Biography of Charles Maria Von Weber (Carl Maria Von Weber). Max Weber: Biography, Basic Ideas

Childhood

Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864 in the city of Erfurt (Thuringia). He was a senior child of seven children. His father was Max Weber Senior, a prominent public servant and a member of the National Liberal Party, and Mother - Elena (Neborn Fallenettein), in the nature of which were French emigrants of Huguenotes. In 1868, his brother Alfred was born, which later also became a famous sociologist and economist. In 1869, the Weber's family moved to Charlottenburg (Berlin suburb). At the age of four years, Max Weber fell with meningitis. At the age of 13, he already read the works of Arthur Schopenhauer philosophers, Benedict Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, as well as literary authors, such as Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

Education

In 1882 he graduated from the gymnasium in Charlottenburg and entered the Faculty of Law of Heidelberg University. After the year of service in the army, he turned to Berlin University. At the same time, he worked as a junior lawyer. In 1886, Weber passed the exam at the Secretary of the lawyer, which is similar to the exam in the Association of Lawyers in British and American Legal Systems. Within the second half of the 1880s, Weber continued to learn jurisprudence and history. He received a doctorate of legal sciences in 1889, writing the dissertation on the history of the right "History trading companies in the Middle Ages". His supervisor There was Levin Goldshmidt, a reputable scientist in the field of commercial law. Two years later, Weber finished his habilitation "The significance of the agrarian history of Rome for the state and private law", working with August Meitzen. After that, he received a privat-associate professor at the University of Berlin, where he read lectures and advised the government.

Work

In the period between the protection of the doctoral dissertation and the Swabeth Weber became interested in social policy. In 1888, he entered the union social Policy, A new professional association of German economists related to the historical school, who saw the role of the economy primarily in the search for solutions of social problems, and which carried out large-scale statistical studies of economic problems. In 1890, the Association has developed a research program for studying the "Polish issue", or Ostflukht: the influx of Polish farm workers in eastern GermanyWhile local workers left for rapidly developing industrial cities. Weber led this research and wrote most The final report, which caused significant and disputes, and posted the beginning of the fame of Weber as a sociologist. From 1893 to 1899 Weber was a member of the Pangerman Union, an organization that opposed the influx of Polish workers.

In 1893, Marianne Schnitger, the future fighter for women's rights married in his three-rich sister.

In 1894-1896, a professor of national economy in Freiburg, since 1896 - in Heidelbergsky, since 1919 - at the University of Munich. One of the founders of the German Sociological Society (1909). Since 1918, Professor of the National Economy at the University of Vienna. In 1919 - Advisor to the German delegation at the Versailles.

The main theoretical works of Weber: "Exchange and its meaning", "History of the economy", "Science as a vocation and profession", "Politics as a vocation and profession", "On some categories of understanding sociology", "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism".

Last years

Scientific activity

The concept of "Understanding" and the principle of division into sciences on nature on nature (Nomomethical, aimed at studying patterns on nature on nature (nometic, aimed at studying patterns) and spirit science (idiographic aimed at learning unique phenomena) developed by Badenskaya developed by Wilhelm School of Neokantianism (Rickert and Windelband).

Weber made a substantial contribution to such areas of social knowledge as general sociology, methodology of social knowledge, political sociology, sociology of law, sociology of religion, sociology of music, economic sociology, the theory of capitalism.

Understanding sociology. Social Action Theory

Weber called his concept "understanding sociology". Sociology analyzes social action and is trying to explain his cause. Understanding means knowledge of social action through his subjectively implied meaning, i.e. the meaning that its subject is investing into this action. Therefore, in sociology, all the variety of ideas and worldviews governing human activity are reflected in sociology, i.e., all varieties human culture. Unlike its contemporaries, Weber did not sought to build sociology for the pattern of natural sciences, referring to the humanitarian sciences or, in its terms, to the sciences of culture, which both according to the methodology and on the subject constitute an autonomous area of \u200b\u200bknowledge.

All scientific categories - only the designs of our thinking. "Society", "State", "Institute" is just words, so they should not be attributed to ontological characteristics. The only real fact public Life Is social action. Any society is a cumulative product of the interaction of specific individuals. Social action - a public life atom, and it is precisely the opinion of a sociologist should be sent to him. The actions of the subjects are considered as motivated, having meaning and orientation on others, these actions can be analyzed by decrypting meanings and values \u200b\u200bthat attaches subjects to these actions. Social action writes Weber, the action is considered, which in meaning correlates with the actions of other people and focuses on them.

That is, Weber allocates 2 signs of social action:

1. meaningful character;
2. orientation on the expected reaction of other persons.

The main categories of understanding sociology are behavior, action and social action. Behavior is the most common category of activity that becomes actions if the current meaning associates with it. We can talk about social action when the action relates to the actions of other people and focus on them. Combined social activities form "semantic links", on the basis of social relations and institutions.

The result of understanding on Weber - Hypothesis high degree The probability that then must be confirmed by objective scientific methods.

