How to draw a human heart in stages. The structure of the human heart and features of its work

When there is an eternal spring in the soul, the elated mood cannot be restrained in any way: it just bursts out of the chest in order to splash out with cute creativity. How to draw and better - both together? Take a simple pencil clear sheet papers - now you will find out everything.

Lesson # 1: How to draw a heart with a pencil

We will draw a heart from roses. Draw a regular circle and divide it in half with a line. Draw an uneven oval on a horizontal line, like a deflated ball. Attach a pair of curves to it at the top and bottom, like the red lines shown in the illustration for an example.

In the lesson explaining how to draw a heart, first of all, pay attention to the red lines of the pattern - these are new fragments that need to be repeated on your version of the original heart.

Draw a kind of snail in the very center of the future masterpiece. First, simply divide the uneven oval almost in half with a convex curved line. Add a few strokes: in the form of the letter "P" and from its top a regular line, bounded by the same oval. Don't forget to add one more stroke, very small, in the top petal. This inverted "comma" will add volume to the drawing.

Quite a simple step in the creative process called "How to draw a heart": draw two symmetrical petals, the upper part of which, as it were, repeats the invisible lines of the heart.

All that's left is to add three petals at the bottom of the heart. If you haven't skipped your math class at school, you can draw curly braces. This acquired skill will help you easily cope with the task: a pair of curves to the left and right and another, final one, with an “arrow” down the center. By the way, looking closely at the sample, you will see that the last petal you draw will be boring without a small detail - a convex stroke that adds volume.

Erase all auxiliary, erroneous and unnecessary lines. Completed the lesson "How to Draw a Heart"!

Lesson # 2: Heart surrounded by roses

Let's complicate the task: let's draw in a scarlet round dance:

Draw an arbitrary outline of the heart, for example, such as here:

Make the first sketches of three buds at once, spreading them evenly. Start with the curls, from them draw the side lines in the pattern:

Each flower has its own individual shape, which appears thanks to simple curved lines. Take a closer look and repeat them in your drawing, there is nothing complicated about it:

Let's complete the drawing of the roses by adding three to four graceful contours to each bud.

The heart is a muscular organ in humans and animals that pumps blood through the blood vessels.

Heart functions - why do we need a heart?

Our blood provides the entire body with oxygen and nutrients. In addition, it also has a cleansing function, helping to remove metabolic waste.

The heart's function is to pump blood through the blood vessels.

How much blood does the human heart pump?

The human heart pumps from 7,000 to 10,000 liters of blood in one day. This amounts to approximately 3 million liters per year. It turns out up to 200 million liters in a lifetime!

The amount of blood pumped over a minute depends on the current physical and emotional load - the greater the load, the more blood the body needs. So the heart can pass through itself from 5 to 30 liters in one minute.

The circulatory system consists of about 65 thousand vessels, their total length is about 100 thousand kilometers! Yes, we have not sealed ourselves.

Circulatory system

The human cardiovascular system is formed by two circles of blood circulation. With each heartbeat, blood moves in both circles at once.

Small circle of blood circulation

1. Deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium and further into the right ventricle.
2. From the right ventricle, blood is pushed into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary arteries conduct blood directly to the lungs (up to the pulmonary capillaries), where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
3. Having received enough oxygen, blood returns to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

A large circle of blood circulation

1. From the left atrium, blood moves into the left ventricle, from where it is further pumped out through the aorta into the systemic circulation.
2. Having passed a difficult path, blood through the vena cava again arrives at the right atrium of the heart.

Normally, the amount of blood expelled from the ventricles of the heart is the same with each contraction. So, an equal volume of blood flows into the large and small circles of blood circulation at the same time.

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

• The veins are designed to transport blood to the heart, while the arteries are designed to deliver blood in the opposite direction.
• The blood pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. Accordingly, the walls of the arteries are distinguished by greater extensibility and density.
• Arteries saturate "fresh" tissue, and veins take "waste" blood.
• In case of vascular damage, arterial or venous bleeding can be distinguished by its intensity and blood color. Arterial - strong, pulsating, beating like a "fountain", the color of the blood is bright. Venous - bleeding of constant intensity (continuous flow), the color of the blood is dark.

The weight of a human heart is only about 300 grams (on average 250g for women and 330g for men). Despite its relatively low weight, it is undoubtedly the main muscle in the human body and the basis of its life. The size of the heart is indeed approximately equal to the fist of a person. Athletes can have a heart one and a half times larger than that of an ordinary person.

Anatomical structure

The heart is in the middle chest at the level of 5-8 vertebrae.

Fine, Bottom part heart is located for the most part in the left half of the chest. There is a variant of congenital pathology in which all organs are mirrored. It is called transposition internal organs... The lung, next to which the heart is located (normally - the left), has a smaller size relative to the other half.

The posterior surface of the heart is located near the spinal column, and the anterior surface is reliably protected by the sternum and ribs.

The human heart consists of four independent cavities (chambers) divided by partitions:

• the upper two - the left and right atria;
• and two lower - left and right ventricles.

