Karl Maria von Weber - composer, founder of the German romantic opera: biography and creativity. Karl Maria Background Weber

Karl Maria Friedrich Augustus von Weber (born on 18 or 19 November 1786, Eitin - died June 5, 1826, London), Baron, German composer, conductor, pianist, musical writer, founder of the German romantic opera.

Weber was born in the family of a musician and theatrical entrepreneurs, eternally immersed in various projects. Childhood and youth passed in wandering through the cities of Germany together with a small theater body of the Father, due to the fact that it cannot be said that he was at youth to have a systematic and strict music school. Like the first teacher of the game on the piano, whose Weber did more or less long time, Geshell was, then on the theory - Mikhail Haydn, took the lessons and in Fogler.

1798 - The first works of Weber - small fugues appeared. Then Weber was a student of the organist Calcher in Munich. More thoroughly the theory of the Weber's composition subsequently passed with Abbot Fogler, having comrades for Maerber and Gottfried Weber. The first stage experience of Weber was the Opera "Die Macht der Liebe und Des Weins". Although he is in early youth and wrote a lot, but the first success fell on his opera "Das Waldmädchen" (1800). Opera 14-year composer was given on many European scenes and even in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, Weber processed this opera, which, called Silvana, held for a long time on many opera German scenes.

Written by Opera "Peter Schmoll und Seine Nachbarn" (1802), symphonies, piano sonats, Cantata "Der Erste Ton", Opera "Abu Gassan" (1811), he conducted an orchestra in different cities and concerted.

1804 - worked as conductor opera theaters (Breslavl, Bad Carlsruhe, Stuttgart, Mannheim, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin).

1805 - Posted by Opera Ryubetsal on the fairy tale I. Museus.

1810 - Opera "Silvana".

1811 - Opera "Abu-Gassan".

1813 - He headed the Opera House in Prague.

1814 - becomes popular after the composition of warlike songs on the verses of Theodore Kerner: "Lützows Wilde Jagd", "Schwertlied" and Cantata "Kampf und Sieg" ("Battle and Victory") (1815) on the text Volbruck on the occasion of the Battle of Waterloo. Then the anniversary Overture, Mass in ES and G, written in Dresden, were much less successful.

1817 - headed and until the end of the life was led by German music theater In Dresden.

1819 - In 1810, Weber drew attention to the plot of "Freyshetz" ("Wolly arrows"); But only this year he began to write a opera on this plot treated with Johann Friedrich Kind. Freichetz, delivered in 1821 in Berlin, under the administration of the author, caused a positive furyor, and Slava Weber reached his apogee. "Our arrows hit right in the goal," wrote Weber Librettist Kindu. Beethoven, who was surprised by the work of Weber, said that he did not expect this from such a soft man and that Weber should write one opera per one.

Before Freichetz, in the same year, "Preciosa" Wolf was delivered, with Weber's music.

1822 - at the proposal Vienna Opera The composer wrote "Evrianta" (18 months). But the success of the opera was no longer so brilliant as "Freichetz". The last work of Weber was the Oberon Opera, after which he soon died in London in 1826.

Weber on justice is considered a purely German composer, deeply understood the warehouse of national music and bringing a German melody to high artistic perfection. He remained faithful to the national destination for all his activities, and the foundation was lied in his operations on which Wagner built a "Tangeizer" and "Loengrina". In particular, "Evrianta" covers the listener, it is the musical atmosphere that he feels in the works of Wagner of the middle period. Weber is a brilliant representative of the Romantic Opera Direction, which in the twenties of the XIX century was in such a force and which in the later time found a follower in Wagner.

Weber's graniiness beats the key in his three latter Operas: "Magic Arrow", "Evrianta" and "Oberone". It is extremely diverse. Dramatic moments, love, fine features of a musical expression, a fantastic element - everything was available to widely giving composer. The most different images are defined by this musical poet With a lot of sensitivity, a rare expression, with great melodiousness. Patriot in the soul, he not only developed folk melodies, but also created his purely folk spirit. Occasionally, his vocal melody in the near pace suffers from some instrumentality: it seemed not to be written to a voice, but for a tool that technical difficulties are more accessible. As a symphony, Weber owned an orchestral palette perfectly. His orchestral painting is full of imagination and is distinguished by a kind of color. Weber - most advantage composer opera; Symphonic works, written by him for a concert pop, far inferior to his opera supervisors. In the field of song and instrumental chamber musicNamely piano writings, this composer left wonderful samples.

As a true romance, Vevera is characterized by versatility: although the center of attraction was opera, he also wrote excellent instrumental music and achieved success as a concerting pianist. In addition, Weber showed himself gifted musical criticism.

