Herzen A.I. Alexander Herzen: biography, literary heritage

The extramarital son of a rich landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovleva and Germans Louise Ivanovna Hague. At birth, the father gave the child the name Herzen (from german word Herz - heart).

Got good home education. From youth, he was distinguished by honor, freedom and latitude of views. December events of 1825 had a great influence on the worldview of Herzen. Soon he met his distant relative to Father Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev and became his close friend. In 1828, they, being like-minded people and close friends, in the Sparrow Mountains in Moscow gave an oath in eternal friendship and showed the determination to devote all of their lives in the struggle for freedom and justice.

Herzen was educated at Moscow University, where he came up with a number of progressively thinking students who formed a circle, which discussed a wide range of issues relating to science, literature, philosophy and politics. After graduating from the University in 1833 with a degree of candidate of science and a silver medal, he became interested in the teachings of sensemonists and began to study the works of socialist writers of the West.

After year A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev and other colleagues were arrested for freedomity. After spending in prison for several months, Herzen was exiled to Perm, and then in Vyatka to the office of the local governor, where he became an employee of the newspaper "Provincial Vedomosti". There he got close to the reference architect A.I. Vitberg. Then Herzen was transferred to Vladimir. For some time he was allowed to live in St. Petersburg, but soon he was exiled again, this time in Novgorod.

Since 1838, Natalia Alexandrovna Zakhariana has been married from 1838. Parents did not want to give Natalia for the Opt Herzen, then he kidnap his bride, married her in Vladimir, where he was at that time in the link, and put his parents before the fact. All contemporaries celebrated an extraordinary attachment and love of Herzen spouses. Alexander Ivanovich more than once turned in his works to the image of Natalia Alexandrovna. In marriage had three children: Alexander's son - Professor physiology; daughters Olga and Natalia. The last joint years of the life of the spouses were overshadowed by the sad passion of Natalia Alexandrovna Nemen Georg Herveg. This ugly, who caused to suffer from all its participants, the story ended with the death of Natalia Alexandrovna from childbirth. The extramarital child died along with his mother.

In 1842, Herzen received permission to move to Moscow, where he lived until 1847, engaged in literary activities. In Moscow, Herzen wrote a novel "Who is to blame?" and a number of stories and articles related to social and philosophical problems.

In 1847, Alexander Ivanovich went to Europe, living alternately in France, then in Italy, then in Switzerland and working in various newspapers. Disappointed in the revolutionary movement of Europe, he was looking for a different way of the development of Russia.

After the death of his wife in Nice A.I. Herzen moved to London, where he organized the publication of the free Russian press: "Polar Star" and "Bells". Speaking with freedom-loving and anti-refresh program for Russia, the Herzenovsky "Bell" attracted the attention and sympathy of the progressive part of the Russian society. He came out until 1867 and was very popular among the Russian intelligentsia.

Herzen died in Paris and was buried in the Cemetery of Per Lachez, then his ashes was transported to Nice.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen - Russian revolutionary, writer, philosopher.
The extramarital son of a rich Russian landowner I. Yakovlev and the young German meshmaka Louise Hague from Stuttgart. Received fictional last name Herzen - Son of the Heart (from him. Herz).
Brought up in Yakovleva's house, got a good education, I got acquainted with the writings of French enlighteners, read the forbidden poems Pushkin, Ryleev. A deep influence on Herzen was friendship with a talented peer, the future poet N. P. Ogarev, who continued all their lives. According to his memories, a strong impression on the boys (Herzen was 13, about 12 years old) made news about the uprising of the Decembrists. Under his impression, they are born first, still vague dreams of revolutionary activities; During a walk on the sparrow mountains, the boys swore to fight for freedom.
In 1829, Herzen entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University, where he soon formed a group of progressively thinking students. By this time, his attempts include the presentation of their own vision of the social device. Already in the first articles, Herzen showed himself not only by the philosopher, but also a brilliant writer.
Already in 1829-1830, Herzen wrote a philosophical article about Wallenstein F. Schiller. At this youth period of life, Herzen's ideal was Karl Moor - the hero of the tragedy F. Schiller "Robbers" (1782).
In 1833, Herzen with a silver medal graduated from the University. In 1834 he was arrested - for the fact that in the company of friends allegedly sowed songs tsarist Familia. In 1835, he was expelled first to Perm, then in Vyatka, where he was determined to serve in the office of the governor. For the device of the exhibition of local works and explanations, the data at its inspection to the heir (future Alexander II), Herzen, at the request of Zhukovsky, was transferred to the service adviser to Vladimir, where he married, having taken his bride secretly from Moscow, and where he had the happiest and Bright days of your life.
In 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow. Turning to the artistic prose, Herzen wrote a novel "Who is to blame?" (1847), the story "Doctor of Crimes" (1847) and "Soroka-Worch" (1848), in which his main goal considered the impact of Russian slavery.
In 1847, Herzen with his family left Russia, having left for Europe. Watching life western countries, interviewed personal impressions with historical and philosophical studies (letters from France and Italy, 1847-1852; from that shore, 1847-1850, etc.)
In 1850-1852, a series of personal Drum Herzen was held: Mother's shipwreck and junior Son, the death of his wife from childbirth. In 1852, Herzen settled in London.
By this time he was perceived as the first figure of Russian emigration. Together with Ogarev, he began to issue revolutionary editions - the Almanac of the Polar Star (1855-1868) and the newspaper "Bell" (1857-1867), whose influence on the revolutionary movement in Russia was huge. But its main creation of emigrant years is "Purchase and Duma".
"Poison and Duma" by genre - synthesis of memoirs, journalists, literary portraits, autobiographical novel, historical chronicles, Novel. The author himself called this book by the confession, "there was still stopped thoughts from the Dum." The first five parts describe the life of Herzen since childhood and before the events of 1850-1852, when the author has suffered severe spiritual tests associated with the collapse of the family. The sixth part, as the continuation of the first five, is dedicated to life in England. The seventh and eighth parts, even more free in chronology and subject, reflect the life and thought of the author in the 1860s.
All other writings and Herzen articles, such as " Old world Both Russia, "Le Peuple Russe et Le Socialisme", "Ends and Beginning", etc. represent a simple development of ideas and moods, well-defined in the periods of 1847-1852 in the compositions mentioned above.
In 1865, Herzen left England and went on a long journey through Europe. At this time, he moved away from revolutionaries, especially from Russian radicals. Arriving with Bakuunin, called for the destruction of the state, Herzen wrote: "It's impossible to release more people in outdoor life than they are released inside." These words are perceived as a spiritual testament of Herzen.
Like most Russian Westerners-radicals, Herzen passed in its spiritual development through a period of deep passion by Hegelianism. The influence of Hegel is clearly traced in the cycle of articles "Dieletantism in science" (1842-1843). Their pathos is in the approval and interpretation of Gegelian dialectics as a tool for the knowledge and revolutionary transformation of the world ("Algebras of the Revolution"). Herzen Solovo condemned the distracted idealism in philosophy and science for cutoff from real life, for "a priority" and "spiritualism".
Further development, these ideas were obtained in the main philosophical essay of Herzen - "Letters of the study of nature" (1845-1846). Continuing the criticism of philosophical idealism, Herzen defined nature as "pedigree thinking," and in the idea of \u200b\u200bpure being, I only saw an illusion. Nature for a materialistic mental thinker is always a living, "wandering substance", primary in relation to the dialectic of knowledge. In the letters, Herzen, quite in the spirit of Hegelianism, justified consistent historical centers: "Nor humanity, nor nature can not understand by historical being," and in understanding the meaning of history adhered to the principles of historical determinism. However, in the reflections of late Herzen, former progressism is inferior to much more pessimistic and critical estimates.
January 21, 1870, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died. He was buried in the cemetery of Per Lashez. Later, his dust was transported to Nice and buried next to his wife's grave.
Bibliography
1846 - Who is to blame?
1846 - Motion
1847 - Doctor of Crimes
1848 - forty-thief
1851 - damaged
1864 - The tragedy behind the Grozh
1868 - Purchase and Duma
1869 - boredom for
Shielding
1920 - forty-thief
1958 - forty-thief
Interesting Facts
Elizabeth Herzen, 17-year-old daughter A. I. Herzen and N. A. Tuchkov-Ogarva, committed suicide due to unrequited love for the 44-year-old Frenchman in Florence in December 1875. Suicide had a resonance, he wrote Dostoevsky in the essay "Two suicides."

