Epoch sentimentalism. Sentimentalism in art (XVIII B)

Sentimentalism (from FR. sentiment - feeling) arose in the Epoch of Enlightenment in England in mid XVIII in. During the period of decomposition of feudal absolutism, the estate-serfdom, the growth of bourgeois relations, and therefore, which began the liberation of the personality from the shackles of the feudal-serfdom.

Representatives of sentimentalism

England. L. Stern (Roman " Sentimental journey In France and Italy, "), O. Goldsmith (Roman" Vecrophy priest "), S. Richardson (Roman" Pamela ", or Renewned Virtue", Roman " Clarissa Gallow"," History of Sir Charles Grandison ").

France. J.-H. Rousseau (Roman in letters "Yulia, or New Eloise", "Confession"), P. O. Boualershe (comedy " Seville Berber"," Marriage Figaro ").

Germany. I.V. Götte (sentimental novel "The suffering of a young verteter"), A. Lafontaine (family novels).

Sentimentalism expressed worldview, psychology, tastes of the wide layers of the conservative nobility and bourgeoisie (the so-called third class), thirsty, the natural manifestation of the feelings demanding to be considered with human dignity.

Fits of sentimentalism

Cult feelings natural feelingnot spoiled by civilization (Rousseau argued the decisive superiority of a simple, natural, "natural" life over civilization); denial of distraction, abstractness, conventions, dry classicism. Compared to classicism, sentimentalism was a more progressive direction, because it was noticeable elements of realism associated with the image of human emotions, experiences, the expansion of the inner world of a person. The philosophical basis of sentimentalism becomes sensualism (from Lat. sensus. - Feeling, feeling), one of the founders of which was English philosopher J. Locke, who recognizes the only source of knowledge, sensual perception.

If classicism argued the idea of \u200b\u200ban ideal state, managed by an enlightened monarch, and demanded submission to the state of the interests of the personality, then sentimentalism in the first place nominated a person at all, but a particular person in all of the originality of his individual person. At the same time, the value of a person was determined by its high origin, not a property position, not a classroom affiliation, but personal advantages. Sentimentalism for the first time raised the question of personal rights.

Heroes were simple people - nobles, artisans, peasants who lived mostly feelings, passions, heart. Sentimentalism opened the rich spiritual world of Proshchin. In some works of sentimentalism sounded Protest against social injustice, against humiliation of a "little man."

Sentimentalism but many gave literature a democratic character.

Since Sentimentalism proclaimed the authority of the writer on the manifestation in the art of its author's individuality, in sentimentalism, genres arise in the expression of the author's "I", which means that the form of the first person's narrative: diary, confession, autobiographical memoirs, travel (travel notes, notes, impressions ). In Sentimentalism, a prose comes to a change of poetry and drama, which has had a greater opportunity to transfer the complex world of human mental experiences, and therefore new genres arose: family, household and psychological Roman in the form of correspondence, "Meshchansk Drama", "sensitive" story, "bourgeois tragedy", "tear comedy"; Greeting genres of intimate, chamber lyrics (idyll, elegy, romance, Madrigal, Song, Message), as well as bass.

It was allowed to mix high and low, tragic and comic, mixing genres; The law "Three Unity" was not allowed (for example, a circle of reality phenomena was significantly expanded).

Portrayed ordinary, weekly family life; The main theme was love; The plot was built on the basis of situations of the everyday life of individuals; The composition of the works of sentimentalism was arbitrary.

The cult of nature was proclaimed. The landscape performed a favorite event background; The peaceful, idyllic life of a person was shown on the village of rural nature, while nature was portrayed in close connection with the experiences of the hero or the author himself, was consonant with personal experience. Village as a focus of natural life, moral purity Abruptly opposed the city as a symbol of evil, artificial life, fuss.

The language of the works of sentimentalism was simple, lyrical, sometimes sensitively elevated, emphasized emotional; These were used poetic fundslike exclamation, circulation, laquet and dimming suffixes, comparisons, epithets, interjections; used white verse. In the works of sentimentalism there is a further convergence literary language With live, spoken speech.

Features of Russian sentimentalism

In Russia, sentimentalism is approved in last decade XVIII century and fade after 1812, during the period of development revolutionary movement Future Decembrists.

