Karl Maria von Weber is the founder of German romantic opera. Karl maria von weber

WEBER (Weber) Max (Karl Emil Maximilian) (1864-1920) - German sociologist, philosopher and historian of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Privat-docent, professor extraordinary in Berlin (from 1892), professor of national economy in Freiburg (from 1894) and Heidelberg (from 1896). Professor emeritus

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Carl Maria Friedrich August (Ernst) von Weber (German Carl Maria von Weber; November 18 or 19, 1786, Eutin - June 5, 1826, London) - German composer, conductor, pianist, music writer, founder of the German romantic opera. Baron Weber was born into the family of a musician and theater entrepreneur, always immersed in various projects. Childhood and adolescence were spent wandering through the cities of Germany together with a small theater troupe of his father, which is why it cannot be said that in his youth he went through a systematic and strict music school... Almost the first piano teacher with whom Weber studied more or less long time, was Johann Peter Heuschkel, then in theory - Michael Haydn, lessons were taken from G. Vogler. 1798 - Weber's first works appeared - small fugues. Then Weber was a student of the organist Kalcher in Munich. Weber later went through the theory of composition more thoroughly with the Abbot Vogler, having companions in the studies of Meyerbeer and Gottfried Weber; at the same time he studied the piano with Franz Lauski. Weber's first stage experience was the opera Die Macht der Liebe und des Weins. Although he wrote a lot in his early youth, his first success fell on his opera Das Waldmädchen (1800). The opera by the 14-year-old composer was performed on many stages in Europe and even in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, Weber reworked this opera, which, under the title "Sylvanas", remained for a long time on many German opera stages.

Having written the opera Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn (1802), symphonies, piano sonatas, the cantata "Der erste Ton", the opera "Abu Ghassan" (1811), he conducted the orchestra in different cities and gave concerts.

1804 - worked as a conductor of opera houses (Breslau, Bad Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Mannheim, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin).

1805 - wrote the opera "Rubezal" based on the tale of I. Museus.

1810 - the opera "Sylvanas".

1811 - opera "Abu-Gassan".

1813 - headed Opera theatre in Prague.

1814 - becomes popular after composing warlike songs on the verses of Theodor Kerner: "Lützows wilde Jagd", "Schwertlied" and cantata "Kampf und Sieg" ("Battle and Victory") (1815) on the text of Wollbrook on the occasion of the Battle of Waterloo. The jubilee overture, masses in es and g, and cantatas, which were then written in Dresden, were much less successful.

1817 - headed and until the end of his life directed the German musical theater in Dresden.

1819 - as early as 1810, Weber drew attention to the plot of Freischütz (Free Shooter); but it was only this year that he began to write an opera based on this subject, processed by Johann Friedrich Kind. Freischütz, staged in Berlin in 1821 under the direction of the author, caused a positive sensation, and Weber's fame reached its climax. “Our shooter hit right on target,” Weber wrote to librettist Kindu. Beethoven, surprised by Weber's work, said that he did not expect this from such a gentle person and that Weber should write one opera after another.

Before Freischütz in the same year, Wolf's Preziosa, with music by Weber, was staged.

In 1821 he gave lessons in composition theory to Julius Benedict, to whom Queen Victoria, for his talent, would later grant a title of nobility.

1822 - at the suggestion of the Vienna Opera, the composer wrote Euryante (at 18 months old). But the success of the opera was no longer as brilliant as that of Freischütz.

Weber's last work was Oberon, for which he traveled to London and died at the home of conductor George Smart shortly after the premiere.

Weber is justly considered a purely Germanic composer who deeply understood the warehouse national music and brought the German melody to high artistic perfection. Throughout his career, he remained faithful to the national direction, and in his operas lies the foundation on which Wagner built Tannhäuser and Lohengrin. Especially in "Evriante" it is precisely that musical atmosphere, which he feels in the works of Wagner of the middle period. Weber is a brilliant representative of the romantic operatic movement, which in the twenties 19th century was in such power, and which at a later time found a follower in Wagner.

