TROPE

Trope - this is a word or expression used in a figurative value for creating artistic image and achieving greater expressiveness. The paths include such techniques like epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes relate to them hyperboles and lithots. No artistic work is done without paths. Artistic word - multivalued; The writer creates images, playing the values \u200b\u200band combinations of words, using the environment surroundings in the text and its sound - all this is artistic opportunities Words, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative value.

Consider different types of trails:

EPITHET (Greek. Epitheton, applied) is one of the trails, which is an artistic, figurative definition. As an epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle LIC (S.Senin); these poor Seleys, this scooty Nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent Virgo (A.Blok);
communions: edge abandoned (S.Senin); sophisticated Dragon (A.Blok); takeoff sicken (M.TSvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here it is, chief without a man (M.TSvetaeva); My youth! My dove is dark! (M.TSvetaeva).

Any epithet reflects the uniqueness of the perception of the world by the author, therefore necessarily expresses any evaluation and has a subjective value: a wooden shelf is not epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the expression of the face of the interlocutor, that is, creating an image.
Distinguish sustainable (constant) folk epithets: good lucky good good well done, clear Sun, as well as tautologic, i.e. repetition epithetes, sampled with a defined word: Oh, you, grief bitter, boredom boring, Mortal! (A.Block).

In a works of art epitheet can perform various functions:

• figure to characterize the subject: shining Eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create an atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• transfer the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical character) to characterized by the subject: "Where to go to our danzhanik? "(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal shares (in most cases of epithet use).

Note! Everything color notification in art text are epithets.

COMPARISON - This is an artistic reception (trope), in which the image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, likes, in that it always has a strict formal sign: a comparative design or turnover with comparative unions as if, as if, for sure, as if and similar. Expressions type he looked like ... It is impossible to be compared as a trail.

Examples of comparisons:

Comparison also plays in the text specific roles: Sometimes the authors use the so-called detailed comparison Revealing various signs of the phenomenon or transferring their attitude to several phenomena. Often, the whole product is based on comparison, as, for example, the poem of V. Bryusov "Sonnet to the form":

Elimination - artistic reception (trail), in which inanimate subject, phenomenon or concepts are attached to human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). The personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a reception on which all the work is built ("the edge you are my abandoned" S. Jenin, "Mom and the evening killed in the evening", "violin and a little nervously" V. Mayakovsky and others). An personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

The task of personification - Create a depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the subject, hidden from everyday life. Elimination is one of the oldest artificial art.

HYPERBOLA (Greek. HyperBole, exaggeration) is a reception at which the image is created through an artistic exaggeration. The hyperbola is not always included in the location of the trails, but by the nature of the use of the word in the portable value to create a hyperbole image is very close to the trails. Reception opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES (Greek. Litotes, Easy) - Artistic Dimony.

The hyperbole allows To the author show the reader in extended form specific traits The item depicted. Often, hyperbole and litt are used by the author in an ironic key, disclosing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, the objects of the subject.

METAPHOR (Greek. Metaphora, transfer) - the type of so-called complex trail, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (subject, concept) are transferred to another. The metaphor contains a hidden comparison, shaped liketing the phenomena by using the portable meaning of words, which is compared with the subject, is only meant by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to set up good metaphors - it means to notice the similarity."

Examples of metaphor:

METONYMY (Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - view of the trail: the sample designation of the subject one of its signs.

Examples of metonimia:

When studying the topic "means artistic expressiveness"And the tasks will pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You should not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. It will protect you from practical errors: firmly knowing that the reception of comparison has strict formal signs (see the theory by Topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques, also under construction on a comparison of several objects, but not compared.

Please note that you must start your answer or from the proposed words (rewriting them), or from your own option of a full response. This applies to all such tasks.

• Literary criticism: reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Poles M. Rhetoric and literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of poetics and artistic semantics. - M.: OV. Writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

Talent artistic The ability of a person manifested in artistic creativity, a socially deterministic unique unity of the emotional and intellectual features of the artist, artistic talent differs from genius (see the genius of art), which opens up new directions in art. Artistic talent determines the nature and possibilities of creativity, elected by the artist's type of art (or several types of art), the range of interests and aspects of the attitude of the artist to reality. At the same time, the artist's artistic talent is unthinkable without an individual method and style as the sustainable principles of the artistic embodiment of the idea and plan. The individuality of the artist is manifested not only in the work itself, but also exists as a prerequisite for creating this work. The artistic talent of the artist can be implemented in specific socio-economic and political conditions. Separate epochs in history human society Create the most favorable conditions for the deployment and implementation of artistic talent ( classical antiquity, Revival, Muslim Renaissance in the East).

