First Roman Cooper. Cooper, James Fenimore: brief biography, books

The famous novelist and satiri Fenimore Cooper stood at the origins of American literature: the author became the discoverer of the new genre. Creativity writer, his quotes and aphorisms do not lose relevance. The attention of critics and public was riveted both by the works of Cooper and its biography.

Childhood and youth

James Fenimore Cooper appeared on September 15, 1789 in the city of Burlington (USA). Born in the family of Judge William Cooper and Kvacher's daughter Elizabeth Fenimore. In the years of the revolution, the father acquired an extensive plot of land near New York, including a lake of school. For several years, the judge has established life in the village, which in the future became the city of Cooperstown. Father built a house on the shore of the lake and decided to move there with his wife and 11 children.

The boy's mother categorically refused to move, so William ordered the servants to raise it along with the chair on which she was sitting, and transferred to the crew. Younger Kupeur at the time of the move was a year and two months.

James was educated at a local school, a graduate of the Irish University was also engaged in his childhood. And the other teacher who finished Cambridge was preparing a boy to enter Yel. At the age of 13, he became a student of the Yale University, but he studied there only 3 years. On the fourth, he tried to blow up the bedroom door of the students and trained the donkey to sit in the professorship.

Full higher education, the young man did not receive, since it was expelled for a systematic disorder of discipline. So it ended for Cooper training in 1806, and the punishment became typical for that time - the young man was referred to the fleet by a sailor. Years spent in service, steel for James not only useful, but also happy. Cooper has served before the rank of officer and became an expert on the fleet. Since James consisted of building a military ship on Lake Ontario, in his famous Roman "Pictures" there are descriptions of this area.

Literature

James Cooper became a writer by chance. Once, reading aloud wife, some novel, he noticed that it was easy to write better. Suzan caught her husband on the Word, the spouses made a dispute. In order not to seem on Box, in a few weeks, James wrote the first novel called "Precautions". The author's name was hidden, because the American authorities did not differ in loyalty to the English government. But the critics of England rejected the work, because the events did not correspond to the actual history of the country.

Romanticism in subsequent works much more like critics. The second work of the Cooper was the famous "spy". The Hero of the novel, participating in the American War for Independence, chooses the most difficult path of serving a dedication: becomes a scout, giving himself for a spy of the enemy army. Risching life, patriot fully performs debt, without thinking about awards and glory.

The novel had a huge success: both in America and in Europe. The beginning of a new genre in the literature of the United States was laid. The writer decided to go to the category of professionals from lovers. James continued to write, followed by texts, where the nature of America and her story followed in detail and fascinating.

In the novels "Pioneers", "The Last Mogican", "Prairie", "Pathfinder" and "Zvethoye" Writer managed to create an epopeus about the fate of Americans and those people who used to live on this earth. The success of a series of works created for 20 years recognized even English criticism, calling American Cooper.

These 5 works are interconnected by the main hero of Nattie Bampo, speaking in each book in different periods of life, complete dangers and adventures. Works are combined with issues: each show the collision of the natural existence of a person in the conditions of the nature and life of the bourgeois society. The latter destroys the harmony not only in relations between people, but also between man and nature.

In the image of Nature, James's artwork was manifested, the National Landscape of America is reflected in living and majestic images.

Honored success James brought maritime travel theme. In these works, the author told about the opening of America, about war and pirates. The characters of the writer commit feats, looking for treasures and save noble virgins. The authenticity of the stories, skill and accuracy in the image of the heroes arising in the works are like alive - it captures and bribes the reader.

At the beginning of 1840, Cooper's novels have gained popularity in Russia. The first translations into Russian made a children's writer A. O. Ishimov. The novel "Officer of the traces" called the greatest interest. Regarding this, the work spoke, declaring that this is a Shakespeare Drama in the form of a novel. Cooper's adventure novels learned thanks to the rare second name of the author - Fenimore.

The image of the Indians was the artistic opening of Cooper, despite the fact that some predecessors have already affected this topic. The author described the tragedy of the Indian people: White colonialists robbed, soldered, corrupted and destroyed them. America's indigenous people pursued with inhuman cruelty, they were attributed to all sorts of vices. But James destroyed this myth, showing that the Indians often exceed white in a moral plan.

The stories dedicated to the faithful friendship between the "red-bed" and "paled hits" belong to the number of the works of the writer.

Fenimore was considered the founder of a new genre in the world of literature - Roman-Western. Several generations of American writers called Cooper by the teacher and the inspirer.

Some works of the writer are shielded, among them the films "St. John's wort", "the last of the Mogican" and "tracker".

Personal life

In December 1809, in Albany, Fenimor Cooper was killed. The sons of the judge overnight richrs, and the share of James was $ 50 thousand, which is about $ 1 million by the current standards, the young man has resigned and married the Francisian Susan Augusta Deliancy. Its influence explains relatively soft feedback on the British and English government, found in the early Romans of Cooper.

Suzan and James's personal life can be called a happy in understanding of that time: the children were born one by one, the house was full of servants, and the wife provided her husband with full freedom to enjoy politics and business.

7 children were born from spouses, one of them became a grandfather of the popular American Writer of Fenimor Cooper.

Death

The last years of the life of James, being the head of the family clan after the death of the older brothers, worked as a writer-historian. He created the works on the history of New York and the US Navy.

James Fenimore Cooper died on September 14, 1851 from the liver cirrhosis, without having lived only one day to 62 years.

Cooper's books and today continue to teach contemporaries of honor, courage and loyalty.

Bibliography

• 1820 - "Precautions"
• 1821 - "Spy, or Tale of Neutral Territory"
• 1823 - "Lotsman, or Maritime Story"
• 1825 - "Lyonel Lincoln, or Siege of Boston"
• 1826 - "The last of the Mogican"
• 1827 - "Steppes", otherwise "Prairie"
• 1827 - "Red Corsair"
• 1829 - "Vish-Ton-Vish Vish"
• 1830 - "Sea Magician"
• 1831 - "Bravo, or in Venice"
• 1832 - "Geendemauer, or Benedictine"
• 1833 - "Ball, or Abbey of Vinograda"
• 1835 - "Monikins"
• 1840 - "Pathfinder, or on the shores of Ontario" or "Own tracks"
• 1840 - "Mercedes from Castile, or a trip to Katay"
• 1841 - "St. John's wort, or the first trail of war" or "Lanya Hunter"
• 1842 - "Two Admirals"
• 1842 - "Wandering Okonok"
• 1843 - "Vaandotte, or a house on the hill"

(1789-1851) the founder of the American novel

James Fenimore Cooper was born in the family of a major landowner, who founded the village on the lake of attendance for the flow of the Saskvkhanna river, according to which the occasions were saved by the Pies of the Indians and where the night silence announced the wolf's wolf and the roar of bears. Here will happen to the future Romanov of Cooper. It was a time when the Americans moved to the West, acquiring the plots of land and the aborigree. The father of the future writer was one of the leaders of the federal party, an opponent of all democratic trends. James loved and honored his father, but not the views of the powerful magnate became His convictions, but the fiery ideas of the French revolution.