Weber's talent is in full swing in his last three operas: The Magic Arrow, Euryante and Oberone. It is extremely varied. Dramatic moments, loving, subtle features of musical expression, a fantastic element - everything was accessible to the composer's wide talent. The most varied images are outlined by this music poet with great sensitivity, rare expression, with great melody. A patriot at heart, he not only developed folk melodies, but also created his own in a purely folk spirit. Occasionally, his vocal melody at a fast pace suffers from some instrumentality: it is as if it was written not for the voice, but for an instrument for which technical difficulties are more accessible. As a symphonist, Weber mastered the orchestral palette to perfection. His orchestral painting is full of imagination and distinctive flavor. Weber is primarily an opera composer; symphonic works, written by him for the concert stage, are far inferior to his opera overtures. In the field of song and instrumental chamber music, namely, piano compositions, this composer left remarkable samples.

Weber also owns the unfinished opera Three Pintos (1821, completed by G. Mahler in 1888).

1861 - A monument was erected to Weber in Dresden, by Ernst Ritschel.

Max Weber, his son, wrote a biography of his famous father.

Emil Maximilian Weber(Max Weber is German. Max weber; (April 21, 1864 - June 14, 1920) - German sociologist, historian and economist. Elder brother of Alfred Weber.

In 1892-1894, assistant professor, and then extraordinary professor in Berlin, in 1894-1896, professor of national economy at Freiburg, from 1896 at Heidelberg, from 1919 at the University of Munich. One of the founders of "German sociological society"(1909). Since 1918 Professor of National Economy in Vienna. In 1919 - advisor to the German delegation at the Versailles negotiations.

Weber made significant contributions to such areas of social knowledge as general sociology, methodology of social cognition, political sociology, sociology of law, sociology of religion, economic sociology, and the theory of capitalism. Weber called his concept "understanding sociology." Sociology analyzes social action and tries to explain its cause. Understanding means cognition of social action through its subjectively implied meaning, i.e. the meaning that the subject himself puts into the given action. Therefore, all the variety of ideas and worldviews that regulate human activity are reflected in sociology, i.e. all the diversity of human culture.

Unlike his contemporaries, Weber did not strive to build sociology on the model of the natural sciences, referring it to the humanities, in its terms, to the sciences of culture, which, both by methodology and by subject, constitute an autonomous field of knowledge. The main categories of understanding sociology are behavior, action, and social action. Behavior is the most general category of activity, which becomes an action if the actor connects with a subjective meaning. Social action can be said when the action is correlated with the actions of other people and is oriented towards them. Combinations of social actions form "semantic connections", on the basis of which social relations and institutions are formed. The result of understanding according to Weber is a hypothesis high degree probability, which must then be confirmed by objective scientific methods.

Weber identifies four types of social action:

goal-rational- when objects or people are treated as means to achieve their own rational goals;

value-rational- the value of a certain action is determined by a conscious faith, regardless of its success;

affective- determined by emotions;

traditional- determined by tradition or habit

Social attitude according to Weber is a system of social actions, social relations include such concepts as struggle, love, friendship, competition, exchange, etc. Social attitude, perceived by an individual as obligatory, acquires the status of a lawful social order. In accordance with the types of social actions, four types of legal (legitimate) order are distinguished: traditional, affective, value-rational and legal.

Weber's method of sociology is determined, in addition to the concept of understanding, by the teaching of the offensive type, as well as by the postulate of freedom of value judgments. The ideal type according to Weber captures the "cultural meaning" of a particular phenomenon, and the ideal type becomes a heuristic hypothesis capable of ordering the diversity of historical material without reference to some predetermined scheme.

Regarding the principle of freedom of value judgments, Weber distinguishes two problems: the problem of freedom of value judgments in a strict sense and the problem of the relationship between knowledge and value. In the first case, one should strictly distinguish between established facts and their assessment of the researcher's worldview positions. Secondly, we are talking about the theoretical problem of analyzing the connectivity of any cognition by the scenarios of the knower, i.e. the problem of the interdependence of science and the cultural context.

Weber puts forward the concept “ cognitive interest", Which determines the choice and method of studying the empirical object in each specific case, and the concept of" value idea ", which is determined by a specific way of seeing the world in the given cultural context... In the "sciences of occulture" this problem is of particular importance, since in this case, values ​​act as necessary condition the possibility of the existence of such sciences: we, existing in a certain culture, cannot study the world, underestimating it and giving it meaning. In this case, therefore, we are talking about the non-subjective predilections of one or another scientist, but first of all about the “spirit of the times” of a particular culture: it is he who plays a key role in the formation of “value ideas”.

