Applied creativity - information technology at dhow. Folk-decorative and applied arts in kindergarten

Introduction.

1. Folk decorative and applied art and its place in kindergarten.

2. Characteristics of handicrafts.

3. Introducing children to folk art and teaching decorative modeling in different age groups.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction

Folk arts and crafts of our country are an integral part of our culture. Emotionality, poetic imagery of this art are close, understandable and dear to people. Like everyone great art, it fosters a sensitive attitude to beauty, contributes to the formation of a harmonious developed personality... Based on deep artistic traditions, folk art is included in the life and culture of our people, has a beneficial effect on the formation of a person of the future. Works of art, created by folk craftsmen, always reflect love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the world around them.

Folk arts and crafts - one of the means of aesthetic education - helps to form artistic taste, teaches children to see and understand the beauty in the life around us and in art. Folk art is national in content, therefore it is able to actively influence the spiritual development of a person, on the formation of patriotic feelings in a child.

More and more often, works of decorative and applied art penetrate into the life of people, creating an aesthetically complete environment that determines the creative potential of an individual. The introduction of preschoolers to folk art is carried out through the creation of a beautiful interior of a kindergarten, a group room, in the design of which they include works folk art... Therefore, the role of kindergartens is great, where work is being successfully carried out to familiarize children with samples of folk art. An important place is given to decorative modeling. The teacher tells children about folk art objects, teaches decorative modeling techniques.

But in order to successfully carry out such work, the teacher must be familiar with folk arts and crafts, must know and understand folk art, and must know the methods of teaching children about decorative modeling.

1. Folk arts and crafts and its place in kindergarten

In modern culture, folk art lives in its traditional forms. Thanks to this, the products of folk craftsmen retain their stable characteristics and are perceived as carriers of an integral artistic culture. Folk art items are diverse. These can be toys made of wood, clay, dishes, carpets, lace, lacquer miniatures, etc. Each product carries goodness, joy, imagination, captivating both children and adults.

Folk art is always understood and loved by everyone. Since ancient times, people liked to decorate their homes with carpets, painted trays and boxes, because folk art carries the warmth of the hands of the master, a subtle understanding of nature, the ability to simply, but with a great flair for shape and color, select for their products only what necessary, that which is truly beautiful. Unsuccessful samples are eliminated, only the valuable, the great, which comes from the depths of the soul, lives. Folk art is valuable because every time, creating one and the same thing, the master introduces something new into the pattern, and the form cannot turn out to be absolutely the same. The folk craftsman creates various products. These are salt shakers with Khokhloma painting, bread bins, and Gorodets painted dishes.

Folk art is the property of not only adults, but also children who enthusiastically play with both wooden nesting dolls and clay figurines of Kirov craftsmen. Children love Bogorodsk toys-boxes and Kargopol toys. Wooden spoons, wicker baskets, rag halves and other items of folk crafts are in great demand. Folk art is figurative, colorful, original in its design. It is accessible to children's perception, as it carries in itself understandable content, which specifically, in simple, laconic forms, reveals to the child the beauty and charm of the world around him. This is always familiar to children fabulous images animals made of wood or clay. Ornaments used by folk craftsmen for painting toys and dishes include flowers, berries, leaves that a child meets in the forest, in the field, at the kindergarten site. So, the masters of Khokhloma painting skillfully make ornaments from leaves, viburnum berries, raspberries, cranberries. Gorodets craftsmen create their own ornaments from leaves and large flowers of a bikini, rose hips, roses. Clay toy craftsmen most often paint their products with geometric patterns: rings, stripes, circles, which are also understandable for small children.All these products, both wooden and clay, are used in kindergartens not only to decorate the interior of a room. Under the guidance of a teacher, children carefully examine them, draw and sculpt according to samples folk products.

Folk arts and crafts should enter the life of a kindergarten, delighting children, expanding their concepts and ideas, fostering artistic taste. Kindergartens should have a sufficient number of folk art items. This will make it possible to decorate the interiors of groups and other rooms, from time to time replacing some objects with others. Artistic items are shown to children during conversations about folk craftsmen, and are used in the classroom. All items of DPI should be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogical office. They are distributed by fishery and are constantly replenished with new items. For children of younger groups, you need to have chiseled wooden toys, fun toys from Bogorodsk craftsmen, products of Kargopol folk craftsmen. For middle group you need to have Semyonovsky, Filimonovsky and Kargopol toys, painted birds from Torzhok. For children of the senior and preparatory groups for school, any folk toy, clay and wooden, is available.

Decorative molding in a preschool institution is the creation of dishes, decorative plates, and various figures on the theme of folk toys by children. In addition, it is possible for children to make small decorations (beads, brooches for dolls), souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers, sisters for their birthday, for the holiday on March 8. The skills learned by children during their decorative molding classes can be used by them to create other types of molding work, which makes the products more expressive.

Influenced by folk art objects, children perceive illustrations to Russian folk tales more deeply and with great interest. Folk toys, with their rich themes, influence the child's intentions during molding, enriching the idea of ​​the world around them. Classes using folk art items help develop the child's mental activity. However, all this is possible only if a systematic, systematic familiarization of children with the subjects of DPI is carried out, as a result of which children create their own decorative work: toys, dishes, plates, decorated with ornaments like tiles. The objects of applied art of the peoples of Russia can become valuable material not only for the artistic, but also for the all-round education of every child.

Children's desires to create beautiful objects, to decorate them largely depend on the teacher's interest and attitude to this work. The educator needs to know folk crafts, the history of their origin, to which folk craft this or that toy belongs, to be able to tell about the craftsmen who make these toys and tell it in a fascinating way in order to interest children, awaken in them a desire for creativity.

2. Characteristics of handicrafts

Consider items of folk arts and crafts that can be used in kindergarten.

DYMKOVO TOY

The products of Kirov craftsmen surprise with their plastic form, special proportions, and a pattern that is unusual in brightness. Everyone loves the lively, festive, magnificently molded and painted dolls of the lady-fiancee, goats, ponies, roosters with bright tails. The craft originated in the distant past. The most early description Dymkovo toys dates back to 1811. Its author is Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo. The description tells about the popular Vyatka holiday - "Svistoplyaska", during which painted clay dolls with a gilded pattern were sold. Clay toys were sold not only in Vyatka. They were sold at county fairs and bazaars, sent to other provinces. Before the revolution, craftsmen worked in the village of Dymkovo alone and with families. They dug clay, mixed it with sand, kneaded first with their feet, and then with their hands. Products were fired in Russian ovens, and then painted. Women and children took part in this work.

The factory where Dymkovo toys are now made is located in the city of Kirov. Well-known renowned masters A.A. Mazurina, E.Z. Koshkina, Z. V. Penkin, who, keeping old traditions, create new original toys. Craftsmen work in well-equipped light workshops. On the shelves there are toys in close rows, different in content and design, bright, with gilding. These are ladies-dandies, painted goats, horses, whistle ducks, piglets, bears, etc.

The process of making a toy can be divided into two stages: modeling the product and painting it. Modeling methods are very simple. For example, depicting a doll, the craftswomen first make a skirt from a layer of clay, resulting in a hollow bell-shaped shape; the head, neck and upper body are made from one piece, and the details of clothing (ruffles, frills, cuffs, hats, etc.) are molded separately and attached to the main form, calling them adhesions.

The Dymkovo toy is very specific. Its creation and design have their own traditions, which are expressed, first of all, in static, splendid forms and bright colors.

FILIMONOVSKAYA TOY

A no less famous center of folk craft is the village of Filimonovo, Odoyevsky District, Tula Region, where they make an amazing clay toy. According to legend, Philemon's grandfather lived in this place, who made toys. Nowadays, workshops for making clay toys have been organized in the village, where craftswomen A.I. Derbenev, P.P. Ilyukhina, A.I. Lukyanova and others. People and animals made by artists differ in form and painting. The toys are funny, bizarre and very expressive - these are ladies, peasant women, soldiers with epaulets, dancing couples, horse riders, cows, rams, a fox with a rooster, etc. All toys have elastic bodies, long or short legs, elongated necks with small heads. It is difficult to confuse these toys with any others, as they have their own traditions in the interpretation of form and painting. The painting is bright and mostly yellow, red, orange, green, blue and white. By combining simple elements (stripes, arcs, dots, intersecting lines that form stars), the craftswomen create amazing ornaments that fit beautifully on the skirts and aprons of the figures. The faces of the figures always remain white, and only small strokes and dots mark the eyes, mouth, nose. Toys blaze with fire, shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow, there are few adhesions in Filimonov's toy when compared with Dymkovo's.

