Russian graphs. What are the Russian surnames of noble origin
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The study of the history of the origin of the surname Grafskaya opens the forgotten pages of the life and culture of our ancestors and can tell a lot of interesting things about the distant past.
The surname Grafskaya belongs to the ancient type of Slavic family names, formed from personal nicknames.
The tradition of giving a person an individual nickname in addition to the name received during baptism existed in Russia from ancient times and persisted until the 17th century. This is due to the fact that out of the thousands of baptismal names recorded in the calendar and monthly calendar, in practice, just over two hundred church names were used. And the stock of nicknames that made it easy to distinguish a person from other carriers of the same name was inexhaustible.
Many Slavic surnames were formed from nicknames formed from common nouns denoting certain places. In the future, these nicknames were documented and became a real generic name, the surname of descendants. In Russian, such surnames usually had the ending -sky, for example, Lugovsky, Polevsky, Rudnitsky. Surnames with this suffix usually appeared in the territories where residents of different regions moved. So Grafsky could be called a person who came from the village of Grafovo, Grafovka or with a similar name. For example, the villages of Grafovo previously existed in the Izhevsk, Kharkov and Smolensk provinces.
The nickname Grafsky could also have an urban origin, according to the name of the street where he lived. So, for example, in Moscow there is Grafsky Lane, which is named after the noble title of Count Sheremetev, on the ground of which it was laid.
In addition, many peasants received their surnames by the title or title of their owner, for example - Boyarsky, Knyazhinsky. One of such naming conventions, formed with the suffix -skiy, is the Grafskiy naming.
It is quite likely that the nickname Grafsky will appear from the son of a man who, for some reason, had the personal nickname Count, or from an illegitimate son of a serf-owner - the Count's peasant son.
The artificial origin of the name Grafskaya is also possible. At the end of the 17th century, the practice of giving clergy new, as a rule, more euphonious surnames developed in the church environment. Many artificial seminary surnames were formed according to the model with the ending -ski, which was considered "noble" - such surnames in their form corresponded to the surnames of Russian aristocrats. Explaining the origin of the surnames they received, the seminarians joked: "By the churches, by the flowers, by the stones, by the cattle, and as if his Eminence will delight." Often peasant children without surnames were given a seminary surname by the name they were called, that is, "from the count's peasants" - Grafsky.
Obviously, the surname Grafskaya has an interesting centuries-old history and should be classified as one of the oldest generic names, testifying to the variety of ways in which Russian surnames appeared.
Sources: Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames. 1981. Unbegaun B.-O. Russian surnames. M., 1995. Nikonov V.A. Geography of surnames. M., 1988. Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. M., 1998 Geography of Russia: Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1998.
The very word "nobleman" means: "courtier" or "a man from the prince's court." The nobility was the highest class of society.
In Russia, the nobility was formed in the XII-XIII centuries, mainly from representatives of the military-service class. Since the XIV century, the nobles received land plots for their service, from their names most often came the family names - Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, Meshchersky, Ryazan, Galitsky, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensk, Moscow, Tver ... Other noble surnames came from the nicknames of their carriers: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Glazaty, Lykov. Some princely surnames were a combination of the name of the inheritance and the nickname: for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.
At the end of the 15th century, surnames of foreign origin began to appear in the lists of the Russian nobility - they belonged to immigrants from Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Asia and Western Europe, who had an aristocratic origin and moved to Russia. Here one can mention such surnames as the Fonvizins, Lermontovs, Yusupovs, Akhmatovs, Kara-Murza, Karamzins, Kudinovs.
Boyars often received surnames by the baptismal name or the nickname of the ancestor and had possessive suffixes in their composition. These boyar surnames include the Petrovs, Smirnovs, Ignatovs, Yurievs, Medvedevs, Apukhtins, Gavrilins, Ilyins.
The royal family name of the Romanovs is of the same origin. Their ancestor was the boyar of the time of Ivan Kalita, Andrei Kobyla. He had three sons: Semyon Stallion, Alexander Elka
Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. Their descendants received the names Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively. One of the great-grandsons of Fyodor Koshka, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin, became the ancestor of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and his brother Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin. The son of the latter was named Roman Zakharyin-Yuriev. His son Nikita Romanovich and his daughter Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, bore the same surname. However, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich have already become the Romanovs by their grandfather. This surname was borne by his son Fedor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and the founder of the last Russian royal dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich.
During the Petrine era, the nobility was replenished with representatives of the non-military estates, who received their titles as a result of promotion in the civil service. One of them was, for example, an associate of Peter I, Alexander Menshikov, who had a "low" origin from birth, but was awarded the princely title by the tsar. In 1785, by decree of Catherine II, special privileges were established for the nobles.
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), supplemented according to the list of princely families on the website of the Heraldia of the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, which require additional verification.
- The Mangyt dynasty, the rulers of the Bukhara Emirate in 1756-1920, who had the title of emirs since 1785 (Amir ul-Muminin); vassals of Russia since 1868.
- The Kungrat Dynasty, the rulers of the Khiva Khanate in 1804-1920, who bore the title of khans of Khorezm; vassals of Russia since 1873.