He was inquisitive, but the plump young men: he was expelled from Ielsky College, and the Father, to discipline the Son, gave it to the sailors on Sterling shopping ship. The impressions of the Multi-Motos Sailor Solo will be reflected in the "Pathfinder" novel. Having heard to the officer's title and having received the estate after the death of the father, James Cooper settled in the scoring.

Here, the Roman "Spy" was conceived about the intelligence Garvey Bercchi, who acted in the time of the struggle for the independence of America from English rule.

An exciting story, the ability of the narrative, the wealth of the actual material created the alloy of the historical and adventure novel. The secret agent in the territory still occupied by the British, Garvey Berch cannot remove the Mask of Gorbun - a peddler of goods. He is doomed to the grave itself to hear his homeland. Such is the fate of the spy. He can't have personal happiness, but he performs the assignment of the president, General Washington. Gorky and elevated the final words about him: "He died, as he lived, devoted to his homeland's son and the martyr for her freedom."

From 1823, James Fenimore Cooper begins to print a cycle-epic of five novels about the fate of the plates of America: "Pioneers, or from the sources of Suschakwekhanna" (in Russian translation - "settlers"), released in 1823, "The Last Mogican" ( 1826), "Prairie" (1827), "Pathfinder, or Lake-Sea" (1840), "St. John's wort, or the first trail of war" (1841). The success of the novels was awesome. They told the history of conquest and spiritual losses of the American people when mastering new lands in the West.

Pioneers have long been in America called the first settlers in new districts, the discovers of new lands. Cooper created a multi-act drama about how the West was conquered. For the first time, the readers appeared a pioneer, tracker and hunter Nattie (Nathaniel) Bampo, Indian John Mogicanin or Chingachguk, whose tribe once owned by these lands. These were novels about modern America, who raised topical questions about the predatory use of the gifts of nature, about the deception and robbery of the Indian people, on the relationship between pioneers with the younger generation, about the destructive authority of the hypocritical civilization. The world of the Indians is a pure spring, not inspired by neither selfishness or egoism. But neither the courage, nor the valor of the noble warrior Natty Bampo, nor the courage of the "last of the Mogican" of the beautiful young men of UNKASA cannot prevent the death of the Indian people under the pressure of conquerors.

In 1824, Roman "Lotsman" comes out - the beginning of the series of his marine novels. The prototype of the mysterious Lotsmann was known in the XVIII century the legendary American navigation Paul Jones, a man of fabulous courage, a fighter for independence. In a daring fighting with an angry marine element, the skill and courage of Lotsmana, which controls the schooner.

James Cooper opened in the elements of the sea the abyss of aesthetic charm. The sea romance has enriched the novel adventurous adventure and became a favorite genre of European and American writers of the XIX-XX centuries: Ezhena S. Main Reed, Robert Lewis Stevenson, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway.

Sea novels of Cooper: "Red Corsair" (1828) - in Russian translation "Red Sea Robber", "Sea Magician" ("Sea Fitter"), "Mercedes from Castile" (1840), "Two Admirals" (1842 ), "Wandering light" (1842), "on land and at sea" (1844), its continuation "Miles Wallingford" (1844) and "Sea Lions" (1849).

The geography of James Phenimor Cooper is immense. The look of the writer is deepening and in the history of feudal venice - Roman "Bravo" (1831), and in the history of Germany, the times of the Reformation - "Heidenmaeryli, or Benedictine" (1832), in Russian translation of the pagan camp.

James Cooper shove the honors and present the medal "For the consolidation of the glory of the republic" from the public of New York, where he lives from 1822

In 1826, Cooper rides with family to Europe. It was the most glorious time in the life of the writer. He travels and lives in England, Italy, Germany, Belgium. Life in Paris during the July revolution has become a true school for him. But the return to the Motherland in 1833 brought a lot of disappointments to Kupeur: he was struck by a shabby cynicism and frantic thirst for profit in American society. It enters the atmosphere of hostility because of his bold performances, exposing the rebirth of American democracy into the monarchy of money. In journalistic articles, the novel "Monikina" (1835), "Home" (1837) and "Houses" (1838) Cooper challenges bourgeois predatoryness, the kingdom of the dollar.

The writer lives in Cooperstown only on literary works, as the Earth does not bring profit, and he writes a novel behind the novel, dreaming to get rid of the publisher bonders.

James Fenimore Cooper wrote 32 novel, over 10 volumes of travel descriptions in France, England, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, several volumes of journalism, "US Flot history" and other works. He created samples of historical, marine, moral, adventure-adventure novels, pamphlet novel ("Monikins") and utopian novel ("Crater"). He first created Roman-epic in American literature. But with no less foundation of the Cooper, one of the genericants of American romanticism can be called, opposing the naturalness of nature by the decomposing influence of civilization.

Balzac called Cooper "American Historian", since he put the most important social problems: the person and society, man and nature, white and red, civilization and "savage".

According to J. Sand, America is so much obliged by James Kupeur in the field of literature, as Benjamin Franklin and George Washington in science and politics. Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky argued that "the literature of the North-American state began Roman Cooper."

In Cooperstown, there was no funds to the monument to the writer, and only a few years later after his death there was a statue of the Hero of Romanov about the leather stuff.