A small child first of all sees in Filimonov's toy fun, a fantastic image of an object that awakens his creativity.

KARGOPOL TOY

Kargopol is an ancient Russian city surrounded by forest. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of this city and its environs have been engaged in pottery. For the most part they made pouring dishes: pots, jugs, bowls, some craftsmen made clay toys. However, in 1930 the craft fell into decay. Only the talented craftswoman U.I. continued to make toys. Babkina, it is her products that are characterized by the best features of a folk toy. In 1967, Kargopol workshops for the production of painted clay toys were re-established.

Next to the bright, sonorous in color Dymkovo and Filimonov toys, the plastic of the figures of this northern region may seem austere. The colors of the painting include black, dark green and brown. Among the toys there are many funny images, sculpted simply, but with great warmth and folk humor. Basically, these are peasant women with baskets or a bird in their hands, dolls with spinning wheels, bearded men. The Kargopol toy is also characterized by multi-figured compositions - dancing figures, cheerful triplets with riders in a sleigh, etc. Kargopol craftsmen also love to portray animals: a bear, a hare, a horse, a dog, a pig, a goose and a duck.

The Kargopol toy is characterized by convention in the interpretation of the image in terms of shape, proportions and color. All figurines are somewhat squat, with short arms and legs, an elongated body, a thick and short neck, and a relatively large head. Animals are depicted as fat-legged and sometimes dynamic, for example, a bear stands on its hind legs - the moment of attack; a dog has paws apart and an open mouth, a duck with outstretched wings, etc. recent times to revive the toys, the craftsmen add yellow, blue and orange colors... The main elements of the ornament are combinations of intersecting lines, circles, trees, dots and stripes. The toys are molded in parts, the joints of the parts are carefully smoothed. Products are dried, fired in an oven and painted with tempera paints. Now hereditary masters K.P. Sheveleva, A.P. Shevelev, S.E. Druzhinin. Each has its own style of modeling and painting, however, all toys are based on old folk traditions.

TVERSKAYA TOY

In the city of Torzhok, Tver region, relatively recently, they began to make clay toys, in particular, clay birds, decorated with adhesions and painting. Masters of this craft, creating decorative toy, use a special range of colors of enamel paints: blue, light blue, white, black, green, orange, red. The pattern consists of strokes, circles and dots that create a festive decor. In addition to painting, the toy is decorated with moldings, which are well connected with its main shape. The bright enamel pattern beautifully complements the figurines, lying on a brown background, since the product is not primed and the background is the color of fired clay. Basically, the toy is static, but there are swan birds with sharply turned necks and heads, which gives them special plasticity. Among the toys are roosters, chickens, geese, swans, ducks.

BOGORODSKAYA TOY

Folk craftsmen in the village of Bogorodskoe, Moscow Region, create wooden carved toys, which, like clay, belong to folk plastic and can be successfully used in working with children in decorative modeling classes. For more than 350 years, woodcarvers have been working in the village of Bogorodskoye near Sergiev Posad. In their skillful hands, the blocks of wood turn into amusing figurines. Toys are cut from linden, which must dry before this for 2 years. The main types of painted toys are chickens, birds on a stand with a movable device, etc. Figures are cut from a whole tree, for which blanks of various shapes are made. The surface of the finished products of the old masters was smoothed with sandpaper, as a result of which the figure turned out to be smooth. Now the toys are finished with carvings, which rhythmically lay on the surface and decorate the product. Traditionally, some parts of the toy are made movable. The content of toys is diverse - these are stories from fairy tales, fables, sports and space, and they are all joke toys. Traditionally is a bear.

A well-known master of Bogorodsk carving is the hereditary carver N.I. Maximov. For many years he taught carvers in a vocational technical school, sought to instill in them not only the skills and techniques of carving, but also a love of nature, of all living things. Bogorodsk toys are widely known in our country and are famous far beyond its borders.

GZHELSKAYA TABLEWARE

The village of Gzhel is located not far from Moscow in the Ramensky district. Pottery has been practiced here for a long time, from about the 14th century. They made ferments, kumgans, plates and toys painted with brown and yellowish-green ceramic paints. Sometimes the dishes were decorated with stucco figurines. Currently, Gzhel porcelain products have won worldwide fame due to the uniqueness of the pattern and shape. Gzhel porcelain is easy to recognize by blue painting on a white background. However, the blue is not monotonous, and if you look closely, you can see the subtlest halftones and shades that resemble the blueness of the sky, lakes and rivers. Gzhel craftsmen paint on porcelain with strokes and lines, and the ornament of the drawing includes leaves and flowers: daisies, bells, cornflowers, roses, tulips and lilies of the valley. In addition to tableware, small sculptures and toys are made in Gzhel. Among them you can see fairy-tale characters loved by children: Alyonushka in a long dress and a headscarf, Ivan Tsarevich with Elena Prekrasnaya on Gray wolf, Emelya with a caught pike, etc. Currently, the artists are working on the creation of new plots and compositions. There were sculptures depicting astronauts and athletes with Olympic torches. All the works of the Gzhel masters amaze with a deep sense of rhythm, harmony of form and content.

3. Introducing children to folk art and teaching decorative modeling in different age groups

FIRST YOUNGER GROUP

Acquaintance of children with decorative arts should begin in the first junior group of kindergarten. The child's possibilities in decorative modeling at this stage are very limited: children only decorate products using a stick or making a depression with their finger. Acquaintance of children with toys takes place in the form of games, during which the teacher asks the children about what this or that object represents. Children are offered to arrange toys in a certain order, to build a house, a ladder, a bridge for the nesting dolls. Kids love bright nesting dolls and smooth chiseled toys, they are happy to join the game: they place them on the table, place them on a ladder made of cubes, and lead them along the bridge. At the same time, children are given the task of comparing toys in size, highlighting the main, large parts and small parts, find out and name the shape of the parts. Especially like kids when there are a lot of toys on the table. One or two toys hardly attract the child's attention, interest in them quickly disappears. Playing with nesting dolls, they tell the teacher that there are many nesting dolls, they are big and small, nesting dolls have eyes, a nose, beautiful scarves, and, examining chiseled birds, they note that the bird's head is round and the tail is long.

In the first junior group, folk toys are mainly used for games. However, in some classes, the teacher, in order to attract children to this type of activity, shows them the methods of sculpting.

There is no decorative modeling in this group yet, but the tendency among children to decorate their products is already observed. The first attempts of kids to decorate their modeling lead to a chaotic arrangement of the pattern along the edge of the product, which is a reference line for the child. Considering this feature and knowing that it is easier for the child this way, the task can be reduced to decorating the edge of a sculpted cookie or gingerbread. Elements of decoration can first be dots, and then stripes made with a stick. Kids are fascinated by the opportunity to make indentations in the clay with a stick. They do it with pleasure, realizing that their toys will become more beautiful. The teacher should support the child's desire to decorate his work by making appropriate suggestions at every opportunity.

SECOND YOUNGER GROUP

To work with children in the first half of the year, they usually use the same toys as in the first younger group, but conduct a deeper analysis of the shape of objects. For example, showing the matryoshka to children, the teacher says that the matryoshka has a head, hands, names the details of the clothes: an apron, sleeves, a scarf, show them beautiful ones, flowers, leaves and other decorative elements.

Children of the second junior group Dymkovo's toy is well perceived, which can be offered for viewing at the end of the first - beginning of the second half of the year. Moreover, children are not hampered by the conventionality of the shape and color of these toys. They freely define objects and highlight the elements of the painting: stripes, circles, dots and rings. The perception of folk art objects makes it possible to set visual tasks for children and to trace the influence of folk art on the nature of children's modeling. However, the selection of items for sculpting should take into account age characteristics preschoolers.

Starting from the second half of the year, children can be offered to decorate a disc-shaped product with three-dimensional shapes - balls and rollers. Performing this task, the children sculpt a cake, cake for dolls, placing the elements in a certain rhythm: balls - along the edge and in the middle, and rollers - in the form of a grid or rays radiating from the center to the edges. Children first create the base, and then gradually decorate it. The activity of each child is manifested in the fact that the baby himself chooses the shape, size of the elements and alternates them.