These theoretical postulates allow Weber to interpret the sociology of economics in a "cultural" way. Weber distinguishes two ideally typical organizations of economic behavior: traditional and rational. The first exists from antiquity, the second develops in the New Time. Overcoming traditionalism is associated with the development of modern rational capitalist economy which assumes the presence certain types social relations and certain forms of social order.

Analyzing these forms, Weber comes to two conclusions: the ideal type of capitalism is described as the triumph of rationality in all spheres of economic life, and such a development cannot be explained solely by economic reasons. In the latter case, Weber argues with Marxism. In his work "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism" Weber tries to explain the genesis of modern capitalism, linking this problem with the sociology of religion, in particular Protestantism. He sees the connection between the code of ethics of Protestant religions and the spirit of the capitalist economy based on the ideal entrepreneur-rationalist. In Protestantism, in contrast to Catholicism, the emphasis is on non-study of dogma, non-moral practice, expressed in the worldly service of a person, in the fulfillment of his worldly duty. This is what Weber called "worldly asceticism." The parallels between the Protestant emphasis on Namir service and the ideal of capitalist rationality allowed Weber to link the Reformation and the rise of capitalism: Protestantism stimulated the emergence of capitalist-specific forms of behavior in the household of their economic life. Minimization of dogmatics and ritual, rationalization of life in Protestantism according to Weber became part of the process of "disenchanting the world", begun by the Hebrew prophets and ancient Greek scientists and leading to the culmination of the modern capitalist world. This process is associated with the liberation of a person from magical superstitions, the autonomy of the individual, faith in scientific progress and rational cognition.

In the sociology of power, Weber also follows his own method. Accordingly, three types of legitimation of power (domination) are distinguished: 1) rational, based on the legitimacy of the existing order and the legal right to give orders; 2) traditional, based on faith in the sanctity of traditions and the right to rule those who received power in accordance with this tradition; 3) charismatic, based on a belief in supernatural holiness, heroism or some other dignity of the ruler and his power. In this context, Weber's theory of a rational bureaucracy associated with the first type of power is formulated. In his analysis of democracy, Weber formulates the presence of two types of this type of government: "plebiscite leader democracy" and various forms of "democracy without a leader", the purpose of which is to reduce to a minimum direct forms of human domination by developing rational forms of representation, collegiality and separation of powers.

according to Wikipedia - the free Encyclopedia

The founder of romantic opera, an outstanding German composer, pianist and conductor, Karl Maria von Weber was born on November 19, 1786 in the small town of Eutin, in the family of an experienced musician, violinist and theater company director. The childhood of the future composer, as the biography of Karl Maria von Weber says, passed in the atmosphere of a theater, with which the large family constantly moved around the cities of Germany. Moving from place to place, parents everywhere hired new teachers for their children, providing their offspring with a decent education. The ninth son of the Weberians, Karl Maria, was a very weak and sickly child, which left its mark on the formation of his psychological portrait, the boy was thoughtful, withdrawn and detached from the world around him.

Stopping in Salzburg, the father gave his son, under whose patronage the boy composed a trial musical composition, by the way, approved by one of the local newspapers. After the death of his mother in 1798, the family moved to Munich, and already in 1804, the young man wrote his first opera, The Power of Love and Wine, the premiere of which had considerable audience success. As evidenced by the biography of Weber, very young, but extremely talented musician immediately got a place as a conductor in the theater orchestra of the city of Breslau, having subjected him to a cardinal reformation in his vision. Weber's independent life was filled not only with the delight of the audience, but also with success with women, novels with whom followed one after another. Stormy love romance demanded large expenses, which, with a heavy burden of debt, fell on the shoulders of the young rake's father.

Carl Maria, pursued by creditors, urgently went on tour as a pianist. A chance meeting with a new patroness, a certain lady of the court and a duchess, determined the future fate of the composer. Weber was promoted to music director in one of the castle orchestras in Upper Silesia, where during the autumn-winter 1806-07 he wrote two wonderful symphonies and concertina for trumpet. During Napoleon's advance, Karl Maria became the private secretary of the duke's eldest son, actively participating in the latter's riotous life. True, already in 1810 the composer was arrested for debts and, after sixteen days of imprisonment, expelled from Württemberg. All his misadventures, falls and ups, Karl Maria described in the fascinating book "The Life of a Musician", which commemorated writing Weber.