Cooper James Fenimore(1789-1851), American Writer. Combined elements of enlightening and romanticism. Historical and adventure novels about the war for independence in North. America, the era of the frontier, sea travel ("spy", 1821; Pentalogius about the leather stuff, including "The last of the Mogican", 1826, "St. John's wort", 1841; "Lotsman", 1823). Social and political satire (novel "Monikina", 1835) and journalism (pamphlet treatise "American Democrat", 1838).
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Cooper (Cooper) James Fenimore (September 15, 1789, Burlington, New Jersey - September 14, 1851, Cooperstown, Piece New York), American Writer.
First steps in literature
Author 33 Romanov, Fenimore Cooper became the first American writer who unconditionally and widely recognized the cultural environment of the old world, including Russia. Balzac, reading his novels, on his own admission, leaned from pleasure. Tekkrei put the cooper above Walter Scott, repeating the reviews of Lermontov and Belinsky in this case, who generally likened him to Servantes and even Homer. Pushkin celebrated the rich poetic imagination of Cooper.
He took up professional literary activities relatively late, already at the age of 30, and in general, as if by chance. If you believe the legends that the life of a major person inevitably thinks of the life of a large person, his first novel ("precaution", 1820) he wrote to a dispute with his wife. And before that, the biography was quite routine. The Son of the During the Year of Landowner's independence, who was able to become a judge, and then the Congressman, James Fenimor Cooper grew up on the shore of the lake of school, miles in a hundred to the north-west of New York, where the "Frontier" was held at that time - the concept of The new light is not only geographical, but to a large extent socio-psychological - between already mastered territories and wild, pristine lands of the Aborigines. Thus, from the youngsters, he became a living witness of the dramatic, or the bloody growth of American civilization, looked farther on the west. The heroes of their future books are the pioneers-squatters, the Indians, farmers who became overnight by large planters, he knew not to be superior. In 1803, at the age of 14, Cooper entered the University of Yale, from where it was, however, was excluded for some disciplinary areas. Then the seven-year-old service on the fleet was followed - first the trading, then the military. Cooper and further, already making a loud writing name, did not leave practical activities. In 1826-1833, he held the post of American Consul in Lyon, the truth is rather nominally. In any case, during these years he traveled a considerable part of Europe, for a long time settling, in addition to France, in England, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium. In the summer of 1828, it was discussed in Russia, but this plan was never destined to realize. All this motley life experience, one way or another, was reflected in his work, however, with a different measure of artistic persuasiveness.
Natty Bampo.
His worldwide glory Cooper is obliged not to the so-called trilogy about land rent ("damn finger", 1845, "Amerlemer", 1845, "Redhead", 1846), where old barons, land aristocrats are opposed to the greedy dolts, who did not compose any moral prohibitions, and not another trilogy, inspired by the legends and reality of the European Middle Ages ("Bravo", 1831, "Geydenmauer", 1832, "Palace", 1833), and not numerous marine novels ("Red Corsair", 1828, "Sea Magician", 1830 , etc.), and even more so not satiram, like "Monikonov" (1835), as well as adjacent to them on issues of two publicistic novels "Home" (1838) and "Houses" (1838). This is generally a topical controversy on intramerican themes, a writer's answer to critics, accused him of a lack of patriotism, which really was to be painful to touch - because the "spy" left (1821) - a clearly patriotic affair from the days of the American revolution. Monikins are even compared with the "travels of Gullivier", but the Kupeur clearly lacks a swift fantasy, nor SwIP Wrong, here too clearly appears the tendency that kills any artistry. In general, oddly enough, Cooper was more successfully opposed to its enemies not as a writer, but simply as a citizen who could contact the case and in courts. Indeed, he won more than one process, defending his honor and dignity against unintelligent newspaper pamphletists and even countrymen, who decided to remove his books from the library of native Cocerstown. Cooper's reputation, the classic of national and world literature, firmly holds on the pentalogo about Natti Bampo-leather stocking (called it, however, in different ways - at a hoodie, falcony eye, tracker, long carbine). With the author of the author, work on this work stretched, although with big breaks, for seventeen years. On a rich historical background, the fate of a person laying paths and highways of American civilization was traced in it and at the same time tragically experiencing large moral costs of this path. As Gorky, the Hero of Cooper, persistently noticed at one time, served as a great cause ... the spread of material culture in the country of wild people and turned out to be unable to live in the conditions of this culture ... ".
Pentalogiy
The sequence of events in this first on the American soil epic is shot down. In his novel "Pioneers" (1823), the action takes place in 1793, and Natty Bampo appears already clone to the sunset of life a hunter who does not understand the language and the morals of new times. In the next Romane of the "Last Mogic" cycle (1826), the action is transferred for forty years ago. Behind him - Prairie (1827), chronologically directly adjacent to "pioneers". On the pages of this novel, the hero dies, but in the creative imagination of the author continues to live, and after many years he returns to the years of his youth. In the novels "Pathfinder" (1840) and "St. Sprint" (1841) presents pure pastoral, an unprepared poetry, which the author discovers in human types, and mainly in the very guise of virgin, and also almost not touched the colonist ax. As Belinsky wrote, "Cooper cannot exceed when it comes to the beauties of American nature."
In a critical essay, "Enlightenment and Literature in America" \u200b\u200b(1828), clothed in the form of a letter by the fictional abbot of Groomachi, Cooper complained that the printer appeared before the writer, the writer was dedicated to the annoyance and dark legends. He himself compensated for this shortage. Under his feathers, the characters and the frontiar morals acquire an inexpressible poetic charm. Of course, Pushkin was right, noticing in the article "John Tenner" that Cooper Indians were sheared by a romantic fler, depriving them of pronounced individual properties. But the novelist seems to and did not seek the portrait accuracy, preferring the truth of the fact a poetic fiction, about which, by the way, heronically wrote Mark Twain in the famous pamphlet "Literary sins of Fenimor Cooper."
Nevertheless, he felt obligations before historical reality, as he spoke himself in the preface to "pioneers". Acute internal conflict between a high dream and reality, between nature that embodies the highest truth, and the conflict is a conflict of characteristic and romantic properties and is the main dramatic interest of pentalogia.
With a piercing sharpness, this conflict discovers itself on the pages of the "leather stocking", obviously the strongest thing and in pentalogia, and in all the heritage coopers. Putting one of the episodes of the so-called seven-year war (1757-1763) in the center of the narration (1757-1763) between the British and the French for possession in Canada, the author leads it rapidly, saturates the weight of adventures in part of the detective property, which made the romance for his beloved children's reading for many generations. But this is not children's literature.
Chingachguk
It is possible because there are still images of the Indians, in this case, Chingachguk, one of the two main heroes of the novel, turned out to be lyrically blurred in Cooper, which is more important than those for him were common concepts - a tribe, a story, a story with his mythology, lifestyle, language. It is this powerful layer of human culture that is based on the relative proximity to nature, and goes out, as evidenced by the death of the son of Chingachguk Unshas - the last of the Mogican. This loss is catastrophic. But not hopeless, which is generally not characteristic of American romanticism. Cooper translates the tragedy into the mythological plan, and the myth, in fact, does not know the clear boundary between life and death, no wonder the leather stocking, not just a person, but the hero of the myth - the myth of early American history, solemnly and confidently says that the young man Unsas is only time.
Pain writer
A man in front of the court of nature is the inner theme of the "last Mokygan". To reach her greatness, even if it is also unfit, a person is not given, but he is constantly forced to solve this unreserved task. Everything else is the fighting of the Indians with a pale halls, the battles of the British with the French, colorful clothes, ritual dancing, ambushes, caves, etc. - is only entourage.
Kupeur was hurt to see how the root America, which the Hero's favorite His, goes before the eyes, replacing completely different America, where the ball rule the speculators and passing. Therefore, probably, and chose somehow a writer with bitterness: "I went with my country." But over time, it became clear that there were no contemporaries-compatriots who reproached the writer in antipatriotic moods, the discrepancy is a form of moral self-esteem, and the longing of the departed - a secret faith in a continuation that does not have the end.

ru.wikipedia.org.

Biography

Shortly after the birth of Phoenimor, his father, a rather rich landworker, moved to the state of New York and founded the village of Cuperstown (Cooperstown), turned into a town. Having received an initial education at the local school, Cooper went to Yale University, but, without graduating from the course, entered the maritime service (1806-1811); It was appointed to build a military ship on Lake Ontario.