Weber, Carl Maria Background (Weber, Carl Maria Von.) (1786-1826), founder of the German romantic opera. Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was born at the Economy (Oldenburg, now Earth Schleswig-Holstein), 18 or 19 November 1786. His father, Baron Franz Anton von Weber (Uncle Wife Mozart Constanta, nee Weber), was an experienced violinist and director of mobile theatrical troupe. Karl Maria grew up in the atmosphere of the theater and the first steps in music did under the direction summary brother, excellent musician, in turn I learned from y. Hydna. Later Weber was engaged in a composition with M. Hydno and Pogler. From the young age of Weber attracted the opera; In 1813, he became the director of the Opera House in Prague (where one of the first put Fidelio Beethoven - Opera, which was only in Vienna). In 1816 he was invited to head just founded German opera In Dresden. European glory came to him, after the Berlin premiere, his opera is a free shooter (Der Freischtz) in 1821. In the spring of 1826 Weber drove into London to lead his production new Opera Oberon (Oberon) written for the "Covent Garden" theater. However, the composer did not move the journey and died from tuberculosis in London on June 5, 1826.

As a true romance, Vevera is characterized by versatility: although the center of attraction was opera, he also wrote excellent instrumental music and achieved success as a concerting pianist. In addition, Weber showed himself gifted musical criticism. At the age of 14, he mastered the lithographic method of printing, invented by A.Zhenefelder (1771-1834), and even improved it. As Weber wrote the Vienna Publisher Artaria, this improvement allowed "engraving notes on a stone with a result that is not inferior to the best English copper engravings."

Weber-free shooter - the first real romantic opera. Evrianthe (Euryanthe, 1823) was an attempt to create a musical drama, and this work had a significant impact on the Wagner Loengrin. However, heavily sick by this time the composer did not quite cope with the difficulties of the task of them, and Evrianta had only a short success (there was only an overture to Opera.). The same applies to Oberon (Oberon, 1826), created based on the comedies of Shakespeare Storm and Sleep in summer night. Although in this opera there are delightful music of the elves, charming paintings of nature and the fascinating song of mermaids in the second act, in our time there is only an inspirational overture to Oberon. Among the writings of Weber in other genres, you can mark two piano concerts and often executable concertshuk for piano with orchestra; four sonatas; Several cycles of variations and the famous invitation to the dance for piano solo (later instrumented by Hector Berlioz).

The famous German composer, conductor, a pianist and a public figure who contributed to raising the level music Life In Germany and an increase in authority and meanings national Art, Karl Maria Von Weber was born on December 18, 1786 at the Golshtinsky town of Eitine in the family of provincial entrepreneur, loving music and theater.

Being by origin by the outbreak of craft circles, the father of the composer loved to suggest the public with non-existent noble title, surname coat of arms and the prefix "Background" to the Surname Weber.

The mother of Charles Mary, who originated from the Family Cutter on a tree, inherited excellent vocal data from his parents, for some time she even worked in the theater as a professional singer.

Together with the stray artists, the Weber family moved from place to place, so still in early childhood Karl Maria got used to the atmosphere of the theater and met the niroshai troupe. The result of such a life was necessary for the opera composer knowledge of theater and laws of the scene, as well as rich musical experience.

W. little Carla Mary had two hobbies - music and painting. The boy wrote butter, painted miniatures, he was also able to engrave compositions, and he knew how to play some musical instruments, Including the piano.

In 1798, twelve-year-old Weber was lucky to become a student of Mikhail Gaidna in Salzburg, younger brother The famous Josef Haidna. Lessons on theory and compositions were completed by writing under the leadership of a teacher of six Fugett, which, thanks to the efforts of the Father, were printed in the "Universal Music Gazette".

Departure Family Weber from Salzburg caused a change music teachers. Assistance and distruta musical education Compensated by the multilateral talent of Young Charles Mary. By 14 years, it was written quite a lot of works, including several Sonatas and Variations for Piano, a number of chambercases, Mass and the Opera "The Power of Love and Hate", which became the first such work of Weber.

Nevertheless, in those years, the talented young man gained great fame as a performer and writer of popular songs. Moving from one city to another, he performed his own and other people's works under the accompaniment of the piano or guitar. Like his mother, Karl Maria Weber possessed a unique voice, significantly weakened by acid poisoning.

Neither a severe financial situation, nor constant moving could seriously affect the creative productivity of the gifted composer. Written in 1800 Opera "Forest Girl" and Zingsh-Pil "Peter Shmol and his neighbors" received approving reviews former teacher Weber, Mikhail Haydna. Then the numerous waltzes, ecoses, four-frame plays for piano and songs followed.

Already in the early, immature opera works Weber traced a certain creative line - appeal to the national-democratic genre theatrical art (All operas are written in the form of Zingspile - a domestic performance, which coexist musical episodes and conversational dialogues) and fantastic.