In 1811, the composer went on another musical tour, staying for a long time in Munich, where he not only worked fruitfully, but also again mired in love interests. After the death of his father in 1812, Weber went to Prague, where he headed the local theater. The young talented musician received unlimited powers to compose the orchestra and a real opportunity to finally get rid of the burden of debt. Unfortunately, it was at this time that the composer showed the first symptoms of a serious pulmonary disease, which, however, did not prevent him from working hard and starting fleeting romances with theatrical coquettes. Only in 1817, Weber settled down, married his longtime passion Caroline Brandt and headed German opera in Dresden. True, the composer was not lucky with the heirs: the first daughter lived only a few months, and a year later, his wife had a miscarriage.

Thanks to the moral support of close friends, the musician managed to overcome depression and finish writing his wonderful opera "Free Shooter", which was highly appreciated by the public, music critics and such a venerable composer as. The further creative path of Karl Maria von Weber, despite the maestro's debilitating illness, was replenished with new masterpieces classical music, among which an honorable place is occupied by the opera "Oberon", which was staged with triumph on the stage of the famous London "Covent Garden". The remarkable composer died on June 5, 1826.

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (1864-1920) - German scientist, philosopher, political economist, sociologist, historian. He is the founder of sociological science and one of the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party.

Parents

Maximilian was born on April 21, 1864 in the German city of Erfurt (Thuringia). The family in which the first child was born was rich and bourgeois. In total, the Weber had seven children.

The paternal grandfather was engaged in large-scale industry, amassed a fortune in the textile trade. The father of the family, Max Weber Sr., was a cheerful and very active person, worked on public service, was a member of the National Liberal Party. He had great respect for chauvinism and was an ardent admirer of Bismarck. Several times from the national liberals he was elected to the post of deputy of the Prussian Landtag. And later he was elected to the imperial parliament - the Reichstag, where he led the liberal faction.

The maternal grandfather was a wealthy merchant with Anglo-German roots. His wife came from a French Huguenot family. In their family, the mother of the future philosopher Helena Fallenstein was born; she was a deeply religious and very strict woman. Her famous ancestor Generalissimo Albrecht von Fallenstein fiercely defended catholic faith... Elena, unlike him, led an ascetic lifestyle and was a supporter of Calvinism, never in her life did she retreat from her moral principles.

The Weber and Fallenstein families, together with their kindred clans Iolle, Beneke and Suchet, played a rather significant role in the German economy. Thanks to such a family and relatives, Max Weber Jr.from childhood became acquainted with the intellectual elite of Germany at that time. Family discussions often took place in their house, friends and acquaintances of the father gathered - prominent public figures and scientists.

As a young boy, Maximilian got to know the politician and historian Heinrich von Siebel, the historian of Ancient Rome Theodor Mommsen, the historian Heinrich Treitschke, the founder of "understanding psychology" and the philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey. All of them in their political views, like Max Weber Sr., adhered to the side of Bismarck, who advocated the unification of Germany around Prussia.

V early age the younger Max Weber also learned about political differences. The mother's best acquaintances were the historians of the liberal movement - Georg Gervinus and Friedrich Schlosser.

On the contrary, they were haters of the warlike Prussian spirit, for them Germany is, first of all, the homeland of Goethe and Schiller, an exemplary country Western European culture... Schlosser at one time, when Helene was still a very young girl, settled in the house of the Fallenstein. At first he tried to become a spiritual mentor for her, but then he was inflamed with such passion that he tortured poor Helene with his courtship. The girl moved to Berlin to to my sister, where she met her future husband Max Weber Sr.

So the atmosphere in which Maximilian was to grow up was full not only of intellectual disputes and discussions, but also of confused personal relationships. All this undoubtedly had an impact on his future worldview and creativity.

Childhood

Max was born a year after his parents got married. After him, eight more children were born in the family, of which two girls died in infancy, and four brothers and two sisters reached adulthood. Brother Alfred also became a famous philosopher, economist and sociologist.

Mom gave birth to Maximilian very hard, as a result of which she developed a fever, and she could not breastfeed her first child. The newborn boy was nursed by another woman - the wife of a carpenter, a social democrat.

