonants. Sometimes the suffixes -chenko / shchenko and -chuk / pike are mistakenly considered. The fact is that patronymic markers-chuk i-chenko are formed from stems ending with: Fedya, Vasya, Vanya, and patronymic markers-shchenko and-pike are formed as a result of the alternation of consonants in stems that end in n-sko: Deniska, Borisko, Feska.

1. Historical information

At present, surnames are meant as a family name, which is passed from father to son. Initially, in Russia, only nicknames were used, which can be found in the naming ancient Russian princes and which are inherited. They began to use generic surnames in official office work because of the need to indicate ownership of something only later. Mass family names are found in written sources concerning the Ukrainian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries. At first, family names were mainly owned by wealthy people who had a fortune (merchants, boyars, magnates, landowners). However, already in the 17th century. almost all Ukrainian had their own surnames, although surnames were often transformed, new surnames could be created on their basis, for example, the son of a man with the surname Koval could receive the surname Kovalenko (son of Koval). Many surnames appeared at the time of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, because when entering the Sich, the Cossack changed his old surname to a new one. Surnames received stability only in the 19th century. The replacement of old surnames by the aristocratic (noble-Barsky) order was also widespread, although the gentry and nobles in a number of periods tried to resist this due to the ban on the acceptance of certain surnames by commoners. In parallel, official surnames and unofficial nicknames coexisted, which were reflected in the Ukrainian business and fiction. .

2. Grammatical features are inherent in Ukrainian surnames

2.1. Meaning of suffixes

Most of the suffixes that form Ukrainian surnames can be divided into groups by meaning.

2.1.1. First group

The first and most common group is patronymic, there are suffixes that indicate the father (ancestor) of the person. These are the suffixes:

• • -Enk, -enk(Danilenko)
  • -Uk, -yuk(Danilyuk)
  • -Ovich, -ich(Danilovich)
  • -Ov(Danilov)
  • diminutive suffixes-ets, -ets, -s, -ko(Danilko)

You can also add patronymic to this group suffix-shin, attached to the female nickname by the name of her husband. For example: the son of Vasilikh (the woman of Vasily) - Vasilishin. Such surnames, most likely, were formed through the leading role of a woman in the family, or (as the reason for this) early death father, and the patronymic suffix did not have time to gain a foothold for the children.

2.1.2. Second group

• The second group is suffixes indicating the profession or characteristic action of the person who gave her the nickname. For example:
  • -Th(Paly)
  • -Hey(thrust)
  • Lo(Shook)
  • -Ylo(Minyaylo)
  • -Un(Tihun)
  • -An(Movchan)
  • -Ik, -nick(Beekeeper)
  • -Ar(Kobzar)

Until now, nicknames (or already surnames) could subsequently be added with new suffixes, which already formed new surname, for example: Paliy chuk, Kobzar Yenko.

2.1.3. Third group

• The third group is suffixes that indicate a person's place of residence or origin.
  • -Sky, -ky. Noble surnames (Vishnevetsky, Ostrozhsky, Khmelnitsky) indicated the family estate, property, and among ordinary people - where they came from or where they were born (Poltava, Khorolsky, Zhitomirsky). This type of surname is also common among Poles and Jews.
  • In some cases-ets, -ets(Kanivets - from Kanev, Kolomiets - from Kolomyia)
  • In some cases-th, if the root is a geographical object (Yarovaya, Lanovoy, Gayeva, Zagrebelny)