Among the numerous teachers of Weber special attention is deserved by a collector of folk melodies Abbot Fogler, the most popular scientist theoretics and composer of his time. For 1803, a young man under the leadership of Fogler studied the work of outstanding composers, made a detailed analysis of their works and gained experience for writing his great writings. In addition, Fogler's school contributed to the growth of Weber's interest in folk art.

In 1804, the young composer moved to Breslavl, where he received a seat of the dropleter and was engaged in updating the opera repertoire of the local theater. Its active activity in this direction met resistance from singers and orchestrants, and Weber resigned.

However, a serious financial situation forced him to agree on any suggestions: for several years he was a dropletaster in Karlsruhe, then the personal secretary of the Duke of Württemberg in Stuttgart. But Weman could not say goodbye to music: he continued to compose instrumental works, experimented in the Opera genre (Silvana).

In 1810, a young man was arrested on suspicion of participation in the court scams and sent from Stuttgart. Weber again became a wandering musician traveling with concerts on numerous German and Swiss cities.

It was this talented composer who was the initiator of creating a "harmonic society" in Darmstadt, designed to support and help promote the works of its members with propaganda and criticism in the press. The Charter of the Company was drawn up, the creation of the "musical topography of Germany" was also designed, allowing artists to be correctly navigated in a particular city.

During this period, the passion for Weber was intensified by high-class music. IN free time The composer went to the surrounding villages "Collect melodies". Sometimes under the impression of heard heard, he immediately composed the songs and performed them under the accompaniment of the guitar, causing the exclamations of approval from the listeners.

In the same period creative activity Received the development of the composer's literary talent. Numerous articles, reviews and letters characterized Weber as a smart, thoughtful person, enemy routine standing in the forefront.

Being a champion of national music, Weber gave tribute and foreign art. Particularly highly appreciated the work of such French composers of the revolutionary period, like Kerubini, Megyul, Gretri, and others. They were dedicated to special articles and essays, their works were performed. Of particular interest in literary heritage Charles Maria Von Weber causes an autobiographical novel "Life of the Musician", telling about the difficult fate of the composer-tramp.

Did not forget the composer and about music. His works of 1810 - 1812 are greater independent and skill. An important step On the way to creative maturity comic Opera "Abu Gassan", in which the images of the most significant works of the master are traced.

The period from 1813 to 1816, Weber spent in Prague as the head of the Opera House, the following years worked in Dresden, and everywhere his transformation plans met stubborn resistance among theatrical bureaucrats.

The growth of patriotic sentiment in Germany of the beginning of the 1820s was the saving for the work of Karl Maria Von Weber. Writing music to the romantic-patriotic verses of Theodore Kerner, who participated in the liberation war of 1813 against Napoleon, brought a composer of the Lavra of the National Artist.

Another patriotic work of Weber was Cantata "Battle and Victory", written and executed in 1815 in Prague. It was attached to it summary Contents contributing to a better understanding of the work by the public. In the future, such explanations were compiled for larger works.

Prague period has become the beginning of the creative maturity of a talented german composer. Special attention deserves the works written by him at this time. piano musicin which new elements were introduced musical Speech and style textures.

Moving Weber in Dresden in 1817 laid the beginning family life (By that time, the composer was already married to the beloved woman - the former singer Prague Opera Carolina Brandt). Active activities The advanced composer and here found little like-minded people in the environment of influential persons of the state.

In those years, a traditional Italian opera was preferred in the Saxon capital. The German National Opera, created at the beginning of the XIX century, was deprived of the support of the Royal Court and the aristocrats.

Weber had to do a lot to approve the priority of national art over Italian. He managed to collect a good team, to achieve his artistic coherence and putting on the scene of the Opera of Mozart "Fidelio", as well as works of French composers of Megyul ("Joseph in Egypt"), Kerubini ("Loohska") and others.

The Dresden period was the top of the creative activity of Charles Maria Weber and the final decade of his life. During this time, the best piano and opera works were written: numerous sonatas for piano, "Invitation to dance", "Concerto Stush" for piano with orchestra, as well as Opera "Freichets", "Magic shooter", "Evrianta" and "Oberon "Indicating the path and directions further development opera Art Germany.

The production of the "Magic Arrow" brought Weber to worldwide glory and fame. The idea to write a opera on the plot of the national legend of the "black hunter" originated by the composer in 1810, but kip social activity prevented the implementation of this design. Only in Dresden Weber appealed to several fabulous plot The "Magic Arrow", at his request by the poet F. Kind, the libretto of the opera was written.

Events unfold in the Czech region of Bohemia. Main acting persons The works are the hunter Max, the daughter of the Graft Forest Agatha, the walk and the Kaspar's gambler, the father of Agatha, Kuno, and Prince Ottokar.