The right side of the heart includes the right atrium and ventricle. The left half of the heart is represented by the left ventricle and atrium, respectively.

The inferior and superior vena cava enter the right atrium, and the pulmonary veins enter the left. From right ventricle the pulmonary arteries (also called the pulmonary trunk) come out. From left ventricle the ascending aorta rises.

The heart has protection from overstretching and other organs, which is called the pericardium or pericardial sac (a kind of shell, which encloses the organ). Has two layers: an outer dense, strong connective tissue called fibrous membrane of the pericardium and internal ( serous pericardium).

Thus, the heart itself consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium. It is the contraction of the myocardium that pumps blood through the vessels of the body.

The walls of the left ventricle are about three times larger than the walls of the right! Explained given fact the fact that the function of the left ventricle is to push blood into the systemic circulation, where the opposition and pressure are much higher than in the small.

Heart valve device

Special heart valves allow the blood flow to be constantly maintained in the correct (unidirectional) direction. The valves open and close in turn, letting in blood, then blocking its path. Interestingly, all four valves are located along the same plane.

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is located tricuspid (tricuspid) valve. It contains three special leaflet plates that, during the contraction of the right ventricle, are able to protect against the return flow (regurgitation) of blood into the atrium.

Works in a similar way mitral valve, only it is located on the left side of the heart and is bicuspid in structure.

Aortic valve prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle. Interestingly, when the left ventricle contracts, the aortic valve opens as a result of blood pressure on it, so it moves into the aorta. Then, during diastole (the period of relaxation of the heart), the reverse flow of blood from the artery helps to close the valves.

Normally, the aortic valve has three cusps. The most common congenital heart anomaly is bicuspid aortic valve. This pathology occurs in 2% of the human population.

Pulmonary (pulmonary) valve at the moment of contraction of the right ventricle, it allows blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk, and during diastole it does not allow it to flow in the opposite direction. Also consists of three leaves.

Heart vessels and coronary circulation

The human heart needs nutrition and oxygen, just like any other organ. The vessels supplying (feeding) the heart with blood are called coronary or coronary... These vessels branch off from the base of the aorta.

The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, and the coronary veins carry deoxygenated blood. Those arteries that are on the surface of the heart are called epicardial. Subendocardial arteries are called coronary arteries hidden deep in the myocardium.

Most of the outflow of blood from the myocardium occurs through three cardiac veins: large, medium and small. Forming the coronary sinus, they flow into the right atrium. The anterior and lesser veins of the heart deliver blood directly to the right atrium.

Coronary arteries are classified into two types - right and left. The latter consists of the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries. The great heart vein branches into the posterior, middle and small veins of the heart.

Even absolutely healthy people have their own unique characteristics of coronary circulation. In reality, the vessels may look and be located differently than shown in the picture.

How does the heart develop (form)?

Impulse path

This system ensures the automatism of the heart - the excitation of impulses born in cardiomyocytes without external stimulus. In a healthy heart main source impulses - sinoatrial (sinus) node. He is the leader and blocks impulses from all other pacemakers. But if any disease occurs that leads to sick sinus syndrome, then other parts of the heart take over its function. So the atrioventricular node (automatic center of the second order) and the bundle of His (AC of the third order) are able to activate when the sinus node is weak. There are cases when secondary nodes enhance their own automatism during normal operation of the sinus node.

Sinus node located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium in the immediate vicinity of the mouth of the superior vena cava. This node initiates pulses at a rate of approximately 80-100 times per minute.

Atrioventricular node (AV) located in the lower part of the right atrium in the atrioventricular septum. This septum prevents the propagation of the impulse directly into the ventricles, bypassing the AV node. If the sinus node is weakened, then the atrioventricular node will take over its function and begin to transmit impulses to the heart muscle with a frequency of 40-60 beats per minute.

Further, the atrioventricular node goes into bundle of His(the atrioventricular bundle is subdivided into two legs). The right leg rushes to the right ventricle. The left leg is divided into two more halves.

The situation with the left bundle branch is not fully understood. It is believed that the left leg with the fibers of the anterior branch rushes to the anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle, and the posterior branch supplies fibers to the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the lower parts of the lateral wall.

In case of weakness of the sinus node and atrioventricular blockade, the His bundle is able to create impulses at a speed of 30-40 per minute.

The conducting system deepens and further branching into smaller branches, eventually passing into Purkinje fibers, which penetrate the entire myocardium and serve as a transmission mechanism for the contraction of the ventricular muscles. Purkinje fibers are capable of initiating pulses with a frequency of 15-20 per minute.

Exceptionally trained athletes can have a normal resting heart rate down to the lowest on record - as little as 28 beats per minute! However, for the average person, even if they lead a very active lifestyle, a heart rate below 50 beats per minute can be a sign of bradycardia. If you have such a low heart rate, then you should be examined by a cardiologist.