In the family of a rich Russian landowner I. A. Yakovlev.

Mother - Louise Hague, Native of Stuttgart (Germany). The marriage of the parents of Herzen was not issued, and he wore the surname invented by the Father (from Herz - "Heart").

The early spiritual development of Alexander Ivanovich contributed to the acquaintance with the best works of Russian and world literature, with the forbidden "free" poems of Russian poets of the 10-20s. "Poted" poetry Pushkin and Decembrists, the revolutionary dramas of Schiller, the romantic poems of Byron, the works of advanced French thinkers of the XVIII century. Strengthen the freedom-loving beliefs of Herzen, his interest in socio-political problems of life.

Young Alexander Ivanovich witnessed a powerful lift of the social movement in Russia, caused by the Patriotic War of 1812. A huge impact on the formation of his revolutionary worldview was rewelling the Decembrists. "The penalty penalty and his comrades," Herzen wrote later, "the child's child's dream finally woke up" ("Purchase and Duma"). Herzen from orphanage felt hate to the fastening right, which founded a police and autocratic regime in the country.

In 1827, he, along with his friend N. P. Ogarev at the Sparrow Mountains, gave an oath to sacrifice the life for the struggle for the liberation of the Russian people.

In October 1829, Alexander Ivanovich entered the Physics and Mathematical Department of Moscow University. Here around him and Ogarev had a revolutionary circle of students, deeply worried about the defeat of the December uprising. The participants of the circle followed the revolutionary movement in the West, studied the social and utopian theories of Western European socialists, "But the rest of all I preached hatred to any violence, to any government arbitrarian" ("Purchaous and Duma"). Much attention to Herzen paid at the university to study the natural sciences; In the student years they were written several works on natural science topics

"About the place of man in nature", 1832;

"Analytical statement solar system Copernicus ", 1833;

in the journal "Bulletin of Natural Sciences and Medicine" (1829), "Ateney" (1830) and others. Herzen A.I. Printed its translations and abstracts of the works of Western European scientists dedicated to the problems of natural science. In these articles, he sought to overcome idealism, argued the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of consciousness and matter; At the same time, he could not be satisfied with the limited, metaphysical materialism of the XVIII century. Philosophical search for Herzen in the 30-40s. They were aimed at creating such a materialistic system that would reply to the revolutionary and liberation aspirations of the advanced circles of Russian society.

In July 1833, Alexander Ivanovich graduated from the University with a degree of candidate. Together with friends, he built extensive plans for further literary and political activities, in particular the publication of the magazine, which would promote advanced social theories. But the royal government, frightened by the uprising of the Decembrists, mercilessly suppressed in Russian society any manifestation of freedom-loving thought.

In July 1834 Herzen, Ogarev and other members of the circle were arrested.

In April 1835, Herzen was expelled to Perm, and then in Vyatka under a strict policeman supervision. The prison and the link aggravated the hatred of the writer to the autocarete-destroying system; The link enriched him with the knowledge of Russian life, vile serfdom. A close contact with the life of the people had a particularly deep impact on Herzen.

At the end of 1837, at the request of the poet V. A. Zhukovsky, Alexander Ivanovich was translated into Vladimir (on Klyazzma).

In May 1838, he married N. A. Zakharian.

("First Meeting", 1834-36;

"Legend", 1835-36;

"Second Meeting", 1836;

"From Roman scenes", 1838;

"William Pen", 1839, and others) he raised deeply worried his question about the reorganization of society at a reasonable principle. In romantically raised, elevated images, sometimes in a naive, conditional form, ideological life, passionate philosophical and political quest for the advanced noble youth of the 30s found their embodiment. Digitized by the liberation ideas of their time, works of young Herzen, with all their artistic immaturity, developed civil motives of Russian literature 20s., Approved "Life for ideas" as "Higher public expression".

In the summer of 1839, the police was removed from Alexander Ivanovich, in early 1840 he returned to Moscow, and then moved to Petersburg.

In 1840-41 in " Domestic Notes"Herzen published an autobiographical story" Notes of a young man. " As far as allowed the censorship conditions, the story revealed a wide range of spiritual interests of the advanced Russian intelligentsia, its final chapter in acute satirical form was denied the "patriarchal morals of the city of Malinov" (I had in mind Vyatka), the provincial officials of the provincial landlord. The story opened a new period in the literary activities of Herzen, she marked the writer's entry into the path of critical realism.

In 1841 for "the spread of unreasonable rumors" - a sharp review in a letter to Father on the crimes of the royal police - Herzen was again exiled, this time in Novgorod.

In the summer of 1842, Alexander Ivanovich returned to Moscow. He took an active part in the ideological struggle of the 40th year, in the exposure of the ideologues of the landowner-serfacetic reaction and bourgeois-noble liberalism, showed himself a worthy companion of the Great revolutionary Democrat Belinsky. Relying in all its activities on the traditions of Radishchev, Pushkin, Decembrists, deeply studying outstanding works of advanced Russian and foreign literature and public thought, he defended the revolutionary path of development of Russia. He defended his views in the struggle with Slavophiles, idealizing the economic and political originality of Tsarist Russia, and Western Liberals, adopted before the bourgeois system in Western Europe. Outstanding philosophical work Herzen

"Dieletantism in science" (1842-43),

"Letters to study Nature" (1844-46) played a huge role in the substantiation and development of materialistic tradition in Russian philosophy.

The materialism of Herzen, had an active, effective character, was permeated by the combat democratic spirit. Alexander Ivanovich was one of the first thinkers who managed to understand Hegel's dialectics and appreciate it as a "algebra of revolution," at the same time he accused German idealists and Russian hegelians in converging from life. Together with Belinsky Herzen put his philosophical search for the service of the liberation struggle of the masses.

According to the characteristics of V. I. Lenin, Herzen in Serf Russia, the 40s. XIX century "He managed to rise to such a height, which got into the level with the greatest thinkers of his time ... Herzen came to the dialectical materialism and stopped in front of historical materialism" (full. Cons. Op., Vol. 21, p. 256). In the arts of Herzen, a deep rationale for the basic principles of materialistic philosophy was given. He characterizes the history of the human world as a continuation of the history of nature; Spirit, thought, proves Herzen, are the result of the development of matter. Defending the dialectical doctrine of development, the writer argued the contradiction as the basis of progress in nature and society. His articles contained an exceptionally bright, polemissive statement of the history of philosophical teachings, the struggle of materialism and idealism. Herzen noted the independence of Russian philosophy, critical perception by Russian thinkers of the advanced philosophical directions of the West. Herzen's struggle with idealistic philosophy as ideological stronghold of a serfdom was definitely pronounced political character. However, in the conditions of a backward, serfthous Russia, he was unable to give a materialistic explanation of the struggle of ideological and materialistic philosophical systems as one of the manifestations of class struggle in society.

