Circle Petrashevtsev existed during the reign. Circle M.V.

The largest organization of Russian utopian socialists was a circle of Petrashevsky. He began to be created in the fall of 1845. Named chief leader - M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky - his participants were named Petrashev. The circle included officials, officers, teachers, writers, journalists and translators.

Since the spring of 1846, the meetings in the house of Petrashevsky acquired a rather systematic nature, was elected a certain day - Friday. Initially, participants were a bit, no more than 10-15 people, but it was the color of the then intelligent youth of St. Petersburg.

In the first period (1845-1846) among visitors are known: M.E. Saltykov is the future famous Satir Saltykov-Shchedrin, and then another beginner writer; V.N. Mikes, editor of the first issue "Dictionary foreign words", Talented critic and publicist, propagandist early works Dostoevsky; A.P. Balasoglo, poet, prose, sketch, one of the closest friends of Petrashevsky; A.N. Plescheev, already then famous poet, The author of a peculiar anthem of radical youth of the 40s - "Forward! without fear and doubt ... "; V.A. Milyutin, progressive scientist and publicist, employee of "domestic notes" and "contemporary", friend Saltykov and Majkova; A.V. Hanyakov, student of the St. Petersburg University, dismissed for unreold in 1847, one of the first ideological teachers N.G. Chernyshevsky; N.Ya. Danilevsky, young natural source and philosopher.

"Friday" Petrashevsky gained great fame in the capital, several hundred people moved to them: officers, officials, teachers ... There were Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikov and others. At first it was friendly parties, then elements appeared on them organizational Assembly: Chairman, bell, reading pre-prepared abstracts. Visitors "Fridays", leaving for work in the province, collected and there are the same circles.

Petrashevsky deliberately referred to its activities as a promotion of revolutionary ideas, called himself the "oldest propagator of socialism." He has developed the concept of preparation of the revolution: first propaganda, then creating secret society And finally the uprising. All links of the state apparatus were criticized by Petrashevtsev, the whole system: "The word official is almost the same as a fraudster or a robber, an officially recognized thief." On the legislation: "The laws of chipping, stupid, contradictory". The political ideal of Petrashevtsev was republican device with unicameral parliament at the head legislative power and a selection of all government positions. They expressed a federated device future RussiaIn which the peoples will be given broad autonomy: "The internal management should be based on the laws, customs and nrules of the people."

All Petrashevtsy strongly condemned serfdomAnd the liberation of the peasants considered the most important task. In the republic, they saw the ideal of a political structure and planned a program of broad democratic transformations. In 1848 M.V. Petrashevsky creates a "project on the liberation of peasants," offering a direct, free and unconditional liberation of them with the detail of the Earth, which they processed. The radical part of Petrashevtsev came to the conclusion about the urgent need of the uprising, driving power Which were supposed to become peasants and the mining workers of the Urals.

The ideas of Petrashevtsev found a fairly complete expression in their literary creativity. The first poet of the circle was A.N. Plescheev, the author of the collection "Poems" (1846), Poetic Manifesta Petrashevtsev. At the same time, V. Mikikov explained in the "domestic notes" the meaning of the Lyrika Plescheev associated with the Lermontov tradition in developing the topic of the poet-prophet, the themes of the Wanderer, prisoner; Fourierist motives (sermon universal happiness, condemnation of inequality, contradictions of wealth and poverty, were found in it. unequal marriage" etc.). Lermontov influence is characteristic of poems Petrashevts A.A. Palma connected to social and utopian motifs with an appeal to folk theme. In numerous translations S.F. Durov (from O. Barbier, V. Hugo, etc.), imbued with civilian pathos, is embodied by his democratic ideals. The ideological effect of the mug of Petrashevtsev affected the work of some poets, in general, distant from the advanced movement of the 40s: A.N. Maikova - the author of the poems "Two Fates" and "Masha", A.A. Grigoriev, who wrote in a period of brief communication with a circle of the cycle of revolutionary-pathetic poems ("Farewell to Petersburg", "When the bells are solemnly sounded," etc.).

Social motives are connected with the circle early prose Dostoevsky ("Poor People", etc.), the first rates of M.E. Saltykova ("contradictions", "confusing case"), which considered that Belinsky's group participation and "School of Idea" were the most important in his creative development. Socialist ideas of the 40s played a significant role in the formation of the views of the NG. Chernyshevsky, who in student years He was a member of one of the circles associated with Petrashevs. Active Worker Mug A.V. Hanyakov first introduced him to the teachings of Fourier, with the views of Feuerbach. Petrashevtsev's representations (mainly V. Makov) about nature and the appointment of art were reflected in the work of Chernyshevsky "aesthetic attitudes of art to reality."

