The orchestra is a group of musicians playing various tools. But it should not be confused with the ensemble. This article will tell what kinds of orchestras are. And their compositions of musical instruments will also be consecrated.

Varieties of orchestras

The orchestra differs from the ensemble in that in the first case, the same tools are combined into groups playing in unison, that is, one common melody. And in the second case, each musician is a soloist - playing his party. "Orchestra" is a Greek word and translated as a "dance floor." It was located between the scene and the audience. The choir was located on this platform. Then she became similar to modern orchestral pits. And over time, musicians began to be located there. And the name "Orchestra" got the teams of instrumental executors.

Types of orchestras:

• Symphonic.
• String.
• Wind.
• Jazz.
• Pop.
• Orchestra of folk instruments.
• Military.
• School.

The composition of the tools of different types of orchestra is strictly defined. Symphony consists of a group of strings, drums and winds. String and brand orchestras consist of tools corresponding to their names. Jazz may have a different composition. The pop orchestra consists of brass, strings, drums, keyboards and

Varieties of choirs

Choir is a big ensemble consisting of singers. Artists must be at least 12. In most cases, the choir acts accompanied by orchestras. Types of orchestras and choirs are distinguished. There are several classifications. First of all, the choir is divided into types of votes. It can be: female, male, mixed, children's, as well as boys choirs. The manner of execution distinguishes folk and academic.

And also choirs are classified by the number of performers:

• 12-20 people - vocal choral ensemble.
• 20-50 artists - chamber choir.
• 40-70 singers - medium.
• 70-120 participants are a big choir.
• Up to 1000 artists - consolidated (from several teams).

By his status, the choir is divided into: educational, professional, amateur, church.

Symphony Orchestra

Not all kinds of orchestras include this group include: violins, cello, alta, double bass. One of the orchestras, which includes a string-bored family, is a symphony. It will meet several different groups of musical instruments. To date, two types of symphonic orchestras distinguish: small and large. The first of them has a classic composition: 2 flutes, as many frames, clarinets, braes, pipes and a horn, no more than 20 strings, occasionally a lie.

Maybe any in composition. It can include 60 and more string tools, tubes, up to 5 trombones of different timbres and 5 pipes, up to 8 French horn, up to 5 flutes, as well as braes, clarinets and scenes. It may also include such varieties from the brass group, like the Oboe D Amur, Piccolo Flute, Contrafeagot, English Horn, Saxophones of All Types. It may include a huge number of drum tools. Often, a large symphony orchestra includes an organ, piano, Harpsian and harp.

Brass band

Almost all types of orchestras have in their composition. This group includes two varieties: copper and wooden. Some types of orchestras consist only of wind and shock tools, such as brass and military. In the first species, the main role belongs to the cornets, mountains of different types, tubes, baritone euphoniums. Secondary instruments: trombones, pipes, horn, flutes, saxophones, clarinets, baroes, bassotes. If the brass orchestra is large, then in it, as a rule, all tools are increased in quantities. Harves and keys can be added very rarely.

The repertoire of the brass bands includes:

• Machi.
• Ballroom European dances.
• Opera Aria.
• Symphony.
• Concerts.

The brass bands protruding most often on open street venues or accompany the procession, as they sound very powerful and bright.

Orchestra of folk instruments

The repertoire includes mainly the composition of a folk nature. What are their instrumental composition? Each nation has his own. For example, the Russian orchestra includes: balalaiki, husli, domra, pity, whistles, accordions, ratchets, and so on.

Military orchestra

The terms of the orchestras consisting of brass and percussion instruments have already been listed. There is another variety that includes these two groups. These are military orchestras. They serve in order to voice the solemn ceremonies, as well as to participate in concerts. Military orchestras are two species. Some consist of copper winds. They are called homogeneous. The second type is mixed military orchestras, they, among other things, have a group of wooden winds in their composition.

Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music for a small composition of the performers: solo writings, various kinds of ensembles (duet, trio, etc.), romances and songs. Chamber music has evolved next to the orchestral from the XVI century and more to instrumental than to vocal music.