Weber allocates four types of social action in descending order of their meaningfulness and comprehensibility:

1. celemental - when objects or people are interpreted as a means to achieve their own rational purposes. The subject is accurately presents the target and selects the optimal option to achieve it. This is a pure model of a formal-instrumental life orientation, such actions are most often found in the field of economic practice.
2. value-rational - determined by the conscious faith in the value of a certain action, regardless of its success, is committed in the name of any value, and its achievement is more important than the side effects (for example, the captain last leaves a sinking ship);
3. traditional - determined by tradition or habit. Individual simply reproduces that template for social activity that has been used in such situations earlier than them or others (the peasant rides the fair at the same time as his fathers and grandfathers).
4. affective - determined by emotions;

Weber's social attitude is a social action system, social relations include such concepts as a struggle, love, friendship, competition, exchange, etc. Social attitude, perceived by individual as a mandatory, acquires the status of a legitimate social order. In accordance with the types of social actions, four types of legitimate (legitimate) order are distinguished: traditional, affective, value-rational and legal.

Method of sociology

Weber sociology method is determined, in addition to the concept of understanding, the learning about the ideal type, as well as the postulate of freedom from value judgment. The ideal type according to Weber fixes the "cultural meaning" of one or another phenomenon, and the ideal type becomes a heuristic hypothesis that can organize a variety of historical material without binding to some predetermined scheme. Regarding the principle of freedom from the value judgment, Weber distinguishes two problems: the problem of freedom from the value judgment in the strict sense and the problem of relationships and value ratios. In the first case, the established facts and their assessment with the worldview of the researcher should strictly distinguish. In the second - we are talking about theoretical problem of analyzing the association of any knowledge with the values \u200b\u200bof knowing, i.e. the problem of the interdependence of science and cultural context. Weber puts forward the concept " cognitive interest", Which determines the choice and method of studying the empirical object in each particular case, and the concept of a" value idea ", which is determined by the specific method of visiting the world in this cultural context. In "Sciences of Culture", this problem acquires special significance, since in this case, values \u200b\u200bare the necessary condition for the possibility of the existence of such sciences: we exist in some culture, we cannot study the world without evaluating it and does not apply it to its meaning. In this case, thus, we are not talking about the subjective preferences of one or another scientist, but above all about the "spirit of time" of a particular culture: it is he plays a key role in the formation of "value ideas".

These theoretical postulates allow Weveree to interpret the sociology of the economy in the "cultural" key. Weber allocates two idealistic organizations of economic behavior: traditional and descriptive. The first exists with antiquity, the second is developing in a new time. Overcoming traditionalism is associated with the development of a modern rational capitalist economy, which involves the presence of certain types of social relations and certain forms of social order. Analyzing these forms, Weber comes to two conclusions: the ideal type of capitalism is described by it as a triumph of rationality in all areas economic LifeMoreover, such a development cannot be explained solely by economic reasons. IN last case Weber sparkles with Marxism.

"Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism"

In his work, Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism, Weber tries to explain the genesis of modern capitalism, tied this problem with the sociology of religion, in particular Protestantism. He sees the link between the ethical code of Protestant religion and the spirit of the capitalist economy, based on the ideal of the rationale owner. In Protestantism, in contrast to Catholicism, the emphasis is not done on the study of dogmatics, but in moral practice, expressed in the worldly ministry of man, in fulfilling his worldly debt. This is what Weber called "worldly asceticism." Parallels between the Protestant focus on the worldly ministry and the ideal of capitalist rationality allowed Weber to associate the reformation and the emergence of capitalism: Protestantism stimulated the emergence of specific forms of behavior in everyday life and economic life. Minimization of dogmatic and ritual, the rationalization of life in Protestantism on Weber has become part of the process of "splitting the world", started by the Hebrew prophets and ancient Greek scientists and going to the climax in the modern capitalist world. This process is associated with the liberation of a person from magical superstitions, the autonomation of the individual, faith in scientific progress and rational knowledge.

At the same time, it is necessary to note the extreme caution of Weer himself in this matter, which emphasized that "We are not in any way to protect such a ridiculous doctrine thesis, as if the" capitalist spirit "(in the sense in which we temporarily use this concept) It could only arise as a result of the influence of certain parties to the Reformation, as if capitalism as an economic system is a product of the Reformation. "

Sociology of power

In the sociology of power Weber also follows its method. In accordance with it, there are three types of legitimation of power (domination):

1. a rational, based on faith in the legality of the existing procedures and the legal right to give orders;
2. traditional, based on faith in the holiness of traditions and the right to rule those who received power in accordance with this tradition;
3. charismatic, based on faith in supernatural holiness, heroism, genius. or some other advantage of the ruler and its power not subject to accurate definition or understandable explanation.

In this context, Weber's theory of rational bureaucracy associated with the first type of power is formulated. In its analysis of democracy, Weber formulates the presence of two types of this type of government: "plebiscite leadership democracy" and various forms of "democracy without leader", the purpose of which is to minimize the direct forms of human domination over a person due to the development of rational forms of representation, collegiality and delimitation of powers.

Weber works had a material effect on the XX century sociology and continue to be relevant today.

Karl Maria von Weber - the famous German composer and musician of the 18th century, having a cousin of Mozart's cousin. Made a great contribution to the development of music and theater. One of the romantic people in Germany. The most famous works of the composer became his opera.