Materialistic ideas developed in Herzen articles were greatly influenced by the formation of the worldview of the Russian revolutionary democracy of the 60s.

The active participation of Alexander Ivanovich in the liberation struggle of the Russian people served as a powerful source of artistic strength of his literary creativity.

From 1841-46 he writes the novel "Who is to blame?" (Full edition - 1847) He put the most important issues of Russian life of the 40s. Herzen gave destroying the criticism of serfdom and landowner-autocratic building, overwhelming the human person. The acuteness of his protest against the serf system acquired in the novel a truly revolutionary sound.

1846 The story "Soroka-Worp" (published in 1848) told about the inexhaustible creative powers and the talentedness of the Russian people, about his desire for destruction, about the inherent Russian person of the consciousness of personal dignity and independence. With great power, the story opened total tragedy Russian people in the conditions of an autocably-serf system.

1846 The story "Doctor of Crimes" (published in 1847), written in the form of notes of the doctor, painted satirical paintings and images of Russian serfdom. Deep and heartfelt psychological analysis, philosophical generalizations and social acuity Tale make it masterpiece artistic creativity Herzen.

In January 1847, a pursued by the Tsarist government, deprived of the opportunity to lead a revolutionary propaganda, Herzen went abroad with his family. He came to France on the eve of revolutionary events of 1848. In the cycle of articles "Letters from Avenue Marigny" (1847, Later entered into the book "Letters from France and Italy", 1850, Russian Edition - 1855) Herzen acute criticism The bourgeois society came to the conclusion that "the bourgeoisie does not have the Great and no future." At the same time, with great sympathy, he wrote about the Paris "blouses" - workers and masters, expressed the hope that the prepared revolution would bring them victory

In 1848, Herzen witnessed the defeat of the revolution and the bloody rampant reaction. "Letters from France and Italy" and the book "from that shore" (1850, the Russian edition - 1855) captured the spiritual drama of the writer. Without realizing the bourgeois-democratic nature of the movement, the writer incorrectly appreciated the revolution of 1848 as a failed battle for socialism.

Heavy experiences caused by the defeat of the revolution coincided with the personal tragedy of Herzen: in the fall of 1851 during the shipwrecks, his mother and son died, in May 1852 a wife died in Nice.

In August 1852, Alexander Ivanovich moved to London. The years of London emigration (1852-65) - a period of active revolutionary and journalistic activities of Herzen.

In 1853 he founded a free Russian printing house.

In 1855 he began to emanate the "Polar Star" almanac.

In 1857, together with Ogarev, began to release the famous newspaper "Bell".

In the 60s. Alexander Ivanovich Herzen finally came to the camp of the Russian revolutionary democracy. Making sure the experience of the liberation struggle of the Russian peasantry in the period revolutionary situation 1859-61 in the strength of the revolutionary people, he "fearlessly began to face the revolutionary democracy against liberalism" (full. Coll. Op., Vol. 18, p. 14). Herzen exposed the robber character of the "liberation" of peasants in Russia. With a great strength called the masses to revolutionary activity and protest (articles in the "bell": "The giant wakes up!", 1861;

"Fossil bishop, antediluvian government and deceived people", 1861, and others).

At the beginning of the 60s. Herzen and Ogarov took part in the activities of the secret revolutionary-democratic society "Earth and Volya", he was revolutionary propaganda in the army.

In 1863, Alexander Ivanovich strongly supported the national liberation movement in Poland. The consistent revolutionary-democratic position of the Herzen in the Polish question caused fierce attacks by the reactionary and liberal circles attached to them.

In 1864, Alexander Ivanovich was angry with reprisals of tsarism with the leader of the Russian revolutionary democracy Chernyshevsky.

Herzen was one of the founders of militarianism, the author, the so-called theory of "Russian Socialism". Without understanding the actual social nature of the peasant community, he in his teaching came from the liberation of peasants from the land, from the community land tenure and the peasant idea of \u200b\u200bthe "right to earth". The theory of "Russian Socialism" in reality did not contain "no grana of socialism" (Lenin), but she expressed the revolutionary aspirations of the peasantry, its demands of the complete destruction of landlord land ownership.

In the first years of emigration and in London, Herzen continued to hardly work in the field of artistic creativity. He defended an inseparable connection of art with life and considered the literature of the political tribune used to propaganda and protect the advanced ideas, to handle the revolutionary preaching to wide ranges of readers. In the book "On the development of revolutionary ideas in Russia" (for Franz. Language, 1851), he noted as a characteristic feature of Russian literature, its relationship with the liberation movement, the expression of revolutionary, freedom-loving aspirations of the Russian people.

On the example of the work of Russian writers XVIII - the 1st half of the XIX century. Herzen showed how literature in Russia became organic part of the struggle of advanced public circles. The themes and images of Russian fortress life continued to occupy the main place in the artworks of Herzen (an unfinished story "Debt first", 1847 - 51, ed. In 1854; "Damaged", 1851, ed. In 1854).

At the same time, the Hercena-artist and publicist was deeply worried about the bourgeois reality in Western European countries. In their works of the 50-60s. He repeatedly appealed to life different circles bourgeois society

(essays "from the letters of the traveler in the inside of England", "both better", 1856;

cycle "Evals and start", 1862-63;

the story "Tragedy for a Groant Groant", 1863, and others).

From 1852-68, MEMUARS "PERSONAL AND DUMA" WHICH WHAT CONSTRUCTED IN THE HERCING LITERATURE AND MEDICAL HERITAGE. Over 15 years of intense labor dedicated to Herzen creating a work that has become an artistic chronicles public Life and revolutionary struggle in Russia Western Europe - from the uprising of the Decembrists and Moscow student circles of the 30s. Before the eve of the Paris Commune. Among the artistic autobiographies of the whole world xIX literature in. "Poison and Duma" do not have equal work on the breadth of the coverage of the reality, depth and revolutionary courage of the thought, the ultimate sincerity of the narration, brightness and perfection of images. Alexander Ivanovich acts in this book as a political fighter and a first-class artist of the Word, the events of the author's personal life with phenomena of a socio-political nature are organically combined; Memoirs captured a living image of the Russian revolutionary in his struggle against autocracy and serfdom. Having aroused from the passionate desire of the writer to tell the truth about his severe family drama, "Purchase and Duma" went beyond the limits of the initial plan and became the artistic generalization of the era, according to the expression of Herzen, "the reflection of history in a person who accidentally fell on her road." Herzen's memoirs belonged to the number of those books for which the Russian language Marx and Engels studied.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen was an artist-publicist. Articles, notes and pamphlets in the "bell", full revolutionary passion and anger are classic samples Russian democratic journalism. The artistic talent of the writer was characterized by acute satyricity; In the eager, destroying irony, in Sarkazme the writer saw an effective weapon of social struggle. For a more complete and deep disclosure of ugly phenomena, Herzen often appealed to Grotesque. Drawing in memoirs the images of contemporaries, the writer used the form of an acute story story.