Heartbeat

A newborn's heart rate can be around 120 beats per minute. Growing up pulse an ordinary person stabilizes in the range from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Well-trained athletes ( it comes about people with well-trained cardiovascular and respiratory systems) have a pulse of 40 to 100 beats per minute.

The rhythm of the heart is controlled nervous system- sympathetic enhances contractions, and parasympathetic weakens.

Cardiac activity, to a certain extent, depends on the content of calcium and potassium ions in the blood. Other biologically active substances also contribute to the regulation of the heart rhythm. Our heart can begin to beat faster under the influence of endorphins and hormones released when listening to your favorite music or kissing.

In addition, the endocrine system is able to significantly influence the heart rate - both the frequency of contractions and their strength. For example, the release of the adrenal glands by the well-known adrenaline causes an increase in heart rate. The opposite hormone is acetylcholine.

Heart tones

One of the most simple methods Diagnosing heart disease is listening to the chest with a stethophonendoscope (auscultation).

In a healthy heart, with standard auscultation, only two heart sounds are heard - they are called S1 and S2:

• S1 - the sound heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves are closed during systole (contraction) of the ventricles.
• S2 - the sound heard when the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves close during diastole (relaxation) of the ventricles.

Each sound has two components, but for the human ear they merge into one due to the very small time interval between them. If, under normal conditions of auscultation, additional tones are heard, then this may indicate some kind of disease of the cardiovascular system.

Sometimes, additional abnormal sounds called heart murmurs can be heard in the heart. As a rule, the presence of murmurs indicates some kind of heart pathology. For example, a murmur can cause blood to return in the opposite direction (regurgitation) due to malfunctioning or damage to a valve. However, noise is not always a symptom of the disease. To clarify the reasons for the appearance of additional sounds in the heart, it is worth doing echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart).

Heart disease

Not surprisingly, the number of cardiovascular diseases is on the increase in the world. The heart is a complex organ that actually rests (if you can call it rest) only in the intervals between heartbeats. Any complex and constantly working mechanism itself requires as much respectful attitude and constant prevention.

Just imagine what a terrible burden falls on the heart, given our lifestyle and poor quality plentiful nutrition. Interestingly, mortality from cardiovascular diseases is also quite high in countries with high level income.

The huge amounts of food consumed by the population of wealthy countries and the endless pursuit of money, as well as the stress associated with this, destroy our hearts. Another reason for the spread of cardiovascular diseases is physical inactivity - catastrophically low physical activity, destroying the entire body. Or, on the contrary, an illiterate passion for heavy physical exercise, often occurring against a background, the presence of which people do not even suspect and manage to die right during the "health-improving" activities.

Lifestyle and heart health

The main factors that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease are:

• Obesity.
• High blood pressure.
• Increased blood cholesterol levels.
• Physical inactivity or excessive physical activity.
• Abundant poor quality food.
• Suppressed emotional state and stress.

Make reading this long article a turning point in your life - give up bad habits and change your lifestyle.

In order to provide adequate nutrition for the internal organs, the heart pumps an average of seven tons of blood per day. In this case, its size is equal to a clenched fist. Over the course of a lifetime, this organ is struck approximately 2.55 billion times. The final formation of the heart occurs by 10 weeks of intrauterine development. After birth, the type of hemodynamics changes dramatically - from feeding the mother's placenta to independent, pulmonary respiration.

Read in this article

Muscle fibers (myocardium) are the predominant type of heart cells. They make up its bulk and are located in the middle layer. Outside, the organ is covered with an epicardium. At the level of attachment of the aorta and pulmonary artery, it is wrapped, heading downward. Thus, the pericardial sac - the pericardium - is formed. It contains about 20 - 40 ml of a clear liquid, which prevents the sheets from sticking together and injuring themselves during contractions.

The inner shell (endocardium) folds in half at the junction of the atria into the ventricles, the mouths of the aortic and pulmonary trunks, forming valves. Their valves are attached to a ring of connective tissue, and the free part is moved by the blood stream. In order to prevent everting of parts into the atrium, threads (chords) extending from the papillary muscles of the ventricles are attached to them.

The heart has the following structure:

• three shells - endocardium, myocardium, epicardium;
• pericardial bag;
• arterial blood chambers - left atrium (LA) and ventricle (LV);
• sections with venous blood - the right atrium (RP) and ventricle (RV);
• valves between the LA and LV (mitral) and tricuspid valves on the right;
• two valves delimit the ventricles and large vessels (aortic on the left and pulmonary artery on the right);
• the septum divides the heart into the right and left halves;
• outflowing vessels, arteries - pulmonary (venous blood from the pancreas), aorta (arterial from the left ventricle);
• bringing veins - pulmonary (with arterial blood) enter the LA, the hollow veins flow into the PN.

Internal anatomy and structural features of valves, atria, ventricles

Each part of the heart has its own function and anatomical features. In general, the LV is more powerful (compared to the right one), since it forces blood into the artery, overcoming the high resistance of the vascular walls. The PP is more developed than the left one, it takes blood from the whole organism, and the left one is only from the lungs.