Recognition of the determining value of socio-economic and political conditions, as well as the spiritual atmosphere in the implementation of artistic talent, does not mean their absolutization. The artist is not only a product of the era, but also the Creator. The essential property of consciousness is not only the reflection, but also the transformation of reality. For the implementation of artistic talent great value Have subjective moments of working capacity, the ability to mobilize the artist of all its emotional, intellectual and volitional forces.

PLOT (FR. sujet subject) Method of artistic understanding, organization of events (i.e. artistic transformation of Fabul). Specificity specific plot clearly manifests not only when comparing it with real life historywho served as the basis, but also when comparing descriptions human life in documentary I. artistic literature, memoiristics and novels. The distinction of the event base and its artistic reproduction is still from Aristotle, but the conceptual distinction of terms was undertaken only in the XX century. In Russia, the word "plot" for a long time was synonymous with the word "theme" (in the theory of painting and sculptures also now it is often used in this meaning).

In relation to the literature at the end of the last century, it began to mean a system of events, or, by definition, A. N. Veselovsky, the amount of motives (T e. The fact that in another terminological tradition is made to call Fabula). Scientists of the Russian "Formal School" offered to consider the plot as processing, giving form primary material - Fabul (or, as was formulated in late works V. B. Shklovsky, the plot is a way of artistic comprehension of reality).

The most common method of transformation of the fabul. Destruction of inviolability of the time series, rearrangement of events, parallel development. A more complex use of nonlinear bonds between episodes. This is a "rhyme", associative re-drawing situations, characters, sequences of episodes. Text can be built on the collision different points vision, comparison of mutually exclusive options for the development of the narration (Roman A. Murdoch "Black Prince", film A. Kaiata "Married Life", etc.). Central theme It can develop simultaneously in several plans (social, family, religious, artistic) in visual, color, sound rows.

Some researchers believe that motivation, the system of internal liabilities of the work, the methods of the narrative are not related to the area of \u200b\u200bthe plot, but to the composition in the strict sense of the word. The plot is considered as a chain of depicted movements, gestures of spiritual impulses, pronounced or "conceivable" words. In unity with the fabul, he draws the relationship and contradictions between the characters among themselves and circumstances, that is, the conflict of the work. In modernist art, there is a tendency to incorrect (abstractionism in painting, inconsumer ballet, atonal music, etc.).

The plot has important in literature and art. Conflicts are revealed in the system of plot connections, the characters of the actions in which the great problems of the era are reflected.

Methods of aesthetic analysis (from Greek. Methodos - the path of research, theory, teaching) - specifying the basic principles of materialistic dialectics in relation to the study of the nature of artistic creativity, aesthetic and artistic culture, a variety of shapes aesthetic development of reality.

The leading principle of analyzing the diverse areas of aesthetic development of reality is the principle of historicism, the most fully developed in the field of art study. It suggests as a study of art due to its conditionality itself, comparing the phenomena of an artistic series with extremely sophisticated, identification social characteristicsdefining the development of art and the disclosure of system-structural formations within the art itself, relative to the independent logic of artistic creativity.

Along with the philosophical and aesthetic methodology, which has a certain categorical apparatus, modern aesthetics also uses a variety of techniques, analytical approaches of private sciences that have auxiliary value mainly when studying formalized levels of artistic creativity. Appeal to private techniques and tools of private sciences (semiotics, structural and functional analysis, sociological, psychological, information approaches, math modeling etc.) corresponds to the nature of modern scientific knowledgebut these techniques are not identical scientific methodology Studies of art are not an "analogue of the subject" (F. Engels) and cannot claim the role of a philosophical and aesthetic method, adequate nature of the aesthetic development of reality.

Conceptual art One of the types of artistic avant-gardium of the 70s. It is associated with the third stage in the development of avant-gardium T. Naz. Neoavanticism.