We owe this circumstance to the excellent descriptions of Ontario, who occurring in his famous novel "Pathfinder, or on the shores of Ontario" ("The Pathfinder"). In 1811, he married a Francian Dela who occurred from the family, sympathetic England in the Epoch of War of Independence; Its influence explains those relatively soft feedback on the British and the English government, which are found in the early Romans of Cooper. The case made him a writer. Reading once an aloud wife, some novel, Cooper noticed that it was not difficult to write better. The wife caught him on the Word: In order not to seem on Box, he wrote his first novel "Precaution" ("Precaution"; 1820).

Novels

Assuming that in view of the competition between English and American authors, the English criticism will react to his work unallone, Cooper did not sign his own behalf and moved the effect of his novel to England. The latter circumstance could only damage the book, found a bad acquaintance of the author with an English life and caused very unfavorable feedback from English criticism. The second novel of Cooper, already from American life, became the famous "spy, or a story about the neutral territory" ("The Spy: A Tale of the Neutral Ground", 1821), who had huge success not only in America, but also in Europe.

Then Cooper wrote a whole series of novels from American life ("Pioneers", 1823; "The last of the Mogican", 1826; "Steppes", otherwise "Prairie", 1827; "Foreign Owner", otherwise "tracker", 1840; "Hunter for Lanya, "otherwise" St. John's wort, or the first trail of war ", 1841), in which the struggle of Europeans aliens with the American Indians. The hero of these novels is the hunter Natty (Nathanael) Bampo, speaking under various names (St. John's wort, tracker, falconry, leather stocking, long carbine), energetic and cute, soon done by the beloved of the European public. Idealized by Cooper not only this representative of European civilization, but also some of the Indians (Chingachguk, UNKAS).

The success of this series of Romanov was so great that even English criticism had to admit the talent of Cooper and called him American Walter Scott. In 1826, Cooper went to Europe, where he spent seven years. The fruit of this journey had several novels ("Bravo", "The Headsman", "Mercedes of Castile"), the action of which occurs in Europe.

The mastery of the story and constantly increasing interest of it, the brightness of the descriptions of nature, from which the primitive freshness of the American forests of America, relief in the image of the characters that stand in front of the reader, like the lives, are the advantages of Cooper as a novelist. Posted by sea novels "Lotsman" (1823), "Red Corsair" (1828).

After Europe

Upon returning from Europe, Cooper wrote a political allegory "Monikina" (1835), five volumes of travel notes (1836-1838), several novels from American life ("Satanstow"; 1845 and others), Pamflet "American Democrat" (The American Democrat, 1838). In addition, I wrote another story of the American fleet ("History of the United States Navy", 1839). The desire for complete impartiality found in this essay did not satisfy or its compatriots, nor the British; The controversy, they called, poisoned the last years of Cooper's life. Fenimore Cooper died on September 14, 1851 from the liver cirrhosis.

Cooper in Russia

In the early 1840s, Cooper's novels were very popular in Russia. In particular, the gripped in the "Patriotic Notes" "Opener of the tracks" ("Pathfinder, or on Ontario", "The Pathfinder", Russian translation 1841), about which V. G. Belinsky was expressed that this is Shakespeare Drama in the form novel (cit. t. XII, p. 306).

Bibliography

1820 composes the daughters of the traditional novel morals "Precautions".
- 1821 Historical Roman "Spy, or Tale of Neutral Territory" (The Neutral Ground) based on local legends. In the novel, the era of the American revolution and its ordinary heroes are opoetized. Spy receives international recognition. Cooper moves with his family to New York, where he soon becomes a prominent literary figure and the leader of the writers who told the national originality of American literature.
- 1823:
the first novel comes out, in the future the fourth part of the pentaloga about the leather stuff - "Pioneers, or the origins of Sukvezenna" (The Pioneers, Or The Sources of the Susquehanna).
short Stories (Tales for Fifteen: Or Imagination and Heart)
roman "Lotsman" (The Pilot: A TALE OF THE SEA), the first of the numerous works of Cooper about the adventures of the sea.
- 1825:
roman "Lyonel Lincoln, or Boston Siege" (Lionel Lincoln, Or The Leaguer of Boston).
- 1826 - the second part of the pentaloga about Natty Bampo, the most popular novel of Cooper, whose name has become a numerous, is "the last of the Mohicans" (The Last of the Mohicans).
- 1827 - the fifth of the pentalogia Roman "Steppe", otherwise "Prairie" (The Prairie).
- 1828:
sea Roman "Red Corsair".
Notions of the Americans: Picked up by a Travelling Bachelor
- 1829 - Roman "Vish-Ton-Vish" Valley (The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish), dedicated to Indian theme - the battles of the American colonists of the XVII century. With Indians.
- 1830:
the fantastic history of the eponymous brigantine "Sea Wizard" (The Skimmer of the Seas).
Letter to General Lafayette Politics
- 1831 - the first part of the trilogy from the history of European feudalism "Bravo, or in Venice" - Roman from the distant past Venice.
- 1832:
the second part of the heydenmauer, or Benedictine trilogy (The Benedictines, a Legend of the Rhine) is a historic romance from the time of early Reformation in Germany.
short Stories (No Steamboats)
- 1833 - the third part of the trilogy "Ball, or Abbey of the Vinograda" (The Headsman, or the Abbaye des Vignerons) is the legend of the XVIII century. About the hereditary executioners of the Swiss Canton Bern.
- 1834 (A Letter to His Countrymen)
- 1835 - Criticism of American reality in the monikine political allegories (The Monikins), written in the traditions of educational allegorism and satire J. Swift.
- 1836:
memoirs (The Eclipse)
Gleanings in Europe: Switzerland (Sketches of Switzerland)
Gleanings in Europe: The Rhine
A Residence in France: With An Excursion Up The Rhine and A Second Visit to Switzerland
- 1837:
Gleanings in Europe: France Travel
Gleanings in Europe: England Travel
- 1838:
pamphlet "American Democrat" (The American Democrat: Or Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America).
Gleanings in Europe: Italy Travel
The Chronicles of Cooperstown
Hommeward Bound: Or The Chase: A TALE OF THE SEA
Home As Found: Sequel to Homeward Bound
- 1839:
The History of The Navy of The United States of America), testifying to the beautiful possession of material and love in navigation.
Old ironsides
- 1840:
"Pathfinder, or Lake-Sea" or "Inland Sea Opener" (The Pathfinder, Or The Inland SEA) - Third Part Pentaloga About Natty Bampo
roman about the opening of America Columbus Mercedes from Castile: Or, The Voyage to Cathay).
- 1841 - "St. John's wort, or the first trail of war" or "The Deerslayer: Or The First Warpath) is the first part of the pentalogia.
- 1842:
roman "Two Admirals" (The Two Admirals), telling an episode from the history of the British fleet leading in 1745 by the War with France
roman about French kaperism "Wandering Ogonok" (Wing-and-Wing, Or Le Feu-Follet).
- 1843 - Roman "Vaandotte, or a house on a hill" (Wyandotte: Or The Hutted Knoll. A TALE) about the American revolution in the deaf corners of America.
Richard Dale.
biography (Ned Myers: Or Life Before The Mast)
(Autobiography of a Pocket-handkerchief or Le Mouchoir: An Autobiographical Romance or The French Governess: Or The Embroidered Handkerchief or Die Franzosischer Erzieheren: Oder Das Gestickte Taschentuch)
- 1844:
roman "On land and at sea" (Afloat and Ashore: Or The Adventures of Miles Wallingford. A SEA TALE)
and his continuation of Miles Wallingford (Miles Wallingford: Sequel to Afloat and Ashore), where the image of the main character wears autobiographical features.
Proceedings of the Naval Court-Martial in the Case of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, & c.
- 1845 - Two parts of the "trilogy in defense of land rent": "Satanstow" (Satanstoe: Or The Littlepage Manuscripts, A Tale of The Chainbearer; Or, The Littlepage Manuscripts).
- 1846 - the third part of the trilogy - the Roman "Redskins" (The Redskins; Or, Indian and Injin: Being The Conclusion of the Littlepage Manuscripts). In this trilogy, Cooper depicts three generations of landowners (from the middle of the XVIII century to the struggle against land rent in the 1840s).
Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers BIOGRAPHY
- 1847 - The pessimism of the late Cooper is expressed in the crater utopia (The Crater; Or, Vulcan's Peak: A TALE OF THE PACIFIC), which is an allegorical history of the United States.
- 1848:
roman "Oak Grove" or "Passed in Dubrov, or a hunter for bees" (The Bee-Hunter) - from the history of the Anglo-American War of 1812
Jack Tier: Or The Florida Reefs
- 1849 - the last sea romance of Cooper "Sea Low" (The Sea Lions: The Lost Sealers) about the shipwreck, comprehended by hunters for seals in the ice of Antarctica.
- 1850:
the last book of Cooper "New Versions" is a social novel about American legal proceedings.
piece (UPSIDE DOWN: OR PHILOSOPHY IN PETTICOATS), SATIRIZATION OF SOCIALISM
- 1851:
short story (The Lake Gun)
(New York: Or The Towns of Manhattan) - unfinished work on the history of New York.