Russian sentimentalism idealized the patriarchal structure, the life of the fortress village and criticized the bourgeois morals.

The peculiarity of Russian sentimentalism is didactic, educational installation for the education of a worthy citizen. Sentimentalism in Russia is represented by two currents:

• 1. Sentimentally romantic - η. M. Karamzin ("Letters of the Russian Traveler", Tale " Poor Lisa), Μ. N. Muravyov (Sentimental Poems), I. I. Dmitriev (Basni, Lyrical songs, poetic fairy tales "Fashionable wife", "Fancy"), F. A. Emin (Roman "Letters of Ernest and Doravra"), V. I. Lukin (comedy "ILO, love corrected").
• 2. Sentimental-realistic - A. II. Radishchev ("Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow").

Russian literature 18th century

(Sentimentalism and classicism)

Students 9A class

Gymnasium School No. 3

Ahmedova Aziza.

Introduction. 3.

1. Literature of Petrovsky time. four

2. The era of classicism. five

3. Epoch sentimentalism. 13

Conclusion. eighteen

Introduction

On January 1, 1700, by the decree of Peter the First, unexpectedly, the offensive of the New Year and the Town Age was celebrated.

From now on, the Russians were to live on a new calendar. The nobles velated was to wear a German dress and cut the beard. Life, education and even church management acquire a secular character. With the active support of Peter, new secular literature is created.

"Our literature suddenly appeared in the XVIII century," wrote A.S. Pushkin.

Although, by the beginning of this century, Russian literature passed the centuries-old development path, creators new culture - Supporters of the innovations of Peter - saw in the past, not a support, but something outdated, which should be removed. Petrovsky reforms they understood as the creation of Russia from the darkness of historical non-essential. Opponents of Peter, on the contrary, saw in the transformations of the death of ancient maintenance of the Moscow state. But suddenness, the scale of change, their consequences were felt.

1. Literature of Petrovsky Time

The beginning of the XVIII century was stormy for Russia. Creating your own fleet, war for entering sea Paths, industry development, trading flourishing, the construction of new cities - all this could not not affect the growth of national consciousness. People of Petrovsky times felt their involvement in historical eventswhose greatness they felt on their destinies. I went to the past Boyarskaya Russia.

Time required cases. Everyone had to work for the benefit of society and the state, imitating the tireless "worker on the throne." Any phenomenon was estimated primarily from the point of view of its utility. The verbost could be useful if she glorified the success of Russia and clarified the Sovereign Sovereign. Therefore, the main qualities of the literature of this era are the topicality, life-affirming pathos and the installation on a general accessibility. So in 1706, the so-called "school drama" appeared, the plays written by teachers of spiritual educational institutions.

School drama could be filled with political content. In the play, written in 1710 on the occasion of victory under Poltava, the biblical king David was straightformed by Peter first: both David defeated the giant Goliath, and Peter defeated the Swedish king Charles XII.

The numerous spiritual estate to reforms was hostile. Peter has repeatedly tried unsuccessfully to attract the church to his side. He searched loyal peoplewho would have the gift of words and beliefs and obediently conducted his line among the clergy.

Such a person became Faofan Prokopovich, a church figure and writer. Feofan's sermons - always political performances, a talented presentation of an official point of view. They were printed in state typography and sent on churches. Large journalistic writings of Feofan - "Spiritual Regulations" (1721) and "True will of the monarch" (1722) - written on the instructions of Peter. They are devoted to the rationale for the unlimited power of the monarch over the life of the subjects.

Diverse the poetic creativity of Prokopovich. He composes spiritual verses, elegances, epigrams. His "Song victorious to the notorious victory Poltava" (1709) marked the beginning of the numerous oots of the eighteenth century on the victory of Russian weapons.

Feofan was not only a practitioner, but also a theorist of literature. He drawn up courses "poetics" and "rhetoric" (1706-1707) on latin. In these works, he defended the literature as art, obeying the stringent rules, bringing "secret and benefits". In verses, he demanded clarity and condemned the "darkness" scholar of poetry of the XVII century. In the "rhetoric" he, after European authors, proposed to distinguish three styles: "high", "medium" and "low", fixing each of them for specific genres. Prokopovich's treatises were not in a timely manner, but the theorists of Russian classicism became known, - Lomonosov studied them in the manuscript.