The first act begins with the joyful greetings of the winner of the shooting of Kilian and the sad lands of a young hunter who suffered a defeat in the preliminary tournament. A similar fate in the final of the competition violates all plans of Max: according to an old hunting custom, his marriage with excellent agate will become impossible. Girl's father and several hunters comfortable unhappy.

Soon the fun ceases, everyone leaves, and Max remains alone. His privacy distorts Kaspar's walk, who sold the soul to the devil. I attacked the friend, he promises to help the young hunter and tells him about the magic bullets, which should be cast at night in the Wolf Valley - a damned place attending the unclean power.

Max doubts, however, deftly playing feelings young man To Agate, Kaspar persuades him to go to the valley. Max is removed from the scene, and the deft gambler tries in advance its deliverance from the approaching hour of pile.

The actions of the second act unfold in the house of the forest and in the gloomy wolf valley. Agatha is sad in his room, from sad thoughts it can not distract even a cheerful chatter with a carefree flirty girlfriend Ansh.

Agatha is waiting for Max. Covered by gloomy premonitions, she goes to the balcony and calls for heaven dispel her alarms. Max enters, trying not to scare the beloved, and tells her about the reason for his sadness. Agatha and Anshn persuade him not to go to a terrible place, but Max, who gave the promise to Kasparu, leaves.

In the finals of the second act, the eyes of the audience opens a gloomy valley, the silence of which is interrupted by the sinister exclamations of invisible spirits. At midnight, a black hunter Samiel appears in the Caspar, a black hunter. Caspar's soul should go to hell, but he asks a deferment, giving himself instead of sacrificing the devil Max, who will kill the Magat's magic bullet tomorrow. Samiel agrees to this sacrifice and disappears with the blow of thunder.

Soon from the top of the cliff in the valley Max descends. Good forces are trying to save him, sending images of mother and agada, but late - Max sells the soul to the devil. The finals of the second act is the casting scene of the magic bullets.

The third, final, the act of opera is dedicated last Day Competitions that must end Max and Agatha wedding. Girl seen at night prophetic dream, again in sorrow. The efforts of Anshne to cheer a girlfriend in vain, her alarm does not pass for his beloved. Girls appearing soon presented agate flowers. It opens the box and instead of a wedding wreath detects a funeral.

There is a change in the decorations, marking the final of the third act and the entire opera. In front of the prince, the hunters demonstrate their skill, among them, and Max. The young man must make the last shot, the target becomes flying with a bush on a bush. Max is aiming, and at this moment Agata appears behind the bushes. Magic power removes the blowing gun aside, and the bullet enters Caspar, hidden on the tree. The deadly wounded, he falls to the ground, his soul goes to hell accompanied by Samiel.

Prince Ottokar requires an explanation to what happened. Max tells about the events of the past night, an angry prince senses him to exile, a young hunter must forget about marriage with Agata. The intercessors of those present cannot soften the punishment.

Only the appearance of wisdom carrier and justice changes the situation. The hermit says its verdict: to delay the wedding of Max and Agatha for a year. Such a generous decision becomes the cause of universal joy and babes, all the collests are famous for God and his mercy.

The prosperous completion of the opera corresponds to the moral idea represented in the form of a struggle of good with evil and victory of good forces. There is a certain proportion of abstractness and idealizations of real life, at the same time there are moments that meet the requirements of progressive art: show national Most And the originality of his mistake, appeal to the characters of the peasant-burgher environment. Fantasy, due to adherence to popular beliefs and legends, is deprived of any mysticism; In addition, the poetic image of nature contributes a fresh jet.

The dramatic line in the "magic arrow" is developing consistently: I act is a drama tie, the desire of evil forces to master the breathing soul; II Act - Fighting Light and Darkness; III Act - a climax ending the celebration of virtue.

Dramatic action here unfolds on music materialwalking in large layers. To disclose the ideological meaning of the work and combining it with the help of musical and thematic ties, Weber uses the principle of leitmotimativity: a short leitmotif, constantly accompanying character, specifies one or another image (for example, the image of selfiem, personifying dark, mysterious forces).

The new, purely romantic expression is common to the entire Opera mood, subordinate to the "Forest Sound", with which all occurring events are associated.

Nature's life in the "magic arrow" has two sides: one of them, associated with the idyllically depicted patriarchal life of hunters, is revealed in folk songs and melodies, as well as in the sound of the horn; The second side associated with the ideas about the demonic, dark forces of the forest is manifested in the unique combination of orchestral timbres and an alarming syncised rhythm.

