Renaissance (briefly). Brief description of the Renaissance

The era of Renaissance is a sign period in the history of mankind. This is the time of changing the consciousness of people, the transition from the medieval domination of the divine cult to the desire to revive antique ideals, focus on the development of a person as a person. This is a period of extraordinary lifting of painting. This era presented us with such masters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonaroti, Rafael Santi, and other great artists. Until now, people from all over the world come to the gallery to see the paintings of these outstanding masters. There is a rise in science, which is associated with the names of Nikolai Copernicus, Jordan Bruno and Galileo Galilean.

Painting and science of the Renaissance

The main ideas of the Renaissance (Humanism, anthropocentrism, appeal to antiquity) found their expression in the art of revival (Renaissance).

Great geographical discoveries expanded the views of Europeans about the world. There was proof of the shag of the earth, the knowledge of other cultures. This time is characterized by the growth of cities, the development of manuff. All this contributed to the development of science.

Events

End of the XIII-XIV centuries. - PRATINESSANS

XV century - Early Renaissance

The end of XV is the beginning of the XVI century. - High Renaissance

The middle is the second half of the XVI century. - Late Renaissance

Damn

fine art of the Renaissance:

Building a bulk composition (three-dimension)
. Application of linear perspective
. Naturalism, imitation of nature. Interest in human anatomy
. Changing the status of the artist. The artist ceases to be an anonymous artisan
. The picturesque picture displaces the icon. There is an appeal to external subjects, visible physical vision (in contrast to the icon, for which the primary is invisible, the "insertion" meaning)
. Severe genres appear, in particular, a portrait
. Round appears (separated from the wall and intended for ferris from all sides) and nude sculpture

revival science:

Science Development About Man
. Development of mathematics and natural sciences
. Transition from pure creating experience
. Communication with practice (development of navigation, cartography, various technologies)

Participants

Leonardo da Vinci:

Sandro Botticelli:

Michelangelo Buangarrot:

Rafael Santia:

Peter Bruegel:

Albrecht Dürer:

Lucas cranes Senior:

Conclusion

The Renaissance culture originally formed in Italy in the XVI century. spread throughout Europe. The transition to Renaissance meant a new aesthetics, a new look at art, science and man himself. The ideas of Renaissance influenced the entire European culture of the new time.

At this lesson, we will talk about painting and the science of the Renaissance.

The foundation of the Renaissance was humanism. This ideological course has been put forward to the first person. Anthropocentrism (idealistic view, according to which man is the center of the Universe and the goal of all events committed in the world) opposed theocentrism (the philosophical concept, which is based on the understanding of God as absolute, perfect, the highest being, the source of life and any good) of the Middle Ages. The center of the Renaissance was Italy.

In the development of Italian visual art, the Renaissance era is distinguished several stages:

PRATINESSANCE (end of the XIII-XIV century)

Early rebirth (XV century)

High revival (the end of XV is the first third of the XVI centuries.)

Later Revival (middle and second half of the XVI century)

The first artists, the harbingers of the Renaissance, appeared in Italy at the end of the XIII century. When creating artistic powders of traditional religious themes, they began to use new artistic techniques: building a bulk composition, using the landscape in the background. This sharply distinguished them from the previous iconographic tradition, which was characterized by conventions in the image. To refer to their creativity, it is customary to use the term - pRASTORESANS.

Jotto di Bondone - The artist and architect of the Renaissance era. Among the early works, Jotto should be noted the frescoes of the Upper Church of San Francesco, which were created between 1290-1299. Since the frescoes were created by a group of craftsmen, reliable Jotto work is extremely difficult to determine. Some researchers generally deny his authorship. At about 1310, the Lower Church ranked, Jotto also participated in the painting. In the period from 1304 to 1306. Jotto created his most important work - Capella painting del Arena in Padua (Fig. 1). Located in three tiers of murals are told in the chronological order about the life of Mary and Christ. The decision of the topic in the form of a number of dramatic plots, simplicity of situations, plastic expressiveness of gestures and light color make painting the masterpiece of the prownurese painting Italy.

Fig. 1. Jotto di Bondone - Capella Del Arena painted in Padua ()

The breakdown of the painting of the Renaissance era falls on the first quarter of the XVI century. This period is called High revival. The main theme The painting of the Renaissance has become a man. Also, the painting of this era is characterized by the desire for the naturalistic image of the original, interest in the human anatomy, the appearance of images of naked natures, as well as the appearance and spread of secular genres: landscape, household painting and portrait. Even in religious art, the pictorial picture displaces the icon.

The greatest genius of revival was Leonardo da Vinci (Fig. 2) (1452-1519), connoisseur of anatomy and physics, designer and architect, sculptor and artist, musician and writer. He became the embodiment of a humanistic ideal comprehensively developed personality. He compiled projects of a submarine, aircraft and parachute. Among the works of Leonardo da Vinci became the greatest fame acquired portrait of "Mona Lisa" or "Joconda" (Fig. 3).This portrait is one of the best samples of the portrait genre of the high revival era. To this day, the picture is in Louvre (Paris, France). Also, I received fame "Vitruvian man" (Fig. 4),drawing Leonardo da Vinci. In addition to picturesque works, several ambitious frescoes of the wizard have been preserved. Picture "Last Supper" (Fig. 5) decorated the wall of one of the Milan monasteries. This picture depicts the legend, according to which Jesus gathered his disciples shortly before death and told them: "One of you betray me." The picture shows students affected by these words. Anger, despair, fright and distrust on their faces. Only Jesus is calm and searched.

Fig. 2. Self-portrait Leonardo da Vinci ()

Fig. 3. Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa (Joconda) ()

Fig. 4. Leonardo da Vinci - Vitruvian man, Gallery of the Academy, Venice ()

Fig. 5. Leonardo da Vinci - Last Supper ()

Michelangelo Buonaroti -junior contemporary Leonardo, artist, sculptor, military engineer and poet. Ingenious creation Michelangelo as an artist is painting Ceiling of the Sistine Chapels in the Vatican (Fig. 6) depicting biblical scenes. It was created from 1508 to 1512. On an area of \u200b\u200b600 square meters. m. The artist, standing on the forest, depicted hundreds of human figures performed by drama. The main section of the cycle is nine scenes from the book of "Genesis" - the first book of the Bible. Pictures are divided into 3 groups. The theme of the first group of images is the creation of the God of the Earth and Heaven, the second is the creation of Adam and Eve, the sin, expulsion from Paradise, the third - suffering that fell to the share of mankind through the history of Noah. The sequence of episodes is located in such a way that the viewer, by entering the chapel, began to consider the scenes from the altar wall. Many years later, Michelangelo returned to the painting of the Sistine Chapel, creating a grand mural "Scary Court"(Fig. 7).

Fig. 6. Michelangelo Buonaroti - the painting of the ceiling of the Sicastin Capella in the Vatican ()

Fig. 7. Michelangelo Buonaroti - a terrible court ()

Rafael Santia - The Great Italian Artist and the Architect of the High Renaissance, Contemporary Leonardo. Rafael performed various works. On the orders of Pope painted in the Vatican the rest and halls for solemn reception, designed in Rome Saint Paul's Cathedral, I was engaged in the decoration of the interiors of churches and palaces of wine. Special place in his painting occupy female images. Sistine Madonna (Fig. 8) - was written by Raphael in 1512-1513. For the altar of the Church of the Monastery of St. Sict. The picture was created by order of Pope Julia II in honor of the victory over the French, who invaded Italy. The picture shows Madonna with a baby, surrounded by Pope Sict II and St. Barbar, as well as two angels below. The figures form a triangle, and the shredded curtains only emphasize the geometric constructions of the composition. The artist's skill is that the rear background, which in the first consideration seems to be clouds, with more attentive review it turns out the heads of angels. Currently this picture is in Dresden Gallery in Germany.

Fig. 8. Rafael Santi - Sicstinskaya Madonna ()

North revival - This is a term used to describe the Renaissance in Northern Europe or throughout Europe outside Italy. In the art of the Northern Renaissance, the leading role belongs to painting. Unlike Italy, the Painting of the Northern Renaissance has long retained the traditions of Gothic art, less attention paid to the ancient heritage and the study of human anatomy. Among the outstanding German painters of the Northern Renaissance - Lukas senior cranes, his famous work is portrait of Martin Luther (Fig. 9).Also to the outstanding German artists of this era refer Albrecht Dürer. The versatile painter and the greatest master engraving, he studied the perspective and canons of the human body, trying to comprehend the laws of beauty. Its most famous engravings from the series "Apocalypse".

Fig. 9. Lucas Senior Cranes - Portrait of Martin Luther ()

Also, the era of Renaissance touched upon art Netherlands, Spain and France.

Great geographical discoveries expanded the boundaries of the lands loyal, proved the hypothesis about the shag-like form of our planet, gave new knowledge about other cultures. Growth of cities, development of manufactory production, strengthening trade relations between countries demanded the development of the exact sciences. The greatest successes were achieved in astronomy.

The Great Polish Astronomer (Fig. 10) suggested heliocentricthe world's system is the idea that the sun is a central heavenly body, around which land and other planets are drawn. He watched for 30 years behind heavenly luminais and came to the conclusion that The earth revolves around the sunand around your own axis. His heliocentric system replaced the same - geocentric - An idea of \u200b\u200bthe device of the universe, according to which the central position in the universe occupies a fixed land, around which the sun rotates, the moon, planets and stars.

Fig. 10. Nikolay Copernicus ()

It was the era of the struggle of the mind and religious dogmas. The follower of Copernicus was Jordan Bruno.. He, by the decision of the court of the Inquisition, was burned at the fire. The same fate almost suffered Galileo Galilee.However, the court of the Inquisition managed to force him to renounce his scientific views.

German astronomer Johann Kepleler. Formulated the law of the movement of planets in orbits. Each planet of the solar system is moving along the ellipse, in one of the focus of which the sun is located. Each planet of the solar system moves in the plane passing through the center of the Sun.

At this time in mathematics, trigonometry and analytical geometry occurs. Thanks to the works and works of Andreas Kezalia, the founder of the scientific anatomy of William Garvela, the founder of the embryology and physiology of Miguel Serveta ahead stepped medicine and anatomy.

RubezhXVI- XVII explosive call the beginning of the natural science revolution.

Bibliography

1. Barenboim P., Shiyan S. Michelangelo. Puzzles Capelles Medici. - M.: Word, 2006.
2. Vadushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Tutorial on the history of the new time, grade 7. - M., 2013.
3. Volynsky A.L. Life Leonardo da Vinci. - M.: Algorithm, 1997.
4. Greats E.A. Nikolai Copernicus. - M.: Science, 1982.
5. The art of early rebirth. - M.: Art, 1980.
6. History of art: Renaissance. - M.: AST, 2003.
7. Makhov A. Rafael. Young guard. 2011. (Life of wonderful people)
8. Seiler G. Leonardo da Vinci as an artist and scientist (1452-1519): experience of psychological biography / per. With Fr. - M.: Komkniga, 2007.
9. Tomtefiri A. Dzhotto: Treasury of world masterpieces / per. with IT. D. Kizilova. - M.: BMM, 2011.
10. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. The story of the new time. 1500-1800. M.: "Enlightenment", 2012.
11. Yalenko E.V. Italian revival. - M.: Olma-Press, 2005.

1. Fb.ru ().
2. Studfiles.ru ().
3. Grandars.ru ().
4. Chuchotezvous.ru ().

Homework

1. List the main features of the Renaissance era, manifested in painting.
2. What periods divided the era of the revival?
3. What famous artists of the Renaissance do you know? What pictures were them written? Have you seen any of these pictures before?
4. Tell us about the development of science in the revival era.

table of contents of spirituality. 9.3 Revival Chronologically divided into 4 stages: 1) PRASTORESANS (Treatment) - XIII century. (Two hundred years - Dusto) and the XIV century. (three hundred years - cracks); 2) Early rebirth - XV century (quatrochetto); 3) High revival - 80s. XV century - 30s. XVI in. (Chinquicato); four) Later revival - late XVI century.

At the end of the XIV - the beginning of the XV centuries. in Europe, namely - in Italy The early bourgeois culture began to form, called the Renaissance Culture (Renaissance). The term "revival" indicated the connection of the new culture with antiquity. The era of the Renaissance was characterized by many very significant changes in the mindset of people compared to the period of the Middle Ages. With the destruction of old feudal-religious representations and with the creation of a new value system that corresponded to the emerging bourgeois era was also associated with anthropocentricism. The center of the Universe is a man, Understanding as part of nature and its most perfect creation. Man as a measure of all things as heroic, independent, comprehensively developed personality, as creative power in the fight against nature and the oppression of church-feudal coercion. This leitmotif is bright reflection in all branches of art.

At the origins of the Renaissance ("early Renaissance") in Italy stood the great Dante Aligiery, the author of the "comedy", which descendants, expressing his admiration, called the "Divine Comedy". Worldwide Fame received sonnets Francesca Petrarch (1304-1374) to the life and death of Madonna Laura. The follower of Petrarki - Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), the author of the Decameron, the meetings of realistic novel, united by the general humanistic ideal and representing a single integer. The famous rebirth poets created an Italian literary language. Their essays still received wide fame not only in Italy, but also far beyond it, they entered the treasury of world literature.

The cult of beauty is characteristic of the revival, primarily the beauty of man. Italian painting, which for a while becomes a leading view of art, depicts beautiful people perfect. The painting of early rebirth is represented by the work of Botticelli (1445-1510), Jotto (1266-1337), Mazacho (1401-1428). One of the most famous sculptors of that time was Donatello (1386-1466), the author of a number of realistic works of portrait type, for the first time after antiquity introduced a naked body in sculpture. The largest architect of the early Renaissance -Bruneland (1377-1446). He sought to combine elements of ancient Roman and gothic styles, built temples, palaces, chapels.

For changing Early revival came High revival - Time of the highest flourishing of Italy's humanistic culture. It was then that the ideas about honor and dignity of man were expressed with the greatest completeness and power, his high purpose on Earth. Leonardo da Vinci called Leonardo Da Vinci (1456-1519), Rafael Santi (1483-1520), Mi-Kelamgelo Buonotti (1475-1564).

Humanistic movement is recognized as a pan-European phenomenon. In the XV century Humanism goes beyond the limits of Italy and quickly applies to all Western European countries. Each country had its own characteristics in the formation of a culture of revival, their national achievements, their leaders.

In Germany The ideas of humanism become known in the middle of the XV century, providing a strong impact on university circles and progressive intelligentsia. The Outstanding Representative of the German Humanistic Literature was Johann Reichlin (1455-1522), striving to show the divine in the very man. He is the author of the famous satirical work of "letters of dark people", in which a string of ignorant, dark people - masters and bachelors, having, by the way, scientific degrees. During the period of reform, a talented poet of Hans Sax (1494-1576) was allocated (1494-1576), who wrote a variety of output fables, songs, Schwwanks, etc.

The heyday has reached visual art. The famous painter and Engraver Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) worked in this area - the founder and the largest representative of the German Renaissance, North Leonardo da Vinci, artists Hans Gol-Bain Jr. (1497-1543), Lucas Senior Cranes (1472-1553) .

The largest representative of the Renaissance culture in Netherlands There was Erazm Rotterdam (1496-1536). The importance of the works of this great humanist and the enlightement, including its famous "folly praise", for the education of freedomiff, a critical attitude towards scholasticism, superstition is truly invaluable. Satirical works of it received broadly fame in Germany, France, Spain, England. Excellent in shape, deep in content, they have been finding their reader for more than one century.

In England An Oxford University was considered to be the middlewitch of humanistic ideas, which read the lectures of the Advanced Scientists of that time - Grosin, Linakr, Kolts. The development of humanistic views in the sphere of social philosophy is associated with the name of Thomas Mora (1478-1535), the author of "Utopia", which submitted to the reader's court perfect, in his opinion, human society. The greatest figure of the English Renaissance is William Shakespeare (1564-1616), the creator of the world famous tragedies "Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello", historical plays "Heinrich IV", Richard III, sonnets.

Revival B. Spain It was more controversial character than in other European countries: many humanists did not speak here against Catholicism and the Catholic Church. Knight's novels received widespread, as well as Plutovskiy. In this genre, Fernando de Rojas, the author of the famous tragicomedy "Selestin" (written Ok. 1492- 1497). This line continued and developed the great Spanish writer Miguel de Servantes (1547- 1616), the author of the immortal "Don Quixote", Satir Satiro de Cuevedo writer (1580 - 1645), who created the famous novel "The History of the Life of Persudi". The founder of the Spanish National Drama is the Great Lope de Vega (1562-1635), the author of more than 1,800 literary works, including such as the "dog on Seine", "Dance Teacher". Significant success reached Spanish painting. A special place in it is occupied by El Greco (1541-1614) and Diego Velasquez (1599-1660), whose work has enormous influence on the development of painting in European countries.

In France Humanistic movement begins to spread only at the beginning of the XVI century. An outstanding representative of French humanism is Francois Rabl (1494-1553), the author of the Satyric novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel". In the center of poetic themes -domantic feelings, chanting love. The sonnets of Pierre Ronsar (1524-1580), called the "Prince of Poets", which had a very strong impact on the development of poetry in general, are indicative in this regard. The largest representative of the culture of France XVI century. There was Michel de Monten (1533-1592). The main work of his work is "experiments" - presented reflections on philosophical, historical, ethical topics.

Thus, Renaissance presented with world culture a huge pleiad of talented scientists, figures of literature and art. Among them: Philosophers and scientists - Nikolai Kuzansky, Picodella Miran Dolla, Bruno, Galilee, Machiavelli, Campanella, Monten, Munzer, Kepleler, Paracels, Copernicus; Writers and poets - Dante, F. Petrarka, J. Bokcachcho, E. Rotterdam, Rabl, Cervantes, Shakespeare; Outstanding architects, sculptors, painters - N. Pisano, Donatello, A. Rossenelino, S. Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Georgeon, Titian, Michelangelo, X. Bosch, A. Durer, etc.

However, in the culture of revival, along with the progressive elements of humanism and realism, there are medieval remnants. It is enough to remember the big role that theology and scholasticism played throughout the renaissance. In order to penetrate the essence of the culture and art of this era, it is necessary to clearly imagine contradictions and contrasts, of which it is worn, - resistant freedom and slavery, rationalism and magic, sensuality and asceticism.

Questions for self-test:

Call the main features of the culture of the Renaissance. Give the characteristic of the art of the Northern Renaissance. Why do D. Aligiery call "the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of the new time"? What is anthropocentrism? Why is the humanism of the Renaissance Epoch?

Terms:

Anthropocentrism - The type of worldview, according to which man is the center of the Universe and the ultimate goal of the whole universe.

Asceticism - Restriction or suppression of sensual, bodily desires to achieve the focus of spirit, freedom from material needs, gaining supernatural abilities.

Humanism - The totality of ideas and views, approve of human value, regardless of his public situation, and the right personality on the free development of their creative forces.

Madonna - The name of Our Lady of Catholics and its picturesque or sculptural image.

Values - collectively and individually developed definitions of world objects aimed at identifying their cultural significance for humans and society.

Revival Chronologically divided into 4 stages: 1) PRASTORESANS (Treatment) - XIII century. (two hundred years - dRUCHOT) and
XIV. (three hundred years - trecento); 2) Early rebirth - XV century (Kvate-Rochitto); 3) High revival - 80s. XV century - 30s.
XVI in. (Chinquicato); 4) Later revival - until the end of the XVI century.

At the end of the XIV - the beginning of the XV centuries. in Europe, namely - in Italythe early bourgeois culture began to form, called the Renaissance Culture (Renaissance). The term "revival" indicated the connection of a new culture with antiquity. The era of the Renaissance was characterized by many very significant changes in the mindset of people compared with the period of the Middle Ages. With the destruction of old feudal-religious ideas and with the creation of a new value system that corresponded to the bourgeois era, was also associated anthropocentrism. The center of Mi-Jobs announced a man Understandable as part of nature and the most advanced creation. Man as a measure of all things as heroic, independent, comprehensively developed personality, as creative power in the fight against nature and the oppression of church-feudal coercion. This leitmotif is bright reflection in all branches of art.

At the origins of the Renaissance ("early Renaissance") in Italy stood great Dante Aligiery, The author of the "comedy", which later, expressing his admiration, called the "Divine Comedy". Worldwide Fame received sonnets Francesca Petraska(1304-1374) on the life and death of Madonna Laura. Petrarca follower - Giovanni Bokcchcho (1313-1375), the author of the Decameron, the assembly of realistic novel, united by a common gu-manistic ideal and representing a single integer. An Italian literary language created a narught poets of Renaissance. Their essays were still widely known in Italy, but also far beyond its borders, entered the treasury of world literature.

For revival, characteristic beauty cult First of all, the beauty of man. Italian painting, which at the time is becoming a leading view of art, depicts beautiful people. The painting of early rebirth is represented by the work of Botticelli (1445-1510), Jotto (1266-1337), Mazacho (1401-1428). One of the most famous sculptors of that time was Donatello (1386-1466), the author of a number of realistic works of portrait type, for the first time after the antiquity pre-put the naked body in the sculpture. The largest architect-torus of the early Renaissance - Bruneland (1377-1446). He straightened to combine the elements of the ancient Roman and Gothic styles, built temples, palaces, chapels.

For changing Early revival came High revival - Time of the highest flourishing of Italy's humanistic culture. It was then that with the greatest completeness and strength of the ideas about honor and dignity of a person, his high intention on earth. Titans of high revival called Leonardo da Vinci (1456-1519), Rafael Santia (1483-1520), Mi-Kelamgelo Buonotti (1475-1564).

Humanistic movement is recognized as a pan-European phenomenon. In the XV century Humanism goes beyond the limits of Italy and quickly spread-wounded in all Western European countries. Each country had its own characteristics in the formation of a culture of revival, their national achievements, their leaders.

In Germany The ideas of humanism become known in the middle of the XV century, providing a strong impact on university circles and pro-gressed intelligentsia. An outstanding representative of the German humanistic literature was Johann Reichlin (1455-1522), striving to show the Divine in the very man. He is the author of the famous satirical work of the "letters of dark people," in which the string of ignorant, dark people - masters and bachelors, having, by the way, are learned. During the Reformation period, the talented poet of Hans Sax (1494-1576) was highlighted (1494-1576), which wrote a lot of edging fables, songs, Schwwanks, etc.

The heyday has reached visual art. In this area worked the famous painter and engraver Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) - Founder and the largest representative of the German WHO, "Northern Leonardo da Vinci", artists Hans Gol-Bain Jr. (1497-1543), Lucas Senior (1472-1553).

The largest representative of the Renaissance culture in Nether-Landakh Was Erasmus Rotterdamsky (1496-1536). The importance of production of this great humanist and the enlightener, including its famous "stupidity praise", to educate freedomiff, critical attitude towards scholasticism, superstition is truly neo-valimo. Satirical works of it received broadly fame in Germany, France, Spain, England. Excellent in shape, deep in content, they are already one hundred years ago find their reader.

In England An Oks-Ford University was considered to be the medium inheritance of humanistic ideas in which the advanced learning lectures were lectured - Grosin, Linakr, Kolts. The development of humanist expressions in the field of social philosophy is related to Thomas Mora (1478-1535), the author of "Utopia", which submitted to the reader's court perfect, in his opinion, human society. The greatest figure of the English Renaissance - William Shakespeare(1564-1616), the creator of the world famous tragedies "Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello", historic plays "Heinrich IV", "Richard III", sonnetov.

Revival B. Spain There was more controversial characteristics than in other European countries: many humanists did not speak here against Catholicism and the Catholic Church. Shi-rock distribution received knightly novels, as well as Plo-Tovskiy. For the first time, Fernando de Rojas, Av-Mount of the famous tragicomedy "Selestin" (written Ok. 1492- 1497). This line continued and developed the Great Spanish Writer Miguel de Servantes (1547- 1616), author of the immortal "Don Quixote", Satir Satiro de Cuevedo writer (1580 - 1645), who created the famous novel "The History of the Life of Passion". The founder of the Spanish National Drama - the Great Lope de Vega (1562-1635), author of more than 1800 literary products, including such as "Dog in Seine", "Dance Teacher".

Significant success reached Spanish painting. A special place in it is occupied by El Greco (1541-1614) and Diego Velasquez (1599-1660), whose work has enormous influence on the development of painting in European countries.

In France Humanistic movement begins to spread only at the beginning of the XVI century. An outstanding representative of Fran-Tsuz Humanism - Francois Rabla (1494-1553), author of the satyrian novel "Gargantua and Pantagruel". In the center of poetic topics - romantic feelings, chanting love. Snow Saunets are indicative Pierre Ronsara (1524-1580), called "Prince of Poets", which had a very strong influence on the development of poetry in general. The largest representative of the culture of France XVI century. Was Michelle de Monten. (1533-1592). The main work of his work - "experiments" - was a role-thinking into philosophical, historical, ethical topics.

Thus, Renaissance presented the world culture a huge pleiad talented scientists, literature and artist leaders. Among They are: philosophers and scientists - Nikolay Kuzansky, Picodella Mirandola, Bruno, Galilee, Machiavelli, Campanella, Montaen, Munzer, Kepler, Paracels, Copernicus; Writers and poets - Dante, F. Petrarka, J. Bokcachcho, E. Rotterdam, Rabl, Cervantes, Shakespeare; Outstanding architects, sculpto-ry, painters - N. Pisano, Donatello, A. Rossenelino, S. Bot-Tichelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Georgeon, Titian, Michelangelo, X. Bosch, A. Durer, etc.

However, in the culture of the Renaissance, along with progressive elements of humanism and realism, there are medieval PE-models. It is enough to remember the big role that theology and scholasticism played in the taking of the entire Renaissance. In order to penetrate the essence of the culture and art of this era, it is necessary to clearly imagine contradictions and contrasts, of which it is worn, is the contradictions of freedom and slavery, rational-lizma and magic, sensuality and asceticism.

The world of the Renaissance

Objectives: characterize the development trends of European art in the XVI-XVII centuries; Determine the similarities and differences in the creative method of creators of high revival art; To form and develop the ability to work with various historical sources, use them when preparing messages and presentations.

Planned results: Get acquainted with the cultural achievements of the Renaissance; form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe works of the art of the era studying; Estimate the influence of the ideas of Humanists on the work of the Renaissance Epoch culture; give the detailed characteristics of historical personnel; learn to justify your judgments; work with additional sources of information, create a presentation; Develop interprecotement with a course of literature, world artistic culture.

Relations , values , internal installations: to assess the activities of the creators of the art of the Renaissance, the moral values \u200b\u200bthat they were guided; Express your attitude to the works of the Age of the Renaissance.

Equipment: Map "Europe in the XVI-XVII century", multimedia equipment, portraits of cultural workers of the Renaissance, Reproduction of paintings, Package with test tasks.

Type of lesson: The lesson of the general flow rate.

During the classes

Organizing time

Actualization of reference knowledge

Messages of students about the life and views of the Humanists of the New Time.

(Collective discussion of messages. Perform test tasks.)

Peru Erasma Rotterdam has an essay:

"Praise wisdom" 3) "Praise fools"

"Praise stupidity" 4) "Praise Fools"

F. Rabl 3) M. Monten.

T. MOR 4) J. Morelli

Roman "Gargantua and Pantagruel" wrote:

M. Servantes 3) T. Ma

M. Monten 4) F. Rabla

Literal translation of the word "Utopia":

best place 3) earth of the future

new place 4)place not

The painting of the Sistine Chapels in the Vatican was charged:

Michelangelo

Leonardo da Vinci

Rafael

Hans Holbein younge

Lord-Chancellor of the English kingdom was:

Erasmus Rotterdam 3) F. Rabl

T. Ma. 4) M. Monten

The term "utopia" introduced:

T. Ma. 3) F. Campanella

F. Rabl 4) N. Makiavelli

Thomas Mor lived in:

Germany 3) Netherlands

France 4) England

(Check job execution.)

Motivational target stage

XVI-XVII centuries. There were an epoch of humanism. The ideals of human scientists were reflected in the works of the Renaissance Epoch art. This period was called the Titanan Epoch. What contribution to world art culture made the creators of the Renaissance? Find out this during our lesson. The subject of the lesson: "The World of Renaissance Art Culture". Lesson plan

The era of titans.

Northern revival. "Men's painter."

Leonardo da Vinci from Germany.

On the way to immortality, work on the subject of the lesson

"What a miracle of nature man!"

Presentation of students on Renaissance culture figures (W. Shakespeare and M. Servantes).

Working with § 8-9 textbook (p. 75-77), fill in the table.

Country

Work

Content of creativity

William

Shakespeare

(1564-1616)

England

"Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "Othello", "King LIR", etc.

Shakespeare's comedies are striking by their liveliness, sparkling wit. There are many beautiful, wise and proud people in his tragedies. Heroes love and suffer, make mistakes, disappointed, fight for their happiness and most often in this struggle lose

Miguel

Servantes.

(1547-1616)

SPE

nia

"Don Quixote"

For outwardly ridiculous actions of the insane Don Quixote - wisdom, nobility and humanity; The last knight of good in the world of injustice helps people become a little better

Titanan era

Leonardo da Vinci

A real monument of what is Leonardo as an artist as a scientist, as an inventor, as an engineer, are his records. In these records a huge number of sketches, drawings, sketches, in them an inexhaustible supply of scientific ideas and technical intentions.

It is possible without exaggeration to say that there is not a single branch of science, in which Leonardo would not have the new ways. His testing mind penetrated everywhere. In all sectors of science, he made attempts to turn to a new way what was done before him. But mankind took advantage of the minimum share of what he thought of Leonardo, because everything he wrote remains buried in his records.

His literary inheritance, in the form of a huge number of codes and foliants, passed after his death to his student Francesco Meld, who chose from the written Leonardo part of what was believed to painting, and made the book that is now known under the heading " Treatises about painting. " After the death of Francesco, the precious Leonard folirates were alone abandoned in the attic of that very Villavaprio, where Leonardo in 1506-1512 spent so many happy days. Then they were cleared. In the continuation of the centuries, these manuscripts, entire codes and individual sheets, walked through the light. Now they are focused on different European storage facilities. Part of them are already published, and they are all thoroughly studied. But while they were under proud, scientific thought continued to work, and most of the discoveries and inventions Leonardo glorified other scientists.

Only a small share of his inheritance, which accidentally fell into the hands of those who know people in the nearest years after his death, was directly contribution to science. Belzaly knew the anatomical records of Leonardo, if not entirely, then some part of them. Similarly, the famous Mathematician Jirolamo Cardano managed to take advantage of some mathematical ideas of Leonardo.

Leonardo denied all kinds of authorities. He completely discarded religious criteria, which at that time were still dominant in the scientific field. He insisted that all scientific position should be checked by experience, and it was its main methodological thesis. The experience in his eyes was the only decisive test of scientific truth. Therefore, science with full right to honor in Leonardo not only one of the greatest painters, but also one of the first pioneers of true scientific methods.

(Jivelegov A. "Leonardo da Vinci")

About David Michelangelo Buonotti

Michelangelo climbed the wax model, thinking in it as the Palace emblem of Young David with Prashoy in his hand, so that it is like David defended his people and rightly managed it, and the rulers of this city [Florence! He was defended by him and managed to manage him ... The marble was already spoiled and dismissed by Master Simon, and in some places it was not enough for Michelangelo to do what he was thinking. On the surface of the marble, he had to leave the first cuts of the Master Simon, so now some of them are visible, and, of course, a real miracle committed Michelangelo, reviving what was dead.

Meanwhile, it happened that Pierre Solerian, looking up on the statue, he really liked him, said Michelangelo, who at this time she was separated that his nose, in his opinion, was great for her: Michelangelo, noting that Gonfalon'er was standing under his giant and the point of view was deceiving him, got to please him, on the leverage of the statue and, having risen the cutter, which he kept in his left hand, a little marble dust from the ledges, began to gradually sink dust down, working as if other incisors, but Not touching the nose. Then, hitting the gonfalkonee, who watched him, he said: "Well, look at him now." "Now I like more," Gonfalon'er said, "you revived him." Michelangelo then descended from the walkways, to himself on him fonding and regretting people who, wanting to shoot themselves with connoisseurs, they say that they themselves do not understand. When the statue was established finally, he revealed it, and truly creation, it eclipsed all the well-known statues, new and ancient, whether Greek or Roman ... with such proportionality and beauty, with such goodness he graduated from Michelangelo.

About the painting of the Sicstinian chapel

When the work was brought to half, dad [Julius II], who had not been lazzly before, with the help of Michelangelo on the lampsies, to bring to her, demanded that it was revealed, since it was a hurried and impatient, and could not wait for it, When it is completed, that is, as they say, the last blow of the brush.

And as soon as she was revealed, to look at her all Rome gathered and first of all Dad, who could not wait for the dust after removing the forests. Seeing her, and Rafael Urbinsky, who imitated very perfectly, immediately changed his manner and immediately wrote, in order to show that he was able to, prophets and Siville in Santa Maria Della Page; Then Bramante tried to achieve the second half capella dad gave rise to Rafael ... But Dad, in the abilities of Michelangelo every day, who failed more and more, wished him to continue his work; For, seeing the work revealed, he judged that the second half could reach Michelangelo even better: and indeed, he had his job to the end of perfection for twenty months alone, even without the help of those who rub his paints. Nevertheless, Michelangelo had to sometimes complain about how having rushed his dad to the annoying requests, when he graduated, without giving him to finish in his own way, as he wanted. And on one of numerous requests, he once replied that the end would be when he himself would be satisfied with his art. [Michelangelo] had to write with her head thrown up, and he spoiled his eyesight so that several months could not read written and consider drawings ... After all, the slope from every day the desire to create, accumulating and improving the created, he did not notice fatigue And did not care about the amenities.

(Vasari J. "The lives of the most famous painters, scratchners, and architects")

"Sicstinskaya Madonna" Rafael

Sicstinskaya Madonna was ordered by Raphael as an altar image for the chapel of the monastery of St. Sict in Piacense. This is the most famous picture of Raphael. The artist created it in 1515-1519. It seems that the curtain has just moved away and the eyes of believers opened the celestial vision - Easily stepping on the cloud of Virgo Mary with a baby Jesus in his arms. The picture reigns a measure. Balance and harmony. It is distinguished by smooth and rounded lines, a soft and melodic pattern, wealth and compatibility of color. Madonna itself emits energy and movement. This work Rafael created the most exalted and poetic image of Madonna in the art of Renaissance. She goes to people, young and magnifying, something anxious hopping in his soul; The wind pegs his child's hair, and his eyes look at us, on the world with such a great strength and with such an insight, as if he sees his fate, and the fate of the whole human race. Her view, directed through the viewer, is full of anxious foresight of the tragic fate of the Son. Madonna's face is the embodiment of an antique ideal of beauty in conjunction with the spiritualness of the Christian ideal. This is not a reality, but a spectacle. No wonder the artist himself spread the heavy curtain in the picture. The spectacle, transforming reality in the greatness of things, wisdom and beauty, the spectacle, towering the soul of its absolute harmony, conquering and refining us.

The enthusiastic lines of such different writers and critics are devoted to this picture as V.A. Zhukovsky, V.G. Belinsky, N.P. Ogarev. Two Great Russian Writers, L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky, had the reproductions of the "Sicstinian Madonna" in their work offices. "One picture I wanted to be forever the viewer ..." said Pushkin about her. Dostoevsky saw the highest measure of human nobility, the highest manifestation of human genius in the Sistinian Madonna.

Country

Work

Content of creativity

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Italy

"Madonna Litta", "Joconda", "Last Supper", etc.

Leonardo was a brilliant painter and an insightful researcher. Long experiments taught him to depict the volume with the finest shades, the game of light. He was able to show the world, inaccessible fantasy of a simple mortal

Figure

Country

Work

Content of creativity

Michel

angelo

Buonarrit

(1475-1564)

Italy

"David", "Moses", "Pieta", the painting of the Sistine Chapel, the dome of St. Peter's temple in Rome IT. d.

He considered the sculpture "first of the arts", better than all the glorifying man, his beauty. David was supposed to remind the authorities about the fair government and courageous protection of the city. The painting of the Dome of the Sistine Chapel is a few plots from the Book of Genesis

Raphael

Santi

(1483-1520)

Italy

"Madonna

unstable ",

"Sicstinskaya

madonna, "

"Athenian

school ", etc.

The world in the paintings of Raphael looks perfect and beautiful, harmonious and calm

Northern revival. "Men's painter"

Presentation of students about Renaissance culture figures (Peter Bruegel Senior).

Country

Work

Content of creativity

Peter Bruegel Senior (Menitsky) (between 1525 and 1530-1569)

Nether

lands

"Peasant Dance", Series "Seasons" ("Harvest", "Return of Hunters")

Manytsky nusted for love for the image of commoners and folk scenes. In the awkward movements and the clumsy figures of the characters of the elder's Breygel, their rustic faces are guessed by the power and power of the people

4. Leonardo da Vinci from Germany

Presentation of students about Renaissance culture figures (Albrecht Durer).

- Working S.§ 8-9 textbooks (p. 83-85), fill in the table.

Figure

Country

Work

Content of creativity

Albrecht

Dürer

(1471-1528)

German

nia

Self-portrait, "Apocalypse" series

Argued a humanistic understanding of the person, a sense of self-esteem, the desire to see in artists not artisans, but thinkers

Working with § 8-9 textbook (p. 81-83), fill out a table on the way to immortality

Approximate response content

As in painting and sculpture, in music, works began to turn to human feelings. Wide development and distribution receive secular works. The rules of good tone prescribed young people from wealthy families to be able to play musical instruments.

Paints of truth

Presentation of students about Renaissance culture figures (Hans Golbien Jr., Rembrand, Velasquez).

Working with § 8-9 textbook (p. 87-90), fill in the table.

Country

Work

Content of creativity

Hans

Golbaine

Jr

(1497-1543)

German

nia

Portraits HenryVIII, Erasmus Rotterdamsky, illustrations to the "praise of nonsense"

For the impermeability and balance of people's images, the individuality, complexity and inconsistency of human nature are clearly attracted

Rembrandt Harmene Van Rhine (1606-1669)

Nether

lands

"Return of the Prodigal Son", "Portrait of an old man in red" and so on.

Rembrandt tried to transfer human mental state on the canvas, skillfully mentioned the features, characteristic gestures and postures

Diego.

Velasquez.

(1599-1660)

SPE

nia

Portraits

spanish

aristocracy,

"Breakfast",

"Straight"

The artist accurately reproduces the details of the clothing, the poses of the courtest know, the nature of his characters. Pictures dedicated to common people reflect the nobility of workers

Fixing the material studied

Check how well you learned the new material.

Name the literary works of early new time.("Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Don Quixote » and etc.)

Why is the revival called the Titanan Epoch? (Many art creators of this period, nature generously endowed versatile talents.)

What was the famous Lorenzo? (Lorenzo magnificent composed funny dance melodies for folk festivities. Why did Peter Bruegel senior got the nickname "Men's painter"? (For love for the image of commoners and folk scenes.)

Summing up the lesson

The era of the Renaissance made a huge contribution to the world artistic culture. The works of great masters of literature, painting, sculptures and music became a model for imitation and source for the work of subsequent generations. They constitute the treasury of humanity.

2. The overall characteristic of the Great Epoch.
The Renaissance (Renaissance) era, covering the period from the XIV to the beginning of the XVII centuries, falls on the last century of medieval feudalism. The Renaissance has a great influence on the further development of culture and philosophy.
Renaissance figures themselves opposed the new era of medieval as a period of darkness and ignorance. But the peculiarity of this time is rather not the movement of civilization against wildness, culture - against barbarism, knowledge - against ignorance, and manifestation of another civilization, other culture and other knowledge.
The era of the Renaissance is a coup primarily in the value system, in assessing all things and the attitude towards it. The conviction arises in the fact that a person is the highest value. Such a look at the person led to the most important feature of the Renaissance culture - the development of individualism in the sphere of the worldview and the comprehensive manifestation of individuality in public life.
One of the characteristic features of the spiritual atmosphere of this time was a noticeable revival of secular moods.
The secular nature is inherent in such a bright phenomenon of the culture of revival, like humanism. In the broad sense of the word humanism is an image of thinking, which proclaims the idea of \u200b\u200bthe human benefit the main goal of social and cultural development and defends the value of man as a person. He arose in the rebirth era.
The era of the Renaissance appeals to antiquity, especially in filled with the ideas of humanity lateant teachings. But the very understanding of humanity is significantly overwhelmed. The ancient world estimated the individual not in his quality of the individual, but as a carrier of something universal, for example, virtue, but regenerate antiquity saw in an individual as an individual unique expression of the universe, i.e. Something unique, indispensable and infinitely significant. Man like a microcosm in itself is a source of knowledgeIt contains some congenital ideas. The idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a small space is expressed in Anaximna, Heraclita, Democritus, Plato. But the man in Greek philosophers is not equal and is not identical to space. He is most likely part of the cosmic order.
The revival of antiquity, in fact, gave the name of the whole epoch, because Renaissance and translates as "revival".
Artists and sculptors sought in their work to naturalness, to the realistic reconstruction of peace and man. The classic statues and the anatomy of the person were studied. Artists began to use the perspective, abandoning the planar image.
Scientific and technical discoveries, such as the invention of typography, contributed to the spread of new ideas. Gradually, new ideas captured throughout Europe.
Philosophy occupies a special place in the spiritual culture of this time, and it is inherent in all those features mentioned above. The most important feature of the Revival Philosophy - antishastic orientation of views and essays of thinkers of this time. Another characteristic feature - creating a new pantheistic picture of the world identifying God and nature.
Finally, if the philosophy of the Middle Ages is aocentric, then the characteristic feature of the philosophical thought of revival - anthropocentrism. Man is not only the most important object of philosophical consideration, but also the central link of Space Being. Christianity was also an athillocentric in the sense that the whole world was understood as created by God above all for a person. However, a specific feature of a religious monotheistic worldview was the idea of \u200b\u200boblivion, understood in the spirit of Christian mysticism. Mysticism was that the connection with God occurs as a result of the conciliation of the Divine Grace, the perception of the divine energies as a result of the mood of the Spirit.
Humanism changed the point of view. The man was put in the center as a creature, similar to God as a result of his own creative abilities.. Antropocentrism meant replacing the concept of oblivion by the concept of man deification, his maximum rapprochement with God on the paths of creative activity.
3. Stages of the development of revival
Early rebirth
The era of the revival is considered transitional from the Middle Ages to a new time. During this period, changes in economic and cultural life occur.
Unite the culture of various European peoples ideas of humanism. Principle Humanism, i.e. Higher cultural and moral development of human abilities,the most fully expresses the main orientation of the European Culture of the XIV-XVI centuries. The ideas of humanism capture all sectors of society - merchant circles, religious spheres, folk masses. There is a new secular intelligentsia. Humanism approves faith in the limitless possibilities of a person. Personality, mighty and beautiful, becomes the center of the ideological sphere.
During the heyday of humanism, science, poetry, architecture, visual arts reached the unprecedented scope. Many rulers have become patron sratis. These people often combined the features of monstrous villains and subtle connoisseurs of the beautiful; Good and evil in the Renaissance era were intertwined in the most bizarre way.
The art of revival was a kind of synthesis of antique physical beauty and christian spirituality.
Renaissance culture originated in Italy. Italian revival is divided into four stages: PRATINESSANS (TREATMENT) - the second half of the XIII - XIV century; Early revival - XV century; High revival - end XV - the first third of the XVI century; Later revival - the end of the XVI century.
High revival
In the XVI century in Italy, Renaissance art entered the highest flourishing phase. The art of Italy at this time is difficult and controversial. At this time, the highest takeoff of art based on the traditions of humanistic culture occurs. And at the same time, new artistic phenomena arise, expressing the collapse of humanistic ideals, which gave way to manherism, which extends in many European countries.
The Masters of High Revival sought to achieve in their works of harmonic synthesis of the most beautiful aspects of reality.
In the period when Italy joined the highest stage of heyday, the Northern Revival begins. The philosophical basis of the Northern Renaissance was Pantheism, which was given by God in nature and showing it divine attributes. The pantheists believed that every piece of nature is worthy of the image, because it has a particle of God.
Later revival. Crisis of humanism
Later, the revival is characterized by the crisis of the idea of \u200b\u200bhumanism and the consciousness of the prosperity of the developing bourgeois society. Disappointment of humanists comes from the grand inconsistency of reality with renaissance ideas about a person. By the end of the XVI century. This disappointment has become widespread. The crisis of humanism was agreed gradually, arising in his depth. Humanistic aspiration was expressed in the results, unexpected for the Humanists themselves. So, in the first half of the XVI century. The composition of Copernicus on the heliocentric system is published. Land ceased to be the center of the Universe. The man became small and lost in the endless universe.
The crisis of humanism also expressed in the creation of utopia.
In the art of Western Europe, the features of the humanism crisis affected the emergence of Academism and Manherism. It marked the gap between art and science, beauty and benefit, between the spiritual and physical life of a person. The works of artists violated the principles of equilibrium and harmony, characteristic of the art of high revival. This direction got the name of mannerism. For mature mannerism, the desire to breathe out of life, put the art above reality.
4. Humanistic idea and representatives of the Renaissance
The term "Humanism" comes from Latin "Humantias", which means "humanity". This term used even in I century. BC e. Famous Roman Orator Cicero. For him, Humantias is the upbringing and education of a person first of all contributing to its elevation. In improving the human spiritual nature, the main role was assigned a complex of disciplines consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, ethics. It was these disciplines that began to be called "Humanitarian" in the Renaissance Epoch, and those today.
The Poet and Philosopher Francesco Petrack (1304-1374) is unanimously considered the Humanism. In his work - the beginning of many paths that the development of Renaissance culture in Italy went. In the treatise "On ignorance of his own and many others", he strongly rejects the scholastic scholarship inherent in the medieval.
etc.................