In the initial value, the chamber music was intended for execution in relatively small (mostly homely domestic) premises - unlike the music intended for execution in the Church, theater or a large concert hall, why the number of performers is very limited, the tools are not particularly strong for the sound, for example String (quartets, quintes, sectakes, octets), much less often brass wooden (Mozart Quintet for clarinet with string, Beethoven Quintet for Piano, Goboy, Clarinet, Fagota, French, His Septhet ES-DUR for Piano, Violin, or Alta, Cello , double bass, clarinet, baggage, horn).

The constant performance of chamber music in public concerts changed the meaning of the term. Since the end of the 18th century, the "Chamber Music" expression is attached to the works written to the ensemble, in which each party is intended to one performer (and not to groups, as in the choir and orchestra) and all parties are more or less equal (unlike works for the solo Voices or tools with accompaniment).

Three periods are viewed in the history of chamber music:

The period from 1450 to 1650, which is characterized by the development of the equipment of the game on VIOLAs and tools of other families, the gradual allocation of pure tool music under the preserving predominance of vocal style. Among those who came to us, the compositions of this period, written specifically for instrumental compositions without votes, - Fantasy Orlando Gibbons and Chancests and Sonatas Giovanni Gabriel.

Symphonic music

Symphonic music - musical works designed to perform a symphony orchestra. Includes large monumental works and small plays. Main genres: symphony, suite, overture, symphonic poem. Symphony orchestra, a large team of musicians, includes three groups of instruments: brass, drums, strings.

Classic (paired, or double) The composition of a small symphony orchestra has developed in the work of Y. Hydna (brass pair of full, Litavra and String Quintet). Modern small symphony orchestra can have an abnormal composition.

In the Great Symphony Orchestra (since the beginning of the 19th century), the wind groups, drums were expanded, harp, sometimes piano; The group of strings is numerically increased. The name of the composition of the symphony orchestra is determined by the number of tools of each family of wind (pair, triple, etc.).

Symphony (from Greek. Symphonia is consonant), - a musical work for a symphony orchestra, written in a seen cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classic type of symphony has developed at the end of the 18th - early 19th centuries. (J. Hydn, V.A. Motsart, L.V. Bethoven). Promotors-romantics have great importance to libertine symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Madelon), program symphonies (Bllyoz, F. List).

Western European composers were made important contributions to the development of symphony: I. Brams, A. Bruner, Maler, S. Frank, A. Dvorzhak, Ya.Sibelius and others. Symphony in Russian music: A. P. Borodin, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.K. Helazunov, A.N. Skryabin, S.V. Rashmaninov, N.Ya.Muskovsky, S.S.Prokofiev, D.D.Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian and others.

Cyclic forms of instrumental music, - musical forms, folding from several relative to independent parts, disclosed in the aggregate, a single artistic design. Sonate cyclic form consists, as a rule, of four parts - the fast 1st in a sonate form, slow lyrical 2nd, fast 3rd (scherzo or menuet) and the rapid 4th (final). This form is typical for symphony, sometimes sonates, a chamber ensemble Abbreviated cyclic form (without scherzo or menuet) is typical for a concert, sonata. Another type of cyclic form form suite, sometimes variations (orchestral, piano), in which the number and nature of parts may be different. There are also vocal cycles (series of songs, romances, ensembles or choirs), united by the plot, the words of one author and others.

Suite (Franz. Suite, letters. - row, sequence), instrumental cyclic musical product made of several contrasting parts. From Sonatas and Symphonies Suite distinguishes the lack of strict regulation of quantity, character and order of parts, close connection with the song and dance. Suite 17-18 centuries. He consisted of allemanda, chimes, sarabands, alar and other dances. In 19-20 centuries. Orchestral non-resident suite (PI Tchaikovsky) are created, sometimes software ("Sherryzada" N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suite composed of the music of the operas, ballets, as well as music to theatrical productions.

Overture (Franz. Ouverture, from Lat. Apertura - opening, beginning), orchestral accession to the opera, ballet, dramatic spectrum, etc. (often in semonate form), as well as an independent orchestral play, usually software.

Symphonic poem - genre of symphonic software music. Single orchestral product, in accordance with the romantic idea of \u200b\u200bthe synthesis of the arts, admitting a variety of sources of the program (literature, painting, less often philosophy or history). Creator of the genre - F.List.

Software music - musical works that the composer provided the verbal program concretizing perception. Many software essays are associated with plots and images of outstanding literary works.

