About what is a creative method, artistic system and literary direction. Literary process and its category

09.04.2019

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Artistic method - this is the principle (method) of the selection of reality phenomena, the features of their assessment and the originality of their artistic incarnation; That is, the method is a category related to both the content and artistic form. It is possible to determine the originality of one or another method, only considering the general historical trends in the development of art. In different periods of the development of literature, we can observe that different writers or poets are guided by the same principles of understanding and image of reality. In other words, the method is universal and is not directly related to specific historical conditions: we are talking about a realistic method and in connection with the comedy A.S. Griboedov, and in connection with the work of F.M. Dostoevsky, and due to prose MA Sholokhov. And the features of the romantic method are found as in poetry V.A. Zhukovsky and in the stories A.S. Green. However, in the history of literature there are periods when one or another method becomes dominant and acquires more definite features associated with the peculiarities of the era and trends in culture. And in this case we are already talking about literary direction . Directions in a wide variety of forms and ratios can manifest itself in any method. For example, and L.N. Tolstoy, and M. Gorky - Realists. But, only by defining how the work is the work of one or another writer, we will be able to understand the differences and features of their artistic systems.

Literary current - manifestation of ideological and thematic unity, uniformity of plots, characters, language in the work of several writers of one era. Often, writers themselves are aware of this intimacy and express it in the so-called "literary manifestos", announcing themselves with a literary group or school and assigning a certain name to themselves.

Classicism (from lat. Classicus - sample) - direction that arose in European art and literature of the XVII century, based on the cult of mind and an idea of \u200b\u200babsolute (independent of time and nationality) the nature of aesthetic ideal. From here the main task of art becomes the highest possible approximation to this ideal, the most complete expression received in antiquity. Therefore, the principle of "sample work" is one of the fundamental classicism in aesthetics.

Aesthetics of classicism regulatory; The "inorganized and deleteful" inspiration was contrasted with discipline, strict adherence to once and for all of the established rules. For example, the rule of "three unities" in the drama: the unity of action, the unity of time and unity of the place. Or the rule of "purity of the genre": the work of the work to the "high" (tragedy, oode, etc.) or "low" (comedy, fables, etc.) was determined by the genre and its problems, and the types of heroes, and even the development of the plot and style. Contrasting debt feeling, rational - emotional, the requirement to always sacrifice personal desires for the sake of the public good is largely due to a huge educational role, which classicists took art.

The most finished form of classicism was received in France (Comedy Moliere, Basni Lafontaine, the tragedy of Cornel and Racina).

Russian Classicism arose in the 2nd quarter of the XVIII century and was associated with educational ideology (for example, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe extrallinary value of a person), characteristic of the continues of Peter I reforms. For Russian classicism, a satirical, accusatory focus was characterized in its very beginning. For Russian classicists, the literary work is not an end in itself: it is only the path to improving human nature. In addition, it is Russian classicism that pays more attention to national peculiarities and folk creativity, without focusing exclusively on foreign samples.

A large place in the literature of Russian classicism is occupied by poetic genres: ODY, Basni, Satira. Different aspects of Russian classicism affected Odach M.V. Lomonosov (high civilian pathos, scientific and philosophical topics, patriotic orientation), in poetry G.R. Derzhavina, in Basnya I.A. Krylov and Comedy D.I. Fonvizin.

Sentimentalism (from Santimentas - feeling) - the literary flow in Western Europe and Russia of the late XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century, characterized by the construction of a sense in the main aesthetic category. Sentimentalism has become a kind of reaction to the dyeing of classicism. The cult of feelings led to a more complete disclosure of the inner world of a person, to the individualization of the images of heroes. He gave rise to a new attitude towards nature: the landscape was not just a background for the development of action, he turned out to be consonant with the personal experiences of the author or heroes. The emotional vision of the world demanded other poetic genres (Elegy, Pastoral, Messages), and other vocabulary - a figurative word painted by a sense of words. In this regard, the author of the narrator begins to play a big role in the work, freely expressing his "sensitive" attitude towards heroes and their actions, as if inviting the reader to divide these emotions (as a rule, the main one is "Panting", that is, pity, compassion ).

The aesthetic program of Russian sentimentalism is most fully reflected in the writings of N.M. Karamzin (story "Poor Lisa"). Communication of Russian sentimentalism with educational ideas can be seen in the work of A.N. Radishcheva ("Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow").