The next stage is a more difficult task: children are asked to mold a cup and apply a pattern on it in a stack along the edge of the cup in one or several rows.

After reading wooden toys children sculpt birds, mushrooms, dolls in a long dress. They decorate each object, and the ability to work in a stack is transferred to the image of such details as the mouth, nose, eyes of the dolls. All this makes children's works more expressive. Thus, a certain sequence of familiarizing children of the second junior group with a folk toy and the introduction of decorative elements into modeling is outlined. For games and viewing in this group, you can use Semyonov nesting dolls, Zagorsk wooden chiseled toys and wooden toys by Bogorodsk craftsmen, Kargopol toys (horse, goose, duck, dog) and Dymkovo toys (cockerel, brooding hen, large and small dolls). For acquaintance before modeling, you can offer turned wooden objects, consisting of rounded and conical shapes.

MEDIUM GROUP

For the successful teaching of decorative modeling in the middle group, work continues on introducing children to folk art. For this purpose, Semyonov nesting dolls, wooden chiseled Bogorodsk toys, Dymkovo cockerels and goats, Kargopol toys, painted birds from Torzhok, Filimonov toys are used.

However, for playing in modeling, it is better for children to offer Semyonov nesting dolls, chiseled wooden toys, Kargopol toys (dog, goose) and toys from Torzhok. The rest of the toys are desirable for playing and viewing.

Acquaintance of children 4-5 years old with folk art objects takes place in the form of games and short conversations. It is important for children to understand that folk toys made of any material are almost always brightly painted and that is why they are funny and joyful. The child begins to understand that in one case the pattern falls on a volumetric shape, in the other - on an object brightly colored in one color, and this is also very beautiful. You can sculpt a goat or a cockerel with children of this age, both on presentation and from nature, using a Dymkovo toy. To do this, at the beginning of the lesson, the toy is examined, paying attention to its plastic and other expressive features. Further, the teacher shows some methods of sculpting. The main parts of the toy are sculpted in advance, and the teacher only shows how they need to be connected, tightly attached to each other.

All the small details: the horns and beard of the goat, the comb and the wings of the rooster - the children must sculpt themselves, you can once again examine the toy standing on the stand. The ability to walk up to an object during class and examine it relieves stress in children during work. In addition, the child has a desire to make the toy as beautiful as the craftswoman did.

The sculpted works are carefully preserved, the children examine them several times and, after they have dried, fired them in a muffle furnace.

In the evening, in the presence of children, the teacher paints toys. An exhibition is organized from children's works, which adorns the group for several days, and in the future children can play with these figures.

SENIOR GROUP

The visual activity of children 5-6 years old has its own characteristics. At this age, children have already gotten stronger physically, small and large muscles hands. Children became more attentive, their ability to memorize increased; in addition, they learned to control the actions of their hands during sculpting, and this, in turn, led to a change in the nature of the image. They can independently determine the shape of an object, its structure, highlight small details and decorative elements, and are more creative in their images.

Starting with the older group, decorative modeling occupies a quite definite place in the system of art classes. When planning these classes, it is necessary to take into account their connection with folk art, since decorative sculpture made by folk craftsmen, artistic utensils, decorative plates, not only have a beneficial effect on the development of the artistic taste of children, but are also a good visual aid during modeling. Their skillful use by adults broadens the horizons of children, has a beneficial effect on their mental development.

To work with children of this group, you can use artistically made utensils, decorative plates, Dymkovo, Kargopol, Filimonov and Kalinin clay toys.

In addition to clay, you can conduct classes with wooden toys. However, children should be introduced to at least two toys of each type.

All items of folk applied art are based on certain traditions and characteristics that it is desirable for the educator to know. So, when planning the acquaintance of children with decorative utensils, and then modeling according to these samples, you need to select those items that will help develop the imagination of children. These can be painted ceramic plates, Ukrainian bowls, dishes made by Gzhel, etc. etc.

PREPARATORY GROUP FOR SCHOOL

The visual activity of children 6-7 years old is significantly improved. First of all, the shape of the sculpted objects becomes more complete, the proportions are specified. More often than in the previous group, children have a desire to supplement their modeling with such details that will decorate the craft and make it more expressive. This is due to the fact that the children have become even stronger physically, the small muscles of the hands have developed, the movements of the fingers have become more precise, and the visual acuity has also increased. All this makes it possible to carry out complex details using moldings and painting. Children have an aesthetic assessment of their products, which increases the exactingness of both graphic and expressive modeling tools that the child uses in his work.

Decorative molding in this group includes the image of decorative plates, dishes and sculptures of figurines similar to folk toys. At the same time, children's knowledge of folk crafts is deepening. The guys are looking at decorative vessels made by potters of different nations with great interest. Bright, painted with colored engobes and glaze, they capture the imagination of children, give birth to their creative ideas.

In the preparatory group, children are introduced to a new way of depicting dishes - from rings: clay rings are stacked one on top of the other and are tightly connected to each other. In this way, children sculpt various dishes. Another method of sculpting is making utensils from a piece of clay of a spherical or cylindrical shape by choosing the clay in a stack (pot, crinka, vase). Children continue to study, work in a planned manner and think about their plans in advance.

All work on decorative molding is closely related to conversations about folk crafts. In the preparatory group, acquaintance with folk applied art takes on new forms: didactic games that deepen the idea of ​​children about the expressive features of decorative art objects, affect the development of their mental activity; excursions to exhibitions of applied art, viewing of filmstrips, slides, as well as illustrations in books on folk art.

The selection of decorative objects is carried out taking into account the fact that children have already got acquainted with many of them in the older group. For children 6-7 years old, specimens with more than complex shape and painted. Decorative plates and dishes can be painted with fabulous flowers, birds and fish. The set of Dymkovo dolls is expanding: a water-carrier, a dandy under an umbrella, also a milkmaid with a cow; horse rider, turkey with a painted tail and many others. From a Kargopol toy, children can be shown an old man who gives water to a horse, a peasant-sower, a troika, and Polkan - a fabulous half-beast, half-man. From Filimonov's toys, it is good to use a fox with a rooster, dancing couples and other samples that children have not yet seen. From Kalinin, you can select a chicken with an intricate tuft and a rooster. From Bogorodsk toys, children will be interested in "The Bear and the Hare Go to School", "Baba Yaga", "Bear-Football Player", "Good Morning". The list of toys can be more varied, but the teacher selects only what the kindergarten has.

Classes on introducing children to folk applied arts and decorative modeling in this group are a continuation of the great work that was done in the previous groups. Therefore, children of 6-7 years old should be prepared for the perception of new, more complex samples of folk art, for the assimilation of new methods of modeling and painting.

The main tasks of decorative modeling are to teach children to see the beauty of folk art objects, to cultivate a love for it and the ability to distinguish one craft from another, to use decorative elements in their work to enrich a stucco image, and also to transfer this skill to objects of a non-decorative nature.

Conclusion

Summing up all of the above, you can make an input that the acquaintance of children with folk art objects and decorative modeling have a beneficial effect on the development of children's creativity. The nature of folk art, its emotionality, decorativeness, variety - effective means for the development of mental activity in children and the all-round development of the child as a whole.

The creativity of folk craftsmen not only fosters an aesthetic taste in children, but also forms spiritual needs, feelings of patriotism, national pride, high citizenship and humanity. The child learns that wonderful colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people gifted with imagination, talent and kindness.

Children gradually begin to respect and love this art, to understand its plastics, ornament, color combinations, a variety of forms and images.

Toys of all folk crafts differ in style and manner of execution, and over time, the child begins to distinguish toys from one craft from another, to distinguish characteristics, and he does it on his own. And already in the senior and preparatory groups, children, under the influence of learning, have a desire to make toys themselves, following the model of those that were shown to them in the classroom.

Thus, folk toys stimulate children to act independently. The knowledge gained in the process of classes and games with folk art objects expands the possibilities independent activity children in the field of decorative modeling.