Which side of a person's heart

In humans, the heart is located on the left side in the center of the chest. The main part is located in this area - 75% of the total volume. One third goes beyond the center line to the right half. In this case, the axis of the heart is tilted (oblique direction). This position is considered classic, since it occurs in the vast majority of adults. But options are also possible:

• dextrocardia (right-sided);
• almost horizontal - with a wide, short chest;
• close to vertical - in thin ones.

Where is the human heart

The human heart is located in the chest between the lungs. It is adjacent to the sternum from the inside, and below it is limited by the diaphragm. It is surrounded by a pericardial sac - the pericardium. Soreness in the region of the heart appears on the left near the breast. The top is projected there. But with angina pectoris, patients feel pain behind the sternum, and it spreads along the left side of the chest.

How the heart is located in the human body

The heart in the human body is located in the center of the chest, but its main part passes into the left half, and only one third is localized in the right side. For most, it has an angle of inclination, but for overweight people his position is closer to horizontal, and in thin ones - to vertical.

The location of the heart in the chest in humans

In humans, the heart is located in the chest in such a way that it contacts the lungs with the front, lateral surfaces, and with the diaphragm in the lower back. The base of the heart (top) passes into large vessels - the aorta, pulmonary artery. The top is the lowest part, it roughly corresponds to the 4-5 gap between the ribs. It can be found in this area by dropping an imaginary perpendicular from the center of the left collarbone.

The external structure of the heart is understood as its chambers; it contains two atria, two ventricles. They are separated by partitions. The pulmonary, hollow veins flow into the heart, and the arteries of the lungs, the aorta, carry out the blood. There are valves between the large vessels, on the border of the atria and ventricles of the same name:

• aortic;
• pulmonary artery;
• mitral (left);
• tricuspid (between the right parts).

The heart is surrounded by a cavity with a small amount of fluid. It is formed by the sheets of the pericardium.

If you clench your fist, you can imagine exactly the appearance of a heart. In this case, the part that is located at the wrist joint will be its base, and the acute angle between the first and thumb will be the apex. Importantly, its size is also very close to a clenched fist.

Borders of the heart and their projection onto the surface of the chest

The boundaries of the heart are found percussion, by tapping, more accurately they can be determined by X-ray or echocardiography. The projections of the cardiac contour onto the surface of the chest are:

• right - 10 mm to the right of the sternum;
• left - 2 cm inward from the perpendicular from the center of the clavicle;
• apex - 5 intercostal space;
• base (top) - 3 ribs.

What tissues are included in the heart

The heart contains the following types of tissues:

• muscle - the main one, called the myocardium, and the cells are cardiomyocytes;
• connecting - valves, chords (threads that hold the leaflets), outer (epicardial) layer;
• epithelium - the inner shell (endocardium).

Human heart surface

The following surfaces are distinguished in the human heart:

• ribs, sternum - front;
• pulmonary - lateral;
• diaphragmatic - lower.

Apex and base of the heart

The apex of the heart is directed downward and to the left, its localization is the 5th intercostal space. It represents the apex of the cone. The wide part (base) is on top, closer to the collarbones, and is projected at the level of 3 ribs.

Human heart shape

Heart shaped healthy person looks like a cone. Its point is directed at an acute angle downward and to the left of the center of the sternum. The base contains the mouths of large vessels and is located at the level of 3 ribs.

Right atrium

Receives blood from the hollow veins. Next to them is an oval opening connecting the RA and LA in the heart of the fetus. In a newborn, it closes after the opening of pulmonary blood flow, and then completely overgrows. During systole (contraction), venous blood flows into the pancreas through the tricuspid (tricuspid) valve. The PP has a fairly powerful myocardium and a cubic shape.

Left atrium

Arterial blood from the lungs passes into the LA through 4 pulmonary veins, and then flows through the opening into the LV. The walls of the LA are 2 times thinner than those of the right. The shape of the LP is similar to a cylinder.

Right ventricle

It looks like an inverted pyramid. RV capacity is about 210 ml. It can be divided into two parts - the arterial (pulmonary) cone and the actual cavity of the ventricle. In the upper part there are two valves: the tricuspid and the pulmonary trunk.

Left ventricle

Similar to an inverted cone, its lower part forms the apex of the heart. The thickness of the myocardium is the largest - 12 mm. There are two holes at the top - for connecting to the aorta and LA. Both of them are closed by valves - aortic and mitral.

Why are the walls of the atria thinner than the walls of the ventricles

Atrial walls are thinner and thinner because they only need to push blood into the ventricles. They are followed by the right ventricle in strength, it ejects the contents into the neighboring lungs, and the left one is the largest in terms of the size of the walls. It pumps blood into the aorta, where there is high pressure.

Tricuspid valve

The right atrioventricular valve consists of a sealed ring, limiting the opening, and cusps, there can be not 3, but from 2 to 6.

In half of people, it is the tricuspid configuration that is found.