Literary critic VG Belinsky in the "letter to Gogol" wrote: "Russia do not need to sermons, but the awakening of feelings human dignity. Civilization, enlightenment, humanity should be the property of a Russian man. " Speached in hundreds of lists "Letter" had great importance To upbringing a new generation of radicals.

At the meetings discussed the issue of creating a secret typography. The same radical part of the mug was built plans for the organization of the peasant uprising. Unlike his predecessors, Petrashevtsy thought not about a military uprising, but about the "universal explosion." They said: "In Russia, the revolution is possible only as a folk, peasant uprising and the reason for him will be serfdom."

The case of Petrashevtsev is the case of a progressive group of young people whose views were very heterogeneous. They studied and promoted social and utopian western thought XIX. century, and only a few of them had planes of a revolutionary nature. Representatives of the society Petrashevtsev were convicted in 1849. About how it happened, we will tell in our article.

People of various views

Activity Mug of Petrashevtsev occupies a prominent place in liberation movement mid XIX. century. The founder of this mug was Bhutashevich-Petrashevsky Mikhail Vasilyevich. He served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was a graduate of Moscow University. Different graduate and community.

In his spacious apartment in St. Petersburg on the winter Friday evening, 1845 began to gather a variety of public. These were writers, teachers, students, minor officials, and later military youth of advanced looks.

Among the participants of Petrashevsky, there were representatives of the radical wing, the most prominent figures of them are hops, Mound, Durov, Cashkin and Ahsharumov. Subsequently, they organized their circles and meetings, the scale of which was less.

Famous names

On Fridays, Petrashevsky was attended famous people of that time, such as Writers Saltykov-Shchedrin, Plescheev, Poet Mikov, Fedotov artist, Composers Glinka and Rubinstein.

Especially famous is the connection of the business of Petrashevsky and Dostoevsky F. M. He was convicted among other Petrashevtsev and also underwent a civil execution, which made a huge impression on him, affecting him further fate As a person and writer.

It should not be noted that sometimes Chernyshevsky N. G. Petrashevsky and even Tolstoy himself came with each season, all new people came, over time, the composition of the assembly participants has significantly expanded.

Start activity circle

Mikhail Petrashevsky's circle was not issued as an organization. At the beginning of the activity, it was, rather, a literary circle. Until the beginning of 1848, he was semi-legal and wore educational character.

The main role in it belonged to self-education, as well as the exchange of views relating to the innovations of artistic, scientific literature, socio-political, economic and philosophical systems. Petrashevtsev's close attention was attracted by socialist exercises in Europe. Petrashevsky himself asked the tone at these meetings.

Formation of views

The views of Petrashevsky and the participants of his circle were formed due to the influence of the ideas of Saint-Simon and Fourier - the French Socialists-utopians. They are own funds An extensive meeting of books was collected, which in Russia were banned. It had the books of most Western enlighteners, socialists, the latest philosophical essays.

It was this library that served as the main bait of visitors "Fridays". In particular, Petrashevsky and many of his comrades were interested in the problems of the socialist device of society.

Dictionary of foreign words

In order to promote the ideas of materialism and socialism, the Petrashev was published a dictionary, which contained many foreign words that were previously never consumed in Russian. In this way, they managed to express the ideas of Western Socialists, as well as to set out almost all articles of the Constitution of France, adopted in the revolutionary era in the XVIII century.

To initially shipped true meaning Dictionary, Petrashevsky found a well-dimensional publisher, and the book itself devoted to Mikhail Pavlovich, the Grand Duke. The first release fell on April 1845. V. G. Belinsky quickly responded to him, giving the dictionary to a positive review, consulting it to buy it. The second release was released in a year, but soon almost the entire circulation was removed from the circulation.

New people

Since the winter of 1846-1847, the nature of the assembly changes noticeably, there is a transition from the analysis of the innovations of the literature and science to discuss the painful socio-political problems and criticism of the royal regime.

In connection with these changes, the participants of the mug with the most moderate glances began to move away from him. But at the same time, new people have joined visitors to "Fridays" who adhere to radical views, speaking for the use of violent measures to overthrow the existing regime. Among them were Debu, Grigoriev, Pal, Philipp, Tol, Yastrzhembsky.