Literature

1. Gribovskaya A.A. Children about folk art. M., 2004.

2. Durasov N.A. Kargopol clay toy. L., 1986.

3. Dorozhin Yu.G., Solomennikova O.A. Filimonov whistles: A workbook on the basics of folk art. M., 2004.

4. Komarova T.S. Children's art creativity. M., 2005.

5. Folk art in the upbringing of preschoolers / Ed. T.S. Komarova. M., 2005.

6. Solomennikova O.A. The joy of creativity // Development artistic creation children 5-7 years old. M., 2005.

7. Khalezova N.B. Decorative modeling in kindergarten: A guide for the teacher / Ed. M.B. Khalezova-Zatsepina. M., 2005.

Many works of folk artists are examples of genuine art, in which form, decor and content are in an indissoluble unity. For centuries, people have selected perfect forms in nature, joyful color combinations, stylized them and created new ones, surprising and delighting with their ingenuity and taste. The art of all the peoples of our multinational Soviet country has reached a brilliant flowering. Its diversity is clearly expressed in local national artistic traditions (plot, compositional, color, technical), which is most conveniently traced by the paintings of the masters of Khokhloma, Gorodets, Zhostov, Zagorsk, Semenov, Polkhov-Maidan, Dymkov, Gzhel, by the patterns of Vologda lace and Russian heels, in ornaments of Uzbek ceramics and Ukrainian fry and in the works of masters of other national art centers. They are beautiful, full of an optimistic outlook, express their shape well and can be used in work with children in order to foster artistic taste, love for their native nature, for the people and their art, and, of course, for the development of technical and compositional skills and abilities.

The program "I am in the world" provides such tasks for decorative painting: to teach to draw based on Ukrainian embroidery, ceramics, carpet weaving, Easter eggs, folk toys; perform patterns on a rectangle, square, circle, various flat paper forms that imitate household items. To form the ability to rhythmically place the elements of the pattern over the entire area, along the edges, in the middle; use pattern elements: lines, strokes, dots, circles, rings; color associations are inherent in embroidery and ceramics. The program provides for the acquaintance of children with such types of Ukrainian decorative painting as: Petrikovskaya, Dymkovskaya, Gzhel, Polkhov-Maidanovskaya, acquaintance of children with Vasilkovskaya, Kosovskaya, Opishnyanskaya ceramics.

Petrikovskaya painting. The village of Petrikovka in the Dnepropetrovsk region is one of the few where the traditions of ancient folk crafts are carefully preserved. The famous Petrikov painting has long been business card Ukraine. They were painted with brushes made of cat hair, matches wrapped in soft cloth, and just fingers. The paints were bred on eggs and milk, and the colors were chosen the brightest, to match the colorful nature of the Dnieper region. The hostesses competed with each other, striving to make their home the most picturesque, and jealously looked at other people's art. They said about the most successful paintings: beautiful, like in a church. But if the hut remained white, they stopped greeting the hostess as if it were someone else's.

Masters of Petrikovskaya painting use a variety of materials and devices - homemade brushes, pipettes, nipples, cotton swabs, toothpicks, squirrel brushes and just the master's fingers.

Before starting painting, you need to dilute the paint. Put a small amount of gouache on the palette with a palette knife, add PVA glue in proportions 2: 1, stir everything with a palette knife and, diluting with water, bring sour cream to a thickening. For the first training work, it is enough to dilute some one paint. The brush holds like ordinary pencil, at the same time, the hand should rest on the table so that the strokes are even and accurate. The base on which you are drawing can be rotated in different directions, so it is more convenient to guide the brush and perform the correct strokes. The resulting flowers and leaves are drawn with a thin brush with a darker paint, and small yellow dots representing stamens are made with the back of the brush.

In the compositions of Petrikovskaya painting, in addition to large, large flowers and leaves, small elements are also depicted - these are small flowers, daisies, buds, berries. Mainly for small elements use a thin brush # 1 or a brush made of cat hair.

Small compositions in the form of postcards are called “little ones”. After completing all the previous exercises, you can start small things.

The color scheme of the Petrikov painting is very diverse and therefore always pleasing to the eye. And yet the traditional color combinations are green leaves and red shades of flowers, and auxiliary paints are yellow, burgundy and orange.

"Runners" - they are also called "paths" or "friezes" - decorate various products and household items, decorate decorative panels... In all friezes, the rhythm is observed, both in the construction of the composition and in the color scheme.

In the Petrikov painting, floral ornament predominates, of course, but many masters, in addition, also depict insects (grasshoppers, butterflies) and various birds, both real and fabulous (cockerels, owls, firebirds, etc.) .). Painting is done on paper, metal, glass, ceramics and wood (Appendix 1).

Dymkovskaya painting. On the low bank of the Vyatka River opposite the city of Kirov, there is an old wooden settlement Dymkovo. From time immemorial, here, in a marginal area with a harsh climate, they were engaged in sculpting clay toys depicting horses, deer, goats, ducks, turkeys, ladies, water-carriers, nurses, horsemen, etc. This craft was exclusively women's business... In autumn, red clay was prepared in the meadows for the whole winter, and clean sand was prepared on the banks of the river. Mixing clay with sand and water, kneaded thoroughly until a homogeneous mass was obtained. First, large main parts of the toy were molded from thick clay dough and, separately, small ones, which were then glued and applied with a wet rag. The sculpted toy was dried for 2-4 days at room temperature and burned in a Russian oven on burning logs and iron baking sheets. Upon cooling, the surface of the product was whitewashed with chalk diluted with skim milk. 6-10 paints were prepared for work, for which the colorful powder was ground on a cast-iron stove, a little water was added, and before painting a whole raw egg, as a result of which an egg tempera paint was obtained, with which a bright multi-colored painting was applied on the white background of the toy. Painting begins with an image black paint two strands of hair; with a thin splinter - "eyeball" - two points of the eyes and thin arches of the eyebrows are applied, with the other stick of bast - "speck" - print the mouth and two red circles of blush on the cheeks. The toy comes to life. At the second stage, the headdress is painted over (“smeared”) with yellow or red paint and the jacket is also painted with another saturated color. At the final stage, with a free brush, a pattern is improvised on a skirt, dress, apron, kokoshnik. The nature of the patterns of the clay Dymkovo toy was determined by the generalized shape of the figures, which required conditional decorative elements: circles, stripes, straight and wavy lines, dots and strokes that make up geometric ornament... At the same time, the peculiarities of the natural coloring of animals were peculiarly imprinted in the Dymkovo pattern; apples in the form of colored circles, rings, dots on the cereals of horses, deer, cows and goats. In the ornamentation of human figures, woven patterns of linen motley, embroidery, bright patterns of paintings of arcs, sledges, rocker arms, etc. are reflected. pattern. Small straight or wavy lines are drawn along these stripes - snakes. Sometimes, on both sides of the snakes, colored dots are placed with a thin stick, evenly filling the entire strip. Often, solid colored stripes are replaced by stripes of dots and circles, decorated with two or three short strokes or double crosses. Also used in painting mesh ornament from stripes and cells filled with circles, dots and strokes. The color scheme of painting is determined by the predominance of warm or cold colors. In the first case, the brightness of, for example, yellow, orange and red elements is enhanced by small elements - blue or green. Otherwise, blue, blue and green sounds are accentuated by a pink, red or orange element. Such a tactful inclusion of a contrasting color in the painting increases its emotional impact on the viewer, helps to avoid variegated colors, and to achieve a harmonious fusion of all elements.

The simplicity of decorative elements and gouache technique, a variety of combinations of bright colored figures attract the interest of children to ornamental art. (Annex 1).

Gzhel painting... Gzhel is an ancient village located in the Ramensky District of the Moscow Region. It is believed that it got its name from the words "zhgel", "burn", which expressed an important aspect of the firing industry. Here and in the surrounding villages, rich in high-quality clays, since ancient times they have been engaged in the creation of pottery and toys, which have always been called Gzhel. The art of Gzhel masters already in the 18th century. reached a high flowering. In the XIX century. 50 porcelain and faience factories and about 40 workshops for painting porcelain worked in Gzhel. Gzhel dishes are distinguished by a wide variety of forms and especially by the beauty of painting, which has absorbed the richness of forms of nature and the expressiveness of traditional folk art.

The painting is applied to the surface of the fired product with a free brush with ceramic paint, mainly cobalt blue. With a wide stripe or bouquet, it highlights the body as main part vessels, with narrower ribbons - the edges of the throat, bottom and handles. The pattern is always associated with the form, emphasizing its features and integrity. The main motives for the painting were grass, cereals, birds, wild and garden flowers - roses, asters, carnations, the shape of which is processed and becomes rather conventional, but picturesque and decorative.