The function of this valve is to prevent the flow of blood into the RV during RV systole.

Pulmonary valve

It prevents blood from passing back to the pancreas after it has contracted. The composition includes dampers that are close in shape to a crescent. In the middle of each there is a knot that seals the closure.

Mitral valve

It has two flaps, one in the front and the other in the back. When the valve is open, blood flows from the LA to the LV. When the ventricle is compressed, its parts are closed in order to ensure the passage of blood into the aorta.

Aortic valve

Formed by three crescent-shaped flaps. Like the pulmonary, it does not contain threads that hold the valves. In the area where the valve is located, the aorta expands and has depressions called sinuses.

The mass of the heart of an adult

Depending on the physique and total body weight, the weight of an adult's heart ranges from 200 to 330 g. For men, it is, on average, 30-50 g heavier than for women.

Diagram of the circles of blood circulation

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. They receive venous blood from the pulmonary artery leaving the pancreas. Despite the name, the pulmonary arteries carry venous blood. After the release of carbon dioxide and oxygen saturation through the pulmonary veins, the blood flows into the LA. This is how a small circle of blood flow is formed, called the pulmonary.

The large circle covers the entire body as a whole. From the LV, arterial blood is carried through all vessels, feeding the tissues. Deprived of oxygen, venous blood flows from the vena cava into the right ventricle, then into the right ventricle. The circles close together, providing a continuous flow.

In order for the blood to enter the myocardium, it must first pass into the aorta, and then into the two coronary arteries. They are named so because of the shape of the branching, resembling a crown (crown). Venous blood from the heart muscle mainly enters the coronary sinus. It opens into the right atrium. This circle of blood circulation is considered the third, coronary.

Look at the video about the structure of the human heart:

What is the special structure of the heart of a child

Until the age of six, the heart has the shape of a ball due to the large atria. Its walls stretch easily, they are much thinner than those of adults. A network of tendon filaments is gradually formed that fix the valve cusps and papillary muscles. The full development of all structures of the heart ends by the age of 20.

The position of the newborn's heart in the chest is initially oblique, adjacent to the anterior surface. It is caused by an increase in the volume of lung tissue and a decrease in the mass of the thymus gland.

Up to two years, the heart beat forms the right ventricle, and then part of the left. In terms of growth rate up to 2 years, the atria are in the lead, and after 10 - the ventricles. Up to ten years, the LV is ahead of the right one.

The main functions of the myocardium

The heart muscle differs in structure from all others, as it has several unique properties:

• Automatism - excitement under the influence of one's own bioelectric impulses. Initially, they form in the sinus node. He is the main pacemaker, generates signals about 60 - 80 per minute. The underlying cells of the conducting system are nodes of the 2nd and 3rd orders.
• Conduction - impulses from the site of formation can spread from the sinus node to the PP, LA, atrioventricular node, along the ventricular myocardium.
• Excitability - in response to external and internal stimuli, the myocardium is activated.
• Contractility is the ability to contract when excited. This function creates the pumping capabilities of the heart. The force with which the myocardium responds to an electrical stimulus depends on the pressure in the aorta, the degree of stretching of the fibers in diastole, and the volume of blood in the chambers.

The functioning of the heart goes through three stages:

1. Reduction of the RV, LA and relaxation of the RV and LV with the opening of the valves between them. Transition of blood into the ventricles.
2. Ventricular systole - vascular valves open, blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
3. General relaxation (diastole) - blood fills the atria and presses on the valves (mitral and tricuspid) until they open.

During the period of contraction of the ventricles, the valves between them and the atria are closed by blood pressure. In diastole, the pressure in the ventricles drops, it becomes lower than in large vessels, then the parts of the pulmonary and aortic valves close so that the blood flow does not return.

Heart cycle

In the cycle of the heart, there are 2 stages - contraction and relaxation. The first is called systole and also includes 2 phases:

• constriction of the atria to fill the ventricles (lasts 0.1 sec.);
• the work of the ventricular part and the release of blood into large vessels (about 0.5 sec.).

Then comes relaxation - diastole (0.36 sec). Cells reverse polarity to respond to the next impulse (repolarization), and myocardial blood vessels bring in nourishment. During this period, the atria begin to fill.

The heart ensures the movement of blood in the large and small circle due to the coordinated work of the atria, ventricles, great vessels and valves. The myocardium has the ability to generate an electrical impulse, to conduct it from the nodes of automatism to the cells of the ventricles. In response to the signal, muscle fibers become active and contract. The cardiac cycle consists of a systolic and diastolic period.

Useful video

Watch the video about the work of the human heart:

Read also

An important function is played by the coronary circulation. Its features, the scheme of movement in a small circle, blood vessels, physiology and regulation are studied by cardiologists if problems are suspected.