Proponents of conceptual art deny the need to create artistic images (so, in painting, they must be replaced by inscriptions of an indefinite content), and the functions of art see that with the help of operating concepts to activate the process of purely intellectual creation.

Conceptual art products are thinking as absolutely devoid of pictorships, they do not reproduce K.L. Properties real objectsBeing the results of mental interpretation. For a philosophical substantiation of conceptual art, an eclectic mixture of ideas borrowed from the philosophy of Kanta, Wittgenstein, knowledge sociology, etc. As the phenomenon of the crisis socio-cultural situation, a new course is associated with small-bourgeois anarchism and individualism in the sphere of the spiritual life of society.

Constructivism (from Lat. Constructio - construction, structure) - formalistic direction in the Soviet art of the 20s, which put forward a program for the restructuring of the entire artistic culture of society and art, focusing not on imagery, but on the functional, constructive feasibility of forms.

Constructivism was widely distributed in the Soviet architecture of the 20-30s., As well as in other art types (cinema, theater, literature). Almost simultaneously S. soviet constructivism, constructivist movement under the name. Neopasticism arose in Holland, similar trends took place in German Bauhause. For many artists, constructivism was only stage in creativity.

The constructivism is characterized by absolutization of the role of science and the aesthetization of technology, the conviction that science and technique are the only means of solving social and cultural problems.

The constructivist concept has passed a number of stages in its development. Common for constructivists were: an understanding of the work of art as a real construction created by the artist; The struggle for new forms of art and the desire to master the aesthetic opportunities of the structure. At the final stage of its existence, constructivism joined the period of canonization of the formal-aesthetic techniques. As a result, the aesthetic capabilities of technical structures, the opening of which represented the undoubted merit of "pioneers of the design" was absolutized. Constructivists were not considered the fact that the dependence of the form from the design is mediated by a combination of cultural and historical facts. Their program of "public utility of art" as a result became the program of its destruction, the information of the aesthetic object to material and physical basis, to pure formation. Cognitive, ideological and aesthetic side of art, its national specificity and imagery as a whole disappeared, which led to impossibility in art.

At the same time, the attempts to identify the laws that control the form of the material, the analysis of its combinatorial features (V. Tatlin, K. Malevich) contributed to the development of new approaches to the material and technological side of creativity.

COMPOSITION (Lat. Compositio Location, drawing up, addition) is a method for constructing an artistic work, the principle of communication of the same type and heterogeneous components and parts consistent with each other and with the whole. The composition is due to the methods of formation and features of perception, characteristic of a certain type and genre of art, the laws of construction of a artistic sample (see) in canonized types of culture (for example, folklore, ancient Egyptian art, East, Western European Middle Ages, etc.), as well as individual peculiarities The artist, ineptly content of the work of art in non-conjunted types of culture (European art of the new and modern time, baroque, romanticism, realism, etc.).

In the composition of the work, they are embodied and the artistic development of the topic is determined, the moral and aesthetic assessment of the author, according to S. Eisenstein, is the naked nerve of the author's intention, thinking and ideology. Reviewed (in music) or more directly (in the visual arts) composition correlates with the patterns of a vital process, with a subject and spiritual world reflected in the artistic work. It takes the transition artistic content and its internal relationships in the form of form, and ordering of the form - in order of content. To distinguish the laws of constructing these arts arts, two terms are sometimes used: architectonics (interconnection of content components) and composition (the principles of formation of the form). There is also another type of differentiation: the general form of the structure and the relationship of large parts of the work is called architectonics (for example, strokes in poetic text), but the relationship of components of more fractional compositions (for example, the location of poetic lines and the speech material itself). It should be borne in mind that in the theory of architecture and organization of the subject matter, another pair of correlated concepts is used: the design (the unity of the material components of the form achieved by identifying their functions) and compositions (artistic completion and focusing of constructive-functional aspirations taking into account the characteristics visual perception and artistic expressiveness, decorativeness and integrity of the form).