A variety of techniques, such as crisp brush strokes on petals and leaves in dark blue, or strokes with soft blurry edges applied with the whole brush with abundantly saturated paint, with different pressure; with the end of the brush, veins, shading and whimsically curved stems and antennae are applied; with a brush moistened with paint on one side, by turning around the handle, a "smear with shadows" is obtained, that is, a multi-colored image of a volumetric petal or leaf. Often, the dark blue color of the painting is enriched with the brilliance of thin golden lines and strokes that depict the veins and outlines of leaves and flowers. If the white surface of the product is entirely painted with cobalt, creating a cornflower blue background, then the painting is applied only with gold.

The painted product is covered with glaze, which, when fired, forms a glossy transparent film that protects the painting, which is why the latter is called underglaze. Overglaze multicolor painting is also possible.

Love for their art, hard work and talent of the masters of Gzhel have once again called from oblivion the ancient symbols of happiness and dreams of beauty - blue roses and bluebirds- and they spiritualized the patterns and the world of man's things. (See Attachment).

Opishnyansky pottery art products

Opishnya ceramics - folk art pottery with engobe (clay) underglaze painting, produced by artels in the city of Oposhnya, Poltava region, Opishnya has long been famous for its pottery, the production of which developed there thanks to large deposits of high-quality clays nearby. The development of modern craft dates back to the 19th century, when the majority of Oposhnya's population was engaged in the production of original decorative jugs for wine with a body in the shape of a donut (Kumans), eggplants, flasks, barrels with legs (barilla), rams, bowls and other utensils; whistles (clay toys) in the form of animal figurines and oven tiles. Modern Opishnyansky ceramics have retained a cheerful character and a rich variety of forms, among which, along with traditional national ones, a number of new ones have appeared - vases, decorative dishes, etc. floral ornament, combined with simple geometric motifs, without sharp broken lines, having softened, often rounded outlines. Flowers are very conditional in shape, on one branch they often have completely different drawing, their character is close to Ukrainian multicolored wall paintings, the technique of execution gives them a certain specificity.

Opishnyanskaya utensils have a rather thin and smooth reddish-yellow stalk, a relatively low weight in relation to their size, and a clean finish. The color of the shard is explained by the fact that the main component of the mass from which the dishes are made is light yellow plastic clay, into which 25-30% of dark brown clay is added to compact it and give greater strength to the shard. Household utensils and sculptural vessels are molded on foot pottery wheels by hand (pulled from a lump of clay), some small attachments (handles, spouts, stands) are imprinted in plaster molds, and then attached with liquid clay - slip. The painting is carried out with colored engobes (fr. Obscure), prepared from local white clay with small additions to it of chalk, kaolin, sand and the corresponding metal oxides, which give the engobe one color or another. Red, yellow, cherry, dark brown, black, engobes are made from local red and yellow clay with the addition of appropriate dyes. The painting turns out to be somewhat embossed, protruding over the background of the product, thanks to the imposition a large number thick engobes.

The painting on the items is done by women, whose craftsmanship is passed down from generation to generation; made on paper, however, they do not constrain the creativity of the craftswomen: no one copies the samples, and the painting is performed in an endless variety of options. It is applied to the dried surface. But not yet burnt products, without any preliminary marking or powder, directly with a colored engobe, with the help of a rubber pear, at the end of which a piece of straw is inserted, making it possible to obtain thin lines. First, the craftswoman places the piece on the potter's wheel and, slowly rotating it, applies horizontal, straight and wavy stripes of different widths. Then, holding the piece on her knee, she draws a contour pattern, starting with the largest elements that organize the entire composition and determine its main axes, the direction of movement, scale. At the same time, the combination of colors is taken into account, since the craftswoman, in accordance with her imagination, performs different parts of the drawing with engobes different color... At the end of the drawing of the contour drawing, it is painted, some elements of the contour are completely filled with one color, in others an ornamental cut is given. Large color spots are connected by the image of stems, grasses, leaves, which help to balance the entire composition, give it integrity and completeness. The difficulty of painting is that real color engobe is revealed under the glaze only after firing. A craftswoman, drawing, must mentally imagine what the coloring of the finished products will be. A special type of decorating crockery with colored engobes is flanding, which is carried out mainly on bowls and is a pattern of a combination of horizontal and vertical lines and spots on the background of a shard of natural color or engobe. Performed with liquid engobe. After painting, the items are covered with colorless glaze and fired. Some types of tableware are not decorated with painting, but are completely poured over with colored glazes - brown (manganese) and green (copper).

The whistles are molded by hand and painted in the same way as the dishes, only with a smaller and simpler ornament.

The most common motives are peas, leaves, stripes. The painting emphasizes the conventional character of the figurines. The sculptural shape of the whistles is solved in a very generalized way. The smoothed surface is not modeled: the horns and wings are molded separately and attached to the body, which is molded together with the legs and head on a round stick, so that the whistle remains hollow inside. The circle of animals and birds depicted: horse, ram, goat, deer, pig, cow, rooster, etc. Despite the conventionality of the shape and painting of the figures, they are very specific and depict not fantastic creatures, but animals that exist in reality (Appendix 1 ).

Decorative and applied art (from Lat. Decoro - decorate) is a section of decorative art, covering the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian purpose.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. V scientific literature since the second half of the 19th century, the classification of the branches of decorative and applied art has been established: by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), on the technique of execution(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, etc.) and by functional signs of using the subject(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

The program MADOU d / s No. 439 was developed on the basis of the current Federal State educational standard preschool education(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of October 17, 2013 No. 1155), taking into account the Approximate Basic educational program preschool education (approved by the decision of the federal educational and methodological association for general education, minutes of May 20, 2015 No. 2/15), using the approximate general education program of preschool education "From birth to school" (edited by N.E. Veraksa, TS Komarova, M.A. Vasilyeva. - M .: MOSAIC-SYNTHESIS, 2015.). One of the distinctive features of the Program is moral education and support for traditional values. The program provides ample opportunities for varying content.

One of the tasks of the From Birth to School Program is to create favorable conditions for the development of the abilities and creative potential of each child. Currently, modern children know little about arts and crafts. Preschoolers have a poorly developed interest in studying the history of folk toys, they know little about folk craftsmen and the peculiarities of paintings, as a result, there is a poor vocabulary on the topic "Decorative and applied art."

I believe that the appeal to folk art should take a firm place in the work modern educator... Products made by the hands of children can serve as interior decoration, as they have aesthetic value. Arts and crafts allows you to introduce children to folk traditions and the customs of the peoples of Russia, expands the idea of ​​the children about the diversity of folk art, artistic handicrafts ( different kinds materials, different regions of our country), develops an interest in art native land(Ural-Siberian painting), as well as love and respect for works of art. Applied arts classes will undoubtedly open up new ways of learning folk art for many children, enrich their inner world, and allow them to spend their free time with benefit.

There are many main types of arts and crafts, but the most accessible and interesting for older preschoolers, in my opinion, is painting a wooden product (cutting boards, spoons, spatulas, hot coasters, etc.).

Perhaps many believe that such an introduction of preschoolers to decorative and applied art, in particular, painting a wooden product is advisable only in art centers where there are conditions for real vocational training... Experience shows that this is not the case. The fact is that, in addition to beauty, this is an art useful in all respects. In the process of work, children develop artistic taste, imagination and Creative skills... The child learns the basics of counting, he develops fine motor skills and accuracy of movements, which is important for preschoolers. It has been proven that the development of fine motor skills contributes to the development of memory, attention and thinking. A hand-painted product is valued more than one bought in a store, it can raise self-esteem for an insecure child and help him take his place in the team.

Based on the great importance of arts and crafts for child development, I have developed a cycle of classes to familiarize preschoolers with different paintings.

Classes in arts and crafts are held in subgroups and provide an opportunity to communicate with peers, while enjoying the process of working with voluminous material. Children get to know different kinds arts and crafts: with Russian matryoshka, Dymkovo, Khokhloma, Gzhel, Filimonov, Gorodets, Ural-Siberian painting. At the end of the thematic week, an exhibition of products is arranged as a result of the work. Children are happy to share their knowledge of arts and crafts with their parents. And also children with great joy give their products to their relatives and close people.

Decorative and applied arts for kindergarten.

Many scientists (A.V.Bakushinskaya, P.P. Blonsky, Yu.V. Maksimov, R.N. Smirnova and others) wrote about the role and significance of folk decorative art in the upbringing of children. They noted that art awakens the first vivid, imaginative ideas about the Motherland, its culture, fosters a sense of beauty, and develops the creative abilities of children.