Many of us took up a pen or pencil for more than just passing homework drawing at school. Sometimes, for one reason or another, an inexplicable craving for drawing appears in the life of a teenager or already an adult. How you want to pick up a pencil and simply start creating small masterpieces, even if only for yourself or for close circle people without claims to world recognition and glory. It may seem that those who perform simple pencil movements in the video or in front of you practically do not make any effort, but in reality this is not so. Professionalism in drawing, as in any other craft, comes only with experience. Even in the simplest drawings, you can highlight such subtleties and details that you did not even know about before. Now we will consider one of the most simple drawings- heart. Remember school years or those moments when we all drew it to each other. This time we will learn how to draw an ordinary heart, with an arrow or wings. Also advises to subscribe. This will show you the new content first.

Simple ways

And so, let's figure out how to beautifully draw a heart with a pencil in stages for beginners. All we need is a sheet of paper, a simple pencil, and, of course, due persistence in this endeavor. To make the heart look pretty, you need to make it symmetrical, and for this, do a couple of simple steps:

Draw on a piece of paper two identical circles in the same horizontal plane so that both circles intersect slightly. Let's make a reservation right away that the upper halves of the circles will help create beautiful symmetrical edges of the heart. Accordingly, those parts that make up the main drawing can be bold, and those that need to be removed can be weaker. It is advisable to draw circles by hand, it's okay if at first the circle is not very round, with the development of practical skills this will be corrected. But if the quality of the circles initially does not suit you, you can resort to aids.

The next figure in the figure is the cross. The vertical line of the cross should pass along the intersection of the circles; to form it, it is enough to draw a line through two points at which the circles from the first point intersect. It does not make sense to lift the vertical line high along the length, its lower part is more useful for drawing, so do not skimp and lower it down. In order to understand how low you should lower it, ask yourself the question: how to draw a heart beautifully, what proportions in height will be optimal for you to make the drawing beautiful. A horizontal line is drawn perpendicular to the vertical in the middle of both circles.


From the extreme points of intersection of the circles with the horizontal line, lower two smooth symmetrical lines to the bottom point of the heart. You should determine the position of this lowest point yourself, because because of this
parameter, the heart will turn out to be more elongated or more flattened.


Draw with a bold line the semicircles of each circle up from the horizontal line to the first intersection point.

At this point, the drawing of the heart is complete. It remains only to remove the extra lines used in the construction and guide the resulting drawing.

An ideal heart in symmetry and shape is already in front of you. Of course, this is not the only way to draw a heart.

An easier option for advanced artists

If the previous version seemed boring and not attractive to you due to the presence a large number additional constructions, if you need to complete the drawing much faster and there is no way to rebuild the circles, if you feel a sufficient level and skills in yourself, we bring to your attention the second method, how to draw a heart with a pencil in stages. But let's make a reservation right away, you should be good at drawing symmetrical circles, otherwise the heart will turn out to be asymmetrical.

1. Divide the sheet into four parts with two perpendicular lines, in other words, draw the same cross.
2. Mark on the vertical line the position of the upper and lower points of the heart, and on the horizontal line an equal segment to the left and right of the intersection point.
3. Connect the upper point with the extreme left on the horizontal axis with a smooth semicircular line and the same smooth semicircular line with the right point.
4. Drop two smooth, symmetrical lines from the extreme left and right points to the bottom edge.

For more experienced artists

The next way of depicting a heart is even simpler, it will help to depict a heart in just a couple of stages and with the effect of rotation around an axis. But this method is suitable only for experienced specialists who can draw symmetrical semicircular lines by hand without any problems, without using additional constructions.

• depict the most common oval, the edges of which are elongated in the horizontal plane.
• divide the oval with a line in the middle, if the heart should turn out at an angle, the line should be bent in the desired direction. Such a frame will show you how to draw a heart in stages and quickly.
• choose a point just below the top point of the oval on a vertical line and, starting from this position, draw two lines of the upper part of the heart. These lines can completely fit into the oval, or they can protrude beyond it, it all depends on your wishes and vision of the ideal shape for the drawing.
• repeat the previous point with the lower part of the heart - we lower the two symmetrical lines to the lower point.
• add Cupid's arrow.

As a result, we get the following picture:

Add details

The drawing can be supplied with additional effects, such as wings, horns, halos, inscriptions, fire and similar additions, which give additional effects and allow the image to be harmoniously included in a particular motive of the drawing, depending on your ideas. Today we will consider several options for drawing hearts with wings, as the most romantic version of this image. The wings give the hearts a special romanticism and sublime tones. It should be noted that the position of the wings in relation to the heart determines the nature of what the author wants to convey: raised to the top, spread wings show firm intentions, pure feelings, the pursuit of a loved one. On the contrary, the more the wings go down (and possibly join downwards), the more it shows the heart's attempt to close itself off from some external factors and problems, an attempt to hide something under its care and concern.