The concept of composition should be distinguished from the widespread distribution in the 60s - 70s. The concepts of the structure of an artistic work, as a sustainable, repeating principle, compositional norm of a certain species, kind, genre, style and directions in art. Unlike the structure, the composition is the unity, the fight and the struggle of regulatory and typological and individual-unique trends in building a artistic work. The degree of regulation and individual originality, the uniqueness of the composition is different in various types of art (cf. European classicism and "relaxed" romanticism), in certain genres of one and the same type of art (compositional regality in the tragedy is expressed brighter than in drama, and in Sonet is immeasurably higher than in a lyrical message). Composite funds are specific in certain types and genres of art, at the same time, their mutual influence: the theater has mastered the pyramidal and diagonal composition plastic arts, and plot-thematic painting - the scene of the scene. Different types of art, directly and indirectly, consciously and unconsciously, absorbed composite principles of musical constructions (for example, sonate form) and plastic ratios (see).

In the art of XX century. Complication occurs composite construction Due to the increased inclusion of associative links, memories, dreams, by means of temporary differences and spatial shifts. The composition is also complicated in the process of bringing the traditional and "technical" arts. Extreme forms Upgrades absolutize this trend and inform her irrational absurd meaning (" new Roman", Theaters of absurd, surrealism, etc.).

In general, the composition in art expresses an artistic idea and organizes aesthetic perception in such a way that it moves from one component of the work to another, from the part to the whole.

Artistic art (from lat. Intuitio - contemplation) - the most important element creative thinkingaffecting such parties artistic

activities and artistic consciousness as creativity, perception, truth. In the most general form, when intuition is recognized as an equally important both in art and in science, it is nothing more than a special discretion of truth, which costs without support for reasonable forms of knowledge related to one or another type of logical evidence.

The most important artistic intuition in creativity. This is especially brightly manifested at the initial stage. creative process, in t. Naz. " problem situation" The fact that the result of creativity should be original, makes the creative person already at the earliest stage of creativity to seek such a decision that has not been found before. It implies a cardinal revision of established concepts, thought schemes, ideas about man, space and time. Intuitive knowledge as knowledge of the new, usually exists in the form of an unexpected guess, a symbolic scheme, in which the contours of the future work are only guessed. However, according to many artists, this kind of insight is the basis of the entire creative process.

Aesthetic and especially art perception Also include elements of artistic intuition. Not only the creation of an artistic image of the creator of art, but also the perception of artistic imagery by the reader, the audience, the listener is associated with a certain mood to the perception of artistic value, which is hidden from superficial observation. Artistic intuition becomes a means with which perceived penetrates into the area of \u200b\u200bartisticly significant. In addition, artistic intuition ensures the act of creating the work of art and his creator.

Until now, much in the action of an intuitive mechanism is mysterious and causes great difficulties in studying it. Sometimes on this basis, artistic intuition refers to the field of mysticism and identified with one of the forms of irrationalism in aesthetics. However, the experience of many ingenious artists It indicates that due to artistic intuition, it is possible to create works, deeply and truthfully displaying validity. If the artist does not depart from the principles of realism in creativity, the artistic intuition, which he actively uses, can be considered as special effective tool Cognition, not contrary to the criteria of truth and objectivity.

INTRIGUE (from lat. Intricare - confuse) - Artistic reception used to build a fabul and plot in various genres of fiction, cinema, theatrical art (Intended and unexpected turns of action, interlacing and colliding of the interests of the characters depicted). The idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of introducing intrigues to the deployment of the action depicted in a dramatic work was first expressed by Aristotle: "The most important thing that tragedy carries the soul, the essence of the part of the Fabul - Peripetias and recognition.

Intrigue gives an intense and exciting character. With it, it is achieved by the transfer of complex and conflict (see) relations between people in their private and social Life. The reception of intrigue is usually widely used in the works of the adventure genre. However, these are classics writers and in other genres, which is applied from creative heritage Great Writers-Realista - Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, etc. Often the intrigue is only a means of external enraged. It is characteristic of bourgeois, purely commercial art, designed for a bad philistine taste. The opposite tendency of bourgeois art is the desire for inconsistency, when intrigue disappears as artistic reception.

ANTITHESIS (Greek Antithesis - opposite) - the stylistic figure of the contrast of the organization as an artistic and not artistic speech, which is based on the use of words with the opposite value (antonyms).
The antithesis as an opposition figure in the rhetoric figure system is known since the antiquity times. So, for the aristotle of the antithesis, a certain "method of presentation" of thought, a means of creating a special - "opposite" - period.