Political program

Gradually, the future participants of Petrashevsky's business developed in the main plans of which was:

• The introduction of republican rule with parliament with one chamber.
• Formation of a elective system for replacing all government positions.
• Equality of all members of society before the law.
• Dissemination of electoral rights to all segments of the population.
• Introduction of freedom of speech, printing and movement.

At the same time, representatives of the radical wing, which was headed by Streshnev, proposed to carry out the implementation of the program of transformations through violent measures. And the wing moderate, in which Petrashevsky himself was, he assumed the possibility of a peaceful way.

Secret Organization

In winter, 1848-49 during the meetings, revolutionary problems were discussed, the future of the political device was discussed. Russian state. The spring participants in Petrashevsky's business not only began to create a secret organization, but also made a proclamation, which was intended to soldiers and was called the "soldier's conversation." Members of the organization bought printing press For the organization of a secret typography.

However, the activity of the circle was interrupted. The fact is that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Petrashessians was sent to the agent, which gave reports in writing, in detail Having settled everything that was discussed at meetings.

Arrest and court

04/23/1849 At night, Petrashevtsi were arrested on their apartments and first delivered to the III branch, and after the first interrogations in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In total, 122 people attracted the investigative actions in Petrashevsky.

They were judged by a military court who were actually discovered only by the "Conspiracy of Cocks". The materials of the case says that the handful of young insignificant and immoral people dreamed of the possibility of a fragmentation of the sacred rights of law, religion and property. That is, no actions were taken by Petrashevs.

At the same time, many suffered a punishment on Petrashevsky's case for the spread of the ideas of Belinsky, put out in a letter to Gogol, or for not boring about meetings - no more than that. However, the sentences were sufficiently severe - the 21st man threatened the execution.

Distribution of execution

Emperor Nicholas I could not approve the death sentence, but there was no condemned about this convicted. Thus, they were forced to survive the scary moments waiting death penalty. His drawing occurred on 12/22/1849 in St. Petersburg at the Semenov Square.

The death sentence was accustomed, the caps were put on their heads white color. Under the fraction of the drums after the team they were taken by soldiers under the sight. After that, the outgitant outline read an order to cancel execution.

Remembering this day, F. M. Dostoevsky wrote that in anticipation of death by Petrashev, 10 minutes was held, which he called terrible, immensely terrible. Those who stood at the leadership of the circle were sent to Siberia to Katorga, Dostoevsky was among them. The rest were sent by the Arrest rotes.

Petrashevtsi History of creation, their views, leaders

Appearance

In the middle of the XIX century in Russia, progressive thought began to be under the control of the differences. These were representatives of merchants, burghers, clergy, retired soldiers, minor officials and rich peasants.

These people did not pass public serviceSo they were hard to enter the social system of the Russian Empire.

They earned a living in basically mental labor. The differences became a new socio-cultural group with progressive ideologies - liberal, socialist, revolutionary, anarchic.

The backbone of the revolutionary movement was the intelligentsia. And if the representatives of the Decembrists were mainly nobles, their successors have already become the differences. Some of the early discontinuity circles were considered Petrashevtsy, named after M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. According to methods of struggle, Petrashevtsi were split. There were among them and reformers who constituted the majority and revolutionaries.

Every Friday in the house of Petrashevsky, reports were studied on the issues of the organization's activities. The influence of the worldview of Herzen and Belinsky affected their ideology and methods of struggle. Organizational and ideologous circle did not have time: in 1849, when he was close to this, he was covered with the royal government.

Men activity and ideology

The ideas and goals of Petrashevtsev were the same as any Russian progressors of the middle of the XIX century. The main goal The mug was, of course, the abolition of serfdom. Other purposes of Petrashevtsev included judicial reform, freedom of printing, and a number of Petrashevtsev were prone to the uprising. Many Petrashevshevtsev were negatively related to religion, denied the existence of God and attributed themselves to pronounced materialists.

Religion, according to many Chelny, the mug, cooked and suppressed a person. Religion, according to Petrashevtsev, is expressed in God, which is indulging in strong and winners. Like any progressors, Petrashevtsi were chases of science and enlightenment. They opposed their superstitions, mysticism and religion. Petrashevtsy treated critically to idealists from Germany, considering their views cut off from reality.