The big master of portrait sketches, Alexander Ivanovich knew how to concisely and not make it difficult to determine the most essence of character, in several words outline the image, grabbing the main thing. Unexpected sharp contrasts were a favorite technique of a writer. Gorky irony alternates with his funny joke, the sarcastic rider is replaced by an angry oratory pathos, Archaism is inferior to the place to bold gallicism, the people's Russian speaks to the exquisite Kalambar. In these contrasts, the desire for perspirence and clarity of the image, a sharp expression of narration, was manifested in these contrasts.

Art Creativity Herzen A.I. I had a great influence on the formation of the style of critical realism and the development of all subsequent Russian literature.

In 1865, Herzen suffered a "bell" edition in Geneva, who became the center of Russian revolutionary emigration in those years. With all the discrepancies with the so-called "young emigrants" for a number of significant political and tactical issues, Alexander Ivanovich saw in the all-stricken intelligentsia "young navigunities of the future storm", the mighty strength of the Russian liberation movement.

Last years The life of the writer was marked by the further development of his worldview towards scientific socialism. Herzen is reviewing its former understanding of the prospects for the historical development of Europe. IN final chapters "The Were and Dum" (1868-69), in his last story "Doctor, Dying and Dead" (1869) He puts the question of "modern struggle of capital with work", new forces and people in the revolution. Persistently freeing from pessimism and skepticism in matters public DevelopmentHerzen approaching the right look at the historical role of a new revolutionary class - proletariat.

In a series of letters "To the old comrade" (1869), the writer turned his eyes to the working movement and led by Marx internationale.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died in Paris, he was buried in the cemetery of Per Leshas, \u200b\u200bthen transported to Nice and buried next to his wife's grave.

After the death of Herzen around his ideological heritage, an acute political struggle unfolded. Democratic criticism consistently considered Herzen in a number of great teachers of the revolutionary intelligentsia of the 70-80s. Reactionary ideologues, making sure the futility of attempts to blame the Herzen in the eyes young generation, began to resort to the falsification of his image. The fight against the ideological inheritance of the writer accepted a more subtle form of the hypocritical "struggle for Herzen." At the same time, the works of Alexander Ivanovich continued to be in Tsarist Russia under strict and unconditional prohibition.

The first posthumous collection of writer works (in 10 tons, Geneva, 1875-79) and other overseas editions of Herzen A.I ("Collection of posthumous articles", Geneva, 1870, ed. 2 -1874, and others) were little accessible Russian reader.

In 1905, after 10 years of persistent effort, it was possible to achieve the first Russian publication of the composition of the Works (in 7th tons, SPb., Ed. Pavlenkov), however, it was disrupted by numerous censored passes and rude distortions.

In the bourgeois-noble seal of the end of the XIX century and especially during the reaction period after the defeat of the first Russian revolution, endless variations of the false interpretation of the views of Herzen, his ideological and creative path. They found an extremely cynical expression in the "Vekhov" legend about Herzen as an irreconcilable opponent of materialism and any revolutionary action. Bourgeois ideologues detailed the role of a great thinker and writer in the development of Russian and world science and literature. Carefully having exhausted the revolutionary essence of the writer's activities, "Knights of the Liberal Russian Purchase", as Lenin called them, tried to use a distorted appearance of a democrat writer in their struggle against the revolutionary movement and the advanced public thought of Russia.

Great merit in the exposure of reactionary and liberal falsifiers Herzen belongs to G. V. Plekhanov. In a number of articles and speeches ("Philosophical views of A. I. Herzen", "A. I. Herzen and serfdom", "Herzen-emigrant", "On the book V. Ya. Bogucharsky" A. I. Herzen ", speech At the grave of Herzen to the hundredth anniversary of his birth and others) Plekhanov gave a deep and versatile analysis of the worldview and activities of Herzen, showed the victory of materialism over idealism in his views, the proximity of the many philosophical provisions of Herzen to the views of Engels. However, in assessing Plekhanov Herzen, there were many serious mistakes aroused from his Menshevik concept driving power and the nature of the Russian revolution. Plekhanov could not reveal the bond of Herzen with the growing revolutionary movement of the wide masses of the peasantry. In disbelief in the revolutionaryness of the Russian peasantry and misunderstanding of the connection between the peasantry and the revolutionary distribution of the 60s., Deprived Plekhanov opportunities to see the class roots of the worldview of Herzen and the whole Russian revolutionary democracy.

In the Capriomic course of lectures on the history of Russian literature (1908-1909), M. Gorky was paying much attention to Alexander Ivanovich. Gorky emphasized the meaning of Herzen as a writer who puts the most important social problems in his work. At the same time, highlighting Herzen in the worldview as his leading line "Drama of the Russian Baria", Gorky considered it outside the main stages of the development of the Russian revolution and therefore could not determine the true historical place of the Herzen-thinner and the revolutionary, as well as the Herzen-writer.

In the study of the ideological inheritance of the writer, articles and speeches A. V. Lunacharsky played a significant role. Lunacharsky correctly emphasized the relationship of various aspects of Herzen's activities and creativity, organic unity in his works of the artist and publicist. Weak Party The works of Lunacharsky was the underestimation of the continuity of Russian revolutionary traditions, as a result of which he exaggerated the meaning of Western influences on ideological development Herzen mistakenly considering Herzen and Belin as expressivers of a certain single "Western" direction of the Russian intelligentsia of the 40s., Lunacharsky did not reveal the deep meaning of the struggle of Russian revolutionary democracy with bourgeois-landing liberalism. Lunacharsky mistakenly brought the worldview of the writer with the anarchic views of Bakunin and the liberal ideology of later populists.

Only in the articles and statements V. I. Lenin, the revolutionary heritage of Herzen was truly scientific understanding. Lenin's article "Mezen's memory" (1912) became the most important historical document in the struggle of the Bolshevik party for the theoretical weapons of the masses on the eve of the new lifting of the working movement. On the example of Herzen Lenin urged to learn the "great meaning of revolutionary theory." Lenin recreates the image of a genuine Herzen, a revolutionary writer, whose historical place, along with Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, among the glorious predecessors of the Russian Social Democracy. In the article Lenin, the worldview, creativity and historical role Writers are subject to specific and comprehensive analysis, questions ideological evolution Herzen Lenin explores in an inseparable unity with his revolutionary political activities. Lenin deeply revealed the path of Herzen - a revolutionary, the immediate heir to the Decembrists, to the revolutionary peasant democratism. The article contained a wonderful characteristic of the global value of the philosophical quest of Herzen.

The Great October Socialist Revolution first discovered the opportunity for in-depth study of the life and creativity of Herzen. In the difficult conditions of the Civil War and the economic destroy, the 22-volume edition of the full collection of its writings and letters edited by M. K. Lemke was continued and successfully completed. This publication, despite the serious shortcomings, has become a major event in the life of a young Soviet culture. The overall rise of the Marxist-Leninist literary thoughts, achieved on the basis of the guides and guidelines of the party, had a life-willed impact on further development Soviet germanism.

125 - summer anniversary Since the birth of Alexander Ivanovich Herzen, widely marked in our country in the spring of 1937, marked the beginning of serious research work in the field of studying the heritage of the writer.

In subsequent years, the Soviet researchers of Herzen have made a valuable contribution to literary science. A number of big monographs were created about Herzen; In 1954-65, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR issued a scientific publication of writer's writer in 30 volumes. Significant work on the study and publication of the Herzen archival materials stored in Soviet and foreign collections was the editors of the "literary inheritance".

The Soviet people highly appreciate the richest heritage of Herzen - "Writer who played a great role in the preparation of the Russian revolution" (V. I. Lenin, Full collection Works, vol. 21, p. 255).