Biography

The future writer was born in the family of a major landowner, the nature of the templara reminded Marmadyuk from the pioneers novel. His childhood was held in the village of Cooperstown, named after the father and located on the shore of the lake in New York. The origin imposed his mark on the formation of socio-political views of Cooper: he remained a supporter of a major land tenure, the lifestyle of the life of "rural gentlemen", and in democratic land reforms often saw only the rampant bourgeois complication and demagogy. (This was reflected, for example, in the novels "Trilogy on land rental".) At the same time, the basis of the writer's creativity, its assessments of the US socio-political development lies consistently democratic position. This was facilitated by the youthful years of Cooper, who passed in the atmosphere of post-revolutionary lifting in the United States, and later - stay in France during revolutionary events of 1830

After several years of exercises - first at the school of Cooperstown, then in Albany and in the Iayle College - for seventeen-year-old Cooper years of wanderings begins. He becomes a sailor first trading, and then a military fleet, makes distant travel, crosses the Atlantic Ocean, gets closely acquainted with the area of \u200b\u200bthe Great Lakes, where its novels unfold. During these years, Cooper accumulates a variety of life-sensitive material for literary creativity.

After the death of the Father in 1810, Cooper married and with his family settled in the small town of Scarsdale. There in 1820 he wrote his first novel "Precautions". Later, Cooper recalled that the book was written "on the dispute"; He is half a half-season undertake to write a novel no worse than those works of English authors who were fond of his wife. His next novel "Spy" (1821) was created on the material of war of independence.

"Spy" brought the writer unexpectedly quickly and loud glory. His novel Cooper filled the vacuum in national literature, identified the benchmarks of her future development. Heated success, Cooper decides to completely devote himself to literary work. In the next five years, he writes five more novels, among which three books of the future pentalogue about the leather bank ("Pioneers", "the last of the Mogican", "Prairie"), as well as the first sea romance of Cooper "Lotsman".

In 1826, Cooper goes to Europe. He lives in France, Italy for a long time, travels to other countries. New impressions again and again make it refer to the history of both new and old light. In Europe, Cupper was written by the novels "Red Corsair", "Sea Magician", as well as a trilogy about the European Middle Ages ("Bravo", "Geydenmauer", "Palach").

In 1833, Cooper returns to his homeland. For those seven years that he was absent, much in America has changed. Further in the past, the heroic time of the American revolution was leaving, the principles of independence declaration were concerned. The United States entered into an industrial coup, which destroyed the remains of the patriarchy in life and in human relationships. "The Great Moral Eclipse" calls Cooper, a disease that has accustomed to American society. According to him, the country began to rule the "great immoral postulate, known as a monetary interest." Still in Europe per minute of bitter insight, Cooper somehow dropped: "I went with my country." Returning "home", he found that the abyss between them is even wider than it seemed to him.

Cooper makes an attempt to "enjoy" and "correct" their fellow citizens. He still believes in the advantages of the American socio-political organization, considering negative phenomena with something external, apparent, perversion of initially reasonable and healthy basics. Climb to fight these "distortions" is a call that sounds from pages of his "letters to compatriots."

But this goal has not achieved. On the contrary, the streams of open hatred and a secret slander fell on Cooper. For the fact that the writer dared to act with criticism of public defects, bourgeois America accused the first national novelist in the absence of patriotism, squirrel, arrogance, and at the same time in the lack of literary gift. Cooper will retire in Cuperstown and there until the last day of life continues, working on the novels, then over journalistic works, sermon their views.

In this last period, Cupper's creativity was written in the Pentalogonian novels "Pathfinder" and "Zvethoy", satyrico-allegorical novel "Monikina" (1835), in which the defects of the socio-political system of England and the United States, derived in the book under the names of high-pressure and low-fighters , social novels "Home" (1837) and "Houses" (1838), a trilogy of land rent ("damn finger", 1845; "Surveyor", 1845; "Red-Soviet", 1846), Social-Utopic Roman "Crater" ( 1847) and others. In general, the works of Cooper of this time are unequal in ideologically-artistic terms, along with the insightful criticism of the bourgeois building contains elements of conservative utopies associated with false ideas about the "land aristocracy". But with all this, Cooper consistently remains on consistently critical anti-bourgeois positions.

The literary heritage of Cooper is very extensive. It includes 33 novels, several volumes of journalism and travel notes, pamphlets, historical surveys. Cooper laid the basics of the development of the American novel, creating various samples: historical, marine, socially household, satyric-fantastic novels, Roman-utopia. The writer first in American literature sought to the epic reflection of the world, which affected, in particular, in the association of a number of his books in the cycles: Pentalogia, trilogy, dilogy.