Overture to the "Magic Arrow", written in a sonate form, reveals the ideological idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole work, its content and course of events. Here, the main topics of the operas appear in the contrast comparison, which are at the same time and the musical characteristics of the main characters who are developing in the arias portraits.

The orchestra is considered the strongest source of romantic expressiveness in the "magic arrow". Weber managed to identify and use certain features and expressive properties of individual tools. In some scenes, the orchestra plays an independent role and is the main means musical development Operas (scene in wolf valley, etc.).

The success of the "magic arrow" was stunning: the opera was put on the scenes of many cities, Arias from this work were singing on the city streets. Thus, Weber was a hundredfold rewarded for all humiliation and tests that fell into his share in Dresden.

In 1822, the entrepreneur of the Vienna Court Opera House F. Barbaiya offered Weber to compose a big opera. A few months later, "Euritan" was sent to the Austrian capital, written in the genre of the knightly romantic opera.

The legendary plot with some mystical mystery, the desire for heroic and special attention to psychological peculiarities Characters, the predominance of feelings and reflections on the development of action - these features scheduled for the composer in this work are becoming later characteristic features German romantic opera.

In the fall of 1823, the premiere of "Euritans" took place in Vienna, on which Weber himself was attended. Calling a storm of delight among the adherents of national art, the opera did not receive such widespread recognition as the "magic shooter".

This circumstance has affected the composer rather depressingly, besides, he gave itself to know the hard disease of the lungs inherited from the mother. Study attacks have become the cause of long interruptions in Weber's work. So, between writing "Euritans" and the beginning of work on the "Oberon" passed about 18 months.

The last opera was written by Weber on the order "Covent Garden" - one of the largest opera theaters of London. Realizing the proximity of death, the composer sought to finish his last workSo that the family after his death did not remain without livelihood. The same reason forced him to go to London to lead the Oberon fairy tale formulation.

In this work, consisting of several separate paintings, fantastic events and a large artistic freedom are intertwined. real life, household german music Roads with Eastern Exotic.

When writing "Oberon", the composer did not set any special dramatic tasks in front of him, he wanted to write a cheerful opera-festival, filled with a relaxed fresh melody. Used when writing this product, the colorfulness and lightness of the orchestral flavor provided a significant impact on the improvement of a romantic orchestral letter and imposed a special imprint on the scores of such composers-romantics, like Berlioz, Mendelsson, etc.

Musical advantages of the latest Weber operas found the most vivid expression in the unimaging, which received recognition and as independent software symphony. At the same time, individual shortcomings of libretto and drama limited the number of "Euritans" and "Oberon" on the scenes of opera theaters.

Stressful work in London, conjugate with frequent overload, finally undermined the health of the famous composer, on July 5, 1826, was the last day of his life: Carl Maria Von Weber died from CHAKHETA, without reaching forty years old.

In 1841, on the initiative of advanced public figures in Germany, the question was raised about the transfer of the dust of the talented composer to his homeland, and after three years, his remains returned to Dresden.

Childhood

Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864 in the city of Erfurt (Thuringia). He was a senior child of seven children. His father was Max Weber Senior, a prominent public servant and a member of the National Liberal Party, and Mother - Elena (Neborn Fallenettein), in the nature of which were French emigrants of Huguenotes. In 1868, his brother Alfred was born, which later also became a famous sociologist and economist. In 1869, the Weber's family moved to Charlottenburg (Berlin suburb). In age four years Max Weber feared meningitis. At 13, he already read the works of Philosophers Arthur Schopenhauer, Benedict Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, as well literary authors, such as Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

Education

In 1882 he graduated from the gymnasium in Charlottenburg and entered the Faculty of Law of Heidelberg University. After the year of service in the army, he turned to Berlin University. At the same time, he worked as a junior lawyer. In 1886, Weber passed the exam at the Secretary of the lawyer, which is similar to the exam in the Association of Lawyers in British and American Legal Systems. Within the second half of the 1880s, Weber continued to learn jurisprudence and history. He received a doctorate of legal sciences in 1889, writing the dissertation on the history of the right "History of trading companies in the Middle Ages". His supervisor There was Levin Goldshmidt, a reputable scientist in the field of commercial law. Two years later, Weber finished his habilitation "The significance of the agrarian history of Rome for the state and private law", working with August Meitzen. After that, he received a privat-associate professor at the University of Berlin, where he read lectures and advised the government.

Work

In the period between the protection of the doctoral dissertation and the Habitization Weber became interested social politics. In 1888, he entered the Union of Social Policy, a new professional association of German economists related to historical schoolwho saw the role of the economy primarily in the search for solutions social problemsand which carried out large-scale statistical studies of economic problems. In 1890, the Association has developed a research program for studying the "Polish issue", or Ostflukht: the influx of Polish farm workers to East Germany, while local workers left for rapidly developing industrial cities. Weber led this research and wrote most The final report, which caused significant and disputes, and posted the beginning of the fame of Weber as a sociologist. From 1893 to 1899 Weber was a member of the Pangerman Union, an organization that opposed the influx of Polish workers.