The symphony orchestra includes three groups of musical instruments: string (violins, alta, cello, double bass), brass (copper and wooden) and a group of shock tools. The number of musicians in groups can be different, depending on the executable work. Often, the composition of the symphony orchestra is expanded, additional and nonypical musical instruments for it are introduced: harp, chest, saxophone, etc. The number of musicians of the symphony orchestra in some cases may exceed 200 musicians!

Depending on the number of musicians in groups, the small and large symphony orchestra differs, among the varieties of small theatrical orchestras participating in the musical accompaniment of the opera and ballets.

Chamber

From the symphonic such orchestra differs by significantly smaller composition of musicians and a smaller variety of instruments. The chamber orchestra also reduces the number of wind and shock tools.

String

This orchestra consists only of strings of brook tools - violin, alt, cello, double bass.

Wind

The brass orchestra includes a variety of brass group tools - wooden and copper, as well as a group of shock tools. Spiritual Orchestra Included with musical instruments characteristic of symphony orchestra (flute, oboe, clarinet, barrage, saxophone, pipe, horn, trombone, tube), and specific instruments (brazovaya alt, tenor, baritone, euphonyth, flughelgorn, suzafon and Dr.) who are not found in other types of orchestras.

In our country, military brass bands are greatly popular with special applied military music: fanfares, marches, hymns and the so-called garden-park repertoire - Valsa and vintage marches. The brass orchestras are much more mobile than symphonic and chamber, they can perform music while driving. There is a special genre of performance - orchestral defile, in which the fulfillment of music by the brass orchestra is combined with the simultaneous performance by musicians of complex choreographic performances.

In major opera and ballet theaters, you can meet special brandy orchestras - theatrical gangs. Gangs are involved directly in the scenic formulation, where the musicians are current characters in the plot.

Pop

As a rule, this is a special composition of a small symphony orchestra (estate-symphonic orchestra), which is present, among other things, a group of saxophones, specific keyboards, electronic tools (synthesizer, electric guitar, etc.) and a pop rhythm section.

Jazz

The jazz orchestra (Band) is usually from a group of windows, including extended tubes extended compared to other orchestras, trombones and saxophones, string groups represented by violins and double bass, as well as the jazz rhythm of the section.

Orchestra of folk instruments

One of the options of the people ensemble is the orchestra of Russian folk instruments. It consists of groups of Balalak and Domr, includes husli, accordions, special Russian wind instruments - horns and pity. Tools typical of symphony orchestra - flutes, oboe, horn and shock tools are not rarely introduced into such orchestras. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating such an orchestra was proposed by Balalala Tire Vasily Andreev at the end of the XIX century.

The orchestra of Russian folk instruments is not the only appearance of the folk ensembles. There are, for example, the orchestras of Scottish chests, Mexican wedding orchestras, in which a group of various guitars, pipes, ethnic percussion, etc. are present.

Chamber Orchestra

What is the chamber orchestra different from the symphony? The first chamber orchestras appeared in Europe in the XVI century. And the history of symphony orchestras began significantly later, namely, the three centuries later. Initially, the chamber orchestra included stringed instruments. Mostly it was a variety of viol. Also, the chamber orchestra could include harpsichine and wind instruments, such as flute. Chamber means a small composition of musicians for a narrow circle of listeners. Such orchestras were created at the courtyards of nobility and the composition of chamber orchestras at that time could include famous composers and performers. So, for example, Johann Sebastian Bach was a violinist in the court chamber orchestra of the Duke of Johann Ernst III. Over time, new music genres began to appear and composers began to introduce new genres of the tool group. Extrallular music required the expansion of the chamber orchestra. So a symphony orchestra appeared. The symphony orchestra consists of four major groups of instruments: string-concrete, wooden wind, copper wind and drums. The chamber orchestra has become one of the symphonic groups. Thus it becomes clear that it is the composition of the chamber orchestra distinguishes it from the orchestra of symphonic. If you want to learn more about chamber and symphonic music, see this series "Academy of Entertaining Arts. Music". Violetta Modestovna will gladly share with you with your knowledge of music.