Died 9 (21) .I.1870 in Paris.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen - Russian writer, publicist, philosopher, revolutionary, the investigator of domestic political emigration - was an illegitimate child of the western Moscow landowner I. Yakovlev. April 6 (March 25, under Art. Art.) 1812. The boy gave the father-invented father Herzen. He grew up in the father's house and received education, typical of noble families of that time. The ability to read French enlighteners and encyclopedists from the home library influenced the formation of his worldview. Another teenager Alexander met Nikolai Ogarev, friendship with whom carried through the years. The Decembrist's uprising of 1825 was a landmark event for the biography of Herzen. Impressions were so strong that Herzen and Ogarev gave an oath to serve freedom all his life.

In 1829, Herzen became a student of Moscow University (physical and mathematical department). He and his faithful comrade Ogarev become active participants in a winsted mug, configured against the actions of the government of young people. In 1834, Herzen was among the arrested participants and was exiled to Perm. Later he was sent to Vyatka, where he served in the governor office. When the Tsarist Heir, the future Alexander II came to the city, Herzen participated in the local exhibition and gave an explanation of the high-ranking person. Thanks to this, he was transferred to Vladimir, where he served as an adviser to the Board and married the Moscow Bride. Despite being in the link, Herzen recalled these days as the happiest in life.

In 1836, he began to be printed, act as a publicist, taking the pseudonym Iskander. In early 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow, and in the spring he replaced the place of residence to St. Petersburg. The Father insisted that the Son settled in the Office of the Ministry of the Interior, but after the letter to Him Herzen unlistedly responded to the police, he was again exiled in July 1841, this time in Novgorod.

A year later, in 1842, Herzen returned to the capital. At that time, the main direction of public thought was the ideological dispute of Slavophiles and Westerners. Herzen not just, actively engaged in it, shares the position of the second - thanks to the erudition, the talent to think, whether he turns the controversy into one of the key figures of domestic public life. In 1842-1843 He publishes the cycle of articles "Dieletantism in Science", in 1844-1845. - "Letters to study the nature", in which calls to commit to the confrontation of philosophy and natural sciences. Seeing the mirror of public life in the literature and an effective way of struggle, the writer presents the public, anti-french fictional works - "Doctor of Crimes" (1847), "Soroka-Worp" (1848). For 1841-1846 Herzen writes a socio-psychological novel, one of the first to do in Russia - "Who is to blame?"

The move in 1847 to Europe (France) after the death of his father marked the beginning of a new period in the biography of Herzen. He had a witness to witness the defeat of the revolutions of 1848-1849, and under the influence of disappointment in the revolutionary potential of Western countries, thoughts about the dying of the old Europe, the philosopher creates the "theory of Russian socialism", lays the foundations of population. The literary embodiment of the ideas of that time were the books "from that shore" (1847-1850), "On the development of revolutionary ideas in Russia" (1850).

In 1850, Alexander Ivanovich with his family settled in Nice, where it is closely communicating with representatives european emigration and Italian national liberation movement. In 1851, the Russian government assigned Herzen the status of an eternal exile, deprived of all the right to disobedience to return to their homeland. Having lost his spouse, in 1852, Herzen leaves to live in London and in a year it basses the "free Russian printing house", intended for the printing of the literature prohibited in Russia. In 1855, Herzen becomes the publisher of Almanach "Polar Star", and in 1857, after moving to London N. Ogarev, begins to produce the first Russian revolutionary newspaper "Bell". With its pages, a merciless criticism was collapsed to the Russian government, calls for fundamental reforms, such as the liberation of the peasantry, publicity in court, the liquidation of censorship, etc. This edition played a huge role in the formation of Russian social thought, the worldview of young revolutionaries. The "bell" existed for 10 years.

In 1868, Herzen finishes writing autobiographical Roman "The Purchase and Duma," started back in 1852, he is considered not only the top of his creativity as an artist of the word, but also one of the best samples of Russian memorarians. At the end of his life, Herzen concluded that violence and terror were invalid methods of struggle. The last years of his life is associated with different cities: Geneva, Lausan, Brussels, Florence. Died A.I. Herzen on January 21, 1870 Paris from pneumonia. He was buried in the cemetery of Per-Leshas, \u200b\u200bthen his ashes was reburied in Nice.

Biography from Wikipedia

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (March 25 (April 6) 1812, Moscow - 9 (21) January 1870, Paris) - Russian publicist, writer, philosopher, teacher belonging to the number of the most prominent critics of the official ideology and policies of the Russian Empire in the XIX century, a supporter of revolutionary transformations.

Childhood

Herzen was born in the family of a rich landowner Ivan Alekseevich Yakovleva (1767-1846), which took place from Andrei mare (like Romanovs). Mother - 16-year-old German Henrietta-Wilhelmina-Luis Hague (Him. Henriette Wilhelmina Luisa Haag), daughter of a small official, clerk in the treasury ward in Stuttgart. Marriage of parents was not issued, and Herzen wore the last name invented by the Father: Herzen - "Son of the Heart" (from him. Herz).

Father A. I. Herzen - Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev

In his youth, Herzen received the usual noble education at home, based on reading the works of foreign literature, mainly the end of the XVIII century. French novels, Comedy Boualersche, Kotseb, works Goethe, Schiller with early years We set up a boy in an enthusiastic, sentimentally romantic tone. There were no systematic classes, but the governors are French and the Germans - the hard knowledge of foreign languages \u200b\u200btold the boys. Thanks to the acquaintance with the work of Schiller, Herzen penetrates freedom-loving aspirations, whose development promoted a lot of Russian literature teacher I. E. Protopopov, who brought Herzen's notebooks Pushkin's poems: "ODD to freedom", "Dagger", "Duma" Ryleev, etc., and also Busho, a member of the Great French revolutionwho left France when "Depraved and Pluts" took the top. To this joined the influence of Tanya Kuchin, the young aunt, "Korchevskaya Kuzina" Herzen (in marriage Tatyana Passek), who supported the child's pride of a young fantasy, to break up his extraordinary future.

In December 1820, I. A. Yakovlev credited the Son to the department of the "Expedition of the Kremlin Building", indicating its age 14 years instead of 8; In 1823 he was assigned a rank of collegiate registrar.

Already as a child, Herzen met and made friends with Nikolai Ogarkov. According to his memories, a strong impression on the boys (Herzen was 13, since the age of 12) made the news about the Decembrist uprising on December 14, 1825. Under his impression, they are born first, still vague dreams of revolutionary activities; While a walk on the sparrow mountains, the boys swore to fight for freedom.

Already in 1829-1830, Herzen wrote a philosophical article about Vallenstein F. Schiller. At this youth period of life, Herzen's ideal was Karl Moor - the hero of the tragedy F. Schiller "Robbers" (1782).

University (1829-1833)

In the fall of 1823, Herzen entered the department of the Physical and Mathematical Sciences of Moscow University, and here this mood strengthened. At the University, Herzen took part in the so-called "Malovskaya History" (protest students against the unloved teacher), but she was concreated relatively easily - a short-term conclusion, along with many comrades, in Karzer. From teachers only M.T. Kachenovsky his skepticism and M.G. Pavlov, at the lectures of agriculture, acquainted students with German philosophy, walked young thought. The youth was configured, however, rather violently; She welcomed the July Revolution (as seen from Lermontov's poems) and other popular movements (the initiation of students contributed to the cholera in Moscow, the whole university youth adopted an active part in which an active part. By this time, there is a meeting of Herzen with Vadim Passecom, who turned into friendly, the establishment of a friendly connection with Kether and others. A handful of young friends grew, noisy, burly; allowed at times and small couments, quite innocent, however, character; He was diligently engaged in reading, fond of the advantage of public issues, studying the Russian history, the assimilation of Saint-Simon's ideas (the utopian socialism of which Herzen then considered the most outstanding achievement of modern Western philosophy) and other socialists.