In 1893, Marianne Schnitger, the future fighter for women's rights married in his three-rich sister.

In 1894-1896, a professor of national economy in Freiburg, since 1896 - in Heidelbergsky, since 1919 - at the University of Munich. One of the founders of the German Sociological Society (1909). Since 1918, Professor of the National Economy at the University of Vienna. In 1919 - Advisor to the German delegation at the Versailles.

The main theoretical works of Weber: "Exchange and its meaning", "History of the economy", "Science as a vocation and profession", "Politics as a vocation and profession", "On some categories of understanding sociology", "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism".

Last years

Scientific activity

On formation philosophical views Max Weber influenced first of all developed by Wilhelm Diltee the concept of "understanding" and the principle of division of sciences on the science of nature (nometic, aimed at studying patterns) and spirit science (idiographic, aimed at studying unique phenomena), developed by the Baden School of Neocantianism (Rickert And Windelband).

Weber made a substantial contribution to such areas of social knowledge as general sociology, methodology of social knowledge, political sociology, sociology of law, sociology of religion, sociology of music, economic sociology, the theory of capitalism.

Understanding sociology. Social Action Theory

Weber called his concept "understanding sociology". Sociology analyzes social action and is trying to explain his cause. Understanding means knowledge of social action through his subjectively implied meaning, i.e. the meaning that its subject is investing into this action. Therefore, in sociology, all the variety of ideas and worldviews governing human activity is reflected in sociology, i.e., all the variety of human culture. Unlike its contemporaries, Weber did not sought to build sociology for the pattern of natural sciences, referring to the humanitarian sciences or, in its terms, to the sciences of culture, which both according to the methodology and on the subject constitute an autonomous area of \u200b\u200bknowledge.

All scientific categories - only the designs of our thinking. "Society", "State", "Institute" is just words, so they should not be attributed to ontological characteristics. The only real fact of social life is social action. Any society is a cumulative product of the interaction of specific individuals. Social action - a public life atom, and it is precisely the opinion of a sociologist should be sent to him. The actions of the subjects are considered as motivated, having meaning and orientation on others, these actions can be analyzed by decrypting meanings and values \u200b\u200bthat attaches subjects to these actions. Social action writes Weber, the action is considered, which in meaning correlates with the actions of other people and focuses on them.

That is, Weber allocates 2 signs of social action:

1. meaningful character;
2. orientation on the expected reaction of other persons.

The main categories of understanding sociology are behavior, action and social action. Behavior is the most common category of activity that becomes actions if the current meaning associates with it. We can talk about social action when the action relates to the actions of other people and focus on them. Combined social activities form "semantic links", on the basis of social relations and institutions.

The result of understanding on Weber - a high degree of probability hypothesis, which must then be confirmed by objective scientific methods.

Weber allocates four types of social action in descending order of their meaningfulness and comprehensibility:

1. celemental - when objects or people are interpreted as a means to achieve their own rational purposes. The subject is accurately presents the target and selects the optimal option to achieve it. This is a pure model of a formal-instrumental life orientation, such actions are most often found in the field of economic practice.
2. value-rational - determined by the conscious faith in the value of a certain action, regardless of its success, is committed in the name of any value, and its achievement is more important than the side effects (for example, the captain last leaves a sinking ship);
3. traditional - determined by tradition or habit. Individual simply reproduces that template for social activity that has been used in such situations earlier than them or others (the peasant rides the fair at the same time as his fathers and grandfathers).
4. affective - determined by emotions;

Weber's social attitude is a social action system, social relations include such concepts as a struggle, love, friendship, competition, exchange, etc. Social attitude, perceived by individual as a mandatory, acquires the status of a legitimate social order. In accordance with the types of social actions, four types of legitimate (legitimate) order are distinguished: traditional, affective, value-rational and legal.

Method of sociology

Weber sociology method is determined, in addition to the concept of understanding, the learning about the ideal type, as well as the postulate of freedom from value judgment. The ideal type according to Weber fixes the "cultural meaning" of one or another phenomenon, and the ideal type becomes a heuristic hypothesis that can organize a variety of historical material without binding to some predetermined scheme. Regarding the principle of freedom from the value judgment, Weber distinguishes two problems: the problem of freedom from the value judgment in the strict sense and the problem of relationships and value ratios. In the first case, the established facts and their assessment with the worldview of the researcher should strictly distinguish. In the second - we are talking about theoretical problem of analyzing the association of any knowledge with the values \u200b\u200bof knowing, i.e. the problem of the interdependence of science and cultural context. Weber puts forward the concept " cognitive interest", Which determines the choice and method of studying the empirical object in each particular case, and the concept of a" value idea ", which is determined by the specific method of visiting the world in this cultural context. In "Sciences of Culture", this problem acquires special significance, since in this case, values \u200b\u200bare the necessary condition for the possibility of the existence of such sciences: we exist in some culture, we cannot study the world without evaluating it and does not apply it to its meaning. In this case, thus, we are not talking about the subjective preferences of one or another scientist, but above all about the "spirit of time" of a particular culture: it is he plays a key role in the formation of "value ideas".