In the artistic speech of the antithesis, has special properties: it becomes an element artistic systemserves as a means of creating an artistic image. Therefore, the antithesis is called the opposite of not only words, but also images of the artistic work.

As an antithesis oppression figure can be expressed as absolute and contextual antonyms.

And the light house is anxious
I stayed together with darkness,
Impossible was possible
But the possible one was a dream.
(A. Block)

ALLEGORY (Greek Allegoria - allegory) One of the allegorical artistic techniques, the meaning of which is that the abstract thought or phenomenon of reality acts in the art of art in the form of a particular image.

By the nature of its allegory of two-storage.

On the one hand, this is a concept or phenomenon (cunning, wisdom, good, nature, summer, etc.), on the other - a specific subject, a picture of life, illustrating an abstract thought that makes her visual. However, by itself, this picture of life plays only a service role - illustrates, decorates the idea, and therefore deprived of "any definite individuality" (Hegel), as a result of which the idea can be expressed by a number of "picture arts" (A. F. Losev).

However, the connection of the two plans of the allegory is not arbitrary, it is based on the fact that the general exists, manifests itself only in a specific single object, the properties, the functions of which and serve as a means of creating an allegory. It is possible to submit an example of the allegory of "fertility" V. Mukhina or "Pigeon" Picasso - allegory of the world.

Sometimes the idea exists not only as an allegorical plan of the allegory, but is expressed directly (for example, in the form of a fought "morality"). In this form, the allegory is especially characteristic of works of art that persecute moral and didactic goals.

As you know, the Word is the main unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. Proper use Lexics largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context, the word is a special world, a mirror of copyright and attitude to reality. In there is its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its special truths, called artistic revelations, the function of vocabulary depend on the context.

Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is primarily the self-expression of an individual. The literary tissue is woven from the metaphor, creating an exciting and impact of emotion, the image of a particular artistic work. In words, additional values \u200b\u200bappear, a special stylistic coloring, creating a kind of world that we open for yourself, reading the text.

Not only in the literary, but also oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expressiveness, to give her emotionality, persuasive, imagery. Let's figure out which artistic techniques are in Russian.

Especially promotes the creation of expressiveness to the use of metaphors, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic techniques In the literature, it is impossible to imagine without mentioning the most important of them - a way to create a language picture of the world based on existing values \u200b\u200bin the language itself.

Types of metaphor can be allocated as follows:

1. Petrified, erased, dry or historical (nose of a boat, needle ush).
2. Phraseologists are stable shaped combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphoricity, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (dead grip, closed circle, etc.).
3. Single metaphor (for example, homeless heart).
4. Expanded (heart - "Porcelain bell in Yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilev).
5. Traditionally poetic (morning life, Love Fire).
6. Individual-author (hump sidewalk).

In addition, the metaphor can simultaneously be allegories, personification, hyperbole, periphyra, meyosis, lithota and other paths.

The word "metaphor" means translated from the Greek "Transfer". In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of name from one item to another. So that it becomes possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be in something related. The metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative value due to the similarity of two phenomena or items on some basis.

As a result of such a transfer, an image is created. Therefore, the metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressive artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trail does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

The metaphor can be both simple and deployed. In the twentieth century, the use of deployed in poetry is reborn, and the nature of simple significantly changes.

Metonymy

Metonimia is one of the species of metaphor. Translated from Greek this word means "renaming", that is, this is the transfer of the name of one subject to another. Metonimia is a substitute for some word to others on the basis of the existing fitness of two concepts, items, etc. This is an imposition on the direct value of the portable. For example: "I ate two plates." Mixing values, their transfer is possible because items are adjacent, and the interval may be in time, in space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synekdoka is a kind of metonymy. Translated from Greek this word means "correlation". This transfer of the value takes place when the smaller is more called, or vice versa; Instead of part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".

Epithet

Artistic techniques in the literature, the list of which we now make up is impossible to imagine without the epithet. This is a figure, a trail, figurative definition, phrase or word, denoting face, phenomenon, subject or action with subjective

Translated from Greek this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

The epithet from a simple definition is distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.

Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typing, as well as one of the most important means of artistic expressiveness. In the strict meaning of the term, only such of them belong to the paths, the function of which has words in a figurative value, unlike the so-called accurate epithets that are expressed by words in the direct value (red berry, beautiful flowers). Figure are created when using words in a figurative value. Similar epithets are called metaphorical. Metonimical name transfer may also undermine this trail.

The oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets that form combinations with the defined noun opposing them in the meaning of words (hated love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison is a trail in which one item is characterized through a comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various items in similarity, which is as apparent and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed with the help of certain words: "accurately", "as if", "seems", "as if." Also comparisons may have the form of an efficient case.

Elimination

Describing artistic techniques in the literature, an impersonation must be mentioned. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living creatures subjects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by appeals to such phenomena of nature as conscious living beings. Animation is also transferred to animals of human properties.

Hyperbole and lithota

We note such techniques of artistic expressiveness in the literature as hyperbole and litt.

Hyperbole (translated - "exaggeration") - one of expressive means speech, representing a figure with an exaggeration value of what this is speech.

Lithotes (translated - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbola - an excessive understatement of what is being in question (boy with a finger, a peasant with a marigold).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in the literature. Our list will complement sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means translated from the Greek "Meat Rib". This is an evil irony, stinging mock, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, however, it is clearly ideally ideological and emotional assessment.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It arises when one says the words, but it is understood as completely different.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translating the "mood", "temper". In a comic, allegorical key, sometimes the whole works can be written, in which there is a mock-good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" A. P. Chekhov, as well as many Basni I. A. Krylov.

Types of artistic techniques in the literature do not end. We present to your attention the next.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in the literature include grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "quaint". This artistic reception is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in creativity, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovyov", "Story of one city", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much larger than that of hyperboles.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque - popular artistic techniques in the literature. Examples of the first three stories A. P. Chekhov and N. N. Gogol. Grotesco Creativity J. Swift (for example, "Gullier's Journey").

What artistic technique uses the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) to create in the novel "Lord Golovy" the image of Jewish? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov filled with humor. These artistic techniques in the literature, the examples of which we have just led, as you see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

Cambar - Speech Figure, which is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity, occurring in the context of two or more words in the context or when the similarity of their sound. His varieties - paronomasia, false etymology, zevgma and concretization.

In Kalambura, the game of words is based on the anecdotes arise. These artistic techniques in the literature can be found in the work of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayama, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" with Latin is translated as " appearance, outline, image. "The word is multi-knowing. What does this term as applied to artistic speech? Figures: Questions, circulation.

What is "Trope"?

"What is the name of the artistic reception using the word in a figurative meaning?" - you ask. The term "trop" is combined by various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synekendoha, litt, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated the word "trail" means "turnover". The artistic speech differs from the usual speech by the fact that it uses special revs that decorate the speech that make it expressive. IN different styles Miscellaneous expressive means are used. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for the speech of artistic - the ability of the text, the artistic work to provide aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, create poetic paintings And bright images.

We all live in the world of sounds. Some of them cause positive emotions, others, on the contrary, are worried, alarming, cause anxiety, soothe or they see sleep. Different sounds cause various images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally affect the person. Reading works of art Literature and Russian folk creativity, we are especially acutely perceive their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is a repetition of similar or equally consonants.
• Assonance - intentional harmonious repetition of vowels.

Often, alliteration and assembly are used in the works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at bringing various associations from the reader.

Acceptance of sound survey in fiction

Sounding is an artistic reception, which is the use of certain sounds in a particular order to create a specific image, that is, the selection of words imitating sounds real Mira. This technique is used in both poetry and prose.

Varieties of sound survey:

1. Assonance - translated from French means "consonance". Assonance is a repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, he is used poets in rhythm, rhyme poems.
2. Alliteration - from this reception is the repetition of consonants in the artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make a poetic speech more expressive.
3. Sound resistance - transmission by special words resembling sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in verses are very common, without them, the poetic speech would not be so melodic.

The arsenal of receptions is quite large: metaphor, oxyimer, metonymy, synengo, hyperbole, litt, allegories, comparison, epithet, allyusia, paraphrase, anaphor, epiphara, antibodies, antithesis, paronym, permutation, gradation, etc.

The metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one item (phenomenon) to another on the basis of a trait, common to both compaled members ("Speaking of Waves", "Bronze Muscles", "Store money at home - it means to freeze them!", Etc.)