In his work, Cooper remained the right three main topics: this is the war for independence, the sea and the life of the frontier. Already in this choice itself, the romantic basis of the creative method of the writer is revealed: the heroism of the soldiers of the American revolution, the freedom of marine elements, the virgin forests and the endless Prairies of the West Cooper contrasts the disadvantaged feverish thirst for the American society. This gap of a romantic ideal and reality is based on the ideological and artistic design of every book of Cooper.

Cooper widely uses a variety of artistic agents from arsenal of romantic aesthetics: Lyrically painted paintings of nature, creating an atmosphere of mystery, hyperbolization, a sharp separation of characters on "good" and "bad", etc. At the same time, the work of Cooper has the traits of continuity with educational novel XVIII century The writer retains confidence in mind and logic, commitment to the epic narrativeness and accurate details of the landscape, life, appearance, etc., adheres to many structural and composite principles of the educational novel. In the works of Cooper, the approval of the principles of realism, coming from the XVIII by the end of the XIX century, may even be aware of the coming generations.

Cooper was often called "American Walter Scott", and sometimes reproached to the imitation of the Grand Scot. Thrust these unfair. The work of Cooper is imbued with a deep national spirit, the basis of its creations - national issues. In the prefaces, Cooper has repeatedly emphasized the need for the development and propaganda of national American literature.

It is impossible not to note the skill of the Cooper in building the plot of the work, creating bright dramatic scenes, the images that have been the personification of a national character and at the same time "eternal satellites of mankind." These are Garvey Berch from Spy, Natty Bampo, Chingachguk, Unshas from the books about the leather stuff.

Perhaps the best pages of the writer are those where the untouched grandiose and affecting the nature of the new light is depicting the imagination. Cooper is an outstanding master of literary landscape. It is especially attracted by colorful landscapes, or a mild eye-minded eye (a flickering lake in the "Hyft"), or a great-harsh, inspiring anxiety and tremies. "

In the "sea" novels Cooper as brightly draws a changeable, formidable and charming ocean element.

An important place in almost every novel Cooper occupy carefully written battle scenes. Their climax often serves the martial arts of the powerful opponents: Chingachguk and Magua, solid heart and mor..

The artistic language of the writer is emotioned, the range of shades of which is different - from the solemn pathos to a touching sentimentality.

In Russia, they got acquainted with the work of Cooper in 1825, when a novel "Spy" was published in Moscow. Cooper's books quickly won the love and popularity of the Russian reader. They are highly appreciated by M. Yu. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky, V. K. Kühehelbecker and other prominent progressive cultural figures. Fulfilled the poetry of the feat and the struggle of the book of Cooper and now continue to teach honor, courage, loyalty.

The novel "Spy" opened before the American Writers of the XIX century. Rich opportunities to use the material of national history. He remained not only the best Book of Cooper in the genre of historical novel, but also the highest achievement of the US literature in this area.

In the center of Roman - a dramatic episode from the history of the struggle of American colonists against English domination. In the preface to publication 1849, Cooper directly calls the topic of books - patriotism. The action of the "spying" is deployed in 1780. The main character is a peddron of goods Garvey Berch - the secret intelligence officer of the American army, performing particularly important and dangerous tasks of the command. It operates at the "neutral territory" between the two warring armies. The situation is complicated puzzling in the way, to disguise his genuine face, Berch deliberately gives out itself beyond the spy of the English king. Death threatens him on both sides, and help to wait now. Berch and not looking for it. Moreover, for a moment threatening? His execution from the hands of American patriots who take him for the spy of enemies, he swallows the note of General Washington, certifying his faithful homeland. He would show it, the danger would have passed, but with her and the ability to complete the task.

The very choice as a hero of the novel of the Stray Trader Bercha says about the democratis of Cooper and his deep understanding of the driving forces of the American revolution. Not wise generals and not brilliant officers, and people from the people are ready for any sacrifices for the celebration of Independence and Freedom. They are the genuine heroes of these harsh and bright pages of American history. Garvey Berch for the good of the Motherland sacrificed to all: honest name, a family hearth, a hometown, without requiring no remuneration for it. The key in the novel is the scene of the last meeting of General Washington and his secret agent Bercha. In payment for the "Services", the general suggests Berch a hundred dodged, but he refuses to take them. He asks: Does the general think he risked his life and disgraced his name for money? Here is the intelligence manner of the commander's morally. Washington reminds that Bechch will have to the grave to hear the enemy of his homeland: a mask who hides his true face, he will not be allowed to remove many years, but most likely - never. But Berch is ready for this from the very day when he took up his work. Instead of a gold bag, he as the greatest jewel takes the paper written by Washington's hand, instead of that lost. Further fate of "spying" - loneliness, wanderings, need.

And Washington's note will find thirty-three years later on the body of the old man killed in the battle during the war of 1812-1815. between England and the United States. Seventy-year-old Garvey Berch defeat bullets in his last fight for America's independence. Cooper completes the novel by the Epitaph: "He died, as he lived, the devoted son of his homeland and the martyr for her freedom."

Although Cooper does not develop this motive in detail in detail, the fate of Berch objectively reflects the tragic discrepancy between the high ideals of the American revolution and the real practice caused by its bourgeois character. Bercha's fleet looks particularly unfair against the backdrop of a light career of frivolous officers, calculating the cowardice of the bobbin and the greed of the robbers - "skinners", who issued themselves for their independence wrestlers, and in fact we have robbed in the "neutral territory". Later, the Theme of the Fate of the Genuine Heroes of War for Independence will be chained by Cooper, will be picked up and deeply revealed by the Romantic "second generation" by Melville in the book "Israel Potter".

Higher achievement of Cooper - Pentalogy about leather stocking. It includes five novels written in the following order: "Pioneers" (1823), "Last of Mogican"\u003e (1826), "Prairie" (1827), "Pravda" (1840), "Zvethoy" (1841). They are combined by Nathaniel Bampo hunter, which also has numerous nicknames: St. John's wort, tracker, falconry, leather stocking and long carbine. In the pentalogia, the entire life of the Bampo passes before readers - from youth ("Zvethoy") until the day of death (Prairie). But the order of writing books does not coincide with the stages of the life of the main character. Cooper began the story of Bampo, when the hunter had already entered into an old age, he continued her novel from Nattie's mature age, then depicted him in old age, a year before his death. And only after a marked break, the writer again turned to the adventures of the leather stocking and returned to his days of his youth.

If we consider parts of the pentalogia, not in order as they were written, but according to the chronology of the events described (namely, they are usually read), then the sequence of time and place of action is as follows: "St. John's wort" - 1740, north East of the United States, the upper shovel of the Susquehana River; "The last of the Mogican" - 1757, the district of the Hudson River; "Pathfinder" - the very end of the 50s, one of the great lakes - Ontario; "Pioneers" - 1793, the development and settlement of Western forests; Prairie - 1805, Prairie district to the west of Mississippi. Thus, the path of the main hero of the Pentalogia - from a narrow strip of land on the Atlantic coast, where the first colonists landed, - to the great lakes and further to the endless Western prairies. This path also took in life, and in the Pentalogia Cooper about sixty years.