These theoretical postulates allow Weveree to interpret the sociology of the economy in the "cultural" key. Weber allocates two idealistic organizations of economic behavior: traditional and descriptive. The first exists with antiquity, the second is developing in a new time. Overcoming traditionalism is associated with the development of modern rational capitalist economywhich suggests defined types Social relations and certain forms of social order. Analyzing these forms, Weber comes to two conclusions: the ideal type of capitalism is described by it as a triumph of rationality in all areas economic LifeMoreover, such a development cannot be explained solely by economic reasons. In the latter case, Weber whites with Marxism.

"Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism"

In his work, Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism, Weber tries to explain the genesis of modern capitalism, tied this problem with the sociology of religion, in particular Protestantism. He sees the link between the ethical code of Protestant religion and the spirit of the capitalist economy, based on the ideal of the rationale owner. In Protestantism, in contrast to Catholicism, the emphasis is not done on the study of dogmatics, but in moral practice, expressed in the worldly ministry of man, in fulfilling his worldly debt. This is what Weber called "worldly asceticism." Parallels between the Protestant focus on the worldly ministry and the ideal of capitalist rationality allowed Weber to associate the reformation and the emergence of capitalism: Protestantism stimulated the emergence of specific forms of behavior in everyday life and economic life. Minimization of dogmatic and ritual, the rationalization of life in Protestantism on Weber has become part of the process of "splitting the world", started by the Hebrew prophets and ancient Greek scientists and going to the climax in the modern capitalist world. This process is associated with the liberation of a person from magical superstitions, the autonomation of the individual, faith in scientific progress and rational knowledge.

At the same time, it is necessary to note the extreme caution of Weer himself in this matter, which emphasized that "We are not in any way to protect such a ridiculous doctrine thesis, as if the" capitalist spirit "(in the sense in which we temporarily use this concept) It could only arise as a result of the influence of certain parties to the Reformation, as if capitalism as an economic system is a product of the Reformation. "

Sociology of power

In the sociology of power Weber also follows its method. In accordance with it, there are three types of legitimation of power (domination):

1. a rational, based on faith in the legality of the existing procedures and the legal right to give orders;
2. traditional, based on faith in the holiness of traditions and the right to rule those who received power in accordance with this tradition;
3. charismatic, based on faith in supernatural holiness, heroism, genius. Or some other advantage of the ruler and its power, not subject to accurate definition or understandable explanation.

In this context, Weber's theory of rational bureaucracy associated with the first type of power is formulated. In its analysis of democracy, Weber formulates the presence of two types of this type of government: "plebiscite imminent democracy" and diverse forms "Democracy without a leader", the purpose of which is to minimize the direct forms of man's domination over a person due to the development of rational forms of representation, collegiality and delimitation of powers.

Weber works had a material effect on the XX century sociology and continue to be relevant today.

Emil Maximilian Weber (Max Weber Him. Max Weber; (April 21, 1864- June 14, 1920) - German sociologist, historian of Aconomist. The elder brother Alfred Weber.

B1892-1894 Privat-Associate Professor, Azaten Extraordinary Professor Veslin, B1894-1896 - Professor of National Savings of Walfreyburg, C1896- VMyadelberg, C1919-Vamunchen University. One bee of the "German Sociological Society" (1909). C1918, a professor of national economy in this. B1919 Spring-adviser to the German delegation of the probably negotiations.

Weber made a substantial contribution to the patterities of social knowledge, such as general sociology, methodology of social knowledge, political sociology, sociology of law, sociology of religion, economic sociology, the theory of capitalism. Weber called his concept "understanding sociology". Sociology analyzes the social action is sipped to explain its cause. Understanding means knowledge of social action through his subjectively implied meaning, i.e. The meaning that puts his subject itself to the actual action. Therefore, all varieties of ideas of imirovisculations governing human activity are reflected in spontaneity, i.e. All variety of human culture.