Our time is difficult - this is a time of social change. Political storms and upheavals. They literally burst into the life of each of us. Popular games, amusements and toys are being replaced by commercialized spectacles, the TV screens are flooded with cruelty. In essence, this is alien to the nature of a child, the nature of a growing person. The upbringing of a citizen and a patriot who knows and loves his homeland is a particularly urgent task today cannot be successfully solved without a deep knowledge of the spiritual wealth of his people, the development of folk culture.

The process of cognition and assimilation should begin as early as possible, as our people figuratively say: “With mother's milk,” the child should absorb the culture of his people through lullabies, little dogs, nursery rhymes, fun games, riddles, proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, works of decorative applied arts. Only in this case, folk art - this uncluttered source of beauty - will leave a deep imprint on the child's soul, arouse a steady interest. The beauty of the native nature, the peculiarities of the life of the Russian people, their all-round talent, diligence, optimism appear before children vividly and directly in the works of folk artists. The culture of Russia cannot be imagined without folk art, which reveals the original sources of the spiritual life of the Russian people, clearly demonstrates its moral, aesthetic values, artistic tastes and is part of its history.

The experience is of great importance for the spiritual development of preschoolers, their aesthetic education, and acquaintance with the art of folk craftsmen. Folk art raises topics of great civic content, has a deep ideological influence on children. It helps children to look at familiar things and phenomena in a new way, to see the beauty of the world around them. A high mission is predetermined for the teacher - to bring everything into the world of childhood moral values, to help the child discover this world in all the richness and variety of arts and crafts. This means that any activity, meeting with a toy, creative work, conversation - are subordinated to a single goal: to comprehensively develop the personality of the child, because all children should live in the world of beauty, games, fairy tales, music, fantasy and creativity.

The art of folk craftsmen helps to reveal the world of beauty to children, to develop children's artistic taste.

It is very important to instill in children from an early age an interest in applied arts, be it drawing, embroidery or more complex types of creativity - decoupage or papier-mâché. Any painstaking manual work contributes to the development of fine motor skills, perseverance, which, in turn, helps to develop the child's thinking, speech and imagination faster.

Throughout three years I am conducting a circle work "Decorative drawing" in my group.I introduce children to our traditions - Russian folk traditions, I bring them up on the material of the history of our people, acquaintance with the folk crafts of Russia, the skill of folk craftsmen and Russian folklore. Based on their acquaintance with folk art, children learn to understand the beautiful, master the standards of beauty (verbal, musical, visual). Listening to a fairy tale, they get ideas about good and evil, looking at works of decorative and applied art, children experience a sense of joy, pleasure from bright, cheerful colors, wealth and a variety of types and motives, they are imbued with respect for the folk master who created them, they have a desire to learn by themselves create more beautiful.

I consider the following as the main tasks of my work:

Formation of emotional responsiveness and interest in folk art in children; understanding its features; distinguish the styles of the most famous species decorative painting(Dymkovo, Gorodets, Khokhloma, etc.)

Mastering by children of characteristic elements, color, composition, patterns of a particular painting;

Ability to create expressive patterns on paper of different formats;

Fostering a sense of rhythm, form, symmetry.

Arouse children's interest in studying the history of Russia, Russian folk art.

Develop creativity.

To foster a love for beauty, for folk arts and crafts.

Acquaintance of children with arts and crafts can be carried out through almost all types of activities of children. For the development of speech, products of folk craftsmen provide rich material: you can compose descriptive stories on toys (Dymkovo toys, nesting dolls), to come up with fairy tales.

In my work, I use visual aids: reproductions, postcards, illustrations, plot pictures, finished products. These are elements of didactic games and a study guide. In the group there is a corner of visual activity, a book corner, where various reproductions, illustrations, books, pictures for free viewing are constantly exhibited.

Carrying out this work systematically, my pupils acquired certain knowledge, skills, and abilities. Substantial activity is enriched, a game concept develops: decorative decoration of objects.

The results showed that children not only acquired certain knowledge, but also learned, using the knowledge base they received, to be creative in their work. The work began to give children a lot of joy and satisfaction, to foster a desire to create, to create their own products.

"... the task of the educator is not the preparation of future masters of Khokhloma, Gorodets or other painting, but the introduction of the child to the origins of folk art, to give the opportunity, having mastered some skills, to make a pattern, paint a sculpted horse, lady, to feel the joy of creativity" A. A. Gribovskaya

Circle work in kindergarten is one of the areas of creative, social, personal and intellectual development. She gives children many bright unforgettable experience... Joyful experiences raise vitality, keep adults and children in a cheerful mood. The child begins to appreciate the beautiful, and, feeling respect for himself as an equal, gradually begins to loosen up, and begins to create.

In the classroom for decorative and applied painting, aesthetic perception, presentation, aesthetic feelings are developed. Sensory experience is accumulated, speech is enriched. Children develop thought processes: comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization. Recently, the importance of classes in decorative and applied painting in kindergarten for the formation of collective forms of work, the ability to work together, act in concert, together, and provide assistance to comrades has been emphasized. The ability to rejoice at the success of each student, the achievements of the entire team of the group develops. All this creates the basis for education, and further genuine collectivism, mutual exactingness and, at the same time, comradely mutual assistance.

Decorative and applied art is extremely important in the spiritual development of preschoolers, in their labor and aesthetic education, in preparing them for work in the national economy. Folk arts and crafts are an integral part of culture.

The high spiritual and ideological significance of folk arts and crafts has a powerful influence on the formation of inner peace children.

Thus, the specificity of decorative and applied art, expressed in the unity of the form and practical purpose of decorative things, in the unity of labor skills, skills and artistic and aesthetic taste allows an integrated approach to the organization of arts and crafts in kindergarten, determines the organic unity of labor and aesthetic education of preschoolers. This unity is also due to the modern requirement of international standards in industrial products, which is expressed not only in a highly efficient level of the work process, but also in the requirements of technical aesthetics.

The greatest educational effect is given by the acquaintance of preschoolers with the decorative and applied art of folk art crafts.

Products of folk craftsmen are distinguished by a sense of material, organic unity of utilitarianism (practical orientation) of a thing with its decor, national color, high moral and aesthetic values. There is so much educational charge in folk art (not only in finished products that please the eye, but also in the process itself, in the technology of their creation) that the question naturally arises about its most active use in working with preschoolers.

The task of the educator is to guide the creative process of preschoolers, orienting them towards the study of samples of folk arts and crafts. The principle of orientation towards folk art should be laid in the basis of the content of classes with preschoolers by various women of decorative and applied arts.

Folk art is a pure and eternal source. It has a beneficial effect on children, develops their creativity, equips them with knowledge, brings beauty to children. It comes from the soul, and the soul folk good and beautiful. Introducing children to handicrafts, we introduce children to their native culture, encourage the need to love and enjoy life.

Bibliography:

1. Moran A. History of arts and crafts. - M., 1986.

2.Sakulina, N.P. Visual activity in kindergarten / N.P.Sakulina, T. S. Komarova. - M.: Education, 1982.

3. Gribovskaya A.A. Folk art and children's creativity: Toolkit for educators. - M .: Education, 2006.

4. Gribovskaya A.A. Children about folk art: a teaching aid. - M .: Education, 2006.

5. Skorolupova O.A. Acquaintance of preschool children with Russian folk arts and crafts. Moscow. Scriptorium, 2003.

The study of arts and crafts as part of the artistic and aesthetic education of preschoolers helps to develop in children creativity, curiosity and a desire for experiments, logical thinking, imagination, aesthetic feelings and pride in cultural heritage our masters.