Taken together toy Romanov - artistic history of the American frontier, the history of the American nation from east to the west. In the fate of Natty Bampo, the history of the conquest of the continent and at the same time the history of strengthening in the country of bourgeois civilization, the history of moral losses, which suffered a nation, expanding its territory.

All five novels have about the same plot construction. Nattie Bampo Hunter, the inhabitant of the most extreme frontier of the frontier, on the first pages of each book meets with any of the immigrants, the wave of which is moving to the West (officers, adventurers, merchants, etc.). He makes wonders of courage and heroism, speaking on the side of the "positive" heroes, fights against injustice, helps weak and offended. In the final of each of the novels, Bampo leaves familiar places and goes on to the West, and in the next book - the story is repeated again.

At the heart of the plot of "Zverkoy" - the fate of the hero, which is just twenty and who first steps on the "Trop of War" with the Indians of the Guron tribe. In this deadly struggle, the friendship of Natty arises with the young Indian from the Mogican Chingachguk, friendship, which they both carry through all their lives. The situation in the novel is complicated by the fact that the White Allies of the Hyvericon - "floating" Tom Hatter and Harry March - cruel and unfair in relation to the Indians and themselves provoke violence and bloodshed. Dramatic adventures - ambushes, battles, captivity, escape - unfold against the background of the picturesque nature - the mirror stroit of the flickering lake and its wooded shores.

"The last of the Mogican" is the most famous novel of Cooper. The plot is built on the history of capture captured by the cruel and cunning leader Magua - a cherry fox of the daughters of Colonel Munro - Cora and Alice and attempts to a small detachment led by Natty Bampo - a falcon eye to free the captives. Together with Natty and Chingachguk, the young Indian warrior, the son of Chingachguk Unshas, \u200b\u200bparticipates in the exciting spirit of persecution and fights. He is - although Cooper does not develop this line in detail - in love with one of the captives, Corra, and dies in the last battle, trying to save it in vain. A deep-touching scene of the funeral of UNKAS - the last of the Mogican and the bark is completed by the novel. Falconary eyes and Chingachguk are sent to further wanders.

In the "tracker" depicted scenes of the English-French War 1750-1760. In this war and the British and French bribing or deception attracted Indian tribes to their side. Bampo with his tank carbine and Chingachguk participate in the battles on Lake Ontario and once again help their comrades win. However, Natty, and together with him the author sharply condemn the war with colonialists leading to the meaningless death of both white and the Indians. A significant place in the novel is the story of Love Bampo to Meib Dunham. Setting the courage and the nobility of the scout, the girl, however, prefers more closely by her age and character to Jasper. Bampo generously refuses marriage (although Mailed was ready to keep the promise given to the deceased father, and marry the trail) and goes on to the west.

"Pioneers" is the most problematic novel of Pentalogia. A leather stockulka is here under seventy, but the eye did not lose the dowel, and the hand is hardness. However, the lonely old age is sad. The old friend of Chingachguk - the Great Serpent is still nearby, but the wise leader and the mighty warrior turned into a squabble, spoken old man - John Indian. Natty and Chingachguk are strangers in the village of Colonists, where the laws and orders of "civilized" society are gradually established. In the center of Roman - the conflict between the natural laws of nature and the human heart and fetched and unfair public orders. At the end of the book, Chingachguk dies, and Bampo, again arranged the happiness of the young couple - Oliver Effingham and Elizabeth Temple, refuses the goods of secured old age and is again hiding in the forest more often.

In Prairie, Natty Bampo is already eighty-five. He is not a hunter, but sterling, beasts. At the very beginning of the book, Cooper explains that from his favorite forests of the leather stock rug, he was driven by a knock of the ax and it is forced to seek refuge on a bare plain, stretching to the rocky mountains. Now, Natty's new young friends helps not a taking shot, but a huge life experience, the ability to escape from a natural disaster and talk to a formidable Indian leader. The danger threatens the Bampo and his friends both by the Indians of the Siou tribe and from the White Migrants of the Bush. All numerous turns of the adventurous plot are completed safely - a double wedding. After parting with your friends, Nattie is spent the last year of life among the Indians of the Powney tribe, the young leader of which is a firm heart partly replaces him by the deceased Mogicanna of Unshas. The final of the novel is a solemn and heartfelt scene of the last clock of the leather stocking and his death.

The image of Nattie Bampo is the highest achievement of the Cooper, it is a deep national character, generated by the specific conditions of American history, and at the same time - one of the "Eternal Satellites of Humanity", who fresses with its example one after another generation of readers in different countries. The bright characteristic gave this literary hero V. G. Belinsky: "A man with deep naturo and a powerful spirit, voluntarily refused by the amenities and baits of a civilized life for a wide dilutaya of the greatest nature, for an elevated conversation with God in a solemn silence of his great creation ... , outlooking an open-air, in the eternal struggle with the dangers ... A person with iron muscles and steel muscles in a drunken body, with a pigeon heart in a lion breast. "

In accordance with the russian ideas, Cooper explains the high moral qualities of his beloved character in communicating with nature and the lack of corporate influence of civilization. In the "beast" he calls the batupo "a wonderful model of what the young woman can make and the absence of bad examples and temptations." In the "Pathfinder", the writer compares his hero with "Adam to Falls," names his "man of excellent spiritual qualities", "a sage from a remote outstanding outskirts," hesitates his "incorruptible, unmistakable sense of justice," emphasizes that "his faithfulness was irrehensible, like a rock. " Natty is absolutely uncanyten and is not capable of a dishonest act.

The leather stocking does not imagine life out of nature, without the feeling of his unity with his forests surrounding it, sky, water. "The true temple is a forest," he says. The forest equals people, destroying, even if only for time, artificial obstacles, erected between the civilization between them. Great School of Nature, says Nattie, is much more useful and more important than the contrived book scholarship citizens. An awkward and confused on the streets of the settlements of White Colonists, Bampo is transformed, being in his element.

Life in the extreme frontier of the front attracts Nattie also with its freedom and independence. He understands freedom simply: it is the right to wander around his native forests. The regulation of the law of a person's life seems to be a bampo of unfair and sinful. In "Pioneers", Nattie declares the referee templating, trying to prove the need for the Code of Laws and the Rules of Civilization: "I wandered around these mountains when you were still a baby in your hands. And I know that I have the right to wander on this earth until the end of life. "

The complexity and drama of the fate of Natty Bampo is that he has fallen a historically caused by a dual role. Falling from the Topor's knock, announced about the onset of a new way of life, retreating further to the west, the leather stocking involuntarily paves the path of the very cold and hostile civilization that ruins his world. There is a bitter and tragic irony that the courageous and disinterested pioneer becomes a guide of a benchmark, a lumberjack, sheriff, etc.