Wings on your heart will tell you a lot

So, let's figure out how to draw a heart with wings in stages using a pencil. Such a drawing will require you to first study the topic of how to draw a heart or ready-made template with the image of the heart. So, to begin with, we start from the fact that the finished drawing is already available. It is clear that the simplest and most uncomplicated way is to draw the wings by hand without any frames and additional constructions. This method may seem the most common of the above, but at the same time the most difficult, since it will require the author to have practical skills in drawing symmetrical lines and curved shapes by hand. Several variants of the image of the wings from the heart should be highlighted. Wings can be depicted from the sides or from the top. In this case, the position of the wings themselves does not matter, it is important from what part they grow, so to speak.

Single row feather wings

If you decide to depict wings growing from the top of the heart, then it is better to depict them small, decorative, this gives a certain sophistication and sophistication in visual contact with the picture. When depicting wings on the sides of the heart, wings spread out to the sides are an excellent option. We do the following:

Elegant wings with a feather in several rows

If you want to get the effect of a heart with huge wings, a span reminiscent of a flying eagle, then it is better to use not a single-level version of the wings, but a multi-level one. The more rows of feathers there are on the wings, the more spectacular the drawing will seem and the more noble the impulse of the heart itself, as if eagle's wings carry it towards a beloved. So let's figure out step by step how to draw a heart with wings with a pencil, depicting a rich feather pattern on the wings or other additional effects.

As in the previous cases, we begin the image of the drawing with the most ordinary frame of the future heart. He can be portrayed as the most different ways but it is better to choose one of the above.
To the frame of the heart itself or its finished drawing, add the frame of the future wings. Here it is no longer worth skimping on space, the span and size of the wings themselves should be truly royal. Do not skimp on space, it is better to draw a smaller heart. Form the frame at once with several levels: closer to the heart the smallest, the farthest - the largest.








Then start drawing each feather, starting with the smallest at the base and ending with the longest and largest at the edges. In principle, you can start applying layers, gradually depicting each row of feathers separately, overlaying the next one without a frame. Repeat the above steps for the second wing.

The human heart has four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. Arterial blood flows along the left sections, venous blood flows along the right. The main function is transport, the heart muscle works like a pump, pumping blood to peripheral tissues, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients. When cardiac arrest is diagnosed clinical death... If this condition continues for more than 5 minutes, the brain is shut off and the person dies. This is the whole point correct work heart, without it the body is not viable.

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Diagram of the structure of the heart

The heart is an organ composed mostly of muscle tissue, it provides blood supply to all organs and tissues and has the following anatomy. It is located in the left half of the chest at the level from the second to the fifth rib, the average weight is 350 grams. The base of the heart is formed by the atria, pulmonary trunk and aorta, turned towards the spine, and the vessels that make up the base fix the heart in the chest cavity. The apex is formed by the left ventricle and is a rounded area facing down and to the left towards the ribs.

In addition, four surfaces are distinguished in the heart:

• Anterior or sternocostal.
• Lower or diaphragmatic.
• And two pulmonary: right and left.

The structure of the human heart is rather complicated, but it can be schematically described as follows. Functionally, it is divided into two sections: right and left or venous and arterial. The four-chambered structure provides the division of the blood supply into a small and large circle. The atria are separated from the ventricles by valves that open only in the direction of blood flow. The right and left ventricles are delimited by the interventricular septum, and the interatrial septum is located between the atria.

The wall of the heart has three layers:

• The epicardium is the outer shell, it grows tightly with the myocardium, and from above it is covered with a pericardial sac - the pericardium, which delimits the heart from other organs and due to the content small amount fluid between its sheets provides a reduction in friction during contraction.
• Myocardium - consists of muscle tissue, which is unique in its structure, it provides contraction and carries out excitation and impulse conduction. In addition, some cells have automatism, that is, they are able to independently generate impulses that are transmitted along the pathways throughout the myocardium. Muscle contraction occurs - systole.
• Endocardium - covers the inner surface of the atria and ventricles and forms the valves of the heart, which are endocardial folds, consisting of connective tissue with a high content of elastic and collagen fibers.



Myocardial structure



The thickest shell of the heart is the muscular one; in the region of the left ventricle it reaches a thickness of 11 to 14 mm, which is 2 times the wall of the right ventricle (from 4 to 6 mm). In the atrial area, the muscle layer is even smaller - 2–3 mm. The myocardium of the atria and ventricles is separated by the annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the right and left atrioventricular foramen. The structure of the myocardium of the atria and ventricles is also different, the first have two muscle layers, and the second three. This indicates a large functional load on the lower parts of the heart.

The muscle fibers of the atria form the so-called ears, which are a continuation of the chambers of the upper parts of the heart. Allocate the right and left ear. The myocardium of the ventricles forms the papillary muscles, from which chords extend to the mitral and tricuspid valves. They are needed so that the high pressure of the ventricles does not bend the valve cusps inside the atria and does not push the blood in the opposite direction.

The atrial and ventricular septum is formed by muscle tissue. Only in the latter there is a membranous part, in which there are practically no muscle fibers, it occupies 1/5 of the entire surface, the remaining 4/5 of the surface is a muscle section, reaching a thickness of up to 11 mm.