Petrashevtsy supported utopian socialism as an alternative to the vices of feudal and capitalist systems. At their ideas were influenced by the views of Charles Fourier. They opposed the patriarchal family and supported the egalitarian family due to the fact that there is no oppression of a woman in the egalitarian model. Personal egoism, according to Petrashevtsev, should be absorbed by group egoism. Thus, this circle acted for the transformation of society through the natural nature of man.

The socialism of Petrashevtsev was far from socialist character. But in Russia, all revolutionary motions of that time were called socialist. If many liberals performed only for the rights of the Russian fortress peasantry and were reformists in general, then almost all the socialists acted as a scientific worldview, against religion and superstitions, for freedom of personality and society, fought against feudalism and capitalism.

Famous leaders

Of course, Bhutashevich-Petrashevsky, St. Petersburg nobleman, the creator of the "pocket dictionary of foreign words" was considered the most famous leader of the organization. After the arrest, the remaining life he spent in Siberia, where he died in 1866 (in the Yenisei province).

A famous member of the Petrashev circle was Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, who also turned out to be among the 20th arrested in 1849. Unlike many members of the circle, he positively belonged to religion and adhered to the positions of Christian socialism, which was already influential in a number european countries. Atheistic Socialism Fedor Mikhailovich put in one row with bourgeoisacy, and many Petrashevtsy opposed these concepts. Dostoevsky managed to visit more radical communities of Durov and Neshnev.

Sergey Fedorovich Durov was more apolitical; the circles that he organized was wore literary nature. And Nikolai Ivanovich Hops in the novel of Dostoevsky "demons" became a prototype of Stavrogina. He one of the first calls himself a communist. In the link he, with the support of the Eastern Esibirsk Governor N.N. Muravyov-Amur is returned to the public service.

Meeting meetings. Mugs close to Petrassevs

In history xIX literature century so-called Petrashevsky case, or petrashevtsev, occupies a prominent place, because in any of the Russians political processes So many writers and scientists participated. In addition to Petrashevsky, who published a wonderful "dictionary of foreign words" under the pseudonym, Dostoevsky, Plescheev, Palm, Durov, Tol, Chemist F. Lviv, Hygienist D. D. Ahsharumov - are involved directly, because they were on Fridays Petrashevsky and were There are rewritten.

But the circle of Petrashevsky through individual members of his (Durov, mainly) stood in close connection with many others, where they reasoned at the same spirit about the oppression of censorship, about the disgrace of serfdom, about the sales of officials, where the theories of Cabab were read and commented , Fourier, Proudhon and, finally, with delight there was a letter to Belinsky to Gogol.

One of these circles was gathered at the Irinarha injected; Its participants belonged to young writers and students of G. E. Blesswelt, A. P. Milyukov and N. G. Chernyshevsky. Famous memoirist F. F. Vigel, who knew about these meetings and a close connection to their meetings from Petrashevsky, made a denunciation in this sense, and only the lack of accurate information from Liprandi, and only the intercession of Rostovtsev, very loved by the introduced, rescued the last and friends of his .

In addition, many of the members of Petrashevsky themselves, such as V. A. Engelson, were eluded from persecution, such as V. A. Engelson, later the active participant in the Herchanical "Polar Star", the famous theoretical of Slavophilism - Nikolai Danilevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and for a long time diligently Attending Fridays Petrashevsky Apollo Mikov.

Finally, it is possible to rank two first-class writers who only because they did not fall into the number of defendants that they died previously began Corollary: Valerian Majkova and Belinsky. Valerian Maikov was very friendly with Petrashevsky and took big participation In the compilation of the "Dictionary of foreign words", Kirillova, who was one of the largest Corpus delicti process.