Romanticism - Creative method and artistic direction in the Russian and European (as well as American) literature of the end of the XVIII - the first half of the XIX century. The main subject of the image in romanticism is the person, personality. A romantic hero is primarily a strong, extraordinary natural nature, this is a person who is worn by passions and capable of creatively perceived (sometimes transform) the world around. The romantic hero is incompatible with society a romantic hero: he is alone and most often in conflict with everyday life. From this conflict, a peculiar romantic dowemirier is born: the opposition of the sublime world of dreams and dim, "looseless" reality. In the "point of intersection" of these spaces and is a romantic hero. Such an exceptional nature can only act in exceptional circumstances, so the events of romantic works unfold in an exotic, unusual setting: in unknown readers of countries, in distant historical epochs, in other worlds ...

Unlike classicism, romanticism appeals to national poetic antiquity not only with ethnographic, but also with aesthetic purposes, finding a source of inspiration in the National Folklore. In the romantic product, the historical and national flavor, historical details, the background of the epoch, but all this becomes only a kind of scenery to recreate the inner world of a person, his experiences, aspirations. In order to more accurately convey the experiences of an extraordinary person, romantic writers depicted them against the background of nature, which peculiarly "refracted" and reflected the characteristics of the character of the hero. Especially attractive for romantics was a stormy element - the sea, blizzard, thunderstorm. At the hero with nature, difficult relationships: on the one hand, the natural element is related to his passionate character, on the other hand - a romantic hero fights the elements, not wanting to recognize any restrictions of their own freedom. Passionate desire for freedom as a gestation becomes one of the main for the romantic hero and often leads it to the tragic death.

Russian romantic surgery traditionally consider V.A. Zhukovsky; The most bright romanticism manifested itself in poetry M.Yu. Lermontov, in the work of A.A. Feta and A.K. Tolstoy; At a certain period of his work, tribute to Romantism gave A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutchev.

Realism (from Realis - real) - the creative method and literary direction in the Russian and world literature of the XIX and XX centuries. The word "realism" is often called different concepts (critical realism, socialist realism; there is even the term "magical realism"). Let's try to allocate the main signs of Russian realism of the XIX-XX centuries.

Realism is based on the principles of artistic historicism, i.e. He recognizes the existence of objective causes, social and historical patterns that influence the identity of the hero and help explain his character and actions. This means that the hero may have different motivation of actions and experiences. The pattern of action and the causal relationship of the individual and the circumstances is one of the principles of realistic psychologism. Instead of an exceptional, extraordinary romantic personality, realists put in the center of the narrative Typical character - the hero, in the features of which (with all individual uniqueness of its nature) reflect some general features or a certain generation, or a certain social group. The authors of the realists avoid the unequivocal assessment of heroes, do not share them on positive and negative, as often happens in classic works. The characters are given in development, under the influence of objective circumstances, the evolution of the sights of heroes occurs (for example, the way of quest Andrei Bolkonsky in the Roman L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"). Instead of unusual exclusive circumstances, so beloved by romantics, realism chooses the development site of the artistic work events ordinary, everyday living conditions. Realistic works are striving to most fully depict the causes of conflicts, the imperfection of man and society, the dynamics of their development.

The most vivid representatives of realism in Russian literature: A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov.

Realism and romanticism - Two different ways of vision of reality, they are based on different concepts of peace and man. But these are not mutually exclusive methods: many achievements of realism have become possible only due to the creative development and rethinking of the romantic principles of the image of the personality and the universe. In Russian literature, many works are connected in themselves and the other image method, for example, the poem N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" or Roman M.A. Bulgakova "Master and Margarita".

Modernism (from Franz. Moderne - the newest, modern) - the general name of the new (unrealistic) phenomena in the literature of the first half of the XX century. The era of the appearance of modernism was a crisis, a turning point marked by the events of the First World War, the rise of revolutionary sentiments in different countries of Europe, in the conditions of the crash of one world order and the origin of the other, in the period of strengthening ideological struggle, philosophy and literature were particularly significant. This historical and literary period (in particular, poetry created between 1890 and 1917) received the name of the silver century in the history of Russian literature.