The key scene of the entire pentaloga in this regard is the scene of a trial over the leather stocking in the pioneer novel. Once Natty Bampo, older than these places, met Marmadyuk Temple, fed him, gave him her shelter, gave his bearish skin to arrange a bed. Yeason has passed, and here's aged hunter with his friend Indian John - two sad fragments of the past in the "civilized" village Templton. Enemies Bampo - Hayre Dulitle and Sheriff Richard Jones imagined that the old man secretly mines silver on the ground belonging to the "owner" of the village Marmadyuk Temple. Using the newly introduced "law" about the timing of hunting, they are trying to penetrate the hut Bampo. Being trusted to him someone else's mystery, the leather stocking gives pretty invasion. Bampo is attracted to the court for "resistance to the authorities." Judge Temple, a man by nature, Humannaya and sincerely thanks for the salvation of his daughter Elizabeth from death in Canther's claws, is still forced by following the laws of the "civilized society", sentenced a bampoo to imprisonment, a large fine and seat in the shods in the shameful pillar. The laws of civilization and the norms of humanity are incompatible.

Very indicative and episode that opens the novel "Prairie". Natty meets the caravan of immigrants of Bush, who cannot find no water, no food for livestock, nor overnight. Bampo spends them to the place where the shadow of the high poplars is rumped by a stream. Immediately there are axes, the trees fall to the ground, "As if a hurricane swept here." The next morning the detachment goes on, and Natty bitterly looks at the produced emptying, on unnecessary, abandoned logs, and yesterday, formerly proud handsome-pillars.

Thus, in the pentalogia, the tragedy of American pioneering was artistically recorded, which ranked the result between the noble goals of the pioneers and territorial expansion in the conditions of capitalism.

The embodiment of free life and proximity to nature is in pentalogia the life of the Indians. Drawing her, Cooper did not strive to a realistic image. His goal was to draw, as he said, "a wonderful ideal", opposing the compliance and cruelty of the bourgeois world. The life and customs of the Indians are blocked by bright colors, unusual, exotic features are emphasized in them, the speech of the Indians is replete with flowery metaphors and comparisons.

One of the most important end-to-end other pentalogii is the tragic fate of American Indians who are dying under the ruthless head of the civilization of white invaders. The "campaign" of the American nation to the West was accompanied by inhuman extermination of the "red-born", declared, in fact, out of law. In the "beast" Cooper draws images of two frontiersman Harry Marcha and Tom Hatter. The first of them proudly declares that "the murder of the savage is a feat," and argues that red-friendly differ from the beasts only with cunning. The second, confirming that only women and children remained in the Indian camp, it persuades the march to attack the defenseless camp to get the scalps there for which the administration of the colonies pays the awards. Neither the Hatter, nor his partner confuse the inhumanity of the conceived: the murder of the Indians they consider not less than a worthy way to make money than hunting.

With tremendous respect and sympathy, the writer draws images of Chingachguk, Unshaus, solid heart. They are distinguished by courage, military valor, honesty and loyalty to the Word, contempt for torture and even death itself. True, the writer subdivides Indian tribes to "good" (Delaware, Powney) and "bad" (Gurona, SIU, etc.). This is connected with the participation of these tribes either on the part of the British, or on the part of the French in the long-term English-French military clashes in the XVIII century. It is significant that even leaders of hostile native tribes, the main enemies of the leather stocking and his friends - a split oak ("St. John's wort"), Magua ("The Last Mogican"), splitting the arrow ("Pathfinder"), Matori (Prairie) - depicts Cooper not one black paint. Along with ferocity and cunning, these heroes are endowed with an outstanding mind, courage, energy. For example, even in Magua, not only "evil and ferocious features", the "fantastic view of Vasilisk", but also his strength, courage, oratorical talent. In the defeat and death of these characters there are her gloomy, tragic greatness.

The direct condemnation of the expansion of white conquerors sounds many scenes in the novels "The Last of Mogican", "Pioneers". In the first of these, the leather stocking says: "You see the Great Leader, a wise Mogicanin. Once his ancestors could pursue a deer at a huge distance. And what will get his descendants? " The author gives the final answer to this question in "pioneers", where the impoverished and disadvantaged Chingachguk and the leather stocking are powerless and uneven. But the fault is not the shipment of years. This white brought old age with them, Chingachguk believes. Rum is their tomahawk.

By destroying the world of the Indians, the capitalist expansion destroys the world of nature. In the XVIII century Migrants seemed to be in front of them an endless scope of forests, an inexhaustible supply of natural wealth, from which you can draw without regard. Frontiersmen treat nature with thoughtless barbarism, pulling under the root and burning the forest, pulling the soil destroying the beast and bird. One of the central episodes of "pioneers" is the scene of the extermination of pigeon flocks. Only leather stockings with his principle "Use, but not exterminate" of this disgusting vakhanlia of the murders. But his reproach "Great sin to kill in vain more that you are able to eat" cannot stop the fact that even the judge Tempel is forced to immediately call the "meaningless destruction" and "slaughterhouse."

The role of the writer as a lapper is the most important topics of the US literature. The motive of "care" from the bourgeois civilization, embodied in the fate of Natty Bampo, will be key in American romanticism, repeatedly in the history of Life of Toro on Lake Walden, in the desire of the heroes of Melville to go into the expanses of the ocean, in flight fantasy E. by. He will pick up writers of subsequent literary directions and epochs. Heclberry Finn in the "Adventures of Geclberry Finn" M. Twin will dream of flight to the "Indian Territory" At Alaska - not for gold, for real life - courageous heroes of D. London will be sent; The hut on the edge of the forest somewhere far in the West is presented "Cattle in rye" - Holden Colfield, Hero Roman D. D. Sallinger. Indian theme will develop in "Song about Gayavate" G. U. Longfello. The friendship of Natty and Chingachguk will become a prototype based on equality and mutual respect for the unions of people of different skin colors from Melville (Ishmael and Quickeg in Moby Dicks), at TV (Huck Finn and Negro Jim), many progressive writers XX environmental issues, protection issues Nature from the unreasonable human intervention, first planned by Cupper, were also widely picked up by US Literature XX centuries.

© V.N. Bogoslovsky (chapters 23, 24, 30), VG Prossors (chapters 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29), A.F.Golchenchenko (Chapter 27), (1991)

Imagine how it happens! Writers sometimes become on the dispute. Maybe this is a single case in world literature, but it happened like. Fenimmore read somehow with his wife one book and in the hearts said that he could have been better to write, rather than what they read with his wife. What a wife ironically noticed: "Write ...", - what ate or inspired her husband for writing. As a result, Phoenimon just did not have anything left, how to start writing a novel. It became the first pen sample, and the novel was called "precaution." This is the answer for quizzes.

The same who has not yet looked at this TV, I will say that the question was 3 million, but the players did not manage to guess the work of Cooper, they chose the "last Magican" and, alas, lost the final question. I note that the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch an answer belonged to Burkovsky, inspired by success in the question about the Nobel laureate, Andrei overestimated his luck and hit Victor from the right path, who was more likely a presenter's answer.

• The question was taken with the prompt.