2.2. Typical Ukrainian suffixes and endings of surnames

• -NS: Sirko, Zabuzhko, Tsushko, Klitschko, Danilko, Khoroshko, Prikhodko, Boyko
• -Enk, -enk(meaning "someone's son"): Gritsenko, Demyanenko, Shevchenko, Vdovichenko, Potapenko, Tkachenko, Kovalenko, Bondarenko, Kirilenko, Kozubenko, Symonenko, Zlenko, Lukyanenko, Ivanenko, Petrenko, Pavlenko, Parkhomenko, Ogienko, Sayenko, Tarasenko , Posvyatenko, Kosenko
• -Enk: trinkets, Openko, Potebenko
• -Ochko (less often-ichko, -pochka, -chka): Semochko, Tolochko, Marochko (Kiselichka, Osmachka)
• -Ovsky, -ovsky: Baranovsky, Gladkovsky, Stakhovsky, Shovkovsky, Yavorivsky
• -Evsky, -evsky(mostly gentry): Alchevsky, Miklashevsky, Mogilevsky, Grinevsky, Trublaevsky
• -Sky, -ky: Kotsyubinsky, Skoropadsky, Saksagansky, Boguslavsky, Staritsky, Boretsky, Kropyvnitsky
• -Ovich, -ich(sometimes of Belarusian origin): Davydovich, Andrukhovich, Shukhevych, Shufrich, Zvarych, Stankovich, Tobilevich
• -Ov: Stetskiv, Kaskiv, Petrov, Ivanov, Pavlov, Bartkiv
• -Th: Paliy, Crybaby, Povaliy, Red
• -Hey: Pull, Mamay, Nechay, Kitsay
• -Th: Multi-sinful, Peaceful, Poddubny, Red, Spring, Lanovoy, Lifeless
• -Uk, -yuk: Goncharuk, Dmitruk, Tarasyuk, Palahniuk, Mikhailyuk, Romanyuk, Gnatyuk, Momotyuk
• -Chuk: Shinkarchuk, Kovalchuk, Kravchuk, Shevchuk, Korniychuk, Boychuk, Yaremchuk. The origin of the surname from the type of activity: Koval - Kovalchuk, Shvets - Shevchuk.
• -Pchuk: Polishchuk (from Polesie), Voloshchuk - shafts by nationality, Grischuk - the son of Grishko;
• - Look: Gorbach, Kosach, Derkach, Owl, Golovach
• -A, -chak, -like: Shcherbak, Barbazyak, Burlak, Grabchak, Matchak, Rubchak, Zaliznyak, Andrusyak, Prishlyak Chumak
• -Ik, -nick: Bilyk, Bortnik, Linnik, Skripnik, Petrik, Berdnik, Beekeeper
• -Ets-ets: Kolomiets, Baranets, Sparrow, Vasilets, Stepanets
• -Sh(form of the name, without further attachment of the suffix): Vanya, Romas, Mikitas, Petrus, Andrus
• La: Pritula, Gamula, Gurgula
• Lo: Mazila, Shumilo, Verzila, Shaken
• -Ylo(from Lithuanian): Mazailo, Tyagailo, Minyailo, Bodailo
• -Ba: Shkraba, Dzyuba, Kandyba, Skiba, Kotsyuba, Zhurba
• -Yes: Bad weather, Mayboroda, Injustice, Adventure, Baida, Peep
• -Ra: Bandera, Magera, Petliura, Sosyura
• -Ar:(mainly professions):

The surname of the ex-footballer Andriy Shevchenko has become the most common in Ukraine / photo: ukraina-vpered.com

After the Ukrainian media began to actively interest in the fate of the rector of the National University of the State Tax Service, it turned out that his surname is one of the three most common in Ukraine, reports Segodnya.

The publication writes that the most popular surnames in Ukraine - Shevchenko, Melnik and Boyko. Moreover, the Melniks can populate all of Kerch, Shevchenko would be enough for Nikopol, and Boyko - for Uzhgorod.

It is curious that the surnames popular in Russia (Smirnov, Ivanov and Kuznetsov) are not included in the top ten in Ukraine either. But there are still a lot of them: the same Ivanovs, there are about 90 thousand.

/ Today

And the rarest surnames in our country are often difficult to pronounce. Among them: Abdugafarov, Abibulla, Alyabyeva, Bordzika, Brikhara, Mkoriz, Luft, Likhogvor, Zez, Zatserklyany, Ex, Durandina, Dudu, Dirbaba, Grob, Vier and Hegel (their representatives have less than 50 namesakes in Ukraine).

As it turned out, many representatives and the most popular world names live in Ukraine. For example, there are more than 100 million Chinese people named Li in the world. In our country, there are more than 2 thousand carriers of this surname. The world's second most popular surname Zhang (also about 100 million people) in Ukraine is borne by 449 people, the surname Wang or Wang (more than 93 million people) - about 1,700 Ukrainians.

There are about 3 thousand people with the Vietnamese surname Nguyen (and there are more than 36 million in the world) in our country. In addition, the world's top ten include the names of Garcia, Gonzalez, Hernandez, Smith, Smirnov and Muller. Smirnovs, according to telephone bases, we have more than 45 thousand. In addition, 131 Mullers, 29 - Garcia, 53 Gonzalez, 19 Hernandez and 46 Smiths live in Ukraine.