List of Petrashevsev

1. title. owls. Mikhail Butashevich-Petrashevsky (27 years),
2. landowner Kursk province Nikolay Neshnev (28 years old),
3. lieutenant L.-GV Moscow Regiment Nikolai Mombelly (27 years old)
4. lieutenant L.-GV equestrian grenadier regiment nickname. Grigoriev
5. headquarters-captain L.-GV Hheer's regiment Fyodor Lvov (25 years old)
6. student St. Petersburg University Pavel Philippov (24 years)
7. candidate St. Petersburg University Dmitry Ahsharumov (26 years old)
8. student St. Petersburg University Alex. Hanyakov (24 years)
9. officer in the Asian Department Const. Debu 1st (38 years)
10. employee Ippol. Debu 2nd (25 years)
11. empty nickname. Cashkin (20 years)
12. pull College. ASESS., LIKER SERG. Durov (33 years)
13. returning engineer-lieutenant, writer Fed. Dostoevsky (27 years)
14. outstanding nobleman, Alexey Plescheev writer (23 years)
15. title. owls. You. Golovinsky (20 years)
16. teacher is the main thing. internet. taught. Felix Tol (26 years old)
17. assistant inspector in a technologist. inst. Yves. Yastrzhembsky (34 years)
18. lieutenant L.-GV HECHERSKY RUSS Alexander Palm (27 years old)
19. title. owls. Const. Timkovsky (35 years)
20. pull College. Secrets. Alex. EUROPEUS (2? Years)
21. trashman Peter Shaposhnikov (28 years)
22. son pool chase You. Katepov (19 years)
23. pull sub. (Former correction) Rafail Alexandrovich prunes (39 years).

Donos Liprandi

The Petrashevsky case for a long time was the subject of state secrecy. The name Belinsky itself was withdrawn from circulation and even in the first years of the reign of Alexander II was not pronounced in the press directly, and was replaced by the expression: "Critic of Gogolian period". This mystery due to the harsh punishment, incurred by the participants of the "Propaganda Society", created an idea of \u200b\u200bPetrashevsky's case, as a serious political conspiracy, which was often put along with the plot of the Decembrists. Such a representation collapsed after the publication of documents relating to Petrashevtsev.

Among these documents important role The report was played by I.P. Liprandi, who, on behalf of the Interior Minister, watched for more than a year for Petrashevsky's circle and presented lists of people for arrest.

"Members of the Company," said Liprandi in his report, they assumed to go through propaganda acting on the masses. To this end, the meetings took place on how to initiate in all classes of people, indignation against the government, how to arm the peasants against landowners, officials against the chiefs, how to use the fanaticism of the Raskolnikov, and in other estates, undermine and destroy all religious feelings, how to act in the Caucasus , in Siberia, in the Ostsee provinces, in Finland, in Poland, in Malorusia, where the minds were supposed to be in fermentation from seeds, abandoned by the writings of Shevchenky (!). Of all this, I excused conviction that there was not so much small and separate conspiracy, as a comprehensive plan of the overall movement, coup and destruction. " In fact, however, the court turned out to be completely different.

"Butashevich-Petrashevsky," said the report of the general audience, - "Since 1841, he tried to settle malicious beginners of liberalism in the young generation." Starting with Petrashevsky "collected in himself in famous days The teachers, writers, students, students, and generally persons of different classes and constantly excited judgments that clone to the condemnation of the existing government in Russia. "

Not satisfied with this, Petrashevsky at the end of 1848. consisted with Hesznev, Chernotal, Mombielli, Debu, Lviv "On the establishment of a secret society called, how they themselves were expressed, partnerships or fraternity of mutual assistance from progressors and people of advanced opinions that could move Civil life forward on the new principles, by the elevation of each other; However, this society, on the misfortune of members, did not take place. " So, people never went further than distracted arguments, even in theory could not consist about any organization.

Nevertheless, the court came out with Liprandi in the overall assessment of the "society" and sentenced all the participants to his death penalty. The harsh sentence was motivated exclusively with "criminal conversations", "harmful ideas", "vile liberalism", as Mombielli expressed in his repentance.

Petrashevtsev political disputes

The "harmful thoughts" were expressed at the congregations of Petravashevsky "Harmful Thoughts" were reduced to the following: the Yastrzhembsky was spoken by a speech, which "was quenched with salt on a local chinoman." He with the praise, he responded about Prudon, but "Lamartin disassembled from the bad side." Golovinsky at the meeting on April 1 "was" distinguished by eloquence, daring expressions and the most illuminated spirit, disassembled three main questions: the liberation of peasants, freedom of typography and transformation of proceedings. " Kuzmin "took part in the relationship of the same issues." Timkovsky, "Talking about the intention to bring a complaint to the Governing Senate on the wrong dismissal of service, I entered that this only wants to submit an example and to others, like him retractive from the service, which loses with the service and their feeding." Ahsharumov "said that questions about the proceedings and the liberation of peasants should be resolved on the same day." Grigoriev "participated in the debate on the liberation of peasants." Durov in the "meeting" on March 25, he read his missed censorship and therefore freely paid in book trade to the writings of Khmelnitsky. "All Society applaud. Durov complained that the censorship did not miss a lot, but Petrashevsky added: everyone should try to write in a similar spirit, because, although censorship smears ten, twenty thoughts and ideas, but although five will still remain. "