Link

In 1834, all members of the Mug of Herzen and he himself were arrested. Herzen was exiled to Perm, and from there in Vyatka, where he was determined to serve in the office of the governor.

For the device of the exhibition of local works and explanations, the data during its inspection to the heir to the throne (future Alexander II), Herzen, at the request of Zhukovsky, was transferred to the service adviser to Vladimir, where he was married, worshiped his bride secretly, and where he had the happiest And the bright days of your life.

After reference

In early 1840, Herzen was allowed to return to Moscow. In May 1840, he moved to St. Petersburg, where at the insistence of his father began to serve in the Office of the Ministry of the Interior. But in July 1841, for a sharp review in one letter of the police, Herzen was expelled to Novgorod, where he served in the provincial board until July 1842, after which he settled in Moscow.

Here he had to face the famous mug of Hegelians Stankevich and Belinsky, who defended the thesis of complete intelligence of any reality.

Most of the buddies of Stankevich became close to Herzen and the flammer, forming the camp of the Westerners; Others joined the camp of Slavophiles, with Homyakov and Kireevsky at the chapter (1844).

Despite mutual fierce and dispute, both sides in their views had a lot in common and, above all, according to the Herzen himself, there was a "feeling of limitless clairing all the existence of love for the Russian people, to the Russian warehouse of the mind." Opponents, "like a two-limit Janus, looked at different directions, while the heart beat one." "With tears in the eyes," hugging each other, recent friends diverged, and now fundamental opponents, in different directions.

Herzen often traveled to Petersburg at the collection of Belinsky's circle; And soon after the death of his father, he left forever abroad (1847).

In the Moscow House, where Herzen lived from 1843 to 1847, since 1976 there was a house-museum A. I. Herzen.

In emigration

In Europe, Herzen arrived, who was rather radical-republican, which was socialist, although the publication began in the "domestic notes" of a series of articles under the title "Letters with Avenue Marigny" (later published in "letters from France and Italy") shocked him Friends - Liberals-Westerners - their anti-burglais pathos. February Revolution 1848 It seemed to Herzen with the implementation of all hopes. The then followed by the June uprising of workers, his bloody suppression and the reaction was shocked by Herzen, which resolutely turned to socialism. He became close to Proudon and other outstanding figures of revolution and European radicalism; Together with Proudhon, he published the newspaper "Voice of the People" ("La Voix Du Peuple") financed. TO parisian period The beginning of his wife's hobby is the German poet Herveg. In 1849, after the defeat of the radical opposition by President Louis Napoleon, Herzen was forced to leave France and moved to Switzerland, and from there in Nice, who belonged to the Sardinian kingdom.

During this period, Herzen rotated among the circles of radical European emigration, which gathered in Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution in Europe, and, in particular, became acquainted with Giuseppe Garibaldi. Fame he delivered the book Essay "from that shore", in which he made a calculation with his past liberal beliefs. Under the influence of the collapse of the old ideals and the reaction throughout Europe, the Herzen has formed a specific system for the doomes, "dying" of the old Europe and the prospects for Russia and the Slavic world, which are designed to implement the socialist ideal.

In July 1849, Nicholas I arrested all the property of Herzen and his mother. After that, the arrested property was laid by the Bankar Rothschild, and the one leading negotiations on the provision of a loan of Russia would achieve the removal of the imperial prohibition.

"Bell" A. I. Herzen, 1857

After a series family tragedies, who fell on Herzen in Nice (treason with Herveg, the death of mother and son in the shipwreck, the death of his wife and a newborn child) Herzen moved to London, where he founded a free Russian printing house for the printing of prohibited publications and from 1857 published a weekly newspaper "Bell".

A. I. Herzen, OK. 1861

The peak of the influence of the "bell" falls on the years preceding the liberation of peasants; Then the newspaper was regularly read in the Winter Palace. After the peasant reform, its influence begins to fall; The support of the Polish uprising of 1863 sharply undermined the circulation. At that time, Herzen was already too revolutionary for the liberal community, for radical - too moderate. On March 15, 1865, under the persistent requirement of the Government of Russia to the Government of Great Britain, the editorial office of the Bell, headed by Herzen, left London forever and moved to Switzerland, who became a citizen of Herzen by that time. In April of the same 1865 there was a translated and "free Russian printing house". Soon they began to move to Switzerland and people from the Herzen's environment, for example, in 1865, Nikolay Ogarov moved there.

A. I. Herzen on death

On 9 (21) January 1870, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen died of inflammation of the lungs in Paris, where shortly before he arrived in his family affairs. He was buried in Nice (the dust was postponed from the Paris Cemetery of Per Lashez).

Literary and journalistic activities

The literary activity of Herzen began in the 1830s. In the "Atere" for 1831 (II T.) His name occurs under one translation from French. The first article signed by a pseudonym Iskanderwas printed in the Telescope for 1836 ("Gofman"). In addition, the time is "speech, said when opening Vyatka public Library"And" Diary "(1842). In Vladimir, they were written: "Notes of one young man" and "More from the notes of a young man" ("Domestic Notes", 1840-1841; in this story, Chayadaev was depicted in the face of Trenzinsky). From 1842 to 1847, it places in the "domestic notes" and "contemporary" of Articles: "Dieletantism in Science", "Dieletants-Romance", "Scientists", "Buddhism in Science", "Letters to study the Nature". Here Herzen rebelled against scientists of pedants and formalists, against their scholastic science, alienated from life, against their quietism. In the article "On the study of Nature" we find philosophical analysis various methods knowledge. At the same time, Herzen is written: "Regarding one drama", "in different reasons", "new variations on old topics", "a few comments on historical development Honor "," From the notes of Dr. Krukov "," Who is to blame? "," Soroka-thief "," Moscow and St. Petersburg "," Novgorod and Vladimir "," Strovo Station "," interrupted conversations ". Of all these works, the tale of "forty-thief" is particularly distinguished, in which the terrible position of the "fortress intelligentsia" is depicted, and the novel "Who is to blame?", Dedicated to the issue of freedom of feelings, family relations, the position of a woman in marriage. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel is that people who base their well-being exclusively on the basis of family happiness and feelings, alien interests of public and universal, cannot secure strong happiness, and it will always depend on the case in their lives.

From the works written by Herzen abroad, it is especially important: letters from Avenue Marigny (the first printed in the "contemporary", all fourteen under the general title: "Letters from France and Italy", the publication of 1855), representing a wonderful characteristic and analysis of events and moods that worried Europe in 1847-1852. Here we meet a completely negative attitude towards the Western European bourgeoisie, its morality and public principles and the author's hot faith in the coming value of the fourth estate. Especially strong impression in Russia, and in Europe, the composition of Herzen "from that shore" (initially in German "Vom Anderen UFER", Hamburg, 1850; in Russian, London, 1855; in French, Geneva, 1870), In which Herzen expresses a complete disappointment by the West and Western civilization - the result of the mental coup, which the Herzen's worldview was determined in 1848-1851. Another note to Michael should be noted: "Russian people and socialism" - passionate and hot defense of the Russian people against those attacks and prejudices that Misha expressed in one of its article. "Purchase and Duma" are a number of memories having part of the nature of autobiographical, but giving a number of highly artistic paintings, dazzling and brilliant characteristics, and the observations of Herzen from the experienced and seen in Russia and abroad.