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Studying arts and crafts at a preschool educational institution

Artistic and aesthetic education of preschool children is characterized as a process of purposeful influence by means of art on the personality of a preschooler, thanks to which a sense of taste, interest in art, the ability to enjoy it, and creative abilities are formed in the children. The meaning of artistic and aesthetic education lies in the fact that it makes the child more harmonious, positively affects his morality, raises sensuality, and beautifies life.
As a means of forming creative abilities in preschoolers, arts and crafts can be used, which has a strong aesthetic and emotional impact on the personality of the child, and also has great cognitive, developmental and educational capabilities.
Acquaintance of children with various types of folk arts and crafts directly - educational activities in decorative painting will help teach them to perceive the beauty of the world around them, introduce them to folk traditions, lay the foundation for artistic and aesthetic education.
Directly organizing educational activities in decorative painting gives children the opportunity to feel themselves in the role of an artist-decorator, to reflect in their work the aesthetic vision and feeling of the world around them.
My work on this topic is structured in two stages:

• Acquaintance with folk craft
• Teaching the techniques of sculpting and drawing

• The work begins with creating conditions for involving children and parents in folk culture... Various questionnaires are conducted for parents in order to identify the level of knowledge about arts and crafts, how they introduce their children to it. Find out if they want their child to study arts and crafts at a preschool educational institution. For children, informative literature about folk craft, about the features of patterns, about the history of the craft is selected, the methods and techniques used to familiarize children with decorative and applied art are specified.
  We start teaching children by examining Dymkovo toys and their images, making the necessary explanations along the way to help children understand the features of Dymkovo painting.
  Dymkovo toy amazes children with its colorfulness, incomparable beauty, originality of performance. Contrasting combinations, bright colors, applied on a white background, awaken in children an interest in the Vyatka toy, arouse the desire to learn how to sculpt and paint clay products themselves.
  When introducing children to the Dymkovo toy, we set ourselves the following tasks:
• To acquaint with the Dymkovo toy and to form curiosity about this type of folk art.
• To create the necessary conditions for familiarizing children and parents with folk art through sculpting and painting Dymkovo toys.
• To form knowledge about the elements of Dymkovo painting and their symbolism, which is reflected in the surrounding nature.
• To develop children's aesthetic taste, the formation of independence and creativity.
• To carry out patriotic education through the study of the national heritage.

To solve these problems, we use the following methodological techniques:

• Conversations.
• Reading fiction.
• Didactic games.
• Learning in the form of directly - educational activities.
• Working with parents.

At the beginning of the educational activity, children get acquainted with the Dymkovo toy, examine products, colorful illustrations. Children listen with great interest to the teacher's story, because each toy can be presented brightly, emotionally, using various comparisons, epithets, and poems.
When considering Dymkovo toys with children, we pay attention to the peculiarities of Dymkovo painting, to the ability to express our impressions of the perception of these toys, to emphasize the brightness and variety of colors of Dymkovo toys, since the child is emotionally responsive to color. Thus, the goal is achieved - to familiarize children with folk art and highlight the elements of Dymkovo painting. The guys learn to draw some elements of this painting: a straight line (holding the brush vertically from a sheet of paper) and a point (poking).
This arouses interest in the Dymkovo toy and a feeling of joy from the first sketches.
In the further direct educational activity, children get acquainted with new elements - a wavy line, circles, cells, granular forms, and also fix the color scheme. Before we start drawing the elements of the painting on paper, we draw them in the air.
Not all children cope with tasks. Therefore, I carry out individual work outside of class, using didactic games, such as: "Circle an element" - the goal is to teach the technique of drawing new elements, "Circle and color", this game helps to develop fine motor skills of the fingers, to consolidate the color scheme with children, which was used by the Dymkovo masters. When carrying out individual work, I take into account the capabilities and abilities of each child.
When I introduce children to this or that element, I pay attention to the specificity of each pattern, each detail, and then the children begin to draw individual elements more and more confidently.
Preschoolers have unstable memory, fine motor skills of the fingers are poorly developed. Therefore, learning is built from simple to complex. In the process of learning the drawing technique, children learn to independently select and combine colors with each other.
This is how their creativity gradually develops. After the technical skills in children are formed, I begin to develop in children creative imagination using didactic games in their free time, developing imagination, memory, creative ability to analyze.
Didactic game "Pictures - twins"
Tasks: continue to acquaint children with the Dymkovo toy; highlight and name elements; develop attention, thinking, creative imagination, visual memory, the ability to analyze.
Didactic game "Decorative mosaic"
Tasks: to acquaint children with the elements of various paintings, highlighting the elements of the Dymkovo painting; be able to find a pair; develop attention, the ability to analyze.
Didactic game "Assemble the puzzle"
Tasks: to consolidate the knowledge of children about the "haze", to teach to assemble a whole from several parts; develop thinking, creative imagination.
Didactic game "Find a similar pattern on the finished product"
Tasks: to teach to compare pictures with individual Dymkovo patterns and ready-made clay toys, to find the same elements, to develop attention, thinking, visual memory, and the ability to analyze.
These games help children to come up with new compositions, children independently learn to draw various patterns without my help. Writing down paper templates, children, at will, select the elements of the painting and colors.
Throughout the entire period of education of children, she organized exhibitions of children's works for parents, invited them to open classes in order to show parents the success of their children in mastering the modeling and painting of Dymkovo toys. In the course of the implementation of the tasks set, it is necessary to track the results of children. To do this, I carry out diagnostics according to certain criteria, which shows the growth of children's interest in folk art.
Diagnostics of the level of knowledge, abilities and skills in children of the middle group
on folk arts and crafts. Dymkovo toy.
Main criteria:
1. Color:

• Knows the color scheme for Dymkovo painting;
• Knows the color scheme, sometimes forgets colors;
• Doesn't know the color scheme.

2. Form:

• Draws simple and complex elements of Dymkovo painting, conveys the pattern accurately;
• Draws exactly simple elements, and distorts complex ones a little;
• Draws only simple elements with distortion, but complex ones fail;

(simple elements: dot-pea, straight line, circle; complex elements: cell, arc, wavy line, grain-like shapes).

3. Ability to work with a brush tip:

• Has a good command of drawing with a brush tip;
• Knows how to work with the tip of a brush, but the style of painting with the whole brush prevails;
• Cannot work with a brush tip.

4. Composition:

• The child completely decorates the entire clay blank using simple and complex elements of the Dymkovo painting;
• The child decorates only the front of the figure;
• A crowded image grouped in one part of a shape.

5. The level of independence of the work:

• Performs work independently, complementing the image with suitable elements;
• A little help from a caregiver is needed;
• Can't get the job done.

High level.

Shows interest in the Dymkovo toy, knows the colors for Dymkovo painting; draws simple and complex elements; the pattern conveys accurately; has a good command of drawing with the end of a brush; the child sees and decorates the entire figure completely; using simple and complex elements of Dymkovo painting; can independently complete the work, supplement the image with suitable elements.

Above the average.

Shows interest in the Dymkovo toy, knows the color scheme, sometimes forgets colors; draws exactly simple elements, and distorts complex ones a little; knows how to work with the end of the brush, but drawing with the whole brush predominates; the child sees part of the planar silhouette and decorates it; while doing independent work a little teacher's help is needed.

Average level.

Shows little interest in the Dymkovo toy, names not all the colors of the Dymkovo painting (at least 5), does not accurately draw simple elements, but distorts complex ones; works mainly with the whole brush; decorates part of the planar silhouette, creates a clumped image. When performing independent work, he often resorts to the help of a teacher.

Low level.

Does not show interest in the Dymkovo toy, does not know the color scheme for the Dymkovo toy (he can name 2-3 colors). Draws simple elements with distortion, but complex ones fail; does not know how to work with the tip of the brush; no composition. Cannot do work on his own.

I called my project “Color Miracle” because a miracle is really born in front of the eyes of children. From a shapeless, ridiculous clay mass, which has a specific color and even smell, we, like the ancient masters, create a wonderful toy, cheerful in color, lively and dynamic in design, captivating and charming children, responding to their aesthetic feelings.

As a result, directly - educational activities in decorative painting, examining illustrations, products of Dymkovo masters, conversations, didactic games, reading poetry about this toy, observations in nature, working with parents, children may develop a steady interest in the Dymkovo toy, children will learn to orient themselves well on a sheet of paper, they will learn the colors of this painting, they will become better at using a brush, they will be able to name all the elements of the Dymkovo painting. All this will contribute to the development of their creative abilities. Directly - educational activities and didactic games on Dymkovo painting will give children the opportunity to learn drawing techniques and teach them how to make patterns in various forms.
Since we live in Russia, children need to be introduced to the folk art of the Russian people.
The inclusion of the child in various types artistic activities, based on the material of folk art, one of the main conditions for the full aesthetic education of a child and the development of his creative abilities.
Excellent examples of Dymkovo ornament found a vivid expression in various works of centuries-old creativity of the Russian people: in fine jewelry patterns, colorful embroidery and patterned fabrics, headdresses, multi-colored mosaics of leather shoes, etc.
The motives and patterns of various household products reflect the richness of the artistic thinking of the people, a subtle sense of rhythm, proportion, understanding of form, silhouette, color, material.
Further study of decorative and applied art in the senior and preparatory group will allow children to develop the ability to build a pattern, placing its elements in a certain rhythm: on a strip, circle, square, arrange the pattern elements in a certain sequence: in the middle, in the corners.
In senior preschool age the development of children's interest in visual activity continues, with the inclusion of elements of Dymkovo ornament and the creation of decorative compositions based on folk products. Children learn how to draw Dymkovo patterns: circles of various diameters, granular shapes, cells, stripes, wavy motifs. The children get acquainted with the rules of symmetrical arrangement of elements in a pattern on clay blanks.