Petrashevtsy and utopian socialism

Petrashevshevtsi were strongly fond of the ideas of French social reformers, but there was nothing politically dangerous in this enthusiasm, and moreover it was inherent in very many educated people of that time (see Memories Panayev, Annenkova, Milyukova, Dostoevsky, Saltykov, Letters of Belinsky and MN. Dr.). Talk about New Lanarka Owen, "Ikaria" of the Cabe, about the "Falesthers" Fourier, about Prudon, Louis Bland constituted the prevailing topic of sincere conversations that had certainly platonic. Of social Systems The interlocutors drenched only the general lining, the desire to put the common benefit, the truth and justice of public life. They did not think about the device of the phalanters in Russia.

The special position between Petrashevs was occupied only by three - Hushnev, Mound, and Petrashevsky, and from a specially military point of view - and Grigoriev. A draft mandatory subscription of members of the alleged "Russian society" was found in Neshnev, according to which they are in case of needing, "without sparing themselves to take full open participation in the uprising and fight."

The court found that this project is a single business of Neshneva, who did not know anything even the head of the "conspiracy" - Petrashevsky. In the papers of Mombielli were found "in high degree daring expressions against the sacred Operation of His Majesty. " The importance of this circumstance increased in a very strong fact that Mombelli was an officer. From the point of view of the violation of Military discipline, both the "soldier's conversation" of Grigoriev was also guilty, although the "conversation" only stated the serious conditions for the soldier's time of that time, the improvement of which is always raised among the largest merit of Emperor Alexander II. Do not testify to the seriousness of the plans of Petrashevtsev and the testimony, data during the investigation and the court, - indications expressing for the most part, repentance and regret. Only Petrashevsky himself, according to the remarks of the Investigation Commission, "one of all the arrestants" was "bold and impudent" and announced, "that, seeking to achieve a complete, perfect reform of the public in Russia, wanted to become the head of a reasonable movement in the people of Russian"; But Petrashevsky was called, "a restless man", did not want to accept the pardon on the amnesty of 1856, insisted at the revision of the case and even in the midst of new trends managed to restore such a person against himself, as an Amur graph, extremely gently believed to political exile.

And however, Petrashevsky himself, when the thought arose in the Durovsky circle to acquire a secret lithography to spread furyrist views, resolutely protested against such an intention, which was left. As soon as the public atmosphere has changed, Petrashevsky became a sincere friend of the government.

"Dictionary of foreign words"

One of the main points of charges against Petrashevsky served as the "Dictionary of Foreign Words" (see above), freely missed censorship and even dedicated to the Great Prince Mikhail Pavlovich. Written passionately and fascinating, the "dictionary" meant becoming something like Voltaire "Dictionnaire Philosophique". His syllable, somewhat similar to the sermon, was generally in the forties under the influence of the "Paroles d'Un Croyant" lamenne. The main desire of the dictionary is to show that the update of the dilapidative forms of life is prerequisite Every true human existence. The dictionary dreams of harmony public relations, on universal fraternity and solidarity. The constitution of the vocabulary is not fascinated; According to them, "this is a praised board - nothing but the aristocracy of wealth." As an equally hostile ratio of the dictionary to capitalism.

In general, the dictionary is a living reflection of the ideas to go to Russia from France of the forties.

Dostoevsky speaks in the "Diary of the Writer": "Name P. Wrong, for excessively big number In comparison with those standing on the scaffold, but completely the same as we, P. remained completely untouched and uncommon. True, they never knew Petrashevsky, but not at all in Petrashevsky there was a matter of all this long ago. " P. was, in essence, only pioneers of ideas that in a few years have become an integral part of the government program.

Sentence

The military court dressed in them found, however, that "destructive teachings that have brewed troubles and rebellies in the whole Western Europe And threatening the non-verification of any order and well-being of peoples, they responded unfortunately to some extent in our fatherland. A handful of people of absolutely insignificant, mostly of young and immoral, dreamed of the opportunity to pace the sacred rights of religion, law and property. "

All the defendants were sentenced to the death penalty - shooting; But, taking into account the different softening circumstances, including the repentance of all defendants, the court considered it possible to apply to the decline of punishment, and Palmi asked even full forgiveness. Punishments were really mitigated: Petrashevsky was appointed Katorga without a term, Dostoevsky - Katorga for 4 years with a return on ordinary, Durov - the same thing, Tolu - 2 years Korga In Orenburg linear battalions, etc. Palm has been translated with the same rank in the army.