Russian modernism, despite the diversity of aesthetic programs, was combined with a common task: the search for new artistic images of the image of the new reality. The most consistently and definitely, this desire was implemented in four literary flows: symbolism, futurism, aqmeism and immudy.

Symbolism - The literary course, in Russia arising in the early 1990s of the XIX century. It is based on the philosophical ideas of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, as well as the teaching of B.C. Solovyov about the "soul of the world". The traditional method of knowledge of the reality of the symbolists contrasted the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating worlds in the process of creativity. It is art that, in their opinion, can fix the highest reality, which is the artist at the moment of inspiration. Therefore, creativity in the understanding of the symbolists - contemplation of "secret meanings" - only a poet of the Creator is available. The value of poetic speech is in shortness, concealing the meaning of the said. As can be seen from the very name of the direction, the main role in it is given to the symbol - the main tool capable of transmitting seen, "caught" the secret meaning of what is happening. The symbol and becomes the central aesthetic category of the new literary flow.

Among the symbolists, it was traditionally accepted to distinguish between the "senior" symbols and "junior". Among the "senior" symbolists are the most famous K.D. Balmont, V.Ya. Bruce, F.K. Sologub. These poets declared themselves about the new literary direction in the 90s of the XIX century. "The younger" symbolists of Vyach. Ivanov, A. White, A.A. The block came into literature in the early 1900s. The "senior" symbolists denied the surrounding reality, opposed the reality of the dream and creativity (often to determine such an emotional and ideological position use the word "decades"). "The younger" believed that in the real reality of the "Old World" who had exhausted himself would die, and the coming "New World" will be built on the basis of high spirituality and culture.

Axism (from Greek. AKME - blooming force, the highest degree of something) - the literary flow in the poetry of Russian modernism, which is opposed to aesthetics symbolism "clear look" to life. No wonder the other names of the aqmeism - Clarizism (from Lat. Clarus - Clear) and "Adamism" named Biblical forefather of all the people of Adam, who has given names around everything. Supporters of Aqmeism tried to reform the aesthetics and poetics of Russian symbolism, they abandoned excessive metaphoricity, complication, one-sided hobbies with symbolism and called for "return" to the exact meaning of the word, "to the ground". Real recognized only material nature. But the "earth" worldview in the apethests was only aesthetic character. Acmeist poets are typically referred to a single object of life or the phenomenon of nature, the poetry of single "things", the refusal of socio-political themes. "Tosca in world culture" - so determined Akmeism O.E. Mandelshtam.

Representatives of Akmeism were N.S. Gumilev, A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelshtam and others, who united in the "Plataker's Poets" circle and grouped around the Apollo magazine.

Futurism (from Lat. Futurum - the future) - the literary flow of an avant-garde nature. In the first manifest of Russian futurists (they often called themselves "Mislyans") sounded a call to break with traditional culture, revise the importance of a classic artistic heritage: "Reset Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and so on. and so on. With a steamer of our time. " Futurists declared themselves opponents of an existing bourgeois society, sought to realize and anticipate in their art the coming world coup. Futurists advocated the destruction of established literary genres, intentionally turned to the "reduced, area" vocabulary, called on to create a new language without limiting the wordness. Futuristic art on the fore Wound has been improving and updating the form of the work, and the content either went into the background or recognized as insignificant.

Russian futurism has become an original artistic movement and was associated with four main groups: "Giley" (Cubarofuturists V.V. Khlebnikov, V.V. Mayakovsky, D.D. Burluk, etc.), "Centrifuge" (N.N. Aseev , B.L. Pasternak et al.), "Association of EgoFuturists" (I. Northernik et al.), Mezonin of Poetry (R. Ivnev, V.G. Shershevich, etc.).

Imazinism (from English or Franz. Image - image) - the literary course arising in Russian literature in the first years after the October Revolution. The most "left" IMAZHINISTS proclaimed the main task of poetry "eating a way of meaning," walked along the path of self-scenit, weaving the metaphor chain. "The poem is ... a wave of images," wrote one of the theoretics of the IMAZHINISM. In practice, many IMAZHINISTs are in the organic image, fled to mood and thoughts with a holistic perception of poem. Representatives of Russian immudy were A.B. Mariengof, V.G. Shershevich. The most talented poet, theoretically and almost far away beyond the framework of the manifesms of the IMAZHINISM, was S.A. Yesenin.