The orchestra of a small composition, the core of the Quino is the ensemble of performers for strings. Tools (6-8 violins, 2-3 viola, 2-3 cello, double bass). In to. It is often included by the harpsichin, which, along with cello, double bass, often and gods take part in the execution of Basa General. Sometimes in K. about. The spirit is included. instruments. In 17-18 centuries. Such orchestras (in contrast to church or opera) were used to execute Concerti Grossi, concerts with solo tools, conc. Symphony, orc. Suite, Serenad, Divertiment, etc. Then they did not wear the names "K. about.". This term entered the use of only 20 cent. K. about., As well as big and small, represents independent. Type of orchestra. Revival K. about. Largely associated with increasing interest in report. And Ranneclassic. Music, in particular to creativity I. S. Baha, and with the desire to reproduce its genuine sound. The basis of the repertoire of most K. about. make up a production A. Korelli, T. Albinoni, A. Vivaldi, G. F. Teleman, I. S. Baha, G. F. Handel, V. A. Mozart and others. An important role was also played by interest in K. about. Sovr. Composers caused by the desire to find adequate tools for the embodiment of the music. The ideas of the Small Plan, the reaction to the early 20 V, which has grown up to the giant sizes. (R. Strauss, Mahler, I. F. Stravinsky) and burden to save music. Tools, revival of polyphony. K. about. 20 V. It means that. Freedom, non-negative, as if the random of the composition, each time the decisive one or other arts. design. Under the owl. K. about. Often imply the composition, in the rum, as in the chamber ensemble, each instra. The party is represented. one soloist. Sometimes K. Oh. Only strings are limited. Tools (Ya. P. Ryatets, concert for chamber orchestra, or. 16, 1964). In cases where the spirit includes. The tools, the composition of it can vary from several. Soloists (P. Hindemite, "Chamber Music" NO 3, or. 36 for Cello Obligato and 10 Soloing Tools, 1925) to 20-30 performers (A. G. Schnitke, 2nd concert for violin and chamber orchestra, 1970 ; D. D. Shostakovich, 14th Symphony for soprano, bass and chamber orchestra, or. 135, 1971), not reaching, however, the completeness of the composition of a small sym. Orchestra. Borders between K. about. And the chamber ensemble is quite vague. In the 20th century For K. about. Writing writings in a wide variety of genres. Among the owf. Cabin. Orchestras: K. about. Under UPR. V. Splov (Germany, organized in 1942), Stuttgart K. about. Under UPR. K.Myunkhinger (Germany, 1946), Vienna Chamber Ensemble of the Old Music Music "Musica AntiCua" under UPR. B. Klebel (Austria), "Virtuosi Rome" under UPR. R. Fazano (1947), Chamber Orchestra of Zagreb Radio and Television (1954), Clarion Constitus Chamber Orchestra (USA, 1957), Chamber Orchestra under UPR. A. Brott (Canada) and others. K. about. Available in MN. major cities of the USSR: Moscow K. about. Under UPR. R. B. Barling (1956), K. about. Moscow Conservatory under UPR. M. H. Tariana (1961), Leningradsky K. about. Under UPR. L. M. Gozman (1961), Kiev K. about. Under UPR. I. I. Blazhkov (1961), K. about. Lithuanian state. philharmonic under UPR. S. Sondetsky (Kaunas, 1960), etc.

Literature: Ginzburg L., Rabey V., Moscow Chamber Orchestra, in Sat.: Mastery of the artist musician, vol. 1, M., 1972; Raaben L., Chamber Orchestras of Leningrad, in the book: Music and Life. Music and musicians of Leningrad, L., 1972; Quittard H., L "Orchestre des Concerts de Chambre Au XVII-E SIICLE," ZIMG ", JAHRG. XI, 1909-10; RRUNIRES H., La Musique de La Chambre et de L" Jurie Sous Le RGNE de Franzois, 1 -er, "L" Anne Musicale ", I, 1911; Deputy Ed., R., 1912; CUCE1 G., Etudes Sur Un Orchestre Au XVIII-E SiCle, P., 1913; Wellesz E., Die Neue Instrumentationation , BD 1-2, V., 1928-29; Carase A., The Orchestra in the XVIIth Century, Camb., 1940, 1950; Rincherle M., L "Orchestre de Chambre, P., 1949; Paumgartner V., Das Instrumentalen Ensemble, Z., 1966.

I. A. Barsova.

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