Distribution of execution

Despite this mitigation, Petrashevs had to withstand, as Dostoevsky recalls, "Ten terrible, immense-terrible minutes of death."

On December 22, they were brought from Petropavlovsk fortress (where they spent 8 months in a single conclusion) to Semenov Platz. They read the confirmation of the death sentence; came up with a cross in his hand a priest in black rize, reheated the sword over the nobility of the nobility; At all, except Palma, suicide shirts were put on. Petrashevsky, Mibelli and Grigoriev knit eyes and tied to the post. The officer commanded the soldiers aim ... One Cashkin, who was standing near him, the Ober-police officer Galakhov managed to whisper that everyone would be pardoned, knew that all this was only a ceremony; The rest said goodbye to life and prepared for the transition to another world.

In March 1848, an experienced official special instructions Liprandi received a task from the Minister of Internal Affairs Perovsky to engage in the development of the affairs of the nobleman Petrashevsky. The first months of searches did not give any results. There was no conspiracy, but Liprandi felt he could arise. In the past, he was an experienced military intelligence in the Russian southern army. He in practice was familiar with agent work since the war of 1812, when he was appointed in the captured Russian army of Paris to establish a Russian military agent.

The fact that the 27-year-old Petrashevsky collided with an experienced 58-year-old owner cost him freedom, and later life. For the introduction in the Liprandi circle soon met Antonelly, who agreed to the role of a provocator.

Soon the acquaintance of Antonelli with Petrashevsky. The agent was able to play his role, and Petrashevsky fell into the network placed for him.

In his report, Liprinti wrote that members of the Society assumed to affect the masses by propaganda. For this, the meetings were a reasoning, taking advantage of that, in all classes of people, indignation against the government in all classes of the people, how to armared the peasants against landowners, and officials to set up against their bosses. Also, Liprandi report contains information that the meetings considered the use of split fanaticism. The conspirators were considered areas for the destruction of any religious feelings, they considered the directions of work in Malorusia, Poland, Finland, in the Ostsey provinces, in Siberia and in the Caucasus. According to the report of Liprandi, on the basis of the information received, he had an opinion that there was not so much a separate and small conspiracy, how much the plan of the general movement, destruction and coup, which is comprehensive. The first Russian socialists. Memories of participants in Petrashevtsev's circles in St. Petersburg. / Compiler Egorov B.F. - M.: "Prospekt", 2012.

However, it is worth recognizing that the activity of the circle, in fact, was not at all in conspiracies, but exclusively in conversations.

You can note the striking cruelty of the sentence in the case of Petrashevtsev. 21 people were sentenced to shooting court, among whom was also a novice writer F.M. Dostoevsky. On December 22, 1849, the sentences were brought to the square, after which the death shoes were put on them.

But, in view of various softening circumstances, including in connection with the repentance of all defendants, the court found it possible to reduce the punishment. Thus, as a result of softening punishments, Petrashevsky received a catguard without a term, Dostoevsky was sentenced to Katorga for 4 years, followed by returns to ordinary. The rest of the participants of the mug received smaller sentences.

Three days after the sentence, Petrashevsky sent to East Siberia.

After the disgrace with Petrashevshev was held, public life In Russia froze. The period of 1848-1855 is remembered by contemporaries as "gloomy seven years".

Sending to Siberia has become a very harsh test for Petrashevtsev. The sentence and Siberian cortuga led Dostoevsky to the spiritual fracture, the abandonment of revolutionary and socialist ideas, also led to increasing his religious sentiment. Other comrades of Petrashevsky also condemned the lessons from their past. The first Russian socialists. Memories of participants in Petrashevtsev's circles in St. Petersburg. / Compiler Egorov B.F. - M.: "Prospekt", 2012.

In 1856, Petrashevsky went to the settlement and continued to live in Irkutsk, collaborated with local newspapers gave lessons. He soundlessly tried to revise his sentence and restore his rights.

Petrashevsky remained an irreconcilable enemy of an autocratic-serf system, wrote letters to Petersburg about the illegal actions of local authorities, tried to understand the courts with local officials until his death from hemorrhage into the brain.