Karl Maria von Weber: Biography. Childhood

Carl was born in the small German town of Eitin (Holttein). This event happened on December 18, 1786. His father was Franz Weber, distinguished by great love for music. He served as an entrepreneur in the wandering dramatic troupe.

Children's years of the future musician passed among the wrath of theatrical actors. This peculiar atmosphere has greatly influenced the boy and identified his future. So, it was the theater troupe who instilled his interest in dramatic-musical genres, and also gave knowledge about the laws of the scene and the musical specificity of dramatic art.

At a young age, Weber was also actively fond of and interested in painting. However, father and elder brother tried more to acquaint him with music. Franz, despite the constant connectors, managed to give his son a good musical education.

First compositions

In 1796, Karl Maria Von Weber studied the piano in Hildburghausen, then in Salzburg, he was engaged in the foundations of counterpoint in 1707, then in Munich from 1798 to 1800 he studied to composer art from the court organist of Khleroma. At the same years she took the lessons of singing.

Carl was seriously carried away by music. And in 1798, under the leadership of Y. M. Haydna even created several fugettes for a key. These were the first works of the composer. What is amazing, but the opera Karl Maria von Weber also began writing very early. Literally, after the fugas, two of its major creations appeared, which will be talked below, as well as a large mass, allemanda, ecosesa, comic canons. But the greatest managed to have Singspille "Peter Shmoll and his neighbors", created in 1801. It was this work that the approval of Johann Mikhael Gaidna is approved.

High post

In 1803, there was a significant development in the work of the future creator of German romantic Opera. This year Weber comes to Vienna, after a long journey throughout Germany. Here he meets with a very famous music teacher by Abbot Fogler. This person quickly noted the gaps that existed in the musical and theoretical knowledge of Karl, and took up their replenishment. The composer was stubbornly and was highly awarded. In 1804, his, seventeen-year-old young man, accepted by Copelmeister, that is, the leader, in the Breslev Opera House, thanks to Fogler's protection. This event was marked new period Creativity and Life Weber, which includes the following temporary frames - from 1804 to 1816.

The beginning of the most important period of creativity

Music works of Karl Maria von Weber at this time undergo a serious evolution. In general, since 1804, all the creativity of the composer changes. At this time, the aesthetic views and Weber's worldview are folded, and the musical talent manifests itself the most bright.

In addition, Carla is found real talent The organizer in the musical and theater sphere. And the cores with the troupe in Prague and Breslavl opened the abilities of the conductor in it. But Weber was a little mastering the classical tradition, he seeks to convert everything and correct. So, he, as a conductor, changed the order of placement of musicians in the opera orchestra. Now they were grouped depending on the type of tool. This composer anticipated the principle of orchestral placement, which will become popular in the 19th and 20th centuries.

An eighteen-year-old Weber defended his bold changes with all the fervor of youth, despite the resistance of musicians and singers, seeking to preserve the tradition historically established in German theaters.

Main works of this period

In 1807-1810, the musical and critical and literary activities of Karl Maria Von Weber begins. He begins to write reviews and articles on performances and musical works, It starts a novel called the "Life of the Musician", the annotations will write to their essays.

The works written throughout the first period of the composer's creativity make it possible to see how gradually everything is brightering the features of the future more mature and serious style of the author. At that time the greatest value in art plan Acquire musical and dramatic works of Weber, among which:

• Singspil "Abu Hasan".
• Opera "Silvana".
• Two symphonies and two cantata without name.

Also during this period there were many overtures, songs, Aria choirs, etc.

Dresden period

At the very beginning of 1817 Karl Maria Von Weber became a dropletaster of the Dresden "German Opera". In the same year, he took Caroline Brandt, Opera Singer.

From that moment on, the most important and last period of the composer's creativity, which will end in 1826 by his death. At this time, the conductor and organizational activities of Weber accepts very intense. At the same time, he had to decide with difficulties as a conductor and a leader. The innovations of Charles Maria were actively opposed by theatrical traditions, the ownership of almost a half century, as well as F. Morlakki, conductor of the Italian opera troupe in Dresden. Despite all this, Weber managed to collect a new German operata corpse. Moreover, he managed to put several beautiful performances, despite the not enough prepared team.

However, it is not necessary to think that Weber composer gave way to Weber-Kappelmeyster. He managed to combine both of these roles and to cope with them. It is at this time that the best creations of the master appear on the world, including his most famous opera.

"Free shooter"

The story told in this Opera goes back to folklore stories about how a person sold his soul for the Magic Dust, which helped him won the competition of shooters. And the reward was the marriage on the beautiful lady, in which he was in love with the hero. For the first time in Opera, the fact that is close and familiar to the heart of the German. Weber depicted a simple rustic life With sentimental naivety and rude humor. Foresting and forest hovering under a delicate smile of otherworldly horror, and heroes, ranging from rustic girls and speaking hunters, ending with valiant and fair princes.

This fancy plot merged with excellent music, and all this became a mirror reflecting every German. In this work Weber not only freed german opera from Italian I. french influenceBut I managed to lay the foundations of the leading opera form of the entire 19th century.

The premiere took place on June 18, 1821 and had a dizzying success in the audience, and Weber became a real national hero.