What a creative method based on the principles of artistic historicism is leading in the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin?

Answer: Realism.

Specify the name of the literary direction arising in Russia in the 2nd quarter of the XVIII century, to which traditionally belongs to creativity M.V. Lomonosova, D.I. Fonvizina and G.R. Daughter.

Answer: Classicism.

Which of the named poetic genres is a genre of sentimentalist poetry?

2) Ballad

3) Elegy

4) Basnya

Answer: 3.

The attorney of which literary direction in Russian literature is called V.A. Zhukovsky?

Answer: Romanticism.

What a literary direction that recognizes the existence of objective socio-historical patterns is leading in the work of L.N. Tolstoy?

Answer: Realism.

Specify the name of the literary direction arising in Russian literature in 30 ~ 40s of the XIX century and the undertaking objectively depict the reasons for the imperfection of socio-political relations; The directions to which the creativity of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Answer: Realism / Critical Realism.

In the manifesto of which literary flow at the beginning of the 20th century, it was approved: "Only we are the face of our time" and suggested "to lose Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and others from a steamer of modernity"?

1) symbolism

2) Akmeism

3) Futurism

4) IMAZHINISM

At the early stage of his creativity A.A. Akhmatova performed as one of the representatives of the literary direction

1) Akmeism 2) symbolism 3) futurism 4) realism

The silver century in Russian literature is the period of development of literature, in particular poetry

1) after 1917.

2) from 1905 to 1917

3) the end of the XIX century

4) between 1890 and 1917.

Starting poetic activity, V.V. Mayakovsky performed as one of the active representatives

1) Akmeism

2) symbolism

3) Futurism

4) Realism

At one of the stages of the creative path S.A. Yesenin joined the group of poets 1) acmeysts

2) Symbolists

3) Futurists

4) IMAZHINISTS

In Russian poetry k.d. Balmont performed as one of the representatives

1) Akmeism

2) symbolism

there is a strict work and in the principle of building an image, plot, composition, language. The method is an understanding and reproduction of reality in accordance with the peculiarities of artistic thinking and aesthetic ideal. "

The problem of the image of reality was first realized in antiquity and received the completed embodiment in the work of Aristotle "Poetics" under the name "theory of imitation".

Imitation, according to Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal - to recreate the world look like real or, more precisely, what could it be. The authority of this theory was preserved up to the end of the XVIII century, when romantics offered another approach (also having his roots in antiquity, more precisely in Ellinism) - re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the "Universe".

These two concepts, according to domestic literature, the middle of the last century, underlie two "types of creativity" - "realistic" and "romantic", in the framework of which "methods" of classicism, romanticism, various types of realism, modernism are stacked. It should be said that many theorists of literature and writers were used by the concept of "method": A. Watto, D. Didro, Lessing, I. V. Guete, S. T. Kalridge, who wrote a treatise "On the method" (1818).

The theory of imitation served as the basis for the development of naturalism. "Working on" Teresa Raken, "- wrote E. Zola, - I forgot about everything in the world, I deepened in a painstaking copying of life, giving out entirely to study the human body ..." 64 Often, a feature of such a method of reflection of reality is the full dependence of the creator of the work From the image of the image, artistic knowledge turns into copying.

Another model can lead to the arbitrary of subjectivity. For example, F. Schiller claimed that the artist, resting reality ("material"), "... Little stops before violence over it ... The material he processes, he respects as little as a mechanic; He will only try to deceive the seemingly fascinating eye that protects the freedom of this material. "

In a number of works, scientists are invited to supplement the concept of a method of a concept of creativity, such as artistic thinking. At the same time, two types of creativity - re-creating and recreation - cover all the wealth of the principles of artistic reflection.

Touching the problem of the ratio of the method and directions, it is necessary to take into account that the method as a general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from the direction as a phenomenon of historically-specific.

Therefore, if one or another direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a wide category of the literary process, can be repeated in the work of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore different directions and flows.

For example, the elements of the realistic principle of the reflection of reality are already in the directions of classicism, sentimentalism, that is, even before the emergence of the realistic method itself, as well as the existing realism later penetrates into the work of modernism.