The Voice of Spronsnikov Weber's remarks was unauthorized to build the sociology of the pigeon of natural sciences, referring to its kgumanitarian sciences, the terms, Knauki, the sameness, which is like labeled, so IPoprotem make up an autonomous region of knowledge. The main categories of understanding sociology are the behavior, the action of the Isocial Action. The behavior is the most common category of activity that becomes an action if the current binds a subjective sense. The focal action can be said when the action relates to the use of other people orely oriented. Combinations of social activities form "semantic links", the equally formed social relations of the IIns. The result of an understanding of the pending hypothesis is a high degree of probability, which must then be confirmed by objective scientific methods.

Weber allocates four types of social action:

celegencies- when objects or people are interpreted as a means to achieve their own rational purposes;

validate- determined by the conscious faith an accuracy of a certain action, regardless of all of the success;

affective- determined by emotions;

traditional- determined by tradition or habit

Social attitude Team is a system of social actions, the Consocial relations include such concepts as a struggle, love, friendship, competition, the exchange of IT.DS society, perceived by the individual as a mandatory, acquires the status of a legitimate social order. Intercoms of social actions are distinguished by four types of legitimate (legitimate) order: traditional, affective, value-rational ilgan.

Weber Sociology Method is determined, in addition to the concept of understanding, the teaching of the offended type, attack by the postulate of freedom of statement of statement. The perfect type of commander fixes the "cultural meaning" of one or another phenomenon, and the perfect type becomes a heuristic hypothesis capable of organizing the diversity of historical material without binding a knekotor predetermined scheme.

Regarding the principle of freedom of reference judgments, Weber distinguishes two problems: the problem of freedom of statement of reference judgments by a strict sense by the problem of the relationship of informality. For the room, the established facts of the researcher should strictly distinguish the established facts of the researcher. Involvement, we are wearing an advantageous problem of analyzing the association of any knowledge of the stentivity of knowing, i.e. The problem of the interdependence of the science of the icy context.

Weber highlights the concept of "cognitive interest", which determines the choice of a job of studying the empirical object with a specific case, the iponation of the "value idea", which is determined by the specific method of vision of the world with a cultural context. In the "science of the Okultura", this problem acquires special significance, because In addition, the value of values \u200b\u200bact as a necessary condition for the possibility of the existence of such sciences: we, the existence of an extraracotor culture, carefully studied their, invaluing him in Independulating his meaning. In the case, in this way, we are talking about non-abjective preferences of a scientist, the NOPrezhde of all about the "spirit of time" of a particular culture: it is that the key role of the formation of "value ideas".

These theoretical postulates allow Weveree to interpret the sociology of the economy in the "cultural" key. Weber allocates two ideality organizations of economic behavior: traditional iecerational. The first there is a crystality, the second develops at present. Overcoming traditionalism is associated with the collapse of the modern rational capitalist economy, which involves the presence of certain types of social relations of solid forms of social order.

Analyzing these forms, Weber comes CDVUM with conclusions: the ideal type of capitalism is described as the triumph of the rationality of the intensity of the areas of economic life, and this development cannot be explained exclusively by economic reasons. In the early case, Weber prams smathersism. Whether the work of the "Protestant ethics of the Capitalism" Weber is trying to explain the genesis of modern capitalism, tied this problem of the Sociology of religion, incompatience of Protestantism. On examining the link between the ethical Code of Protestant religion by the capitalist economy, founded by the worst of the Rationalist Entrepreneur. In contrast to Catholicism, the insecraising of dogmakes, a non-cultural practice, which is expressed by the Namir service of man, is being rejected by the Nammy Service of Human Military District. This one that Weber called "Mirsky Asceticism". Parallels between the Protestant focus of Namir service of the IIDEL of capitalist rationality allowed Weber to associate the reformation of the climbing of capitalism: Protestantism stimulated the emergence of the forms of behavior of foreign life specific for capitalism. Minimalization of the dogmatic of the Iritual, the rationalization of life in prodantism, which became part of the process of "splitting the world", started by the Hebrew prophets of Ivrenegreic scientists of the Identical Khulmination of the most capitalist world. This process is associated with a person's reprimanding of otmagic superstitions, the autonomation of the individual, the faithful progress of Iranian knowledge.

Sociology of power Weber also follows its method. There are three types of legitimation of power (domination): 1) a rational, based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Izacarious right of ownership of orders; 2) the traditional, founded by the presence of the traditions of traditions to the government, who received the power of intercom to be a tradition; 3) Charismatic, based on the top of the supervisant holiness, heroism or some other advantage of the ruler of the government. Weather theory of the rational bureaucracy associated with the sperm type of power is formulated in the context. Vester analysis of democracy Weber formulates the presence of two types of this type of government: "Plebesiscitis of the Democracy" is the effective forms of "democracy without leader", the purpose of which is minted by the Kminimum of direct forms of man's dominance over a person due to the development of rational forms of representation, the collegiance of the authorities.

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