From an early age, the child grew up surprisingly self-satisfied and immersed in his games. It seemed that he did not need anyone. He always played alone, and the adults, watching him, were amazed how a child of two and a half years old builds a station out of wood blocks, puts a train with passengers and small carriages in it, imitates steam with paper strips. So he could play for hours and at the same time chat something non-stop.

Soon the child was in danger: he had had unilateral meningitis. His life hung in the balance, the baby was threatened with dropsy of the brain, dementia or death. The mother did not leave the boy a single step, sacrificing other children. The illness led to the fact that Max began to lead an even more reclusive lifestyle due to constant convulsions, nervous fears and rush of blood. When little Weber was five years old, the family went to the sea to Borkum. The mother wanted to improve the health of her son, tried to bring him into the water in her arms. At the same time, the child raised such a heartbreaking cry that the holidaymakers demanded that this procedure be stopped immediately.

In 1869, the Weber family moved to Berlin, where their father was invited to the position of a paid member of the city council. Here he began his stormy parliamentary activities, endless meetings, trips, travels.

Education

In Berlin, the family settled in a beautiful small and cozy villa on the outskirts of the city with a huge garden in which well-groomed fruit trees and vegetables grew, chickens and cats were running. Children felt great in this garden away from big city, rejoiced in freedom and the sun. But these joys were beyond the reach of Maximilian. Compelled most spending time alone, and not playing with other children, he became passionately interested in reading and literary experiences, which developed in him an extraordinary contemplation.

At first the boy received home education... But the visiting teachers turned out to be boring for him and did not make any impression on the child, because by that time he had already independently read forty volumes of Goethe.

At the age of six, Max began his studies at private school, then continued at the Berlin classical grammar school. V educational institutions relations with teachers and students at Weber were normal, but this did not make him more sociable. Sometimes he took part in carousing, but most of the time he devoted to his studies, he still read a lot of Schopenhauer, Luther, Kant, Machiavelli.

In 1882, Max graduated from high school and became a law student at the most prestigious university in the country, Heidelberg. In addition to jurisprudence, Weber was attracted by theology and history, in his heart he still hesitated and could not decide whether to connect his future with politics or with a career as a scientist.

After a long retreat as a child, Max's student years as if overtaking lost communication. His life was stormy and eventful with fights and parties, he enjoyed drinking beer and practicing fencing.

After studying for a year, Max went to serve in the army, he was first a soldier, then an officer in one of the military units in Strasbourg. After leaving the reserve, he continued his studies at the University of Berlin, while he never missed military training, he attended them with constant enthusiasm. Military career seemed tempting to him, but still Weber chose the path of a scientist.

In 1886, Max passed the exams in jurisprudence, moved to the University of Göttingen, where three years later he defended his dissertation, which attracted special attention of the scientific community.

Scientific activity

To study science, but at the same time not to depend financially on his parents, Weber got a job as an assistant lawyer. And already in 1894 he entered the German Bar Association. He continued to hesitate about science or politics, tried to keep both options for himself, and even joined, like his father, the National Liberal Party.

Since 1891, at the University of Berlin, Maximilian took the position of assistant professor and began cooperation with the Union social policy, whose main task was to soften the contrast of capitalist society. The young scientist conducted numerous studies (in particular, surveys of agricultural workers), which later had quite applied value. For example, measures were taken to alleviate the situation of farm laborers.

After thirty years, Weber had all the prerequisites for an ideal career as a scientist, but it was during this period that he had a personal drama and illness, to scientific activities he returned only in 1901. One of his most famous works, "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism", was published.

Weber's events aroused great interest Russian revolution 1904-1905, on the basis of which he wrote two articles and a book:

• "Towards the position of bourgeois democracy in Russia";
• "Russia's transition to sham constitutionalism";
• "Historical sketch liberation movement in Russia and the position of bourgeois democracy ”.

In 1908, Weber left the Union for Social Policy and took up editorial work (edited multivolume essays on social economics).

During the First World War, Maximilian ran an army hospital in Heidelberg, after which he returned to teaching. At the University of Vienna he was offered a professor position, he led seminars in sociology and gave a course of lectures on the topic "Economy and Society."

The woman was also engaged in science, after the death of her husband, she published his works and published a biographical book about Maximilian. Their marriage was childless.