Introduction to literary studies (N.L. Vertinina, E.V. Volkov, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. LM Kruchachanova. - M, 2005

Artistic method - This is a way to master and display the world, a set of basic creative principles of figurative reflection of life. The method can be said about the structure of the artistic thinking of a writer, which determines its approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal. Through the method, we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, assessment, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment of characters, life phenomena in historical refraction. The method is manifested in strictly thoughts and feelings of the heroes of the literary work, in motivation of their behavior, actions, in the ratio of characters and events, in accordance with the life path, fate of the characteristics of the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The artistic method is a system of the principles of the selection of life material, its assessment, principles and prevailing forms of artistic generalization and rethinking. It characterizes the complex of factors: a holistic ideological, appraisal, individually unique, social attitude of the artist to reality, to consciously or spontaneously reflected needs, ideological and artistic traditions. The artistic method largely determines the specifics of the artistic image.

Art style - a system of language tools and ideas characteristic of a particular literary work, genre, author or literary direction (Gogol style. Romantic style). In this style, it affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, the thoughts and feelings of the author uses all the wealth of vocabulary, The possibilities of different styles are characterized by the image, the emotionality of speech. In the artwork, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves for aesthetic impact on the reader using artistic images. The brighter and the truthful image, the stronger it affects the reader. In its works, writers use, when it is necessary, not only words and forms of literary language, but also outdated dialective and spaticrous words. The measures of artistic expressiveness are diverse and numerous. These are trails: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonimia, synengo, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litt, anaphora, epiphara, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, default, etc. Trope (from Dr. Greek. τρόπος - turnover) - In the artistic product of the word and expressions used in a figurative value in order to strengthen the image formation, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Literary direction - This is a combination of the fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groupings and schools. The following literary directions exist:

1. Baroque (Port. Perola Barrocco - Pearl of the wrong shape).

Appears with gray. 16 - 17th century in the art of many European countries (especially in Italy and Spain). Most of all manifests in a letter of writing or a picturesque image. Eliminate such important baroque features:

Visituality

Pomposity,

Decorativeness

Addiction to allegations, allegation,

Complex metaphoricity

Comic and tragic connection

The abundance of stylistic decorations in artistic speech.

The bright representative of Baroque was P. Calderon. In Russia, the features of this style were manifested in the poetry S.Polotsky, S. Medvedev, K. Stomin. Basic works of Barochko: E.Tesuro "Pipe Aristotle Pipe", B.Grasian "Ostroitness, or the art of a sophisticated mind."

2.Classicism - (Lat. Classicus-formous) Literary direction established in the European Literature of the XVII century, which is based on S.P. Belokurova (3)):

1. Recognition of ancient art by the highest example, ideal, and the works of antiquity - artistic norm.

2. The principle of rationalism and "imitation of nature".

3. The cult of mind.

4. Active appeal to public, civil problems.

5. Stressed narrative objectivity.

6. Strict genre hierarchy

3.Sentimentalism - (from FR. Sentiment - feeling, sensitivity) - the literary direction of the second half of the XVIII century. - Nach. XIX century (3). Major genres - sentimental novel, story, diary, travel, letter, Elegy, Message.

In the works of this direction, the human person was interpreted as a responsive, capable of compassion, humane, kind, which possesses high moral principles. The largest representatives in European literature - L. Stern ("Sentimental Journey in France and Italy"), J.-zh. Rousseau ("Yulia, or New Eloiza"), S. Richardson ("Padamla, or Renewned Virtue", "Clarissa, or the story of the Young Lady"), I.-V. Goethe ("suffering a young verteter") and others; In Russian literature, the second half of the XVIII century. - M.N. Muravyev, N.M. Karamzin, V.V. Kopnis, N.A. Lviv, A.N. Radishchev, Early V.A. Zhukovsky.

Your syllable on an important way, the mood, the flame Creator was our hero as perfection sample.

("Evgeny Onegin" ch.3 stanza 11)

4. Romanticism (from Franz. Roman is a work in Romanesque languages). Romanticism refers to the first third of the 19th century. Motherland romanticism became Germany (BR. F. and A. Schlegeli, L.Tik, Novalov). For romanticism, it is characteristic of "attention to person as a spiritual being, which has a sovereign inner world, independent of the conditions of existence and historical circumstances" (1).