Heart valves and hemodynamics



Diagram of blood flow through the chambers of the heart

To provide correct sequence the blood flow between the chambers are valves. The tricuspid valve (tricuspid) separates the right atrium and ventricle, and the mitral valve (bicuspid) separates the left. In addition, there are valves in the pulmonary trunk and in the aorta, their function is the same - to prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries to the heart.

With atrial contraction, blood is pushed into the ventricles, after which the tricuspid and mitral valves close, and the latter begin to contract, carrying blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. This is how the large and small circles of blood circulation begin, the mechanism of hemodynamics for them is as follows.

The pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle, it divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries, they carry venous blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood then returns through the four pulmonary veins to the left atrium. This is how the pulmonary circulation looks like.

The division of vessels into arteries and veins does not depend on what kind of blood they carry, but on the direction relative to the heart. Any vessel coming from the heart is called an artery, and a vein is called to it. Therefore, in the pulmonary circulation, arteries carry venous blood, and arterial veins.

Then, from the left atrium, blood enters the left ventricle, and from it into the aorta - the beginning of the large circle. The blood carries oxygen and nutrients through the arteries to the tissues, with approaching the periphery, the diameter of the vessels decreases, and gas exchange and release of nutrients occur at the capillary level. After these processes, the blood becomes venous and is directed through the veins to the heart. Two vena cava flows into the right atrium - the superior and inferior. And the big circle ends.

There are about 60–80 such cycles in the heart per minute, in volume it is about 5–6 liters. During its entire life, it carries about 6 million liters of blood. This is a colossal work performed every second to ensure the normal life of the body.



Conductive system



Conductive system of the heart

The conducting system is responsible for the correct and consistent contraction of the myocardium due to the transmission of excitation along the muscle fibers. It consists of a complex of formations, consisting of atypical muscle cells, capable of automatism, conduction and excitement. Includes the following formations:

• Sinus node (Kisa-Flaka) - it is located in the right atrium at the mouth of the vena cava, is the main pacemaker of the human heart. It consists of specialized muscle cells (pacemakers) capable of generating impulses with a frequency of 60–80 per minute.
• From the sinus node (SS), there are three internodal tracts and one interatrial tract. The former provide the transmission of an impulse from the SU to the atrioventricular, and the latter ensures its conduction to the left atrium.
• The atrioventricular node (AVU) - its task is to transfer excitation to the ventricles, but it does not do this immediately, but after such a phenomenon as atrioventricular delay. It is necessary so that the atria and ventricles do not contract simultaneously, since the latter simply will not have something to pump into the vessels.
• Bundles of Giss - allocate the right and left in accordance with the location in the heart. The first one innervates the right ventricle, and the left one is divided into two branches - anterior and posterior and is responsible for the excitation of the left ventricle.
• The last and smallest elements of the conducting system are Purkinje fibers - they are diffusely separated in the thickness of the myocardium and directly transmit an impulse to the muscle fiber.

The existence of such a clear sequence ensures a normal cardiac cycle and tissue blood supply.

Myocardial blood supply



Coronary arteries

The heart is the same organ like others, and it also needs blood, the myocardium does not feed on blood from the cavities of the heart, for this there is a separate circulatory system, which some authors even call the third circle of blood circulation. At the beginning of the aorta, two coronary (coronary) arteries branch off to the heart: the right and left. They divide dichotomously and give off smaller branches to the myocardium. The left coronary artery feeds the anterior wall of the heart, the interventricular septum and the apex, and the right blood supply to the posterior-lateral part of the myocardium. The outflow of blood occurs through the capillaries, and then through the coronary veins to the right atrium.

The peculiarity of the coronary circulation is that the arteries are filled at the moment of myocardial relaxation, therefore, during the diastole, the heart not only "rests", but also feeds. Disturbances in the bloodstream of the heart lead to diseases such as coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction.

Heart work

The cardiac cycle (SC) is the successive phases of systole (contraction), diastole (relaxation) and the subsequent general pause. With diastole, the heart fills with blood, first the atria, and then the ventricles. Then there is a contraction of the myocardium, and the chambers are freed from the blood. On average, the duration of the atrial systole is from 0.1 to 0.17 seconds, and the duration of the ventricles is 0.33–0.47 seconds.



Phases cardiac cycle

The ventricles have more difficult work, since they must push the blood into the vessels of a smaller diameter and with such force that it reaches the periphery. Therefore, the muscle wall in them is much thicker.

The duration of the cardiac cycle depends on the number of heartbeats. So at rest it will be more, and with physical activity smaller. On average, one SC lasts 0.8 seconds if the heart rate is 75 beats per minute.

Schematically, this process can be described as follows: from the superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins, blood enters the atria, where pressure begins to increase, and the myocardium is stretched. Under the influence of these factors, atrial systole occurs. Further, the blood enters the ventricles and, according to the same principle, is pushed into the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

When the ventricles contract, the atrium is in diastole and vice versa. But there is also certain time, in which both the ventricles and the atria are simultaneously in the relaxation phase, and then in a general pause.