Later opera was recognized as the greatest creation of the National German Romantic Theater. The composer, taking the genre of Zingspil, used wide musical shapes, which allowed to saturate the work with drama and psychologism. A large place in the opera is occupied by the deployed musical portraits of heroes and household scenesassociated with folk german song. Music landscapes and fantastic episodes were very bright thanks to the wealth of the orchestra created by Weber.

The structure of the opera and its musical features

"Free shooter" begins with an overture, in which smooth bellows are prevailing. A mysterious romantic picture of the forest is drawn in front of the audience, the poetry of the ancient hunting ledges is heard. In the main part of the overture, the struggle of opposites is described. Ends the entry of the solemn-majestic code.

The action of the first act unfolds against the background of massive cheerful scenes. We see the pictures of peasant holidays, perfectly recreated thanks to choral intrapping, popular musical motives. The melody sounds as if rustic musicians really play it, and the rustic simple waltz differ simply and naivety.

With the holiday sharply contrasts Aria's Aria Max, which is full of anxiety and confusion. And in the Packaging Song of the Secret Rhythm, which encourages rapid acts clearly, is clearly heard.

The second act is divided into two pictures that contrast each other. In the first part, we hear first careless Aryetta Angel, which serves to sowned the spiritual purity and the depths of her girlfriend Agatha. The picture is filled with alternating song melodies and expressive speaking, which helps to understand the deeper of the girls' experience. The final part is filled with joy, light and glitter.

However, in the second picture, dramatic tension begins to increase. And the main role here is given to the orchestra. Chords sound unusual, deaf and gloomily, hovering horror, and the party hidden from the audience choir enhances mystery. Weber managed to achieve an amazingly plausible musical image of the rampant of the unclean and demonic forces.

The third act is also divided into two pictures. The first immerses the viewer into a calm idyllic atmosphere. The Agatha Party is permeated by poetic light longguing, and the choir of girlfriends is painted into soft tones in which national motives are felt.

The second part opens with a church of hunters, accompanied by the sound of hunting horns. In this choir, folk German messs are heard, which later received world popularity.

The opera ends with an expanded ensemble scene with a choir accompanied by a joyful melody, a leitmotifting passing through all the work.

Creation of "Oberon" and the last days of life

The Fairy Tale Opera "Oberon" was written in 1926, it completed a beautiful row of the composer's opera works. Weber wrote it in order to provide his family. The composer knew that he would die soon, and no one would take care of loved ones.

"Oberon" in its form was completely out of the usual style of Weber. For a composer, who always advocated the fusion of the opera with theatrical art, the structure of the work was heavy. However, it was for this opera Weber who managed to create the most exquisite music. By the time the writing of "Oberon", the health of the composer was very shaken, and he could hardly walk, nevertheless, Carl Maria did not miss the premiere. The opera received recognition, once again, the criticism and viewers exceeded the talent of Weber.

Unfortunately, it remained long to live a composer. A few days after the premiere, he was found dead. It happened on June 5, 1826 in London. It was on this day that Weber was going to return home to Germany.

In Dresden in 1861, a monument to Weber was erected.

First youth opera

"Mute Forest Girl", the first major product of the composer, deserves a separate mention. The premiere of the opera took place in 1800 in Freiburg. Despite the youth and inexperience of the author, she was successful and gained recognition. It can be said that this setting of this work has become the beginning of Weber's composer career.

As for the opera, she was not forgotten and for a long time continued to appear in theatrical programs of Prague, Vienna, St. Petersburg and other cities in the world.

Other works

Weber left behind a rich creative heritage, which is almost impossible to list which is almost impossible. But let's notice the most significant works:

• 9 operas, including "Three Pinto", "Ryubetsal", "Silvana", "Evrianta".
• Music accompaniment to seven dramatic plays.
• Solo and choral vocal works Includes 5 MES, more than 90 songs, more than 30 ensembles, 9 cantat, about 10 folk songs.
• Piano Works: 4 Sonatas, 5 plays, 40 duets and dances, 8 variation cycles.
• About 16 concerts for piano, clarinet, horn and fagot.
• 10 works for the orchestra and 12 for the chamber ensemble.

Composer Weber was a very extraordinary person with his own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.

For example, he hated someone else's glory. Especially intolerant was to Rossini. Weber constantly told his friends and acquaintances that Rossini's music is favorabled that she is just a fashion that will rush in a few years.

The tragic accident led to the fact that Weber lost his beautiful voice. Once in Breslavla, the composer was waiting for a friend's dinner, and not to waste time, got to work. Weber quickly froze and decided to warm up the throat of wine. But because of the evening twilight, it confused the flask with a drink with the one in which his father kept sulfuric acid. The composer did a sip and fell safeman. When his friend came, no one opened on his knock, but the windows were light. He called for help, the door managed to open, and Weber quickly brought to the hospital. The doctors saved the life of the composer, but the mouth cavity, the throat and voice ligaments were so burnt, that he was forced to speak to the end of his days only in a whisper.

Weber loved animals very much. A dog, a cat, many different birds and even Capuchin monkey lived in his house. Most of all the composer loved the Indian crow, who could say: "Good evening."