2. The era of classicism

Petrovsky's literature largely reminded the literature of the past century. New ideas spoke old language - in church sermons, school dramas, handwritten ones. Only in the 30-40s in Russian literature opens at all new page - Classicism. However, as well as the literature of Petrovsky time, the creativity of classicist writers (Cantemir, Sasharov and others) is closely related to the current political life countries.

In Russian literature, classicism appeared later than in Western European. It was closely connected with the ideas of European enlightenment, such as: the establishment of solid and fair laws, mandatory for all, education and education of the nation, the desire to penetrate the mystery of the universe, approval of the equality of people of all classes, recognition of the values \u200b\u200bof the human person, regardless of the situation in society.

For Russian classicism, the system of genres is also characteristic, the appeal to the human mind, the convention of artistic images. It was important to recognize the decisive role of an enlightened monarch. The ideal of such a monarch for Russian classicism was Peter the first.

After Peter's death in 1725, the real possibility of coagulation of reforms and return to the old way of life and reign arose. Everything was assigned to the future of Russia: science, education, citizen's debt. That is why for Russian classicism is especially characterized by Satira.

The most prominent of the first figures of the new literary era, writing in this genre was Prince Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744 g) His father, an influential Moldovan aristocrat, was a famous writer and historian. Prince Antih himself, although according to the writer modesty, and called his mind the "misappropriate fruit of short science", in fact, was a man formed by the highest European standards. Latin, French and italian poetry He knew perfectly. In Russia, his friends were Archbishop Faofan Prokopovich and historian V.N. Tatishchev. The last twelve years of life cantemir was a messenger in London and Paris.

From an early youth, Antioch wanted to see the nobility society surrounded by his formed, free from prejudice. He considered the prejudice to follow the ancient standards and customs.

Kantemir is more famous as the author of nine satire. Different defects are influenced in them, but the main enemies of the poet - the sacrais and the slacker - Schiegol. They are bred in the strings of the first satire "on the housing teachings". In the second satire "on the envy and pride of the nobility of the grimberous" is presented to anything that is not a suitable loaf of Eugene. He wins the state of ancestors, putting on Camzole worth in a whole village, and when he envies the successes of ordinary people who have achieved high ranks with their merits before the king.

The idea of \u200b\u200bnatural equality of people is one of the most bold ideas of the literature of the time. Kantemir believed that it was necessary to raise the nobility, so as not to give the nobleman to go down to the state of the unenmended man:

"Little uses you to call at least the son of the royal,

If you do not dispense yourself with the vile. "

One of his satire cantemir was specially dedicated to her upbringing:

"The mainly upbringing is the case,

To heart, passion driven, infant ripe

In good nrules, approve, so that it is useful

Your son was the Fatherland, between people are kind and always desirable. "

Kantemir wrote in other genres. Among his works are "high" (OD, Poem), "Average" (satires, poetic letters and songs) and "Low" (Basni). He tried to find in the language of the means to write differently in different genres. But they still lacked the means. The new Russian literary language has not been established. The "high" syllable differs from "low", it was not quite clear. The style of Kantemir himself Pystro. He writes long phrases built along the Latin pattern, with sharp syntactic transfer, there is no care that the borders of the proposals coincide with the verse border. Reades his works are very difficult.

The next bright representative of Russian classicism, whose name is known to everyone without exception - is M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765). Lomonosov, in contrast to Chanatera, the enemies of enlightenment rarely rarely. In his solemn oodas, the "statement" began the beginning. The poet glorifies Russia's successes on the field of Brani, in peaceful trade, in science and art.

"Our literature begins with Lomonosov ... He was her father, her Peter Great." So determined the place and importance of creativity Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov for Russian literature V.G. Belinsky.

Born M.V. Lomonosov near the city of Kholmogory, on the shores of the Northern Dvina, in the family of a wealthy, but the illiterate peasant engaged in navalism. The boy felt such a craving for the teachings that he went from native village on foot to Moscow. Poet N. Nekrasov told us, "As an Archangelian man, in his own and God, became a sense and great."