All other writings and articles of Herzen, such as: "Old World and Russia", "Russian People and Socialism", "Ends and Beginning" and others - represent a simple development of ideas and sentiment, well-defined in the period 1847-1852 in writings indicated above.

In general, as B. A. Kuzmin noted, "Starting - and not by chance - with studies at Heine, Herzen then created his special genre Fiction. The entire presentation is very emotionally. The author's attitude to the events described expresses in his replicas, exclamations, retreats. "

Philosophical views of Herzen in the years of emigration

Attraction to the freedom of thought, "free-rope", in best meaning of this word, especially developed in Herzen. He did not belong to any, nor an obvious nor the secret party. The one-sidedness of "people of the case" pushed him from many revolutionary and radical figures of Europe. His mind quickly comprehected the imperfections and disadvantages of the forms of Western life, to which hezen initially attracted from his undeveloped far from the Russian reality of the 1840s. With a striking sequence, Herzen refused to hobbies the West when he was in his eyes below the ideal before.

As a consistent Hegelian, Herzen believed that the development of humanity goes steps, and each stage was embodied in the famous peoples. Herzen, laughing at the fact that Gegelian God lives in Berlin, in essence suffered this god to Moscow, dividing the faith in the coming shift of the German period of Slavic. At the same time, as a follower of Saint-Simon and Fourier, he joined this faith in the Slavic phase of progress with the teaching about the upcoming replacement of the bourgeoisie to the celebration of the working class, which should come, thanks to the Russian community, just before open German Gakstgauzen. Together with Slavophiles, Herzen was disappointed in Western culture. The West rotted, and in his dilapidated forms not pour the new life. Faith in the community and the Russian people saved Herzen from a hopeless look at the fate of mankind. However, Herzen did not deny the possibility that Russia would pass through the stage of bourgeois development. Protecting the Russian Future, Herzen argued that in Russian life there is a lot of ugly, but there is no vulgarity in its forms. Russian tribe - Fresh virgin tribe, who has the "Tea of \u200b\u200bthe Future Century", an immeasurable and non-ripped supply of vitality and energies; " thinking man In Russia - the most independent and most unexpected man in the world. " Herzen was convinced that slavic world She strives for unity, and since "Centralization is struggling to the Slavic spirit," then Slavs will unite on the principles of federations. Relevant to all religions, Herzen recognized, however, for Orthodoxy many benefits and dignity compared with Catholicism and Protestantism.

The philosophical and historical concept of Herzen emphasizes the active role of a person in history. At the same time, it implies that the mind cannot carry out its ideals, not believing with the existing facts of history, that the results of it make up the "necessary base" of the operations of the mind.

Pedagogical ideas

In Heritage Herzen there is no special theoretical works About upbringing. However, throughout the life, Herzen was interested in pedagogical problems and was one of the first Russian thinkers and public figures. mid XIX. century, affecting the problem of education in their writings. His statements on education and education are evidenced by thoughtful pedagogical concept.

Pedagogical views of Herzen were determined by philosophical (atheism and materialism), ethical (humanism) and political (revolutionary democratism) beliefs.

Criticism of the education system under Nicolae I

Herzen called the reign of Nicholas I with thirty-year-old persecution of schools and universities and showed how the Nikolaev Ministry of Education has fragile the public education. The tsarist government, according to Herzen, "the child slept at the first step in his life and corrupted the Cadet-child, a gymnasium-excursion, a young student. Ruthlessly, systematically etched it in them human embryos, referred to them, as from vice, from all human feelings, except for humility. For violation of discipline, it juvenile punished as they do not punish in other countries of short-circuited criminals. "

He resolutely opposed the introduction of religion into education, against the transformation of schools and universities in an instrument of strengthening serfdom and autocracy.

Folk pedagogy

Herzen believed that the most positive influence on children has a simple people, which exactly the people are the carrier of the best Russian national qualities. People have young generations learning to respect for work, disinterested love To his homeland, disgusting to idleness.

Education

The main task of raising Herzen considered the formation of a humane, free person, who lives the interests of his people and seeks to transform society at a reasonable principle. Children must be provided with conditions for free development. "The reasonable recognition of the time fear is the highest and moral recognition of human dignity." In everyday educational activity, the "talent of patient love" plays an important role, the location of the teacher to the child, respect for him, knowledge of his needs. Healthy family atmosphere and the right relationship between children and educators are prerequisite moral education.

Education

Herzen was passionately achieved the spread of education and knowledge among the people, urged scientists to bring science from the walls of the Cabinets, to make it achievement by the general heritage. Highting the enormous educational and educational significance of natural sciences, Herzen was at the same time for a comprehensive general education system. He wanted students general education school Along with natural science and mathematics, literature was studied (including the literature of the ancient peoples), foreign languages, story. A. I. Herzzen noted that there is no reading without reading and there can be no taste, no style or multilateral width of understanding. Thanks to reading, a person is experiencing a century. Books affect the deep spheres of the human psyche. Herzen emphasized himself that education should contribute to the development of independent thinking among students. Equipment should be relying on the congenital tendency of children to communicate, develop public aspirations and inclinations in them. This serves communication with peers, collective children's games, general classes. Herzen fought against the suppression of children's will, but at the same time attached great importance Discipline, considered the establishment of discipline with a prerequisite for proper education. "No discipline," he said, "there is neither calm confidence, no obedience, nor the way to protect health and warn the danger."

Herzen wrote two special works, in which he explained to the younger generation of the phenomenon of nature: "The experience of conversations with young people" and "conversations with children." These works are wonderful samples of a talented, popular presentation of complex ideological problems. The author simply and vivid clarifies children from materialistic positions the origin of the universe. He convincingly proves the important role of science in the fight against incorrect views, prejudice and superstition and refutes idealistic fabrication that there is also a soul in man separately from his body.

A family

In 1838, in Vladimir, Herzen married his cousin Natalia Alexandrovna Zakharian; Prior to departure from Russia, they had 6 children, of which two people were survived before adult:

• Alexander (1839-1906), a well-known physiologist, Professor of the University of Lausanne.
• Natalia (born and mind. 1841), died 2 days after birth.
• Ivan (born and mind. 1842), died 5 days after birth.
• Nikolai (1843-1851), was deaf from the birth, with the help of the Swiss teacher I. Spielman learned to speak and write, died during shipwreck.
• Natalia. (Tata, 12/14/1844-1936), family historiographer and keeper of the Herzen archive.
• Elizabeth (1845-1846), died 11 months after birth.

In Emigration in Paris, Herzen's wife fell in love with a friend of Herzen George Gervega. She admitted to Herzen that "dissatisfaction, something remaining unoccupied, abandoned, looking for a different sympathy and found it in friendship with Herveg" and that she dreams of "marriage threesome", and more the spiritual than a purely carnal. In Nice Herzen and his wife and Herveg with his wife Emma, \u200b\u200bas well as their children lived in the same house, forming a "commune", not intended intimate relationships outside the steam. Nevertheless, Natalia Herzen became Herveg's mistress, which hid from her husband (although Herveg opened his wife). Then Herzen, having learned the truth, demanded the departure of Hervegov from Nice, and Herveg blackmail Herzen's threat to suicide. Herved still left. In the international revolutionary community, Herzen was condemned for being subjected to the wife of "moral coercion" and prevented its connection with her lover.