For individual work, you can use the followingdidactic games:
"Find an extra ornament"purpose of the game: to consolidate children's knowledge of the elements of the Dymkovo ornament, to recognize, name, describe by the silhouette appearance and the characteristic features by which it was identified.
"Make a pattern from parts", goal: to teach children the actions of synthesis, the ability to highlight parts and make up a whole, consolidate knowledge of the elements of Dymkovo ornament, develop creativity and imagination.
"Draw the required element", goal: to consolidate the knowledge of children about the principles of constructing symmetrical elements, to teach the basic techniques of drawing symmetrical patterns, to develop an eye and fine motor skills of the hand.
"Find the Dymkovo toy in the picture", goal: to consolidate the knowledge of children about Dymkovo toys (lady, goat, horse with rider, carousel and others).

"What do the colors in Dymkovo toys symbolize?", goal: to consolidate the knowledge of children about the symbolism of the colors of Dymkovo patterns and teach them to connect them with nature.

These games contribute to the development of interest in national culture, to come up with new compositions, children independently learn to combine various types of Dymkovo patterns. Thinking, memory, attention, fine motor skills of fingers develop, the vocabulary of preschoolers is enriched.

In the preparatory group for school, children need to educate an aesthetic attitude to objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Preschoolers learn to independently apply visual skills and abilities in decorative activities, using expressive means of painting the Dymkovo ornament. Is developing decorative creativity children on the basis of mastering Russian folk - applied art. Children make more complex patterns on paper and clay blanks based on visual samples of Dymkovo toys.

In the process of introducing children of the middle group to arts and crafts, I came to the following conclusions:

• Classes in arts and crafts contributes to the formation of logical thinking in preschoolers. When getting acquainted with the products of decorative and applied art, the variety is revealed to the children. national treasure the culture of the Russian people, the original traditions, rituals and ceremonies, passed from generation to generation, are studied.
• The preschooler learns to analyze the results of his activities and find their application. In addition, the very process of working on the craft gives children great pleasure, makes it possible to feel like Dymkovo craftsmen, and allows you to create a "color miracle".
• In the process of in-depth study of applied folk art, children learn a lot about the elements of the ornament of the Dymkovo toy, its symbolic meaning, and connection with the surrounding nature.
• Looking at the illustrations of Dymkovo patterns, children learn figurative perception: clay toys are similar to characters from a fairy tale. Describing the products of Vyatka craftsmen, children talk about their meaning, form, history of creation, which contributes to the development of competent coherent speech.
• Many elements of the ornament are painted not only with brushes, but also with a whole set of special wooden sticks - pokes. The guys and I experimented with using cotton swabs instead, as one of the ways of unconventional drawing.

Thus, we can conclude that the study of arts and crafts as part of the artistic and aesthetic education of preschoolers helps to develop in children creativity, curiosity and a desire for experiments, logical thinking, imagination, aesthetic feelings and pride in the cultural heritage of our masters.

Completed by: teacher Stupnikova Yu.A..

Scenario

drawing classes in the middle-senior group.

The topic is "Painting Dymkovo toys."

Program content: Continue to acquaint children with the Dymkovo toy. In children of the older group, to consolidate the ability to decorate a volumetric shape in a certain sequence, starting with large basic elements, placing smaller ones between them. To teach children of the middle group to place simple elements of the pattern on a volumetric form, independently creating a composition. To consolidate the ability to consider patterns on Dymkovo toys, highlighting elements, a combination of colors. Strengthen the ability to use gouache, brush, napkin. Raise interest in the Dymkovo toy, see its originality, respect for the work of folk craftsmen.

Material: 1. Gouache. Brushes, brush stands, napkins, boards for toys, clay toys, sheets for test strokes (senior group);

2.coasters for eggs, eggs, gouache, napkins, brush (middle group)

The course of the lesson.

Guys, stand around the table. Listen carefully to the poem and answer the question.

What is Dymkovo famous for?

With your toy!

There is no smoky color in it,

What is the grayness of the gray.

She has something of a rainbow

From dewdrops

There is something in her for joy,

Thundering like bass

Think, and tell me about what toy is this poem? (Dymkovskaya)

(The teacher takes off the bedspread, there are Dymkovo toys on the table)

Q: Guys, toys have come to visit us. What kind of toys are they? Valeria and her mother spent research work what they found out, we will now listen.

Pebyonok: - Dymkovo toy is made in the village of Dymkovo

“The smoke from the chimneys is a pillar,

As if everything is in a haze,

Blue gave

And the big village Dymkovo was named.

They loved songs, dances,

A miracle was born there - fairy tales,

And they molded there from clay, all the toys are not simple,

And magically - painted,

Snow white like birch trees

Circles, dashes, stripes -

Seemingly simple pattern

But I cannot look away.

Q: Well done. And toys were painted by hand by Dymkovo craftsmen, they took bright, juicy paints for painting.

Now, guys, come to this table. Before us is the "Poultry yard". Whom do you see? (turkey, goose, cockerel, chickens) What painting are the toys painted with? (Dymkovskaya).

Guys, guess the riddle

"Looking for the grains of a girlfriend

With tufts on top.

Not far from the porch

Sounds out ko-ko-ko. " (hen).

Let's take a look at it. How do we draw the eyes of Dymkovo toys? (damn point, point). What is the pattern on the chicken's chest? (buns). The chicken has two wings on its body. What elements of the pattern are the wings painted with? (buns, wavy lines, dots). The most beautiful part of the Dymkovo birds is the tail. What elements of the pattern is the tail painted with? First we draw large elements, and then small elements of the pattern.

Guys, look what happened to the chickens, where did they lose their beautiful outfit? How sad they are. Let's help the birds. Children of the older group will now become Dymkovo craftsmen and craftswomen, and will paint our chickens. Take the chickens carefully, take their places and get to work.

The children of the middle group sat down correctly, listening to me attentively.

What is the name of the Christian holiday when mothers, grandmothers, all people paint eggs, Christ, go to visit each other? Quite recently, the 15th of April was the Easter holiday. On this holiday, it is customary to paint eggs, which are called Easter eggs. There is such a belief: - "If you keep the Easter egg whole year then everything bad and evil leaves the house. "

Look, you have eggs on your tables, we will make Easter eggs and paint from them today. Think and tell me what patterns we will decorate the eggs with if they were laid by the Dymkovo chicken (Dymkovo pattern) Children, look at my desk there are Easter eggs. Let's take a look at them. What elements of the pattern is this egg painted with (by the method of wetting) - buns, dots. It is with this pattern that we will paint the Easter egg with you. Look how I will do this: the egg is on a stand, it is better not to get it out, but to rotate it, turning it by the stand (you can invite the children to stand around the teacher's table). I type bright paint on the brush, hold the brush correctly by the iron tip, in the right hand. I begin to draw the pattern in the upper part of the egg, apply and remove the brush. Turning the stand, we get a pattern in a circle. I pick up another paint, paint buns (by wetting) in a chaotic manner, all over the egg. You can place dots between the buns with the tip of a brush. Use bright paints: green and orange, red and yellow, blue. Here, such a pysanka turns out. Let's get to work (turn on the music).

At this time, if the older children have finished their work, they expose the chickens to the "Bird yard". Let's summarize the lesson.

What beautiful Dymkovo chickens you got. Whose job is the tidiest? What elements did Kostya use? See how the hens have fun.

Children of the middle group finish their work, set them on a stand.

Guys, what words - adjectives can you choose to describe Dymkovo toys?

- (beautiful, painted, magical, bright, juicy, colorful, elegant).

You can find a lot of kind words about the work of Russian masters:

Our Russia is great,

And our people are talented.

About native Russia, craftsmen

The word goes to the whole world.