Elimination is the type of metaphor, the transfer of the properties of animated objects into inanimate ("her satiety is silence").

Oxymoron (oxymoron) - ratio in contrast, combination of opposite words, connection of concepts, excluding logical ("live corpse", "Tradition of avant-garde", "Little big car" etc.).

Metonimiya is a replacement of one word to others on the basis of the connection of their meaning of adjacency ("Theater of the hands-up" - instead of "the public of the hands-up").

Synekdoka - view of the metonymy, the name of the part (smaller) instead of the whole (big) or vice versa ("my head disappeared" - instead of "I disappeared").

The hyperbole is intentional exaggeration ("blood rivers", "Mountain Mountains", "Ocean of Love", etc.).

Lithot - intentional understatement ("peasant with marigolds").

Allegory is an image of an abstract idea (concept) by image. At the same time, the relationship between the meaning is established by analogy or adjacency ("Love - Heart", "Justice - a woman with weights", etc.).

Comparison is the likelihood of one subject to another ("huge, like an elephant"). When comparing the objects, the stronger (explanatory) moves some of its positive and already known characteristics to an unknown subject (explanable). Thus, it is easier to explain unfamiliar through a friend, complex through a simple. With the help of comparisons, you can achieve greater visibility and originality.

However, the comparisons often "lame" and may be incorrectly interpreted. A person will begin to think about the explanatory subject and distract from the main plan.

It will be worthwhile to evaluate whether the object is not compared with the worst than he himself, an object, will not make a comparison of negative results. If there is doubt, it is better to abandon the use of comparison.

Epithet is a figurative definition that gives additional artistic characteristic Item (phenomena) in the form of a hidden comparison ("clean field", "Sail lonely", etc.) It should be borne in mind that small epithets weaken the text ("very", "too", "a little", "enough" etc.).

Allusion - a hint through a similarity of the word or mention of a well-known real fact, historical event, literary work, etc. ("The Secrets of the Madrid Yard").

Paraphrase is a reduced presentation, a descriptive transmission of the meaning of another expression or word ("writing these lines" - instead of "I").

AnaFora is the repetition of the same letters, the same parts of the word, whole words or phrases at the beginning of the offer ("out of politics! Out of competition!").

Epiphara is the repetition of identical words or phrases at the end of the sentence.

Anticycution - deviation from a conventional linear sequence of elements in which the sign required to understand the other precedes it, instead of following it, as a result of which the expectation effect is created ("Not such a new one, this phenomenon, referred to as patriotism" or " And what are these conversations - historical! ")

The antithesis is opposed to start, contrast. ("Small computers - for large people" company "White Wind"). For example, I. Ehrenburg often resorted to Antithese: "Workers continue to stand at the levers: cold, heat, squeal, darkness. Mr. Eastman away from the worldly bustle eats an ostrich egg. "

Paronims are words close to sound, but different in meaning ("base" and "basis", "hot" and "terrible." V.Vysotsky: "And whoever does not honor quotes, the renegade and reptile").

Permation is a change in the words involved in words. ("A heart Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Sea in the heart ").

Graduation - consistent injection or weakening of the force of homogeneous expressive agents of artistic speech ("I do not regret, I do not cry ...").

The rhetorical question is a question that does not require an answer, the question, the answer to which is known in advance, or the question that gives the answer himself asked ("And who are the judges?")

Often, phraseological groups (idioms) are effectively used - stable combinations of words, which are metaphors, figurative expressions of a certain concept or phenomenon ("Komar of the nose is not pumped", "Seven troubles - one answer", etc.)

Phraseologisms are easily recognized by the reader. With their help improves the memorability of individual phrases, the perception of the entire text.

The formation and conciseness of the text "work" and proverbs, sayings. He spoke about M. Gorky:

"It is the proverbs and sayings that express the masses thinking in completeness of particularly instructive, and beginner writers is extremely useful to get acquainted with this material not only because he teaches the words, speech compression and imagery, but why: quantitatively the prevailing population of the country of councils is the peasantry , that clay, from which history created workers, blessing, merchants, popov, officials, nobles, scientists and artists ...