In Moscow, Mikhail entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and, despite the fact that he lived in terrible need, she finished it brilliantly. Among the best graduates of the Academy of Lomonosov were sent to study in St. Petersburg, and then, in 1736, in Germany. There, Lomonosov passed the course of all sciences, both mathematical and verbal. In 1741, Mikhail Vasilyevich returned to Russia, where he served in the Academy of Sciences until the end of the life. He patronized Count I.I. Shuvalov, favorite Empress Elizabeth. Therefore, Lomonosov himself was in mercy, which allowed him to truly turn around to his talents. He was engaged in many scientific work. In 1755, Moscow University was opened on his proposal and plan. In the official duties of Lomonosov, there was also an essay of poems to court holidays, and most of its OD in such cases is written.

Sentimentalism (from FR. sent -sensitive feeling , english sentimental – sensitive) – artistic direction In art and literature, which came to replace the classicism.

Already by the name it is clear that the new direction in opposition to the cult of the mind will proclaim the cult of feelings. In the first place there are feelings, not great ideas. The author focuses on the perception of the reader and his feelings arising during reading.

The origins of the directions fall on Western Europe in the 20th years of XVIII. Century, before Russia, sentimentalism reached Russia in the 70s, and in the first three decades of the XIX century, it took a leading position.

By the appearance of sentimentalism preceded romanticism. It was the completion of the Epoch of Enlightenment, therefore, educational trends remain in the works of sentimentalists, which manifests itself in edification, morality. But completely new features appeared.

The main features of sentimentalism

• The head of the corner is not a mind, but feeling. The ability to sympathize, addressed the writers as the most important advantage of the human person.
• The main characters are not venomazby and kings, as in classicism, but ordinary people, doubtful and poor.
• The cult of congenital moral purity and unspoilt is glorified.
• The focus of writers is aimed at a rich inner world of man, his feelings and emotions. As well as soul quality Man does not depend on his origin. Thus, new heroes appeared in the literature - ordinary people who are in their moral qualities Often exceeded the heroes-nobles.
• The glorification in the works of writers of sentimentalists of eternal values \u200b\u200b- love, friendship, nature.
• Nature from sentimentalists is not just a background, but a lively entity with all its trifles and features, as if re-opened and felt by the author.
• Sentimalists saw her main goal in consolementing a man in his life, full of sorrows and suffering, to turn his heart to good and beauty.

Sentimentalism in Europe

The most complete expression is this direction in England, in Romanov S. Richardson, L. Stern. In Germany bright representatives There were F. Schiller, I. V. Guete and the pre-revolutionary France, sentimentalist motifs found the most complete expression in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The very name of the literary direction was rooted after writing by the authors of numerous "travels", which opened the reader the beauty of nature, disinterested friendship, family idyll. They affected the most tender feelings of readers. The first novel "Sentimental Journey" was written by L. Sternaya in 1768.

Sentimentalism in Russia

In Russia, representatives of sentimentalism were M. N. Muravyev, I. I. Dmitriev, N. M. Karamzin with its most famous work "Poor Lisa", Young V. A. Zhukovsky. The enlightenment traditions of sentimentalism brighter appeared in the works of A. Radishchev.

In Russia, there were two directions of sentimentalism:

Noble

The direction that did not speak for the abolition of serfdom. Nikolai Karamzin, the author of the story "Poor Lisa" in the conflict between the estates nominated the first place is not a social factor, but moral. He believed: "And the peasants can love ...".

Revolutionary

In the literature, this direction emphasized the abolition of serfdom. The basis of the whole culture, as well as the basis of public existence, considered Radishchev, is a person who declares his right to life, freedom, happiness, creativity.

Sentimentalists created many new genres in the literature. This household romance, story, diary, novel in letters, essay, travel and others, in poetry is an elegance, a message. Since in counterweight, the classicism did not have clear rules and restrictions, very often the genres mixed.

Since the heroes of the works of sentimentalists were ordinary people, received a significant simplification and the language of works, even appeared in it.

Distinctive features of Russian sentimentalism

• Preaching conservative views: if all people, regardless of their position in society, are capable of high feelings, it means that the path to universal happiness lies not in changing the state device, but in moral self-improvement, moral education of people.
• Vividly expressed educational traditions, teaching, instruction, morality.
• Improving the literary language by introducing conversational forms.

Sentimentalism played an important role in the literature by appealing to the inner world of man, in this regard he became a precursor of psychological, confessional prose.