5. Realism- "(from Lat. Realis - real) - Artistic method in literature and art, following which, the writer depicts life in accordance with the objective reality" (3). The focus of realism is the facts, events, people and things, patterns that act in life, the relationship of man and environment, hero and time in which he lives. The writer does not break away from reality, with the most accurately selected inherent in the life of the features and thus Enrich the reader knowledge of life.

6. Symbolism "- (Fr. Symbollisme< от греч. symbolon - знак, опознавательная примета) - явление художественной культуры последней трети XIX - нач. ХХ вв., противопоставившее себя реализму и сделавшее основой своей художественной системы философскую концепцию о принципиальной непознаваемости мира и человека средствами научного опыта, логического анализа и реалистического изображения" (3). Как отмечал Д.С.Мережковский, три главных элемента символизма - мистическое содержание, символы, расширение художественной впечатлительности.

7. Modernism - (from Franz. Moderne - modern, newest). For modernism, "anti-historism of thinking (history is replaced by a certain model of the world, in which nothing changes, mythologization of the past, present and future), interest in man in general, and not to man as a product of his era (the specifically historical situation in the works of modernism has no Values, for "man, like a horse, always walks with closed eyes in the same circles" (D. Joyce)), lack of social typing. "

8. Postmodernism(From Franz. Post - after and Moderne - modern, newest) - direction in the literature of the 20th century. For this direction, the perception of the world as chaos is characterized, mapping the unconscious, random in the behavior of heroes, an abundance of irony (irony) and parodyness. A feature of the works of postmodernism is that they are often consisting of words, situations that the author submits the reader parody. For example, the works of V. Velevine, D. Priegov belong to those.

The literary current is a combination of creative personalities for whom ideological and artistic proximity and software-aesthetic unity. Simply put, the literary flow is a kind of literary direction. For example, in Russian romanticism there are such trends as "philosophical", "psychological" and "civil", and in Russian realism, some identify "psychological" and "sociological" current, etc. etc...

In terms of literary understanding "Style is an individually defined and closed targeted system of means of verbal and aesthetic expression and the embodiment of artistic reality. A wide literary definition of the style of the artist as "the main ideological and artistic features inherent in his work (ideological positions, a circle of characters and plots, a peculiarity of the language). According to the views of G.N. Pospelov, the style includes three main elements: language, composition, items of the subject Items. Language is the most obvious, tangible element of style. This includes rhythm, intonation, vocabulary and trails . From the point of view of linguistic understanding: Style - a variety of language enshrined in this society tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from others. Varieties of the same language in all major parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics;

Similar information.

Comprehensive goal

know

The concept of the artistic method as a set of principles of an artistic image;
category of the literary direction as a leading ideological and aesthetic trend of creativity;
literary flows and schools;
Artistic style information as a set of sustainable elements of the artistic form and the content of creativity, styrene factors, stylistics of the language and speech, the historical development of the theory of style;

be able to

Analyze the literature both at the level of writer's creativity as a whole and individual works;

own

terminology and conceptual apparatus of this problem;
skills to determine the style, figurative and methodological specificity of creativity of a separate author.

Artistic method

It should be clearly represented in which relations and relationships are such categories of the literary process as the artistic method, literary direction and the course, artistic style.

The concept of the literary process is the most common, initial to determine all categories characterizing various directions of literature relating to different aspects.

The method is embodied in the content of the literary work. Through the method, we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, assessment, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment of characters, life phenomena in historical refraction.

The method is manifested in strictly thoughts and feelings of the heroes of the literary work, in motivation of their behavior, actions, in the ratio of characters and events, in accordance with the life path, fate of the characteristics of the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The concept of "artistic style" is closely connected with the concept of "artistic method". The method is implemented in style, i.e. The general properties of the method receive their national historical specificity in the style of the writer.

The concept of "method" (from Greek - the path of the study) is denoted by "the general principle of the creative attitude of the artist to a reasonable reality, i.e. its re-creation." This is a kind of ways to know the lives that changed in different historical and literary epochs. According to some scientists, the method underlies the flows and directions, represents the method of aesthetic development of reality, which is inherent in the works of some direction. The method is the category aesthetic and deeply meaningful. "He gets an embodiment of both ideological works, as well as in the principle of building the image, plot, composition, language. The method is an understanding and reproduction of reality in accordance with the features of artistic thinking and aesthetic ideal."

The problem of the image of reality was first realized in antiquity and received the completed embodiment in the work of Aristotle "Poetics" under the name "theory of imitation". Imitation, but Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal - to recreate the world look like real or, more precisely, as he could be. The authority of this theory was preserved up to the end of the XVIII century, when romantics offered a different approach (also having his roots in antiquity, more precisely in Ellinism) - re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of "Universe". These two concepts, in the opinion of domestic literary studies of the middle of the last century, underlie two "types of creativity" - "realistic" and "romantic", in the framework of which "methods" classicism, romanticism, different types of realism, modernism are stacked. It should be said that many theorists of literature and writers were used by the concept of "method": A. Watto, D. Didro, E. Lessing, I. V. Götte, S. T. Kalridge, writing a treatise "On the method" (1818) .

The theory of imitation served as the basis for the development of naturalism. "Working on the" Teresa Raken, "- wrote E. Zola, - I forgot about everything in the world, I deepened in the painstaking copying of life, giving out entirely to study the human body ...". Often a feature of this method of reflection of reality is the complete dependence of the creator of the work from the object of the image, the artistic knowledge turns into copying. Another model can lead to the arbitrary of subjectivity. For example, F. Schiller claimed that the artist, resting the reality ("Material"), "... it stops little before violence over it ... The material that he treats, he respects as little as a mechanic; he is only It will try to deceive the seemingly fascinating eye that protects the freedom of this material. " In a number of works, scientists are invited to supplement the concept of a method of a concept of creativity, such as artistic thinking. At the same time, two types of creativity - re-creating and recreation - cover all the wealth of the principles of artistic reflection.

Referring to the problem of the ratio of the method and directions, it is necessary to take into account that the method as the general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from the direction as the phenomenon is historically concrete. Consequently, if one or another direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a wide category of the literary process, can be repeated in the work of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore different directions and flows. For example, elements of the realistic principle of reflection of reality we meet already in the directions of classicism, sentimentalism, i.e. Even before the achievement of the realistic method, as well as the current realism later penetrates into the work of modernism.

Glyaev N. A. Theory of literature. M., 1985. P. 174.
Literary manifests of French realists. L., 1935. P. 98.
Schiller F. Collected Works: In 8 τ. T. 6. M.; L., 1950. P. 296.

The creative method corresponds to cognitive-valued activities (side of art).

Creative method- Ethosystem of the basic principles of artistic knowledge / development / evaluation of reality. Principles are developed under the influence of the author's concept of peace and man, which, in turn, is being developed by the provision of this or that era.

Methods are productive (forming an artistic system), for example romanticism, and unproductive (forms only one literary direction), for example, sentimentalism.

The category of the creative method is associated with the concept of direction. Method develops precisely as part of the direction. Direction- This studio-literary phenomenon, it is locally (there are certain temporary frameworks, the stage of development (appearance, flourishing, fading)). And the method can work out and continue to exist and after the decline of the direction. It is universal. For example: a romantic method is characteristic of the early period of creativity of many writers (separate elements can be used, the principles of the method).

Three main creative methods-Classicistic, romantic and realistic.

General principles:

1) P. creative implementation. Characterizes between aesthetically mastered reality and how it is reconstructed in the artwork (that is, between the primary and secondary reality). Manifestations: degree of believing and fiction. ( realistic method: maximum degree of believing, classicist. method:the maximum degree of convention (speaking surnames, dominant traits of character)); the degree of "self-development" Hood. reality, dictate of the author over it ( real. method: High degree of self-development, reality can get out of the author's control; rum:full dictate and free will of the author, a high degree of self-expression; classic:dictate of the author, but not subjectivity, not his own thought, but rather an ideology, the civil position that the author expresses).

2) P. Aesthetic assessmentThe relationship between aesthetic ideal and reality is characterized. It is manifested in the aesthetic ideal to one of the poles (to speculative regulations or to socio-historical causality). Classic.: Leading is regulativity; real.:the leading social and historical causality, the ideal is born from life itself and cannot be expressed in one character; Usually embodied in 2 almost opposite images; rum:the author's ideal is the image of the main character.

3) P. Artistic generalization. Characterizes between the way and embodied in it. It is imposed by the sleeper (the embodiment of characteristic features) of libogeneralization (embodiment of the author's idea). The image of the hero of his time - typification rum. hero- generalization.