I studied a lot on proverbs, otherwise - on thinking aphorisms. "

Also effective winged words. These are a lot of expressions, quotes, aphorisms who have received widespread in live speech on the rights of proverbs and sayings ("to be or not to be!", "From the dead donkey ears," and finally, I will say ", etc.).

Application of phraseological units, proverbs, sayings and winged words in texts different species Copywriting is based on the preservation of sustainable semantic and estimated associations caused. This image is not destroyed even when it is rapidly arranged by the author. At the same time, the formal, surface use of phraseological and winged words is often observed. In such cases, the meaning is completely distorted, or semantic contradictions arise.

Often the authors resort to reminiscence - reference to the famous literary facts or works. Reminiscence can be in the form of an accurate or inaccurate quotation, "quoted" or remaining implicit, subtext. Reminiscences link the text with a common cultural and social context and also allow the authors not to repeat, cost more concise description of events or facts. One of the most commonly used reminiscence is a reference to one or another fragment of the Bible text. Reminiscence is one of the favorite techniques of postmodernists.

(It is curious that, by and large, each text is a set of explicit or implicit quotes, reference to other texts.)

Unfinished proposals are successfully applied, denoted in the text of the ellipsis. The man is inherent in the desire for completion. In this regard, he tries to complete the offer and is drawn in this way in the active reading of the text.

Very often as the basis of unfinished proposals is good famous sayings, popular expressions, quotes from literary works ("Fisherman Fisherman ...", "without difficulty ...", "I gave birth to you ...", etc.) Naturally, the reader must complete the proposal of an exceptionally provided by a copywriter.

One of the frequently encountered techniques is the replay (complementary and clarifying reminders of the already said). With the help of repeats, the most important, especially significant points in the text are isolated and emphasized.

Apply in various texts and puns - a game of words based on the sound similarity of bottled words or phrases ("Osip Okharip, and the Osip archite").

The game of words can be based not only on sound content, but also on writing.

Examples of using writing words in advertising:

though Kutuur

(Sign at the store)

here it is what!

(Trading house "Oton")

Connectation is an additional, concomitant value that can inspire the desired attitude to the object. For example, Vodka "Putka", Vodka "President", "Kremlin vodka".

Additional value can change its strength over time. For example, in soviet time The word "imported" attached to the goods additional attractiveness, but over time he lost it.

Often, striving for novelty, originality, copywriters create neologisms - their own words and expressions whose unusual is clearly felt by native speakers. So, for example, the words "substance" and "degrees" came up with M. Lomonosov, "Industry" - N. Karamzin, "Pumping" - M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Stoying" - F. Dostoevsky, "Frame" - I. Northerner , "Isoremaken" - V. Khlebnikov, "Gromadier" - V. Mayakovsky, etc.

It is curious that the first "gay" in the story in the literature used Gertrud Stein. She also presented the world definition lost generation" This lesbian writer hated punctuation signs. The most famous of its quotes - "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose."

Sometimes in pursuit of originality, words are created that, without special explanation, does not understand a significant part of the audience or no one.

In cases where it is necessary to replace the rude, aggressive or too direct expression softer, euphemism is used. It is necessary to ensure that the reception does not make it difficult to perceive, did not lead to misunderstanding. After all, under one word for different people May be different.

It is used in copywriting and such a "tool" as a cauterism is a reduced, replacing regulatory, decent. For example, instead of "die" in some cases, you can write to "glue the flippers", "to discard the skates", "Play in the box", etc.

Very interesting Parium - the precision (from the word "strange"). This term introduced V. Shklovsky:

"The precance is the vision of the world with other eyes.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his own way ruined the world, he could live outside the state.

The world of poetry includes the world of spitting.

Troika Gogol, who rushes over Russia, she is Russian Troika, because it is sudden. But at the same time, she is a triple world, it suffers over Russia, and over Italy, and over Spain.

This is the movement of the new, approving literature.

New vision of the world.

Outranement is a matter of time.

Running is not only a new vision, this is a dream of a new and only because the sunny world. And a colored shirt without a belt Mayakovsky is a festive man's clothing, firmly believes in tomorrow. "

In an effort to originality, the copyrights sometimes use techniques that are more like tricks. So, for example, the writer Ernest Vincent Wright has a novel "Gedsby", consisting of more than 50,000 words. In the whole novel, there is no letter E - the most frequently found letter of the English language.

More information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaykin