Arguments for the composition of the exam. Arguments on the topic "Language" to the composition of the exam

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Favorite heroes of Tolstoy do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they act in the name of it. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded in the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the heroes think of themselves as patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives for the sake of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's greatcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland.

NS. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic, consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being held captive by the Tatars, he never for a minute forgets that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives for his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily goes to recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He emerges from all life trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his publicistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafyev talked about how he rested in the southern sanatorium. Plants from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birches, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and recalled his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The Legend of Pandora's Box.
The woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful Doctor".
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of elders, sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ...

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story of V.G. Rasputin taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, sympathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The great Emperor Alexander II was taught by the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, the desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather.

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude, self-esteem.

Leo Tolstoy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The Thirteenth Feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to study, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Improper upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of the Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong parenting.

B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying"
Dr. Jansen died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Self-sacrifice of Margarita for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with a dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of just power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders." If I tell my general to turn into a sea gull, - he used to say, - and if the general does not obey the order, it will not be his fault, but mine. " ...

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and leaves. Only music and love affirm the true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Minor"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. Tolstoy image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his beloved heroes away from the "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. "Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth," the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the Tran.

Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He has influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw, heard what an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and his high appointment was in the poems "The Prophet", "The Poet", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands." Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Chudik"
"Chudik" is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. Chudik reflects on the problems of concern to humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What are good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought a gift of a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he mines this metal from the clay-sting earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that man suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to its opening, the yield has increased sharply, people have ceased to be afraid of hunger.
• Prominent scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died of blood poisoning.
• An English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: "It cannot be, because I already had cowpox." The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to an ingenious discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among the commoners, but also among the people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in humans. The same Charlemagne, during the campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly inscribed letters.
• For millennia, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at the familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many calamities have been brought to people by their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: illness of a child, death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, loss of any thing - everything was explained by the origin of evil spirits. A fierce witch-hunt began, and bonfires burned. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in human development. There is a curious legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once talking with a stranger young man, Socrates asked him where to go to get flour and butter. Young Xenophon replied briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: "What about wisdom and virtue?" The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" - promised Socrates. And he connected the long-term path to truth with a strong friendship between the famous teacher and his student.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for serf structures and physics, giving only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lectured students in physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an annoying scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and the new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by an electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed the horse than to change the zinc in the battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to contemplate the possibilities that will open before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu was carrying a stalk of coffee in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm nearly smashed it on the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the tackle was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely keeping his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
The inner conviction of the correctness of their moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "The Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​perish. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "The Tsar is a Fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish" the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on the hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing that how little he has done for other people. This meeting changes the hero morally.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with morally punishing power, it is capable not only of defending itself, but also of not retribution. The fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", serves as an illustration of the punishing power. This hero is not a punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and towards nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it is not conscious of its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home that requires a careful attitude towards itself, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The protagonist, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees in him a "new" person: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• The novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" raises the actual topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Communication with the outside world helps Arkady to heal his emotional wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov felt bad, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired comfort or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Block
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help in this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Vast distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Don't Shoot White Swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows along rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the author's idea about the responsibility of man for nature is also expressed. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, worries about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives quietly, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not violate the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story "Belogrudok", the children killed a brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on all the surrounding world, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a rifle charge

Ch.Aitmatov "Plakha"
Man destroys the multicolored and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's “sweet ideal” Tatiana felt herself to be a part of nature (“She loved to warn the dawn of the sunrise on the balcony ...”) and therefore showed herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken knot. You see the light jump of the squirrel. I would like not only to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she has seen. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself to it, indulging in sad thoughts that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently took place in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V.I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
Writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village man with the natural world, therefore his story "Ivan's memory" is so touching. In this small piece, the Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the protagonist of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bush, the magpie every year began to make a nest, and the magpies began to hatch. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the telnik became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes you can take shelter from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
A close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with the changes in his mood. So, considering the scene of the duel, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and the feelings of Pechorin is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “shining brightly”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed to Grigory “dull”, and its rays “did not warm”. The nature is not only the experience of the heroes, but is also one of the protagonists. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for the long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the inner state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example the anti-utopian novel "We" by E. Zamyatin. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the One State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Hourly Tablet. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin tried to express the indissolubility of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the XX century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem "Goy you, Russia, my dear" the poet renounces paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock above the eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very realization of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets have turned to her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng" the heroes know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is a person who must do everything so that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in the Notes of a Hunter. He did this with keen observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily recognizing and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with mother - nature and dreamed that "every man" would live in contentment and justice. It would not hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization. Such consequences can lead to thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Plakha"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Plakha" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of a person. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum Savannah is a global issue, not a local issue.

A closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the One State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "Resistance of human nature". In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who undergoes the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the personality and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in the most diverse at first glance works ... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped in its development, plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B.Vasiliev "Not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to the lot of the main character Andrei Sokolov, he always remained faithful to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke the spiritual strength in him or eradicated the sense of duty in him.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the hero's nobility. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrew always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Glukhoman"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" are striving to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has gone from our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral deafness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and being refused, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricked Pierre into marrying himself, then lying to him all the time, being a wife, dishonoring him, making him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to gain a good position in society.

NV Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov is deceiving officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters of the Good and the Beautiful," tells how he felt a daring feeling when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on Bagration's grave was blown up on the Borodino field. Then someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero - Tuchkov: "Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!" At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which, even during the war, our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolay, Petya - became really good people.They are responsive to other people's pain, they are able to understand feelings and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts, loaded with their family values, in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", his father's instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and to his duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest "to save a drink", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had faithful friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya's story "The Daughter of Bukhara", accomplished a maternal feat, devoting all of herself to the upbringing of her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "Human Mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became a Mother for them. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned-out farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute by the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive as life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines again! Treat this powerful tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Protect the purity of the language as a sacred thing!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can work wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that cannot be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of honor: sneezing and burping the bald spot in front of the sitting general Bryzzhalov (who did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened, that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", an official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolayevskaya railway and learned that he was a secret adviser, that is. in the service has moved significantly higher. In an instant, the "thin" turns into a slave creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maksim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells Chatsky, in order to win the Empress's favor, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim, Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story "Biryuk" the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives poorly, despite the conscientious fulfillment of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem tells about who built the railway. These are workers who have been mercilessly exploited. The arrangement of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem "Reflections at the front entrance": the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. Power does not consider the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing sacred, nothing right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl". Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Those who fought have the right to rest by a quiet river." This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
The personality of everyone is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents are not needed by the country. Jacob ("The Singers") drinks himself into a pub. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk is responsible for his service, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. This is not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the dire details of camp life and the unfair organization of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to keep a person in oneself.

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place for himself in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that it does not have a worthy place for an outstanding personality.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - cars, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one was embittered. Even such oppressed people have good feelings in their souls. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you look, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and broader than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is in the one who himself devotes his activity for the sake of the cause that he considers necessary. The Novel of Education by MI Weller, one of the most published contemporary Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been a lot of purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to do good to people."
• All of Leo Tolstoy's favorite heroes were busy with an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, seeking person. He read a lot, knew about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that MI Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Evgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself unnecessary for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: which is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he perishes, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
The machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but the devotion of a friend, love for his chosen profession, perform a miracle: he, having got on his beloved steam locomotive, regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's Field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working on a farm, in a melon, in a greenhouse since dawn. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. Story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev has chosen an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of persistence and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to keep yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story, A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor has become a common man in the street who thinks little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is capable of making history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory is failing. In reality, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be traced especially clearly in the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or perish with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Bitter "At the bottom"
Is there any way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer posed another vital question: is it possible to consider someone who has resigned themselves to be a free person. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In the story of Nekrasov there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to death, who shot them for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people at bay.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, is to admire life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, "not thinking about time", only then will she "invite you to talk."

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you immersed your face in a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power. "

Y.Gribov
Modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V.Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the judgment seat. She sees that there is no previous understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna is leaving life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have to live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying on some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to endure such a terrible blow, she dies that very night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
KG Paustovsky's story "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, caring about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and it is another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most holy being in the world, not limited to money orders and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about the “distant” and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her position, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness, which visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, has done many good deeds. He is a kind-hearted person who takes other people's pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunk girl from the men who stick to her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to interfere with her marriage to Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and regrets her mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman ruins herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonia's most beautiful act is to save Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she raises Raskolnikov to herself, helps him to overcome his sin and rise again. All the beauty of a human act is expressed in the actions of Sonya Marmeladova.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgust for the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What's wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? " And when one of the cleverest Masonic figures urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and orphanages, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of righteousness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed the old woman-pawnbroker in order to prove to himself that he was a "superior" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from his relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, mean people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral deeds. So, for example, Helene deceives Pierre and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

NV Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save went beyond all boundaries, he saved on the bare essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

Role of colors

IA Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was from books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on love affairs. The books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

The requirements for an essay for the Unified State Exam have changed several times in recent years, but one thing has remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of their judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of remorse will interest us in the first place. In this article, we will present several options for arguments, selected from the school bibliography. From there, you can choose the ones that best suit your job.

What are arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion on the given topic. But your thesis needs proof. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often the problem of repentance comes across on exams, it is quite easy to find arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with the school literary program. However, not everyone succeeds in immediately recalling the desired work, so it is better to pick up several arguments in advance on the most common topics.

What are the arguments

In order to fully disclose the problem of repentance, arguments must be selected based on the basic requirements of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

• Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, since no one will check whether this actually happened.
• Information that was received by the student from the school curriculum. For example, from the lessons of geography, history, etc.
• Literary arguments that will interest us in the first place. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during the course of study.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of remorse. Arguments from literature will be necessary if you want to get a high score for your essay. At the same time, when choosing arguments, priority should be given to those works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered classics. You should not take texts by little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the examiner. Therefore, it is necessary to refresh in advance in memory the main works that were studied during school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics encountered in the exam. The best option would be to immediately select several pieces that are familiar to you. So let's break down a classic that raises the issue of remorse.

"The Captain's Daughter" (Pushkin)

The problem of repentance is very common in Russian literature. Arguments are therefore fairly easy to find. Let's start with our most famous writer Alexander Pushkin and his novel "The Captain's Daughter".

In the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Pyotr Grinev. This feeling is as wide and encompassing as life. In this feeling, we are interested in the fact that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil he had done to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev revised his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, his best qualities were manifested in Peter - generosity, honesty, unselfishness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.

"Sotnik" (Bykov)

Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it is worth stocking up on a variety of examples.

So, the theme of repentance in "The Centurion" is not at all similar to Pushkin's. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. The partisan Rybak is captured in order to survive, he needs to hand over his comrade to the Germans. And he does this act. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Repentance catches up with him too late, this feeling can no longer fix anything. Moreover, it does not allow Rybak to live in peace.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person should be responsible for such crimes all his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also his own and those close to him.

"Dark Alleys" (Bunin)

The problem of repentance may appear in a different light. Arguments for writing on the exam should be varied, so let's take Bunin's story "Dark Alleys" as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who truly loved him. Time passed, but she could not forget her first love, so she refused the courtship of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his wrongdoing. The hero's wife is constantly cheating on him, and the son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here, repentance appears to the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual effort and courage, which not everyone can find in themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.

As an argument, the example from "Dark Alley" is suitable only for those who, in their thesis, turned to the problem of retribution and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will the mention of this work be appropriate.

Boris Godunov (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of belated remorse. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will only be interested in one aspect of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly disclosed in the tragedy of Pushkin "Boris Godunov". This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, since the writer refers to the description of epoch-making events that took place in our country.

In "Boris Godunov" the problem of late repentance is very vividly presented. Arguments for writing work on this topic must be selected taking into account Pushkin's tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now it is time to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct his deed, he can only suffer and suffer. Conscience does not give him rest, bloody boys begin to see Godunov everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and losing his mind. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal ruler and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. Such is the reckoning of the hero for the bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after a lapse of several years.

The problem of human remorse. Arguments from Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment

The theme of repentance became the basis for yet another great work, which won considerable popularity and love among readers.

The main character commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory about lower and higher people. Raskolnikov commits murder and begins to suffer, but in every possible way tries to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he was wrong. Repentance becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes him reconsider his views and realize what is truly dear in this world.

Throughout the entire novel, Dostoevsky led his hero to repentance, to admit his guilt. This feeling made Raskolnikov's best character traits appear and made him much more attractive. Although the hero still suffered the punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very harsh.

The problem of remorse: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of arguments. It is very easy to find such examples. Even if nothing like this has happened in your life, you can think of it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. So, for a good book example, you will receive 2 points, and for a life example - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience are based on observations of one's own life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

It must be remembered

There are several general requirements for any essay, including those that address the problem of guilt and remorse. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis expressed by you and in no case contradict it. You also need to consider the following points:

• The reviewers only consider and evaluate the first two arguments, so there is no point in giving more examples. Better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
• Remember that literary arguments rank higher, so try to include at least one such example.
• Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Such arguments are also taken into account, but they are evaluated with only one point.
• Remember that you can score 3 points for all arguments. Therefore, it is best to follow the following pattern: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second from literature.

Now a few words on how to write a literary argument correctly:

• Be sure to include the author's surname and initials and the full title of the work.
• It is not enough to name the writer and the name, you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
• The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these numbers ultimately depend on the specific topic.
• Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance is widely presented in the literature. Therefore, it will not be difficult to find arguments for the exam in the Russian language. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often, the main problem of the examinees is not the choice of the work, but the description of it. Expressing a thought in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid this problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a piece of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your judgments, without getting out of the stated volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare yourself as best as possible, then it will be easy to get.

A.S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes, not noticing his own happiness, passes by. When a feeling of love arises in him, it is too late. It happened with Eugene Onegin. At first, he rejected the love of a country girl. After meeting her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.

M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.

And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life made him experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The harsh nihilist could not resist the mind and charm of this woman.

And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. Oblomov's love Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to wrest Ilya out of the state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the efforts of the lovers were in vain.

A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama experienced by Katerina, the main heroine of A. N. Ostrovsky's play "The Thunderstorm".

I.A. Goncharov Oblomov. The great power of love is the theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of a loved one. However, this does not always work out. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov", for the sake of love he abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, throws Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate "crawling from one day to another" turned out to be stronger for Ilya.

L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this state can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel War and Peace. For example, Prince Bolkonsky, after life's hardships, was convinced that he would never again experience happiness and joy. However, meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.

A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry disappears from our life, the magical beauty of love, that people's feelings diminish. The story of A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" still amazes readers with faith in love. It can be called an exhilarating love hymn. Such stories help to maintain the belief that the world is beautiful, and that people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolts, are shown almost according to the same scheme: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend's sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After Oblomov's death, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. This is what real friends do.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". In friendship, mutual influence is realized. Relationships can be fragile if people are unwilling to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich's apathetic, hard-going, nature and the young energy of Andrei Stolz - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to do some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately answer the concern of a friend. But Stolz's wishes and efforts deserve respect.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendships are not always strong, especially if they are based on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel "Fathers and Sons". Arkady Kirsanov was at first a fierce adherent of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because the friendship was not equal.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (about friendship, partnership). The fact that "there is no holier bond of partnership" is said in the story of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

The problem of spirituality, spiritual man is one of the eternal problems of Russian and world literature

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin(1870 - 1953) - Russian writer and poet, first winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature

In the story "Master from San Francisco" Bunin criticizes bourgeois reality. This story is symbolic in its name. This symbolism is embodied in the image of the protagonist, who is a collective image of the American bourgeois, a man without a name, called by the author simply a gentleman from San Francisco. The lack of a name for the hero is a symbol of his inner lack of spirituality, emptiness. The thought arises that the hero does not live in the full sense of the word, but only exists physiologically. He only understands the material side of life. This idea is emphasized by the symbolic composition of this story, its symmetry. While "he was quite generous on the way and therefore fully believed in the solicitude of all those who fed and watered him, from morning till evening they served him, preventing his slightest desire, guarding his purity and peace ...".

And after a sudden “death, the body of a dead old man from San Francisco returned home to his grave on the shores of the New World. Having experienced a lot of humiliation, a lot of human inattention for a week, having traveled from one port shed to another, it again finally got on the same famous ship, on which so recently, with such honor, it was transported to the Old World. " The ship "Atlantis" is sailing in the opposite direction, only carrying the rich man in a box of soda, "but now hiding him from the living - they lowered him deep into the black hold." And on the ship there is still the same luxury, well-being, balls, music, a fake couple playing in love.

It turns out that everything accumulated by him has no value before that eternal law to which everyone without exception is subject. Obviously, the meaning of life is not in the acquisition of wealth, but in something that does not lend itself to monetary valuation - everyday wisdom, kindness, spirituality.

Spirituality is not equal to education and intelligence and does not depend on it.

Alexander Isaevich (Isaakievich) Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) - Soviet and Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and political figure who lived and worked in the USSR, Switzerland, USA and Russia. Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960s - 1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.

A. Solzhenitsyn showed this well in the story "Matryonin's yard". Everyone mercilessly used Matryona's kindness and innocence - and amicably condemned her for this. Matryona, besides her kindness and conscience, did not accumulate other riches. She is used to living according to the laws of humanity, respect and honesty. And only death revealed to people the majestic and tragic image of Matryona. The narrator bows his head before a man of great disinterested soul, but absolutely unrequited, defenseless. With the departure of Matryona, something valuable and important passes away ...

Of course, the sprouts of spirituality are inherent in every person. And its development depends on upbringing, and on the circumstances in which a person lives, on his environment. However, self-education, our work on ourselves, plays a decisive role. Our ability to look into ourselves, ask our conscience and not dissemble in front of ourselves.

Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov(1891 --- 1940) - Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor. Written in 1925, first published in 1968. The story was first published in the USSR in 1987

The problem of lack of spirituality in the story M. A. Bulgakova "Heart of a Dog"

Mikhail Afanasyevich shows in the story that humanity is powerless in the fight against the lack of spirituality that arises in people. In the center of it is an incredible case of the transformation of a dog into a man. The fantastic plot is based on the image of the experiment of the brilliant medical scientist Preobrazhensky. Having transplanted the seed glands and the pituitary gland of the brain of the thief and drunkard Klim Chugunkin into the dog, Preobrazhensky, to everyone's amazement, gets a man out of the dog.

Homeless Sharik turns into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. However, he retains the canine habits and bad habits of Klim Chugunkin. The professor, along with Dr. Bormenthal, tries to educate him, but all efforts are in vain. Therefore, the professor returns the dog to its original state again. The fantastic case ends idyllically: Preobrazhensky is engaged in his direct business, and the subdued dog lies on the carpet and indulges in sweet reflections.

Bulgakov expands the biography of Sharikov to the level of social generalization. The writer gives a picture of modern reality, revealing its imperfect structure. This is the story of not only Sharikov's transformations, but, above all, the history of a society developing according to absurd, irrational laws. If the fantastic plan of the story is completed by the plot, then the moral and philosophical remains open: the Sharikovs continue to multiply, multiply and establish themselves in life, which means that the “monstrous history” of society continues. It is such people who know neither pity, nor sorrow, nor sympathy. They are uncivilized and stupid. They have dog hearts from birth, although not all dogs have the same hearts.
Outwardly, the balls are no different from people, but they are always among us. Their non-human nature is just waiting to manifest. And then the judge, in the interests of his career and the fulfillment of the plan for solving crimes, condemns the innocent, the doctor turns away from the patient, the mother abandons her child, the various officials, whose bribes have already become the order of things, throw off their mask and show their true nature. All the highest and most sacred turns into its opposite, because a non-human has awakened in these people. Coming to power, they try to dehumanize everyone around them, because it is easier to control nonhumans, they have all human feelings replaced by the instinct of self-preservation.
In our country, after the revolution, all conditions were created for the appearance of a huge number of ball-balls with dog hearts. The totalitarian system contributes greatly to this. Probably due to the fact that these monsters have penetrated into all areas of life, Russia is still going through difficult times.

Boris Vasiliev's story "Don't Shoot White Swans"

Boris Vasiliev tells us about the lack of spirituality, indifference and cruelty of people in his story "Don't Shoot White Swans." Tourists burned a huge anthill so as not to feel uncomfortable with it, "watched a gigantic structure melt before our eyes, the patient labor of millions of tiny creatures." They looked with admiration at the fireworks and exclaimed: “Victory salute! Man is the king of nature. "

Winter evening. Highway. Comfortable car. It is warm, comfortable, music sounds, occasionally interrupted by the voice of the announcer. Two happy intelligent couples go to the theater - there is a meeting with beauty ahead. This wonderful moment of life could not be frightened away! And suddenly the headlights catch out in the dark, right on the road, the figure of a woman "with a child wrapped in a blanket." "Crazy!" - the driver shouts. And that's all - darkness! There is no former feeling of happiness from the fact that a loved one is sitting next to you, that very soon you will find yourself in a soft parterre chair and will be mesmerized to watch the performance.

It would seem a banal situation: they refused to give a ride to a woman with a child. Where to? What for? And there is no place in the car. However, the evening is hopelessly ruined. The situation of "déjà vu", as if it had already happened, - the thought of the heroine of A. Mass's story rushes through. Of course, it happened - and more than once. Indifference to someone else's misfortune, detachment, isolation from everyone and everything are not so rare phenomena in our society. It is this problem that the writer Anna Mass raises in one of her stories from the Vakhtangov Children cycle. In this situation, she is an eyewitness to what happened on the road. After all, that woman needed help, otherwise she would not have thrown herself under the wheels of a car. Most likely, she has a sick child, he had to be taken to the nearest hospital. But self-interest turned out to be higher than the manifestation of mercy. And how disgusting it is to feel your powerlessness in such a situation, it remains only to imagine yourself in the place of this woman, when "people who are satisfied with themselves are sweeping by in comfortable cars." The pangs of conscience, I think, will torment the soul of the heroine of this story for a long time: "I was silent and hated myself for this silence."

"Satisfied people" accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests are the same Chekhov's heroes, "people in cases". This is Doctor Startsev in "Ionych", and teacher Belikov in "A Man in a Case." Let's remember how a plump, red "troika with bells" Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides, and his coachman Panteleimon, "also plump and red," shouts: "Keep the truth!" "Keep the truth" - after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's "no matter what happens," we still hear the sharp exclamation of Lyudmila Mikhailovna, the character of the same story by A. Mass: "What if this child is contagious? We also have children, by the way!" The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagine themselves "masters of life."

The problem of the relationship to the teacher.
We need to be attentive to teachers, not only when we are in school, but also when we enter adulthood.
The lines of Andrey Dementyev are immortal:
Don't you dare forget the teachers!
They worry about you and remember
And in the silence of the thoughtful rooms
They are waiting for your returns and news.

The problem of talent recognition.
I believe that we should be more attentive to talented people.
In this regard, V.G.Belinsky put it very accurately: "True and strong talent will not be killed by the severity of criticism, just as its greetings will not slightly raise it."
Let us recall A. S. Pushkin, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, whose genius was recognized too late. Through the centuries it is hard to realize that the genius poet A.S. Pushkin died in a duel very young. And the society that surrounded him is to blame for this. How many great works could we still read, if not for the villainous bullet of Dantes.

The problem of language destruction.
I am deeply convinced that the improvement of the language should lead to its enrichment, not degradation.
The words of I. S. Turgenev, the great master of literature, are eternal: "Take care of the purity of the language as a sacred object."
We must learn to love our native language, the ability to perceive it as an invaluable gift from the great classics: A. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. A. Bunin, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol.
And I want to believe that the degradation of the Russian language will be prevented by our literacy, the ability to read and perceive the best works of world classics with love.

The problem of creative search.
It is important for every writer to find his own reader.
Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote:
Poetry is the same extraction of radium:
In a gram production, in a year of work.
You exhaust a single word for the sake of
A thousand words of verbal ore.
Life itself helps the writer to solve problems of creativity.
S. A. Yesenin's life was multifaceted and fruitful.
Writer, director, actor V.M. Shukshin achieved recognition thanks to his persistent creative work.

The problem of saving the family.
I believe that the main function of the family is the continuation of the human race, based on correct upbringing.
A. Makarenko expressed himself very accurately on this occasion: “If you have given birth to a child, this means for many years to come you have given him all the tension of your thought, all your attention and all your will.”
I admire the family relations of the Rostovs, the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Parents and children are one whole here. This unity helped to survive in difficult conditions, to become useful to society and the Motherland.
It is my deep conviction that the development of humanity begins with a full-fledged family.

The problem of recognizing classical literature.
A certain reading culture is required for the recognition of classical literature.
Maxim Gorky wrote: “Real life is not much different from a good fantastic fairy tale, if we consider it from the inside, from the side of desires and motives, by which a person is guided in his activities”.
The world classics have passed a thorny path of recognition. And the real reader is pleased that the works of W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, D. Defoe, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. Dumas, M. Twain, M. A. Sholokhov, Hemenguei and many other writers make up the "Golden" fund of world literature.
I believe that there should be a line between political correctness and literature.

The problem of creating children's literature.
In my opinion, children's literature becomes understandable only if it was created by a real master.
Maxim Gorky wrote: "We need a funny, amusing book that develops a sense of humor in a child."
Children's literature leaves an indelible mark on the life of every person. The works of A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, S. Marshak, V. Bianchi, M. Prishvin, A. Lindgren, R. Kipling made each of us rejoice, worry, admire.
Thus, children's literature is the first stage of contact with the Russian language.

The problem of saving a book.
For a spiritually developed person, the very essence of reading is important, in whatever form it is present.
This is the point of view of Academician D.S. Likhacheva: "... try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit down with a book more comfortably and you will understand that there are many books you cannot live without ..."
The value of the book will not be lost if it is presented in electronic form, as modern writers do. This saves time and makes any work available to many people.
Thus, each of us needs to learn how to read and use the book correctly.

The problem of educating faith.
I believe that faith in a person should be brought up from childhood.
I was deeply touched by the words of the scientist, spiritual leader Alexander Men, who said that a person needs faith "... in the Highest, in the Ideal."
We begin to believe in goodness from childhood. How much light, warmth, positiveness the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin, Bazhov, Ershov give us.
The text I read made me think that the germs of faith that appeared in childhood multiply significantly in adulthood and help each of us to be more confident.

The problem of unity with nature.
We must understand that the fate of nature is our fate.
The poet Vasily Fedorov wrote:
To save yourself and the world,
We need, without wasting years,
Forget all the cults
And introduce
Infallible
The cult of nature.
The famous Russian writer V.P. Astafiev in his work "Tsar - Fish" contrasts two heroes: Akim, who unselfishly loves nature, and Gog Hertsev, who predatory destroys it. And nature takes revenge: Goga absurdly ends his life. Astafiev convinces the reader that retribution for the immoral attitude towards nature is inevitable.
I would like to finish with the words of R. Tagore: “I came to your shore as a stranger; I lived in your house as a guest; I leave you as a friend, oh my earth. "

The problem of attitudes towards animals.
Yes, indeed, God's creature has a soul, and sometimes it understands better than a person.
I have loved from childhood the story of Gabriel Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear". I admire the friendship of the Master and the dog, which remained faithful to the end of his life. Sometimes people don't have that kind of friendship.
Kindness and humanity radiate from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupery's story-tale "The Little Prince". He expressed his main idea with a phrase that almost became a slogan: "We are responsible for those we have tamed."

The problem of artistic beauty.
In my opinion, artistic beauty is beauty that pierces the heart.
A favorite corner that inspired M.Yu. Lermontov to create real masterpieces of art and literature, was the Caucasus. In the bosom of picturesque nature, the poet felt inspired, elated.
"I greet you, a deserted corner, a haven of calmness, work and inspiration," - this is how A.S. Pushkin wrote with love about Mikhailovsky.
Thus, artistic, invisible beauty is the lot of creative people.

The problem of attitudes towards one's homeland.
The country is becoming great thanks to the people living in it.
Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: "Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence."
The homeland is the most sacred in a person's life. It is about her that people first think about in incredibly difficult situations. During the Crimean War, Admiral Nakhimov, defending Sevastopol, died heroically. He bequeathed to the soldiers to defend the city to the last second.
Let's do what depends on us. And let our descendants say about us: "They loved Russia."

What does our trouble teach us?
Compassion, empathy is the result of realizing your misfortunes.
The words of Eduard Asadov make an indelible impression on me:
And if trouble breaks out somewhere,
I ask you: never with my heart,
Never turn to stone ...
The misfortune that befell Andrei Sokolov, the hero of MA Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man", did not kill the best human qualities in him. After the loss of all his loved ones, he did not remain indifferent to the fate of the little orphan Vanyushka.
The text of M. M. Prishvin made me think deeply that any misfortune can never be someone else's.

The problem of attitude to the book.
I think that each book is interesting in its own way.
“Love the book. It will make your life easier, help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect a person and yourself, she inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person, ”said Maxim Gorky.
Very interesting episodes from the biography of Vasily Makarovich Shukshin. Due to difficult living conditions, only in his youth, when he entered VGIK, he was able to get acquainted with the creations of the great classics. It was the book that helped him become a wonderful writer, talented actor, director, screenwriter.
The text has already been read, put aside, but I keep pondering what to do to ensure that we only come across good books.

The problem of the influence of the media.
I am deeply convinced that modern media should instill in people a moral and aesthetic sense.
DS Likhachev wrote about this: "We need to develop intellectual flexibility in ourselves in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the genuine valuable."
Recently I read in one of the newspapers that in the 60s and 70s the best works of young writers and poets were published in the popular magazines Moskva, Znamya, Roman-Gazeta. These magazines were loved by many, because they helped to truly live, to support each other.
So let’s learn how to choose useful newspapers and magazines from which deep meaning can be drawn.

Communication problem.
In my opinion, every person should strive for sincere communication.
How well the poet Andrei Voznesensky said about this:


The essence of real communication is to give the warmth of your soul to people.
Matryona, the heroine of AI Solzhenitsyn's story “Matryona's yard”, lives by the laws of goodness, forgiveness and love. She “is the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. Neither the city. Not all our land. "
I have already read the text, put it aside, but I keep thinking about how important it is for each of us to understand the essence of human relationships.

The problem of admiration for the beauty of nature.
In my opinion, the beauty of nature is difficult to explain, you can only feel it.
The remarkable lines from the poem by Rasul Gamzatov echo the text of V. Rasputin:
There is no falseness in the songs of clouds and waters,
Trees, grasses and every creature of God,
Everything in the world sings with its voice,
The voices of others are unlike.
The name of "the singer of nature" is firmly entrenched in M. M. Prishvin .. His works depict eternal pictures of nature, magnificent landscapes of our vast country. He expounded his philosophical visions of nature in the diary "The Road to a Friend".
V. Rasputin's text helped me realize more deeply that while the sun is drinking dew, while the fish is spawning, and the bird is building a nest, the hope is alive in a person that tomorrow will definitely come and, maybe, it will be better than today.

The problem of uncertainty in everyday life.
In my opinion, only stability and solidity will help to be confident in the "tomorrow".
I would like to emphasize T. Protasenko's reflections with the words of Eduard Asadov:
Our life is like a narrow light like a flashlight.
And from the ray to the left and to the right -
Darkness: millions of silent years ...
Everything that came before us and will come after us
It is not given to us to see, really.
Once Shakespeare through the lips of Hamlet said: "Time dislocated the joint."
After reading the excerpt, I realized that we ourselves will have to correct the "dislocated joints" of our time. Complex and difficult process.
The problem of the meaning of life.
I am deeply convinced that a person, engaging in any kind of activity, should be aware of why he is doing it.
A. P. Chekhov wrote: "Deeds are determined by their goals: that deed is called great, which has a great goal."
Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, is an example of a person who strove to live his life profitably. Make mistakes. Start and throw again, and always fight and rush. And calmness is spiritual meanness. "
Thus, Yu. M. Lotman helped me realize even deeper that each of us should have a main goal in life.

The problem of the complexity of literary work.
In my opinion, it is in the writer's skill to convey to every person the secrets of his native and foreign languages ​​that his talent manifests itself.
Eduard Asadov expressed his thoughts about the complexity of literary work: "I try to comprehend myself day and night ...".
I recall that the brilliant Russian poets A. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov were wonderful translators.
The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to reflect on the fact that we should be grateful to those who open up the boundless spaces of languages ​​to us.

The problem of the immortality of the individual.
I am deeply convinced that genius personalities remain immortal.
A.S. Pushkin dedicated his lines to V.A.Zhukovsky:
His poems are captivating sweetness
The envious distance will pass for centuries ...
The names of people who have dedicated their lives to Russia are immortal. These are Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Pozharsky, Peter 1, Kutuzov, Suvorov, Ushakov, K. G. Zhukov.
I would like to end with the words of Alexander Blok:
Oh, I want to live madly:
Everything that exists is to perpetuate
Impersonal - to humanize
Unfulfilled - to realize!
The problem of being true to a given word.
A decent person should be honest, first of all, in relation to himself.
Leonid Panteleev has a story "Honest Word". The author tells us a story about a boy who gave his word of honor to stand by the clock until the changing of the guard. This child had a strong will and a strong word.
“There is nothing stronger than a word,” said Meander.

The problem of the role of books in human life.
Meeting a good book is always a joy.
Chingiz Aitmatov: “Goodness must be raised in a person, this is the common duty of all people, of all generations. This is the task of literature and art. "
Maxim Gorky said: “Love the book. It will make your life easier, will help you in a friendly way to sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect a person and yourself, she inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person. "

The problem of the spiritual development of the individual.
In our opinion, every person should develop spiritually. DS Likhachev wrote "" Each person, in addition to large "temporary" personal goals, should have one big personal goal ... "
In the work of A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Chatsky is an example of a spiritually developed personality. Petty interests, empty social life disgusted him. His hobbies, intelligence were much higher than the surrounding society.

The problem of attitude to television programs.
I think that at present it is very difficult to choose the most useful out of hundreds of programs to watch.
In the book Native Land, D. S. Likhachev wrote about watching television: “... spend your time on what is worthy of this waste. Look with a choice. "
The most interesting, cognitive, moral programs, in my opinion, are "Wait for me", "Clever and clever people", "Vesti", "Big races". These programs teach me to sympathize with people, learn a lot, worry about my country and be proud of it.

The problem of worship.
In my opinion, obsequiousness, flattery has not yet been eradicated in our society.
In the work of A. P. Chekhov, "The Chameleon," the chief of police changed his behavior depending on who he communicated with: he worshiped the official and humiliated the worker.
In Nikolai Gogol's work The Inspector General, the entire elite, together with the governor, tries to please the inspector, but when it turns out that Khlestakov is not who he claims to be, all noble people freeze in a silent scene.

The problem of distorting the alphabet.
I believe that unnecessary distortion of the written form leads to a malfunction of the language.
Even in antiquity, Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet. On May 24, Russia celebrates the day of Slavic writing. This speaks of the pride of our people for the Russian letter.

The problem of education.
In my opinion, the benefits of education are judged by the end results.
"Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness," says a Russian proverb.
The politician NI Pirogov said: "Most of the most educated of us are true, will say no more than that teaching is only a preparation for real life."

An honor problem.
In my opinion, the word "honor" has not lost its meaning in our days.
DS Likhachev wrote: "Honor, decency, conscience are qualities that must be cherished."
The story of the hero of Alexander Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter" by Peter Grinev is a confirmation that a person is given the strength to live correctly by fulfilling his duty, the ability to preserve his honor and dignity, respect himself and others, and preserve his spiritual human qualities.

The problem of the purpose of art.
I believe that art should have an aesthetic purpose.
V.V. Nabokov said: "What we call art, in essence, is nothing but the picturesque truth of life, you need to be able to grasp it, that's all."
Great creations of real artists are recognized all over the world. It is not for nothing that paintings by Russian artists Levitan and Kuindzhi are exhibited at the Louvre Museum of Art in Paris.

The problem of changing the Russian language.
In my opinion, the role of the Russian language depends on us.
“Before you is the bulk - the Russian language. Deep pleasure is calling you. Enjoyment will plunge into all its immeasurability and feel its wonderful laws ... ", wrote N. V. Gogol.
“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is a treasure, this heritage, passed down to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines again! Treat this powerful weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, as a shrine! " - Summoned I.S.Turgenev.

The problem of human responsiveness.
Reading this text, you remember your own examples.
Once an unknown woman helped my parents and me find the right address in the city of Belgorod, although she was in a hurry about her business. And her words engraved in my memory: "In our age, we just help each other, otherwise we will turn into animals."
The heroes of the work of A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team" are immortal. Guys who selflessly provide assistance help to form moral and aesthetic flair. The main thing is to cultivate a bright soul, a desire to help people and understand who to be in this life.

The problem of remembering native places.
Sergei Yesenin has wonderful lines:
Low house with blue shutters
I will never forget you, -
Were too recent
Resounding in the twilight of the year.
I. S. Turgenev spent the last years of his life abroad. He died in the French city of Boujeval in 1883. Before his death, the seriously ill writer turned to his friend Yakov Polonsky: “When you are in Spasskoye, bow from me to the house, the garden, my young oak - the homeland, which I will probably never see.
The text I read helped me to realize more deeply that it is dearer than my native places, my homeland, and a lot has been invested in this concept, nothing can be.

The problem of conscience.
I believe that the most important adornment of a person is a clear conscience.
"Honor, decency, conscience - these are qualities that need to be treasured," wrote DS Likhachev.
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin has a film story "Kalina Krasnaya". The main character Yegor Prokudin, a former criminal, in his heart cannot forgive himself that he brought a lot of grief to his mother. When meeting an elderly woman, he cannot admit that he is her son.
The text I read made me think deeply about the fact that no matter what situations we find ourselves in, we must not lose our human face and our dignity.

The problem of individual freedom and responsibility to society.
Everyone should be aware of their responsibility to society. This is confirmed by the lines written by Y. Trifonov: “Every person has a glimpse of history. It scorches some with a bright, hot and formidable light, on others it is barely noticeable, a little flickering, but it exists for everyone. "
Academician D. S. Likhachev said: "If a person lives to bring people good, to alleviate their suffering in case of illness, to give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity."
Chingiz Aitmatov said about freedom: “Freedom of the individual and society is the most important unchanging goal and the most important meaning of life, and nothing more important in the historical sense can not be, this is the most important thing for progress, and therefore for the welfare of the state”

The problem of patriotism.
“Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence,” wrote DS Likhachev.
The feats of the older generation during the Great Patriotic War confirm that the Motherland is the most sacred in human life. One cannot remain indifferent while reading the story of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet .." about young girls-anti-aircraft gunners who died defending their native land from the enemy.
A real soldier who selflessly loves his homeland is Nikolai Pluzhnikov, the hero of Boris Vasiliev's story "Was not on the lists." Until the last minute of his life, he defended the Brest Fortress from the Nazis.
“A person cannot live without a Motherland, just as one cannot live without a heart,” wrote K. G. Paustovsky.

The problem of choosing a profession.
VG Belinsky is the author of the lines: “Finding your own way, finding out your place - this is everything for a person, it will become himself for him”.
Only then will a person be passionate about his work, if he does not make a mistake in choosing a profession. DS Likhachev wrote: “You need to be passionate about your profession, your work, those people whom you directly provide assistance (this is especially necessary for a teacher and a doctor), and those to whom you bring help“ from afar ”without seeing them."

The role of mercy in a person's life.
Russian poet G.R.Derzhavin said:
Who does not harm or offend,
And does not repay evil with evil:
The sons of their sons will see
And in life there is all good.
And FM Dostoevsky owns the following lines: "Not accepting the world in which at least one tear of a child is shed."

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.
Kindness and humanity radiate from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupery's story-tale "The Little Prince". He expressed his main idea with a phrase that almost became a slogan: "We are responsible for those we have tamed."
Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha" warns us about the common human misfortune. The main characters of the novel, the wolves, Akbara and Tashchinar, die through the fault of man. All nature has died in their face. Therefore, the inevitable chopping block awaits people.
The text I read made me think about the fact that we should learn from animals of devotion, understanding, love.

The problem of the complexity of human relationships.
The great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy wrote: "Life is only if you live for others." In War and Peace, he reveals this idea, showing by the example of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov what real life is.
And S. I. Ozhegov said: "Life is the activity of man and society, in one form or another of its manifestations."

The problem of the relationship between "fathers and children".
BP Pasternak said: "The violator of love for his neighbor is the first of people to betray himself ..."
The writer Anatoly Aleksin describes the conflict between generations in his story "Division of Property". “Going to law with your mother is the most superfluous thing on earth,” the judge says to a man-son who is suing his mother for property.
Each of us needs to learn to do good. Do not cause trouble, pain to loved ones.

Friendship problem.
VP Nekrasov wrote: "The most important thing in friendship is the ability to understand and forgive."
A. Pushkin characterized real friendship as follows: “My friends, our union is wonderful! He, as a soul, is inseparable and eternal. "

The problem of jealousy.
Jealousy is a feeling uncontrollable by the mind, forcing you to commit thoughtless actions.
In the novel by MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don" Stepan brutally beats his wife Aksinya, who for the first time truly fell in love with Grigory Melekhov.
In Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, her husband's jealousy leads Anna to commit suicide.
I think everyone should strive for the ability to understand a loved one and find the courage to forgive him.

What is true love?
Marina Tsvetaeva has wonderful lines:
Like right and left hand -
Your soul is close to my soul.
KD Ryleev has a historical thought about Natalya Borisovna Dolgoruka, daughter of Field Marshal Sheremetyev. She did not leave her fiancé, who had lost his will, titles, fortune, and went after him into exile. After the death of her husband, the twenty-eight-year-old beauty cut her hair as a nun. She said: "In love there is a secret, sacred, it has no end."

The problem of art perception.
Leo Tolstoy's words about art are true: “Art does the work of memory: it chooses from the stream the most vivid, exciting, significant and imprints it in the crystals of books”.
And V.V. Nabokov said: “What we call art is, in essence, nothing more than the picturesque truth of life; you need to be able to catch it, that's all. "

The problem of intelligence.
DS Likhachev wrote: "... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed in order to live long not only physically, but also mentally."
I consider the great writer A.I.Solzhenitsyn to be a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.

The problem of nobility.
Bulat Okudzhava wrote:
Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - Here it is - our holy army.
Stretch out your palm to him, For him it is not scary and into the fire.
His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short century to him.
You may not become a winner, But then you will die as a person.
The greatness of morality and nobility are components of heroic deeds. In the work of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev, "Not included in the lists" Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with his beloved woman, under the continuous bombing of the Germans. This is true heroism.

The problem of beauty.
Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem "Ugly Girl": "Is she a vessel, in which there is emptiness or fire flickering in a vessel?"
True beauty is spiritual beauty. LN Tolstoy convinces us of this by painting the images of Natasha Rostova, Marya Bolkonskaya in the novel War and Peace.

The problem of happiness.
Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:
See beauty in the ugly,
See river floods in the streams!
Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,
He really is a happy man.
Academician DS Likhachev wrote: "Happiness is achieved by the one who seeks to make others happy and is able to forget about his interests, about himself, at least for a while."

Growing up problem.
When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.
The words of KD Ushinsky are true: "Purpose in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness."
And the poet Eduard Asadov said:
If it grows, then from the youth of Nastya,
After all, you ripen not by years, but by deeds.
And everything that did not have time before thirty,
Then, most likely, you will not be in time.

The problem of education.
A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire system of education is the implementation of the slogan of attention to a person. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty. "
S. Ya. Marshak has lines: "Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart."
An educator who has made his “heart clever” in relation to the pupil will achieve the desired result.

What is the meaning of human life
The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:
The more we take away from the heart,
The more remains in our hearts.
The heroine of the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard" lives by the laws of goodness, forgiveness, love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worth it. Neither the city. Not all our land. "
Learning problem.
Happy is the person who has a teacher in his life
For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov's story "The First Teacher", Duishen was the teacher before whom "... in the most difficult moments of her life" she answered and "... did not dare to retreat" in the face of difficulties.
The person for whom the profession of a teacher is a vocation is Lydia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina "French Lessons". It was she who became the main person for her student, whom he remembered all his life.

The problem of the importance of labor in human life.
In the attitude of a person to work, the moral value of each of us is measured.
KD Ushinsky said: "Self-education, if it wants happiness for a person, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life."
And the Russian proverb says: "Without labor - you can't take a fish out of the pond."
According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: "Work is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic."

The problem of self-restraint.
Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.
In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by Alexander Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Goldfish helped her to acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.
The Russian folk proverb is true: "Better a bird in the hands than a crane in the sky."

The problem of indifference.
Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: "My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything."
The author's correctness is confirmed by the famous statement of Bruno Jasenski: "Fear the indifferent - they do not kill, but only with their tacit consent there is treason and murder on earth."