Weber was distinguished by egocentrism. He loved so much that she even wrote under the pseudonym a laudatory articles about himself, which from time to time was printed in the newspapers. But this is not limited to this. The composer loved himself so much that three of his four children called his names: Maria Carolina, Karl Maria, Carolina Maria.

No doubt, Weber was very talented musician and composer who made an invaluable contribution to development german art. Yes, this man was not without flaws and was distinguished by vanity, but every genius has his own quirks.

Biography

Weber was born in the family of a musician and theatrical entrepreneurs, eternally immersed in various projects. Childhood and youth passed in wandering through the cities of Germany together with a small theater body of the Father, due to the fact that it cannot be said that he was a systematic and strict music school. Like the first teacher of the game on the piano, whose Weber did more or less long time, was Johann Peter Hischkel, then on theory - Michael Haydn, took the lessons and G. Fogler. - The first works of Weber - small fugues. Then Weber was a student of the organist Calcher in Munich. A more thoroughly theory of the Weber composition subsequently passed with the Abbot Fogler, having comrades for Maerber and Gottfried Weber; At the same time he was engaged in the piano from Franz Wausk. The first stage experience of Weber was the Opera "Die Macht der Liebe und Des Weins". Although he is in early youth and wrote a lot, but the first success fell on his opera "Das Waldmädchen" (1800). Opera 14-year composer was given on many European scenes and even in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, Weber processed this opera, which, called Silvana, held for a long time on many opera German scenes.

By writing Opera "Peter Schmoll und Seine Nachbarn" (1802), Symphony, piano Sonata, Cantatu "Der Erste Ton", Opera "Abu Gassan" (1811), he conducted an orchestra in different cities and concert.

Max Weber, his son wrote a biography of his famous Father.

Works

• "Hinterlassene Schriften", ed. Gellem (Dresden, 1828);
• "Karl Maria Von W. Ein Lebensbild", Max Maria Background V. (1864);
• WEBERGEDENKBUCH Kohwut (1887);
• "Reisebriefe von Karl Maria Von W. An Seine Gattin" (Leipzig, 1886);
• "Chronol. Thematischer Katalog Der Werke Von Karl Maria Von W. (Berlin, 1871).

From Weber works, in addition to the above, we point out concerts for piano and orchestra, OP. 11, Op. 32; "CONCERT-STÜCK", OP. 79; string Quartet, String Trio, Six Sonatas for Piano and Violin, OR. 10; Large concert duet for clarinet and fs, op. 48; Sonata OR. 24, 49, 70; Polonesa, Rondo, Variations for Piano, 2 Concerts for Clarinet with Orchestra, Variations for Clarinet and F - B., Concertino for Clarinet with orchestra; Andante and Rondo for the fag and orchestra, concert for Fagota, Aufforderung Zum Tanz ("Invitation à la danse") and others.

Operas

• "Forest girl" (it. Das Waldmädchen.), 1800 - Separate fragments are preserved
• "Peter Shmol and his neighbors" (it. Peter Schmoll Und Seine Nachbarn ), 1802
• "Ryubetsal" (it. Rübezahl), 1805 - Separate fragments are preserved
• Silvana (Him. Silvana.), 1810
• "Abu Gasan" (Him. Abu Hassan.), 1811
• "Free shooter" (it. Der Freischütz.), 1821
• "Three Pinto" (it. Die Drei Pintos.) - not finished; Completed Malener in 1888.
• "Evrianta" (Him. Euryanthe.), 1823
• "Oberon" (it. Oberon.), 1826

In astronomy

• In honor of the main gerony, the opera Karl Weber "Evrianta" is named asteroid (527) of Evrianta (eng.)
• In honor of the heroine of Opera Carl Weber "Oberon" named asteroid (528) Registration (eng.)russian opened in 1904
• In honor of the heroine of the opera Karl Weber "Preciosa" named asteroid (529) precision (eng.)russian opened in 1904.
• In honor of the heroine of the opera Karl Weber "Abu Hasan" named asteroids (865) Zubaida (eng.)russian and (866) Fatme (eng.)russian Opened in 1917.

Bibliography

Dresden. Grave of Charles Maria von Weber and his family

• Ferman V., Opera House, M., 1961;
• Khokhlovkina A., Western European Opera, M., 1962:
• Koenigsberg A., Karl-Maria Weber, M. - L., 1965;
• Bialik M. G. Opera Creativity Weber in Russia // F. Mendelson-Bartholdi and the tradition of musical professionalism: a collection of scientific papers / Sost. G. I. Ganzburg. - Kharkov, 1995. - C. 90 - 103.
• Laux K., S. M. Von Weber, LPZ., 1966;
• Moser H. j .. S. M. Von Weber. Leben und Werk, 2 aufl., LPZ., 1955.

Notes

Links

• Weber works on Classical Connect Site Free Library classical music On Classical Connect.
• Summary (Sinopsis) Opera "Free Shooter" on the site "100 operas"
• Karl Maria Weber: Music notes on International Music Score Library Project

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Watch what is "Weber, Karl Maria von" in other dictionaries:

- (Weber, Carl Maria Von) Karl Maria Von Weber (1786 1826), founder of the German romantic opera. Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was born at the End (Oldenburg, now Earth Schleswig Holstein), 18 or 19 November 1786. His father, Baron Franz ... ... Encyclopedia Color

- (Weber) (1786 1826), German composer and conductor, musical critic. The founder of the German romantic opera. 10 operas ("Wolly arrows", 1821; "Evrianta", 1823; "Oberon", 1826), virtuoso concert plays for piano. ("Invitation to ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Weber (Weber) Karl Maria Background (18 or 19.11.1786, Eitin, - 5.6.1826, London), German Composer, Conductor, Pianist, musical writer. The creator of the German romantic opera. Born in the family of a musician and theatrical entrepreneurs. Childhood and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Karl Maria Background Weber

Famous German composer, conductor, pianist and public figureTo help raise the level of musical life in Germany and an increase in the authority and importance of national arts, Karl Maria Von Weber was born on December 18, 1786 at the Golshtinsky town of Eitine in the family of provincial entrepreneur, loving music and theater.

Being around the origin by the leaving of craft circles, the composer's father loved to the public with a non-existential nobility title, family coat of arms and the background "Background" to the Weber surname.

The mother of Charles Mary, who originated from the Family Cutter on a tree, inherited excellent vocal data from his parents, for some time she even worked in the theater as a professional singer.

Together with the stray artists, the Weber family moved from place to place, so still in early childhood Karl Maria got used to the atmosphere of the theater and met the niroshai troupe. The result of such a life has become necessary for opera composer Knowledge of theater and laws of the scene, as well as a rich musical experience.

W. little Carla Mary had two hobbies - music and painting. The boy wrote oil, painted miniatures, he was also able to engrave compositions, in addition, he knew how to play some musical instruments, including on the piano.

In 1798, twelve-year-old Weber was lucky to become a student of Mikhail Gaidn in Salzburg, the younger brother of the famous Josef Haidna. Lessons on theory and compositions were completed by writing under the leadership of a teacher of six Fugett, which, thanks to the efforts of the Father, were printed in the "Universal Music Gazette".

The departure of the Weber's family from Salzburg became the reason for the change of musical teachers. Assistance and distruta musical education Compensated by the multilateral talent of Young Charles Mary. By 14 years, it was written quite a lot of works, including several Sonatas and Variations for Piano, a number of chambercases, Mass and the Opera "The Power of Love and Hate", which became the first such work of Weber.

Nevertheless, in those years, the talented young man gained great fame as a performer and writer of popular songs. Moving from one city to another, he performed his own and other people's works under the accompaniment of the piano or guitar. Like his mother, Karl Maria Weber possessed a unique voice, significantly weakened by acid poisoning.

Neither a severe financial situation, nor constant moving could seriously affect the creative productivity of the gifted composer. Wood written in 1800, the Opera "Forest Girl" and Zingsh-Pil "Peter Shmol and his neighbors" received approving reviews of a former Weber Teacher, Mikhail Gaidna. Then the numerous waltzes, ecoses, four-frame plays for piano and songs followed.

Already in the early, immature opera works of Weber traced a certain creative line - appeal to the national-democratic genre of theatrical art (all operas are written in the form of Singchpil - a household performance, which coexist musical episodes and conversational dialogues) and fantastic.

Among the numerous teachers of Weber special attention is deserved by a collector of folk melodies Abbot Fogler, the most popular scientist theoretics and composer of his time. For 1803, a young man under the leadership of Fogler studied the work of outstanding composers, made a detailed analysis of their works and gained experience for writing his great writings. In addition, Fogler's school contributed to the growth of Weber's interest in folk art.

In 1804, the young composer moved to Breslavl, where he received a seat of the dropleter and was engaged in updating the opera repertoire of the local theater. Its active activity in this direction met resistance from singers and orchestrants, and Weber resigned.

However, a serious financial situation forced him to agree on any suggestions: for several years he was a dropletaster in Karlsruhe, then the personal secretary of the Duke of Württemberg in Stuttgart. But Weman could not say goodbye to music: he continued to compose instrumental works, experimented in the Opera genre (Silvana).

In 1810, a young man was arrested on suspicion of participation in the court scams and sent from Stuttgart. Weber again became a wandering musician traveling with concerts on numerous German and Swiss cities.

It was this talented composer who was the initiator of creating a "harmonic society" in Darmstadt, designed to support and help promote the works of its members with propaganda and criticism in the press. The Charter of the Company was drawn up, the creation of the "musical topography of Germany" was also designed, allowing artists to be correctly navigated in a particular city.

During this period, the passion for Weber was intensified by high-class music. IN free time The composer went to the surrounding villages "Collect melodies". Sometimes under the impression of heard heard, he immediately composed the songs and performed them under the accompaniment of the guitar, causing the exclamations of approval from the listeners.

In the same period of creative activity, the literary talent of the composer was developed. Numerous articles, reviews and letters characterized Weber as a smart, thoughtful person, enemy routine standing in the forefront.

Being a champion national music, Weber gave tribute and foreign art. Especially high, he appreciated the creativity of such french composers The revolutionary period, like Kerubini, Megyul, Gretri, and others. They were dedicated to special articles and essays, their works were performed. Of particular interest in the literary heritage of Charles Maria Von Weber causes the autobiographical Roman "Life of the Musician", telling about the difficult fate of the composer-tramp.

Did not forget the composer and about music. His works of 1810 - 1812 are greater independent and skill. An important step On the way to creative maturity, the Comic Opera "Abu Gassan" became, in which the images of the most significant works of the wizard were traced.

The period from 1813 to 1816, Weber spent in Prague as the head of the Opera House, the following years worked in Dresden, and everywhere his transformation plans met stubborn resistance among theatrical bureaucrats.

The growth of patriotic sentiment in Germany of the beginning of the 1820s was the saving for the work of Karl Maria Von Weber. Writing music to the romantic-patriotic verses of Theodore Kerner, who participated in the liberation war of 1813 against Napoleon, brought a composer of the Lavra of the National Artist.

Another patriotic work of Weber was Cantata "Battle and Victory", written and executed in 1815 in Prague. It was attached to it summary Contents contributing to a better understanding of the work by the public. In the future, such explanations were compiled for larger works.

Prague period became the beginning of the strip of creative maturity of a talented German composer. Special attention deserves the works written by him at this time. piano musicwhich introduced new elements of musical speech and style textures.

Moving Weber in Dresden in 1817 laid the beginning family life (By that time, the composer was already married to his beloved woman - former singer Prague opera Carolina Brandt). The active activity of the advanced composer and here found little like-minded people in the environment of influential persons of the state.

In those years, a traditional Italian opera was preferred in the Saxon capital. Created at the beginning XIX century The German national opera was deprived of the support of the Royal Court and the Aristocrats Potenates.

Weber had to do a lot to approve the priority of national art over Italian. He managed to collect a good team, to achieve his artistic coherence and putting on the scene of the Opera of Mozart "Fidelio", as well as works of French composers of Megyul ("Joseph in Egypt"), Kerubini ("Loohska") and others.

The Dresden period was the top of the creative activity of Charles Maria Weber and the final decade of his life. During this time, the best piano and opera works: Numerous Sonatas for Piano, "Invitation to Dance", "Concert Stushk" for Piano with Orchestra, as well as Opera "Freichets", "Magic shooter", "Evrianta" and "Oberon", indicating the path and directions for further development of opera art Germany.

The production of the "Magic Arrow" brought Weber to worldwide glory and fame. The idea to write a opera on the plot of the national legend of the "black hunter" originated by the composer in 1810, but the kipache social activity prevented the implementation of this design. Only in Dresden Weber appealed to several fabulous plot The "Magic Arrow", at his request by the poet F. Kind, the libretto of the opera was written.

Events unfold in the Czech region of Bohemia. The main active persons of the work are the Hunter Max, the daughter of the Graffstick Forest Agatha, a walk and a gambler Kaspar, Father Agatha, Kuno, and Prince Ottokar.

The first act begins with the joyful greetings of the winner of the shooting of Kilian and the sad lands of a young hunter who suffered a defeat in the preliminary tournament. A similar fate in the final of the competition violates all plans of Max: according to an old hunting custom, his marriage with excellent agate will become impossible. Girl's father and several hunters comfortable unhappy.

Soon the fun ceases, everyone leaves, and Max remains alone. His privacy distorts Kaspar's walk, who sold the soul to the devil. I attacked the friend, he promises to help the young hunter and tells him about the magic bullets, which should be cast at night in the Wolf Valley - a damned place attending the unclean power.

Max doubts, however, deftly playing the feeling of a young man to Agate, Kaspar persuades him to go to the valley. Max is removed from the scene, and the deft gambler tries in advance its deliverance from the approaching hour of pile.

The actions of the second act unfold in the house of the forest and in the gloomy wolf valley. Agatha is sad in his room, from sad thoughts it can not distract even a cheerful chatter with a carefree flirty girlfriend Ansh.

Agatha is waiting for Max. Covered by gloomy premonitions, she goes to the balcony and calls for heaven dispel her alarms. Max enters, trying not to scare the beloved, and tells her about the reason for his sadness. Agatha and Anshn persuade him not to go to a terrible place, but Max, who gave the promise to Kasparu, leaves.

In the finals of the second act, the eyes of the audience opens a gloomy valley, the silence of which is interrupted by the sinister exclamations of invisible spirits. At midnight, a black hunter Samiel appears in the Caspar, a black hunter. Caspar's soul should go to hell, but he asks a deferment, giving himself instead of sacrificing the devil Max, who will kill the Magat's magic bullet tomorrow. Samiel agrees to this sacrifice and disappears with the blow of thunder.

Soon from the top of the cliff in the valley Max descends. Good forces are trying to save him, sending images of mother and agada, but late - Max sells the soul to the devil. The finals of the second act is the casting scene of the magic bullets.

The third, final, act of opera is dedicated to the last day of the competition, which should end with Max and Agatha wedding. The girl who had seen the spectacious dream, again in sorrow. The efforts of Anshne to cheer a girlfriend in vain, her alarm does not pass for his beloved. Girls appearing soon presented agate flowers. It opens the box and instead of a wedding wreath detects a funeral.

There is a change in the decorations, marking the final of the third act and the entire opera. In front of the prince, the hunters demonstrate their skill, among them, and Max. The young man must make the last shot, the target becomes flying with a bush on a bush. Max is aiming, and at this moment Agata appears behind the bushes. Magic power removes the blowing gun aside, and the bullet enters Caspar, hidden on the tree. The deadly wounded, he falls to the ground, his soul goes to hell accompanied by Samiel.

Prince Ottokar requires an explanation to what happened. Max tells about the events of the past night, an angry prince senses him to exile, a young hunter must forget about marriage with Agata. The intercessors of those present cannot soften the punishment.

Only the appearance of wisdom carrier and justice changes the situation. The hermit says its verdict: to delay the wedding of Max and Agatha for a year. Such a generous decision becomes the cause of universal joy and babes, all the collests are famous for God and his mercy.

The prosperous completion of the opera corresponds to the moral idea represented in the form of a struggle of good with evil and victory of good forces. A certain proportion of abstractness and idealizations of real life can be traced here, at the same time there are times in the work that meets the requirements of progressive art: the show of the people's life and the originality of its place, appeal to the characters of the peasant-burgher environment. Fantasy due to commitment to people beliefs and legends, devoid of any mysticism; In addition, the poetic image of nature contributes a fresh jet.

The dramatic line in the "magic arrow" develops consistently: I act is a drama tie, striving evil forces master the breathing soul; II Act - Fighting Light and Darkness; III Act - a climax ending the celebration of virtue.

Dramatic action here unfolds on music materialwalking in large layers. To disclose the ideological meaning of the work and combining it with the help of musical and thematic ties, Weber uses the principle of leitmotimativity: a short leitmotif, constantly accompanying character, specifies one or another image (for example, the image of selfiem, personifying dark, mysterious forces).

The new, purely romantic expression is common to the entire Opera mood, subordinate to the "Forest Sound", with which all occurring events are associated.

The life of nature in the "magic arrow" has two sides: one of them, connected with the idyllically depicted patriarchal life of hunters, is revealed in folk songs and melodies, as well as in the sound of a horn; The second side associated with the ideas about the demonic, dark forces of the forest is manifested in the unique combination of orchestral timbres and an alarming syncised rhythm.

Overture to the "Magic Arrow", written in sonate form, reveals the ideological idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole work, its content and course of events. Here in a contrast comparison, the main topics of the operas, which are at the same time and musical characteristics The main characters who are developing in the articles portraits.

The orchestra is considered the strongest source of romantic expressiveness in the "magic arrow". Weber managed to identify and use certain features and expressive properties of individual tools. In some scenes, the orchestra plays an independent role and is the main tool of the musical development of the opera (the scene in the wolf valley, etc.).

The success of the "magic arrow" was stunning: the opera was put on the scenes of many cities, Arias from this work were singing on the city streets. Thus, Weber was a hundredfold rewarded for all humiliation and tests that fell into his share in Dresden.

In 1822, the entrepreneur of the Vienna Court Opera House F. Barbaiya offered Weber to compose a big opera. A few months later, "Euritan" was sent to the Austrian capital, written in the genre of the knightly romantic opera.

The legendary plot with some mystical mystery, the desire for heroic and special attention to psychological peculiarities Characters, the predominance of feelings and reflections on the development of action - these features scheduled for the composer in this work are becoming later characteristic features German romantic opera.

In the fall of 1823, the premiere of "Euritans" took place in Vienna, on which Weber himself was attended. Calling a storm of delight among the adherents of national art, the opera did not receive such widespread recognition as the "magic shooter".

This circumstance has affected the composer rather depressingly, besides, he gave itself to know the hard disease of the lungs inherited from the mother. Study attacks have become the cause of long interruptions in Weber's work. So, between writing "Euritans" and the beginning of work on the "Oberon" passed about 18 months.

The last opera was written by Weber on the order "Covent Garden" - one of the largest opera theaters of London. Realizing the proximity of death, the composer sought to finish his last work as soon as possible, so that the family did not remain without livelihood after his death. The same reason forced him to go to London to lead the Oberon fairy tale formulation.

In this work, consisting of several separate paintings, fantastic events and real life, household, intertwined with large artistic freedom german music Roads with Eastern Exotic.

When writing "Oberon", the composer did not set any special dramatic tasks in front of him, he wanted to write a cheerful opera-festival, filled with a relaxed fresh melody. Used when writing this product, the colorfulness and lightness of the orchestral flavor provided a significant impact on the improvement of a romantic orchestral letter and imposed a special imprint on the scores of such composers-romantics, like Berlioz, Mendelsson, etc.

Musical advantages of the latest Weber Opera found the most vivid expression in the uniforms who received recognition and as independent software symphony works. At the same time, individual shortcomings of libretto and drama limited the number of "Euritans" and "Oberon" on the scenes of opera theaters.

Stressful work in London, conjugate with frequent overloads, finally undermined health famous composerJuly 5, 1826 was the last day of his life: Carl Maria Von Weber died from CHAKHETOP, without reaching forty years old.

In 1841, on the initiative of advanced public figures in Germany, a question was raised about the transfer of dust talented composer To their homeland, and three years later, his remains returned to Dresden.

Weber Weber (Karl-Maria Friedrich-August WEBER) - Baron, the famous German composer belongs to the mighty Pleiad of musical figures early XIX. century. Weber for justice is considered a purely German composer, deeply understood the Warehouse of National Music and