In 1850, Herzen's wife gave birth to a daughter Olga (1850-1953), in 1873, married a French historian Gabriel Mono (1844-1912). According to some reports, Herzen doubted her fatherhood, but he never said this publicly and recognized the child to her.

In the summer of 1851, Herzen's spouses reconciled, but the family was waiting for a new tragedy. On November 16, 1851, near the Giier archipelago as a result of a collision with another ship, a steamer "City of Grass", on which the mother of Herzen Louise Ivanovna and his deaf from the birth of the son of Nikolay with his educator of Johann Spielman were swung to Nice; They died and their bodies were not found.

In 1852, Herzen's wife gave birth to Son Vladimir and died in two days, the son also died soon

Since 1857, Herzen began to cohabit with the wife of Nikolai Ogareva Natalia Alekseyevna Ogarova-Tuchkove, she brought up his children. They had a daughter Elizabeth (1858-1875) and Gemini Elena and Alexey (1861-1864, died from diphtherite). Officially, they were considered the children of Ogarev.

In 1869, Natalia Tuchkov received the surname of Herzen, which he wore up to return to Russia in 1876, after the death of Herzen.

Elizabeth Ogarev-Herzen, 17-year-old daughter A. I. Herzen and N. A. Tuchkov-Ogareva, committed suicide due to unrequited love for the 44-year-old Frenchman in Florence in December 1875. Suicide had a resonance, he wrote Dostoevsky in the essay "Two suicides."

The offspring of the children of Herzen - Alexander and Natalia - very numerous, the descendants of the writer live in Russia, Switzerland, France, the United States.

Memory

Many libraries in Russia assigned the name A. I. Herzen. Also spread toponym street Herzen in cities former USSR. In addition to the government Kirov region The name of A. I. Herzen was established

From left to right:
Usadba I. A. Yakovlev in Moscow (now a literary institute), a memorial plaque in the literary institute, a memorial plaque A. I. Henzu at home 27 in the Sivz enemy (House-Museum A. I. Herzen)

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• December 14-24, 1839 - House F. D. Shedrapina - Tsarskostilsky Prospekt, 22;
• May 20 - June 1840 - Apartment A. A. Orlova in the House of the Central Council - Big Meshchanskaya Street, 3;
• june 1840 - June 30, 1841 - House G. V. Lerera - Large Maritime Street, 25 (Gorokhovaya Str., 11), apt. 21 - a monument of the history of federal significance;
• October 4-14, 1846 - Apartment N. A. Nekrasov and Panaywa in the House of Princess Urusova - the Embankment of the Fontanka River, 19.

Works

• "Who is guilty?" novel(1846)
• "Motion" story(1846)
• "Doctor of Crimes" tale(1847)
• "Soroka-thief" tale(1848)
• "Damaged" tale (1851)
• "The tragedy for a glass of grant" (1864)
• "Boredom for" (1869)

Cinema

• 1969 - "Old House", Soviet black and white artistic biographical film dedicated to the early period of the writer's life.
• "Purchase and Duma"

Herzen A.I. - Biography Herzen A.I. - Biography

Herzern Alexander Ivanovich (pseudonym Iskander) (1812 - 1870)
Herzen A.I.
Biography
Russian politician, writer, philosopher, publicist. Born on April 6 (according to the old style - March 25) 1812 in Moscow. The extramarital son of a noble Russian Barina I.A. Yakovleva and Germans Louise Hague, which Yakovlev, returning after a long-term travel in Europe, took himself to Moscow. The child Yakovlev gave the surname of Herzen (from the German word "Herz" - heart). The first years of the boy went sad and lonely. In the mother he learned German, in conversations with his father and governors - French. Yakovleva had a rich library, which consisted almost exclusively from the writings of the French writers of the XVIII century, and in it the boy rummaged quite freely. Events December 14, 1825 determined the direction of the aspirations and sympathies of Herzen. In 1833, Herzen graduated from a university with a candidate and silver medal. Back at the university, he got acquainted with the teachings of Saint-Simonists. A year after the end of the course Herzen and his friend Ogarov were arrested. The cause of the arrest was the very fact of existence in Moscow "non-serving", forever about something interrupted, worrying and boiling young people, and the reason - one student party, on which the song containing "dazzly" censure "of the song, and was broken by the Bust of the emperor Nicholas Pavlovich. The inquiry found out that the song was Sokolovsky, with Sokolovsky was a sign of Ogar, with Ogarev, Herzen, and although he was not even at the party to Herzen, nevertheless, on the basis of "indirect evidence" regarding their "way of thoughts", they They were brought to the case of "failed, due to arrest, a conspiracy of young people who were dedicated to the teachings of Saint-Simonism." In prison, Herzen stayed nine months, after which, according to him, "we were reading as a bad joke, the sentence to death, and then announced that, driven so characteristic of him, inexplicative kindness, the emperor commanded to apply to us only a measure correctional in the form of reference. " Herzen appointed a place of reference Perm, where he spent three weeks and then, by order of the authorities, was translated into Vyatka, with enrollment as a "office" to the service for the Governor of Tyunyaev. Soon he was peervel from Vyatka to Vladimir, and after Vladimir Herzen was allowed to live in St. Petersburg, but soon he was again in the link, in Novgorod. Thanks to the troubles of friends, Herzen managed to escape from Novgorod, to resign and move to Moscow. He has lived there from 1842 to 1847 - the last period of his life in Russia. Herzen pulled into Europe, but at the request of Herzen about the extradition of a foreign passport for treatment there, the emperor Nikolai laid the resolution: "Do not". The conditions of Russian life scary pressed Herzen; Meanwhile, Ogarev was already abroad and he wrote to his friend: "Herzen! But it is impossible to live at home. I am convinced that it is impossible. A person who is alien to his family is obliged to break with his family." In 1847, he finally arrived in Paris, then to Geneva, lived in Italy. After the appearance of "letters from France and Italy", appeared in print and famous work Herzen "from that shore" (initially also in German: "Von Andern UFER"). Having buried in Nice to his wife, Herzen moved to London, where he put the first Machine of the Volina Russian press, on which the magazines "Polar Star" and "Bell" were printed, whose first number was released on July 1, 1857. The "bell" continued to go to 1867. Last period Herzen's life was for him a breakless time from Russia and loneliness. "Fathers" rejected him for "radicalism", and "children" - for "moderation." 21 died (according to old style - 9) January 1870 in Paris. Herzen was buried first in the cemetery of Pere Lachaise, and then his ashes was transported to Nice, where he rests to the present. Over the grave, the beautiful, depicting Herzen standing in full growth, with a face facing in the direction of Russia, a monument to work.
Among works - articles, stories, novels: "Notes of one young man" (autobiographical story), "Moscow and St. Petersburg" (1842; Pamflet was dismissed in lists; published in 1857), "Dieletantism in science" (1843), "Letters about Studying Nature "(1845 - 1846)," Who is to blame? " (1841 - 1846, Roman), "Dr. Kraisov" (1847, Tale), "Soroka-Torivka" (1848, Tale), "Debt first" (1851, Tale), "Damaged" (1851, Tale), " William Penn "(Drama)," Purled and Duma "(1852 - 1868, autobiographical novel)," boredom "(1868 - 1869, essay)," Doctor, dying and dead "(1869, Tale)," To the Old Comrade "(1869, letters - last work).
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Information sources:
"Russian Biographical Dictionary"
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com.
Project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru.

(Source: "Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom." WWW.FOXDESIGN.RU)

Summary encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician. 2011.

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